Rock has a density of around 3 g/cm3 . Use this as the density of a moon orbiting Saturn.

What we want to find out is how large a moon made of chunks of such rock can be at a given orbital radius and not be pulled apart by tidal forces. First, take a spherical moon of radius R orbiting Saturn in a circular orbit of radius r, measured from the center of Saturn to the center of the moon. a) Write out the expressions for the force of Saturn's gravity on a 1kg chunk of rock on the nearest side of the moon and the force of gravity on such a portion of mass at the center of the moon. b) Subtract the force on the chunk at the center from that on the near side. This difference is the tidal force acting on the moon. i) Combine the two terms in this difference by getting a common denominator and simplify. ii) Divide top and bottom by r 2 to get expressions in R/r instead of R alone. To accomplish this, the following series expansion may be useful since the ratio D/r is less than 0.1 for any moon in the solar system compared to the radius of Saturn: ( )

c) Write the expression for the moon's force of gravity on a 1kg mass on the moon's surface in terms of the mass of the moon m and its radius R. g = (g/r)R + (g/r)R/2 , where g = (GMSaturn)/r d) To find the diameter of the moon which would be stable at an orbital radius r, set your answers to (b) and (c) equal to each other and rearrange to get R as a function of r and the densities of the planet and moon. e) Saturn's rings are between 67,000 km and about 500,000 km from the center of Saturn, Saturn's density is 0.687 g/cm3 . Using these numbers, determine the radius a rocky moon can have at orbital radii of 100,000 km, 250,000 km and 500,000 km. Added not: a rocky moon can be stable closer than the limit calculated above if it is one solid piece of material, rather than a clump of pieces held together by gravity.

Relativistic particles Pions are the carriers of the nuclear forces holding nuclei together. The charged pions have half-lives of 2.6x10-8 seconds when at rest. a) How far will a pion travel in one half-life (in its frame of reference) if it is moving at 0.9c relative to the laboratory? b) How long is the half-life of such a moving pion in the lab's frame? c) How far will the pion travel during one half-life as measured in the lab frame? d) Show that your answers to a and c agree with the Lorentz contraction of lengths. e)The mass of the negative pion is 138MeV/c2 . Calculate the pion's momentum and kinetic energy when moving at 0.9c. Relativistic Doppler shifts In the lab, the red and blue lines in the hydrogen spectrum have wavelengths of 656.3nm and 486.1nm. a) Using the relativistic Doppler equation, show that the shift in wavelength of a spectral line is given by (s - r)/ = v/c with v being positive for the star moving away from Earth. b) Light from a distant galaxy shows hydrogen lines which are shifted to 623.5nm and 461.8nm. Determine the velocity of the galaxy. The emission lines from a hydrogen lamp are not single frequency lines, but show a definite line width. Assume a temperature of 10,000K for a hydrogen sample which is emitting visible spectral lines. c) Calculate the average speed of the hydrogen atoms in the sample (molecular mass = 1.008 g/mol). d) Using that speed, determine the Doppler shifted wavelengths for the 656.3nm and 486.1nm lines for atoms which are i) moving away the detector ii) moving toward the detector.