Table of Contents

Course Guide Topic 1 What is Human-Computer Interaction? 1.1 History and Evolution of HCI 1.2 Issues on Computer Usability 1.3 HCI Goals 1.4 The Importance of HCI 1.4.1 Productivity 1.4.2 Security 1.5 The Relationship between Other Disciplines 1.5.1 Computer Science 1.5.2 Ergonomics 1.5.3 Psychology 1.5.4 Engineering Summary Key Terms Human Factor: Physical 2.1 Visualisation Perceptions 2.1.1 Vision 2.1.2 Colour and Brightness 2.1.3 Graphical Representation in Interface 2.2 Sound and Auditory Skills 2.3 Sense of Touch 2.4 Design Consideration 2.4.1 Choice and Colour Combination 2.4.2 Brightness 2.4.3 Type of Responses 2.4 Information Onset Display Summary Key Terms Human Factor: Mental 3.1 Human Memory Model 3.1.1 Sensory Memory 3.1.2 Work Memory/Short Term Memory 3.1.3 Long-Term Memory 3.2 Memory Limitations xi-xvi 4 2 3 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 12 12 10 11 12 14 16 19 20 21 21 24 25 26 26 27 28 29 29 29 30 30

Topic 2

Topic 3

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

3.2.1 Chunking 3.2.2 The Effects of Primacy, Recency 3.2.3 Centralisation of Observation 3.3 Mental Industrial Relations Perspectives 3.3.1 Mental Model 3.4 Learning Process Summary Key Terms Topic 4: Social Aspect 4.1 Face-to-face Communication 4.1.1 The Effects of Transition 4.1.2 Eye-contact Unitary Perspective 4.1.3 Body Language 4.1.4 Turns 4.2 Conversation 4.2.1 Context 4.2.2 Focus and Topics 4.2.3 Back Channels and Distortions 4.2.4 Understanding 4.2.5 Analysis 4.3 Text-Based Communication 4.4 Organisational Issues Summary Key Terms Input Technology 5.1 HCI Goals 5.1.1 QWERTY Keyboard 5.1.2 DVORAK Keyboard 5.1.3 Chord Keyboard 5.1.4 Other Keyboards 5.1.5 Special Keyboards 5.2 Input Devices 5.2.1 Mouse 5.2.2 Joystick 5.2.3 Touch Screen 5.2.4 Light Pen 5.2.5 Track Balls 5.3 Input Devices in 3D Display Devices 5.3.1 Data Gloves 5.3.2 Virtual Reality Helmet 5.4 Developments in Input

31 31 33 34 34 35 37 37 38 39 39 39 40 40 41 41 41 41 41 42 42 44 44 44 45 46 47 48 49 49 50 52 52 54 54 55 56 58 58 59 59

Topic 5

TABLE OF CONTENTS v

5.4.1 Voice Recognition 5.4.2 Handwriting Recognition Summary Key Terms Topic 6 Output Technology 6.1 Video Display Unit 6.1.1 Cathode Radiation Tube (CRT) 6.1.2 Flat Screen Display 6.1.3 3D Display 6.1.4 Stereoscopic and Virtual Reality System 6.2 Sound Output 6.2.1 Conversation Summary Key Terms Conceptual Models and Interaction Styles 7.1 Conceptual Model 7.1.1 Activity-Based Conceptual Model 7.1.2 Object Oriented Model 7.1.3 Interface Metaphors 7.1.4 Direct Manipulation 7.2 Interaction Styles 7.2.1 Instruction Language 7.2.2 Menu 7.2.3 Natural Language 7.2.4 Forms 7.2.5 Question and Answer Dialogue 7.2.6 WIMP Interface 7.3 Screen Layout and Design 7.3.1 Information Presentation 7.3.2 Information Entry 7.3.3 Requirements and Aesthetic Values 7.3.4 Discovering what is Needed 7.3.5 Localisation/Internationalisation Summary Key Terms The Windows System 8.1 Elements of the Windows System 8.1.1 Windows 8.1.2 Icon 8.1.3 Pointer Cursors

60 60 61 61 62 63 63 65 67 68 69 69 70 70 71 72 73 77 78 81 81 81 84 85 86 86 87 87 88 88 89 89 90 90 91 92 92 94 95

Topic 7

Topic 8

vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

8.1.4 Other Elements 8.2 Multiple Window System 8.2.1 Multiple Display 8.2.2 Interchangeable Displays 8.2.3 Dividing the Display 8.2.4 Tile Arrangement 8.2.5 Maximising and Minimising Windows 8.2.6 Windows Overlap 8.2.7 Cascade Arrangement 8.3 Window Management 8.3.1 Opening Windows 8.3.2 Choosing the Window Location 8.3.3 Closing Windows 8.3.4 Changing the Size of Windows 8.3.5 Moving Windows 8.3.6 Activation of Windows Summary Key Terms Topic 9 What is a User-Centred Design? 9.1 Why Are Systems Difficult to be Used? 9.2 System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) In Software Engineering 9.2.1 The Waterfall Model 9.2.2 The Spiral Model 9.2.3 The RAD Approach 9.3 The Basic Principles of a User-Centred Design 9.3.1 Focus on Users 9.3.2 Prototype Development 9.3.3 Repetition 9.3.4 Case Study: Olympic Messaging System 9.4 User-Centred Life Cycle Model 9.4.1 The Simple Model 9.4.2 Star Model 9.4.3 Usability-Engineering Model 9.5 Participatory Design Summary Key Terms

96 97 97 98 98 98 99 99 100 101 101 101 101 101 102 102 102 103 104 105 106 106 108 109 110 110 111 111 113 114 114 114 116 117 118 119

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

Topic 10

System and User Requirements Analysis 10.1 User Requirements 10.1.1 Who are the Users? 10.1.2 What is Meant by User Requirements? 10.2 System Requirements 10.2.1 Functional Requirements? 10.2.2 Data Requirements? 10.2.3 Environmental Requirements? 10.2.4 User Requirements? 10.2.5 Usability Requirements? 10.3 Data Collection 10.3.1 Questionnaires 10.3.2 Interviews 10.3.3 Focus Groups and Workshops 10.3.4 Observation 10.3.5 Documentation 10.4 Data Analysis and Interpretation 10.4.1 Scenario 10.4.2 Use Case 10.4.3 Task Analysis Summary Key Terms Prototype Development 11.1 Prototype Development 11.1.1 What is a Prototype? 11.1.2 What is the Need for Prototype Development? 11.2 Approaches to Prototype Development 11.2.1 Fast and Disposable Prototypes 11.2.2 Layered Prototype 11.2.3 Evolution Prototype 11.3 Techniques for Developing the Fast And Disposable Prototype 11.3.1 Storyboard and Sketches 11.3.2 Index Cards 11.3.3 Computer Simulations 11.3.4 Wizard of OZ 11.3.5 Chauffeured Prototype 11.4 Prototyping Fidelity 11.4.1 Low-fidelity Prototypes 11.4.2 High-fidelity Prototypes Summary Key Terms

120 121 121 123 124 124 125 125 126 126 127 127 128 129 129 130 132 132 134 136 138 139 140 139 141 142 142 142 143 143 144 144 145 146 146 146 147 147 147 148 149

Topic 11

viii TABLE OF CONTENTS