700+ GMAT Problem Solving Probability and Combinations Questions With E !

lanations

Colle"ted by #unuel Solutions by #unuel gmat"lub$"om

%$ Mary and &oe are to thro' three di"e ea"h$ The s"ore is the sum o( !oints on all three di"e$ )( Mary s"ores %0 in her attem!t 'hat is the !robability that &oe 'ill outs"ore Mary in his* A. 24/64 B. 32/64 C. 36/64 D. 40/64 E. 42/64 Expected value of a roll of one dice is 1/6(1 2 3 4 ! 6"#3.!. Expected value of t$ree dices is 3%3.!#10.!. &ar' scored 10 so t$e pro(a(ilit' to $ave )ore t$en 10* or )ore t$en avera+e is t$e sa)e as to $ave less t$an avera+e#1/2. ,#1/2. Ans-er. B. Discussed at.

http://gmatclub.com/forum/mother-mary-comes-to-me-86407.html

+$ ,enise is trying to o!en a sa(e 'hose "ombination she does not -no'$ ). the sa(e has /000 !ossible "ombinations0 and she "an try 71 di((erent !ossibilities0 'hat is the !robability that she does not !i"- the one "orre"t "ombination$ A. 1 B. 1!//160 C. 1!0/160 D. 3/160 E. 0 1$en tr'in+ t$e first ti)e t$e pro(a(ilit' Denise doesn2t pic3 t$e correct co)(ination#3////4000 4econd ti)e* as t$e total nu)(er of possi(le co)(inations reduced (' one* not pic3in+ t$e ri+$t one -ould (e 3//5/3///. 6$ird ti)e 3//0/3//5 ... And t$e sa)e 0! ti)es. 4o -e +et. ever' deno)inator (ut t$e first -ill cancel out and ever' no)inator (ut t$e last -ill cancel out as -ell. 1e2ll +et 3/2!/4000#1!0/160. Ans-er. C. Discussed at.

http://gmatclub.com/forum/4000-possible-combination-84435.html

2$ A bo "ontains %0 !airs o( shoes 3+0 shoes in total4$ )( t'o shoes are sele"ted at random0 'hat it is the !robability that they are mat"hing shoes* A. 1/1/0 B. 1/20

C. 1/1/ D. 1/10 E. 1// 6$e pro(a(ilit' -ould si)pl' (e. 1/1%1/1/(as after ta3in+ one at rando) t$ere are 1/ s$oes left and onl' one is t$e pair of t$e first one"#1/1/ Ans-er. C. 1e can solve it in anot$er -a'. ,# 7avoura(le outco)es/6otal 8 of outco)es 7avoura(le outco)es # 10C1 as t$ere are 10 pairs and -e need 9:E fro) t$ese 10 pairs. 6otal 8 of outco)es# 20C2 as t$ere are 20 s$oes and -e are ta3in+ 2 fro) t$e). ,#10C1/20C2 #10/(1/%10"#1/1/ Ans-er. C. Discussed at.

http://gmatclub.com/forum/probability-that-they-are-matching-shoes-85916.html

/$ A Coa"h is (illing out the starting lineu! (or his indoor so""er team$ There are %0 boys on the team0 and he must assign 5 starters to the (ollo'ing !ositions6 % goal-ee!er0 + on de(en"e0 + in mid(ield0 and % (or'ard$ 7nly + o( the boys "an !lay goal-ee!er0 and they "annot !lay any other !ositions$ The other boys "an ea"h !lay any o( the other !ositions$ 8o' many di((erent grou!ings are !ossible* A. 60 B. 210 C. 2!50 D. 3360 E. 1!1200 2C1 select 1 +oal3eeper fro) 2 (o's; 5C2 select 2 defence fro) 5 (o's (as 2 (o's can onl' pla' +oal3eeper 10<2#5"; 6C2 select 2 )idfield fro) 6 (o's (as 2 (o's can onl' pla' +oal3eeper and 2 -e2ve alread' selected for defence 10<2<2#6"; 4C1 select 1 for-ard fro) 4 (o's (a+ain as 2 (o's can pla' onl' +oal3eeper* 4 -e2ve alread' selected for defence and )idfield 10<2<4#4" 6otal 8 of selection#2C1%5C2%6C2%4C1#3360 Ans-er. D. Discussed at.

http://gmatclub.com/forum/combination-or-permutation-can-t-ma e-up-my-min!-

85800.html
1$ )n ho' many 'ays 9 di((erent ti"-ets "an be distributed bet'een &ane and #ill i( ea"h is to re"eive any even number o( ti"-ets and all 9 ti"-ets to be distributed$ A. 7ro) 2 to 6 inclusive. B. 7ro) /5 to 102 inclusive. C. 7ro) 122 to 126 inclusive. D. 7ro) 125 to 132 inclusive.

E. 7ro) 1/6 to 200 inclusive. 6ic3ets can (e distri(uted in t$e follo-in+ -a's. =5*0> =6*2> =4*4> =2*6> =0*5> < < < < < 5C5#1 5C6%2C2#25 5C4%4C4#00 5C2%6C6#25 5C5#1

6otal 8 of -a's#1 25 00 25 1#125 Ans-er. D. Discussed at.

http://gmatclub.com/forum/sharing-tic ets-871"8.html

5$ An inse"t has one shoe and one so"- (or ea"h o( its t'elve legs$ )n ho' many di((erent orders "an the inse"t !ut on its so"-s and shoes0 assuming that0 on ea"h leg0 the so"- must be !ut on be(ore the shoe* A.

B.

C. D. E. :ot$in+ li3e t$is -ill ever occur at real test* as t$is ?uestion is (e'ond t$e scope of @&A6. 4o t$is ?uestion is Aust for practice. :96E t$at eac$ soc3 and s$oe is Bassi+nedB to a specific le+. C)a+ine situation -it$ no restriction* )eanin+ no need to put t$e soc3s (efore t$e s$oes. Cn t$is case t$e 8 of -a's insect can put 24 ite)s -ould (e 24D. As -e can c$oose to put A:E of 24 ite)s first* t$en 23 ite)s left* t$en 22 and so on. :ext step. 9n EACF le+ -e can put eit$er soc3 9G s$oe first. But for EACF le+ fro) 12* onl' one order is correct 1C6F restriction. soc3 first t$en s$oe. 7or one le+ c$ances of correct order is 1/2* for t-o le+s 1/2H2* si)ilarl' for 12 le+s c$ances of correct order -ould 1/2H12. 4o -e +et t$at for t$e total 8 of -a's* 1C6F :9 GE46GCC6C9:* -$ic$ is 24D* onl' 1/2H12 is +ood 1C6F GE46GCC6C9:. 4o t$e final ans-er is 24D/2H12. Ans-er. C. Discussed at.

http://gmatclub.com/forum/insect-87503.html

7$ A man is -no'n to s!ea- truth 2 out o( / times$ 8e thro's a die and re!orts that it is a si $ The !robability that it is a"tually si is A. 1/5 B. 2/5

C. 3/5 D. 1/2 ,#7avora(le outco)es/6otal 8 of possi(le outco)es. 7avora(le outco)e is t$at it2s actuall' six and $e2s tellin+ t$e trut$ 6otal 8 of possi(le outco)es is. eit$er it2s six and $e2s tellin+ t$e trut$ 9G it2s not six and $e2s tellin+ t$e lie

Discussed at.

http://gmatclub.com/forum/si#-or-not-si#-87984.html

9$ )n ho' many 'ays "an %% boo-s on English and : boo-s on .ren"h be !la"ed in a ro' on a shel( so that t'o boo-s on .ren"h may not be together* 1e $ave 11 En+lis$ and / 7renc$ (oo3s* no 7renc$ (oo3s s$ould (e adAacent. C)a+ine 11 En+lis$ (oo3s in a ro- and e)pt' slots li3e (elo-. %E%E%E%E%E%E%E%E%E%E%E% :o- if / 7renc$ (oo3s -ould (e placed in 12 e)pt' slots* all 7renc$ (oo3s -ill (e separated (' En+lis$ (oo3s. 4o -e can Bc$ooseB / e)pt' slots fro) 12 availa(le for 7renc$ (oo3s* -$ic$ is 12C/#220. Ans-er. 220. Discussed at.

http://gmatclub.com/forum/permutation-combination-boo shelf-8735".html

:$ )n the y;!lane0 the verte o( a s<uare are 3%0 %40 3%0;%40 3;%0 ;%40 and 3;%0%4$ )( a !oint (alls into the s<uare region0 'hat is the !robability that the ordinates o( the !oint 3 0y4 satis(y that =++y=+>%* A. 1<pi/4 B. pi/2 C. 4<pi D. 2<pi E. pi<2 7irst note t$at t$e s?uare -e $ave is centered at t$e ori+in* $as t$e len+t$ of t$e sides e?ual to 2 and t$e area e?ual to 4. is an e?uation of a circle also centered at t$e ori+in* -it$ radius 1 and .

t$e

1e are told t$at t$e point is C: t$e s?uare and -ant to calculate t$e pro(a(ilit' t$at it2s outside t$e circle ( )eans t$at t$e point is outside t$e +iven circle".

,#7avora(le outco)e/6otal nu)(er of possi(le outco)es. 7avora(le outco)e is t$e area (et-een t$e circle and t$e s?uare# 6otal nu)(er of possi(le outco)es is t$e area of t$e s?uare (as +iven t$at t$e point is in t$e s?uare" #

Ans-er. A. Discussed at.

http://gmatclub.com/forum/probability-88"46.html

%0$ 8o' many 'ords0 'ith or 'ithout meaning "an be made (rom the letters o( the 'ord M7?,A@0 assuming that no letter is re!eated0 i( / letters are used at a time* A. 360 B. 020 C. 240 D. 120 E. 60 C$oosin+ 4 letters out of 6 (distinct" letters to for) t$e -ord # 6C4#1!; ,er)utations of t$ese 4 letters # 4D#24; 6otal 8 of -ords possi(le # 1!%24# 360 Ans-er. A. Discussed at.

http://gmatclub.com/forum/permutation-$uestion-8849".html

%%$ )n ho' many 'ays "an the letters o( the 'ord PEAMBTAT)7?S be arranged i( there are al'ays / letters bet'een P and S A. 241/200 B. 2!401600 C. 1514400 D. 1/26300 E. 1321!00 6$ere are 12 letters in t$e -ord B,EG&I6A6C9:4B* out of -$ic$ 6 is repeated t-ice. 1. 2. 3. 4. !. C$oosin+ 4 letters out of 10 (12<2(, and 4"#10" to place (et-een , and 4 # 10C4 # 210; ,er)utation of t$e letters , ans 4 (,JJJJ4 or 4JJJJ," # 2D #2; ,er)utation of t$e 4 letters (et-een , and 4 # 4D #24; ,er)utations of t$e 0 units =,(4"JJJJ4(,">=J>=J>=J>=J>=J>=J> # 0D # !040; 1e s$ould divide )ultiplication of t$e a(ove 4 nu)(ers (' 2D as t$ere is repeated 6.

Fence. Ans-er. B. Discussed at.

http://gmatclub.com/forum/permutation-$uestion-8849".html

%+$ / di"es are thro'n at the same time$ 'hats the !robability o( getting 7?C@ + di"es sho'ing the same (a"e* C suppose Bonl' 2 dice s$o-in+ t$e sa)e faceB )eans EJAC6KE t-oL Cf so t$en. 6otal 8 of outco)es # 6H4 7avora(le outco)es # 4C2#6* c$oosin+ t-o dice -$ic$ -ill provide t$e sa)e face* t$ese t-o dice can

ta3e 6 values* ot$er t-o ! and 4. 4o* favora(le outco)es#4C2%6%!%4.

Ans-er. !//. Discussed at.

http://gmatclub.com/forum/really-tough-88487.html

%2$ Aight triangle A#C is to be dra'n in the y;!lane so that the right angle is at A and A# is !arallel to the y;a is$ )( the ; and y;"oordinates o( A0 #0 and C are to be integers that are "onsistent 'ith the ine<ualities ;5 D D + and / D y D : 0 then ho' many di((erent triangles "an be dra'n that 'ill meet these "onditions* A. !4 B. 432 C. 2160 D. 2/16 E. 145*524 1e $ave t$e rectan+le -it$ di)ensions /%6 (/ $oriMontal dots and 6 vertical". AB is parallel to '<axis and AC is parallel to x<axis. C$oose t$e (x*'" coordinates for vertex A. /C1%6C1; C$oose t$e x coordinate for vertex C (as ' coordinate is fixed (' A". 5C1* (/<1#5 as 1 $oriMontal dot is alread' occupied (' A"; C$oose t$e ' coordinate for vertex B (as x coordinate is fixed (' A". !C1* (6<1#! as 1 vertical dot is alread' occupied (' A". /C1%6C%5C1%!C1#2160. Ans-er. C. Discussed at.

http://gmatclub.com/forum/tough-problem-88958.html

%/$ )n a "ertain game0 a large bag is (illed 'ith blue0 green0 !ur!le and red "hi!s 'orth %0 10 and %% !oints ea"h0 res!e"tively$ The !ur!le "hi!s are 'orth more than the green "hi!s0 but less than the red "hi!s$ A "ertain number o( "hi!s are then sele"ted (rom the bag$ )( the !rodu"t o( the !oint values o( the sele"ted "hi!s is 9900000 ho' many !ur!le "hi!s 'ere sele"ted* A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. !

* as no c$ip2s value is )ultiple of 2* $ence 2H6#64 )ust (e t$e product of t$e values of t$e purple c$ips dra-n. 6$e value of t$e purple c$ip is )ultiple of 2* (ut )ore t$an ! and less t$an 11* $ence it2s 5 (2H3". 5%5#64* t-o purple c$ips -ere dra-n. Ans-er. B (2". Discussed at.

http://gmatclub.com/forum/chips-%orth-points-89694.html

%1$ )n ho' many di((erent 'ays "an trhee letters be !osted (rom seven di((erent !ostbo es assuming no t'o letters "an be !osted (rom the same !ostbo * 7irst letter could (e sent fro) A:E of t$e seven post(oxes < 0 (0 options";

4econd letter could (e sent fro) t$e 4CJ post(oxes left < 6 (6 options"; 6$ird letter could (e sent fro) t$e 7CNE post(oxes left < ! (! options"; 6otal 8 of -a's #0%6%!#210 What i( there is no restri"tion0 that is0 i( t'o or more letters "an be !osted (rom the same bo * Cn t$is pro(le) -e don2t $ave restriction* t$us A:E letter could (e sent fro) A:E post(oxes #0%0%0#0H3#343 Discussed at.

http://gmatclub.com/forum/counting-principles-55340.html

%5$ Possible arrangements (or the 'ord AEE)EW i( one E "anFt be ne t to the other$ T8E7A@6 ,er)utations of n t$in+s of -$ic$ ,1 are ali3e of one 3ind* ,2 are ali3e of second 3ind* ,3 are ali3e of t$ird 3ind ...................... ,r are ali3e of r t$ 3ind suc$ t$at. ,1 ,2 ,3 .. ,r#n is. . 7or exa)ple nu)(er of per)utation of t$e letters of t$e -ord B+)atclu(B is 5D as t$ere are 5 DC46C:C6 letters in t$is -ord. :u)(er of per)utation of t$e letters of t$e -ord B+oo+leB is 6D/2D2D* as t$ere are 6 letters out of -$ic$ B+B and BoB are represented t-ice. :u)(er of per)utation of / (alls out of -$ic$ 4 are red* 3 +reen and 2 (lue* -ould (e /D/4D3D2D. )n the original <uestion t$ere are 6 letters out of -$ic$ E appears t-ice. 6otal nu)(er of per)utation of t$ese letters (-it$out restriction" -ould (e. 8 of co)(ination for -$ic$ t-o E are adGa"ent is =EE>=N>=C>=1>. 8 of per)utation of t$is ! ele)ents is . * (consider t-o E as one ele)ent li3e. =G> " .

6otal 8 of per)utation for -$ic$ t-o E are not adGa"ent -ould (e Discussed at.

http://gmatclub.com/forum/premutations-an!-combinations-90174.html

%7$ )n ho' many di((erent 'ays "an the letters A0A0#0#0#0C0,0E be arranged i( the letter C must be to the right o( the letter ,* A. 1650 B. 2160 C. 2!20 D. 3240 E. 3360 1e $ave 5 letters out of -$ic$ A appears t-ice and B appears t$ree ti)e. 6otal nu)(er of per)utation of t$ese letters (-it$out restriction" -ould (e. .

:o-* in $alf of t$ese cases D -ill (e to t$e ri+$t of C and in $alf of t$ese cases to t$e left* $ence t$e final ans-er -ould (e Ans-er. A.

Discussed at.

http://gmatclub.com/forum/probability-$-91460.html

%9$ )( there are 91 students in a statisti"s "lass and 'e assume that there are 251 days in a year0 'hat is the !robability that at least t'o students in the "lass have the same birthday 3assuming birthdays are distributed inde!endently4* A. (5!/36!"% (54/364" B. (1/36!"% (1/364" C. 1< (5!D/36!D" D. 1< (36!D/ 250D (36!H5!"" E. 1< (5!D/(36!H5!"" 6$e easiest -a' to solve t$is pro(le) is to calculate opposite pro(a(ilit' and su(tract t$is value fro) 1. 6$e opposite pro(a(ilit' is t$at all students $ave t$e (irt$da's on different da's. total 5! (irt$da's (first student

can $ave (irt$da' on an' da' #1#36!/36!* t$e pro(a(ilit' t$at t$e second student -ill $ave t$e (irt$da' on anot$er da' is 364/36!* t$e pro(a(ilit' t$at t$e t$ird student -ill $ave t$e (irt$da' not on t$is t-o da's is 363/36!* and so on".

4o* t$e pro(a(ilit' t$at at least t-o students in t$e class $ave t$e sa)e (irt$da' is. Ans-er. D. Discussed at.

http://gmatclub.com/forum/probability-700-!ifficulty-le&el-9"013.html

%:$ 8o' many 'ords "an be (ormed by ta-ing / letters at a time out o( the letters o( the 'ord MAT8EMAT)CS$ 6$ere are 5 distinct letters. &<A<6<F<E<C<C<4. 3 letters &* A* and 6 are represented t-ice (dou(le letter". 4elected 4 letters can $ave follo-in+ 3 patterns. 1. a(cd < all 4 letters are different. (c$oosin+ 4 distinct letters out of 5* -$en order )atters" or (c$oosin+ 4 distinct letters out of 5 -$en order does not )atter and )ultipl'in+ (' 4D to +et different arran+e)ent of t$ese 4 distinct letters"; 2. aa(( < fro) 4 letters 2 are t$e sa)e and ot$er 2 are also t$e sa)e. < 3C2 c$oosin+ -$ic$ t-o dou(le letter -ill provide t-o letters (out of 3 dou(le letter < &A6"* )ultipl'in+ (' in 8 of -a's"; to +et different arran+e)ents (for exa)ple &&AA can (e arran+ed

3. aa(c < fro) 4 letters 2 are t$e sa)e and ot$er 2 are different. < 3C1 c$oosin+ -$ic$ letter -ill proved -it$ 2 letters (out of 3 dou(le letter <

&A6"* 0C2 c$oosin+ t$ird and fourt$ letters out of 0 distinct letters left and )ultipl'in+ (' different arran+e)ents (for exa)ple &&CC can (e arran+ed in 1650 15 0!6#24!4 Ans-er. 24!4. Discussed at. 8 of -a's".

to +et

http://gmatclub.com/forum/tough-p-n-c-9"675.html

+0$ )n ho' many di((erent 'ays "an / !hysi"s0 + math and 2 "hemistry boo-s be arranged in a ro' so that all boo-s o( the same bran"h are together* A. 1242 B. 1025 C. 1454 D. 1034 E. 1026 6$ere are t$ree (ranc$es* t$ree units of (oo3s. =p$'sics>=)at$>=c$e)istr'> < aran+in+ (ranc$es 3D; Arran+in+ t$e (oo3s -it$in t$e (ranc$es. p$'sics < 4D; )at$ < 2D; c$e)istr' < 3D; 6otal. 3D%4D%2D%3D. Ans-er. B. Discussed at.

http://gmatclub.com/forum/perm-55383.html

+%$ )n ho' many 'ays "an the letters o( the 'ord PEAMBTAT)7?S be arranged i( there are al'ays / letters bet'een P and S* 6$ere are 12 letters in t$e -ord B,EG&I6A6C9:4B* out of -$ic$ 6 is repeated t-ice. 1. 2. 3. 4. !. C$oosin+ 4 letters out of 10 (12<2(, and 4"#10" to place (et-een , and 4 # 10C4 # 210; ,er)utation of t$e letters , ans 4 (,JJJJ4 or 4JJJJ," # 2D #2; ,er)utation of t$e 4 letters (et-een , and 4 # 4D #24; ,er)utations of t$e 0 units =,(4"JJJJ4(,">=J>=J>=J>=J>=J>=J> # 0D # !040; 1e s$ould divide )ultiplication of t$e a(ove 4 nu)(ers (' 2D as t$ere is repeated 6.

Fence.

http://gmatclub.com/forum/interesting-problems-of-permutations-an!combinations-94381.html
Discussed at. ++$ )n ho' many o( the distin"t !ermutations o( the letters in the 'ord M)SS)SS)PP) do the / )Fs not "ome together* 6$ere are 11 letters in t$e -ord B&C44C44C,,C B* out of -$ic$. &#1* C#4* 4#4* ,#2. 6otal 8 of per)utations is ;

8 of per)utations -it$ 4 C2s to+et$er is . Consider 4 C2s as one unit. =&>=4>=4>=4>=4>=,>=,>=CCCC> < total 5 units* out of -$ic$ =&>#1* =4>#4* =,>#2* =CCCC>#1. 4o 8 of per)utations -it$ 4 C2s not "ome together is. Discussed at. .

http://gmatclub.com/forum/interesting-problems-of-permutations-an!combinations-94381.html
++$ A H(irm is divided into (our de!artments0 ea"h o( 'hi"h "ontains (our !eo!le$ )( a !roGe"t is to be assigned to a team o( three !eo!le0 none o( 'hi"h "an be (rom the same de!artment0 'hat is the greatest number o( distin"t teams to 'hi"h the !roGe"t "ould be assigned* A 4H3 B. 4H4 C. 4H! D. 6(4H4" E. 4(3H6" 8 of -a's to c$oose -$ic$ 3 depart)ent -ill provide e)plo'ee for t$e tea) and as eac$ c$osen depart)ent can provide -it$ 4 e)plo'ees t$en total 8 of different tea)s -ill (e Discussed at. .

http://gmatclub.com/forum/combinations-problem-e#treme-challenge-a-firm-is-

84160.html
+2$ 8o' many !ositive integers less than %00000 are there in 'hi"h the sum o( the digits e<uals 1* A. 31 B. !1 C. !6 D. 62 E. /3 Consider t$is. -e $ave ! 2s and 3 separators * li3e. . Fo- )an' per)utations

(arran+e)ents" of t$ese s')(ols are possi(leL 6otal of 5 s')(ols (! 3#5"* out of -$ic$ ! 2s and 3 2s are identical* so . t$is -ould (e 3 di+it nu)(er 212

1it$ t$ese per)utations -e2ll +et co)(inations li3e. 9G

t$is -ould (e sin+le di+it nu)(er ! (s)allest nu)(er less t$an 10*000 in -$ic$ su) of

di+its e?uals !" 9G t$is -ould (e 4 di+it nu)(er !*000 (lar+est nu)(er less t$an 10*000 in -$ic$ su) of di+its e?uals !"... Basicall' t$is arran+e)ents -ill +ive us all nu)(ers less t$an 10*000 in -$ic$ su) of t$e di+its (su) of ! d2s#!" e?uals !. Fence t$e ans-er is Ans-er. C (!6". 6$is can (e done -it$ direct for)ula as -ell. 6$e total nu)(er of -a's of dividin+ n identical ite)s (! d2s in our case" a)on+ r persons or o(Aects (4 di+t places in our case"* eac$ one of -$o)* can receive 00 %0 + or )ore ite)s (fro) Mero to ! in our case" is . .

Cn our case -e2ll +et. Discussed at.

http://gmatclub.com/forum/integers-less-than-85"91.html

+/$ A lo"al ban- that has %1 bran"hes uses a t'o;digit "ode to re!resent ea"h o( its bran"hes$ The same integer "an be used (or both digits o( a "ode0 and a !air o( t'o;digit numbers that are the reverse o( ea"h other 3su"h as %7 and 7%4 are "onsidered as t'o se!arate "odes$ What is the (e'est number o( di((erent integers re<uired (or the %1 "odes* A. 3 B. 4 C. ! D. 6 E. 0 Consider t$e code JE. Cf t$ere are di+its availa(le t$en J can ta3e values and E can also ta3e values* t$us fro) di+its -e can for) different 2<di+it codes. t$is is t$e sa)e as fro) 10 di+its (0* 1* 2* 3* ...* /" -e can for) 10H2#100 different 2<di+it nu)(ers (00* 01* 02* ...* //". 1e -ant 8 of codes possi(le fro) are re?uired. Ans-er. B. Discussed at. di+it to (e at least 1! <<O <<O * $ence )in 4 di+its

http://gmatclub.com/forum/permutation-$uestion-98109.html

+1$ Mrs$ Smith has been given (ilm vou"hers$ Ea"h vou"her allo's the holder to see a (ilm 'ithout "harge$ She de"ides to distribute them among her (our ne!he's so that ea"h ne!he' gets at least t'o vou"hers$ 8o' many vou"hers has Mrs$ Smith been given i( there are %+0 'ays that she "ould distribute the vou"hers* A. 13 B. 14 C. 1! D. 16 E. )ore t$an 16 Clearl' t$ere are )ore t$an 5 vouc$ers as eac$ of four can +et at least 2. 4o* (asicall' 120 -a's vouc$ers can t$e distri(uted are t$e -a's to distri(ute vouc$ers* so t$at eac$ can +et fro) Mero to as at Bleast 2B* or 2%4#5* -e alread' (oo3ed. Ket (e . Cn $o- )an' -a's -e can distri(ute identical t$in+s a)on+ 4 personsL 1ell t$ere is a for)ula for t$is (ut it2s (etter to understand t$e concept. Ket . And i)a+ine -e -ant to distri(ute ! vouc$ers a)on+ 4 persons and eac$ can +et fro) Mero to !* (no restrictions". Consider.

1e $ave ! tic3ets (t" and 3 separators (et-een t$e)* to indicate -$o -ill +et t$e tic3ets.

&eans t$at first nep$e- -ill +et all t$e tic3ets*

&eans t$at first +ot 0* second 1* t$ird 3* and fourt$ 1

And so on. Fo- )an' per)utations (arran+e)ents" of t$ese s')(ols are possi(leL 6otal of 5 s')(ols (! 3#5"* out of -$ic$ ! 2s and 3 2s are identical* so separators out of ! 3#5. . . Basicall' it2s t$e nu)(er of -a's -e can pic3 3

4o* 8 of -a's to distri(ute ! tic3ets a)on+ 4 people is 7or it -ill (e t$e sa)e. 8 of -a's to distri(ute " -ould (e . <<O earlier. Ans-er. C (1!". .

tic3ets a)on+ 4 persons (so t$at eac$ can +et . . ,lus t$e 5 tic3ets -e (oo3ed

fro) Mero to

,.4. Fo- to solve . 020* t$ree di+it inte+er endin+ -it$ 0* is t$e product of t$ree consecutive inte+ers. 9(viousl' one of t$e) )ust (e )ultiple of !. tr' * next possi(le triplet * 9P. 4o <<O . ,.,.4. Direct for)ula. The total number o( 'ays o( dividing n identi"al items among r !ersons0 ea"h one o( 'hom0 "an re"eive 00%0+ or more items is $ The total number o( 'ays o( dividing n identi"al items among r !ersons0 ea"h one o( 'hom re"eives at least one item is $ Discussed at.

http://gmatclub.com/forum/&oucher-98""5.html

+5$ )n the Mundane Goblet "om!etition0 5 teams "om!ete in a Iround robinJ (ormat6 that is0 ea"h team !lays every other team e a"tly on"e$ A team gets 2 !oints (or a 'in0 % !oint (or a tie 3a dra'40 and 0 !oints (or a loss$ What is the di((eren"e bet'een the ma imum total !oints and the minimum total !oints that "an be gained by all teams 3added together4 in the Mundane Goblet "om!etition* A. 1! B. 30 C. 4! D. 60 E. 0! 6$ere -ill (e +a)es needed so t$at eac$ tea) to pla' ever' ot$er tea) exactl' once (

is t$e 8 of -a's -e can pic3 t-o different tea)s to pla' eac$ ot$er". :o-* in one +a)e )ax points (3 points" -ill (e o(tained if one tea) -ins and anot$er looses and )in points (1 1#2 points" -ill (e o(tained if t$ere -ill (e a tie. Fence* )axi)u) points t$at can (e +ained (' all tea)s -ill (e %1 games K 2 !ointsL/1 and t$e )ini)u) points t$at can (e +ained (' all tea)s -ill (e %1 games K + !ointsL20* difference is /1;20L%1. Ans-er. A. Discussed at.

http://gmatclub.com/forum/mbamission-the-$uest-for-9695".html

+5$ Seven men and (ive 'omen have to sit around a "ir"ular table so that no + 'omen are together$ )n ho' many di((erent 'ays "an this be done* 8 of arran+e)ents of 0 )en around a ta(le is ; 6$ere -ill (e 0 possi(le places for -o)en (et-een t$e)* 0 e)pt' slots. 8 of -a's to c$oose in -$ic$ ! slots -o)en -ill (e placed is ; 8 of arran+e)ents of ! -o)en in t$ese slots is 4o total. Ans-er. 1*514*400. Discussed at. . ;

http://gmatclub.com/forum/arrangement-in-a-circle-98185.html

+7$ )( is a randomly "hosen integer bet'een % and +00 in"lusive0 and y is a randomly "hosen integer bet'een +% and /00 in"lusive0 'hat is the !robability that y is a multi!le o( /* A. 1/4 B. 1/3 C. 3/5 D. 0/16 E. Q Ket2s find t$e pro(a(ilit' of an opposite event and su(tract t$is value fro) 1. 6$ere are t$ree cases x' :96 to (e a )ultiple of 4. A. (ot$ x and ' are odd <<O 1/2%1/2#1/4; B. x is odd and ' is even (ut not )ultiple of 4 <<O 1/2%1/4#1/5; C. ' is odd and x is even (ut not )ultiple of 4 <<O 1/2%1/4#1/5.

Ans-er. E. Discussed at.

http://gmatclub.com/forum/har!-one-9884".html

+9$ A !ass'ord to a "ertain database "onsists o( digits that "annot be re!eated$)( the !ass'ord is -no'n to "onsist o( at least 9 digits and it ta-es %+ se"onds to try one "ombination 0 'hat is the amount o( time 0 in minutes 0 ne"essary to guarantee a""ess to database* A. 5D/! B. 5D/2 C. 5D D. 10D/2 E. !/2.10D ,ass-ord can $ave 5* / or 10 di+its ()ore t$an 10 is not possi(le as per ste) di+its )ust (e distinct". 6otal 8 of pass-ords possi(le for 5 di+its is 6otal 8 of pass-ords possi(le for / di+its is 6otal 8 of pass-ords possi(le for 10 di+its is ; ; .

6i)e needed to +uarantee access to data(ase is Ans-er. D. Discussed at.

)inutes.

http://gmatclub.com/forum/permutation-an!-combination-95496.html

+:$ A ro' o( seats in a movie hall "ontains %0 seats$ 2 Girls M 7 boys need to o""u!y those seats$ What is the !robability that no t'o girls 'ill sit together* Consider t$e follo-in+. %B%B%B%B%B%B%B% :o-* if +irls -ill occup' t$e places of 5 stars no +irl -ill sit to+et$er. 8 of -a's 3 +irls can occup' t$e places of t$ese 5 stars is 8 of -a's 3 +irls can (e arran+ed on t$ese places is ; 8 of -a's 0 (o's can (e arran+ed is . ;

4o total 8 of -a's to arran+e 3 @irls and 0 (o's so t$at no +irls are to+et$er is 6otal 8 of -a's to arran+e 10 c$ildren is .

4o Discussed at.

http://gmatclub.com/forum/ps-probability-3girls-7-boys-99"68.html

20$ A (air "oin is tossed 1 times$ What is the !robability o( getting at least three heads on "onse"utive tosses* A 2/16 B 1/4 C 0/24 D !/16 E 1!/32 At least 3 $eads )eans 3* 4* or ! $eads. 2 consecutive heads ! cases. FFF66 6FFF6 66FFF F6FFF FFF6F . / consecutive heads 2 cases. FFFF6 6FFFF .

1 consecutive heads 1 case. FFFFF . . Ans-er. B. Discussed at.

http://gmatclub.com/forum/har!-probability-99478.html

2%$ #ill has a small de"- o( %+ !laying "ards made u! o( only + suits o( 5 "ards ea"h$ Ea"h o( the 5 "ards 'ithin a suit has a di((erent value (rom % to 5N thus0 (or ea"h value (rom % to 50 there are t'o "ards in the de"- 'ith that value$ #ill li-es to !lay a game in 'hi"h he shu((les the de"-0 turns over / "ards0 and loo-s (or !airs o( "ards that have the same value$ What is the "han"e that #ill (inds at least one !air o( "ards that have the same value* A. 5/33 B. 62/16! C. 10/33 D. 103/16! E. 2!/33 Ket2s calculate t$e opposite pro(a(ilit' ans su(tract t$is value fro) 1. 9pposite pro(a(ilit' -ould (e t$at t$ere -ill (e no pair in 4 cards* )eanin+ t$at all 4 cards -ill (e different. .

< 8 of -a's to c$oose 4 different cards out of 6 different values; < as eac$ of 4 cards c$osen can (e of 2 different suits; < total 8 of -a's to c$oose 4 cards out of 12. 4o 7r another 'ay6 1e can c$oose an' card for t$e first one < ; .

:ext card can (e an' card (ut 1 of t$e value -e2v alread' c$osen < (if -e2ve pic3ed 3* t$en t$ere are one )ore 3 left and -e can c$oose an' (ut t$is one card out of 11 cards left"; :ext card can (e an' card (ut 2 of t$e values -e2v alread' c$osen < (if -e2ve pic3ed 3 and !* t$en t$ere are one 3 and one ! left and -e can c$oose an' (ut t$ese 2 cards out of 10 cards left"; Kast card can (e an' card (ut 3 of t$e value -e2v alread' c$osen < ; . 4o < t$e sa)e ans-er as a(ove.

Ans-er. C.

Discussed at.

http://gmatclub.com/forum/probability-96078.html

2+$ Si mobsters have arrived at the theater (or the !remiere o( the (ilm IGoodbuddies$J 7ne o( the mobsters0 .ran-ie0 is an in(ormer0 and heFs a(raid that another member o( his "re'0 &oey0 is on to him$ .ran-ie0 'anting to -ee! &oey in his sights0 insists u!on standing behind &oey in line at the "on"ession stand0 though not ne"essarily right behind him$ 8o' many 'ays "an the si arrange themselves in line su"h that .ran-ieOs re<uirement is satis(ied* A. 6 B. 24 C. 120 D. 360 E. 020 Arran+e)ent of 6#6D. Cn $alf of t$e cases 7ran3ie -ill (e (e$ind Roe' and in $alf of t$e cases Roe' -ill (e (e$ind 7ran3ie (as pro(a(ilit' doesn2t favor an' of t$e)". 4o* t$e needed arran+e)ent is 6D/2#360. Ans-er. D (360" Discussed at.

http://gmatclub.com/forum/permutation-combination-86147.html

22$ )n a room (illed 'ith 7 !eo!le0 / !eo!le have e a"tly % sibling in the room and 2 !eo!le have e a"tly + siblings in the room$ )( t'o individuals are sele"ted (rom the room at random0 'hat is the !robability that those t'o individuals are ?7T siblings* A. !/21 B. 3/0 C. 4/0 D. !/0 E. 16/21 As t$ere are 4 people -it$ exactl' 1 si(lin+ eac$. -e $ave t-o pairs of si(lin+s (1<2; 3<4". As t$ere are 3 people -it$ exactl' 2 si(lin+s eac$. -e $ave one triple of si(lin+s (4<!<6". Solution P%6 8 of selections of 2 out of 0 < ; (one fro) first pair of si(lin+s%one fro) (one fro)

8 of selections of 2 people -$ic$ are not si(lin+s <

second pair of si(lin+s" (one fro) first pair of si(lin+s%one fro) triple" second pair of si(lin+s%one fro) triple" .

Solution P+6 8 of selections of 2 out of 0 < 8 of selections of 2 si(lin+s < . Solution P26 . ; ;

Ans-er. E. Discussed at.

http://gmatclub.com/forum/mgmat-cat-pic ing-frien!s-87550.html

2/$ At a blind taste "om!etition a "ontestant is o((ered 2 "u!s o( ea"h o( the 2 sam!les o( tea in a random arrangement o( : mar-ed "u!s$ )( ea"h "ontestant tastes / di((erent "u!s o( tea0 'hat is the !robability that a "ontestant does not taste all o( the sam!les* A. B. C. D. E. B6$e pro(a(ilit' t$at a contestant does not taste all of t$e sa)plesB )eans t$at contestant tastes onl' 2 sa)ples of tea (one sa)ple is not possi(le as contestant tastes 4 cupsO3 of eac$ 3ind".

. < 8 of -a's to c$oose -$ic$ 2 sa)ples -ill (e tasted; < 8 of -a's to c$oose 4 cups out of 6 cups of t-o sa)ples (2 sa)ples%3 cups eac$ # 6 cups"; < total 8 of -a's to c$oose 4 cups out of /. Ans-er. B. Another 'ay6 Calculate t$e pro(a(ilit' of opposite event and su(tract t$is value fro) 1. 9pposite event is t$at contestant -ill taste AKK 3 sa)ples* so contestant s$ould taste 2 cups of one sa)ple and 1 cup fro) eac$ of 2 ot$er sa)ples (2<1<1". < 8 of -a's to c$oose t$e sa)ple -$ic$ -ill provide -it$ 2 cups; < 8 of -a's to c$ose t$ese 2 cups fro) t$e c$osen sa)ple; < 8 of -a's to c$ose 1 cup out of 3 fro) second sa)ple; < 8 of -a's to c$ose 1 cup out of 3 fro) t$ird sa)ple; < total 8 of -a's to c$oose 4 cups out of /.

. Ans-er. B. Discussed at.

http://gmatclub.com/forum/prob-gclub-!iagonostics-86830.html

21$ A man "hooses an out(it (rom 2 di((erent shirts0 + di((erent !airs o( shoes0 and 2 di((erent !ants$ )( he randomly sele"ts % shirt0 % !air o( shoes0 and % !air o( !ants ea"h morning (or 2 days0 'hat is the !robability that he 'ears the same !air o( shoes ea"h day0 but that no other !ie"e o( "lothing is re!eated* A (1/3"H6 %(1/2"H3 B (1/3"H6%(1/2" C (1/3"H4 D (1/3"H2%(1/2" E !(1/3"H2 7or t$e first da' $e can c$oose any outfit* ;

7or t$e second da' $e )ust c$oose t$e sa)e s$oes as on t$e first da' and different s$irts and pants for) t$e first da'2s* ;

7or t$e t$ird da' $e )ust c$oose t$e sa)e s$oes as on t$e first da' and different s$irts and pants fro) t$e first and second da'2s* ;

Ans-er. C < Discussed at:'http://gmatclub.com/forum/probability-of-%earing-!ress-91717.html

25$ Anthony and Mi"hael sit on the si ;member board o( dire"tors (or "om!any Q$ )( the board is to be s!lit u! into + three;!erson sub"ommittees0 'hat !er"ent o( all the !ossible sub"ommittees that in"lude Mi"hael also in"lude Anthony* A. 20S B. 30S C. 40S D. !0S E. 60S .irst a!!roa"h6 Ket2s ta3e t$e +roup -it$ &ic$ael. t$ere is a place for t-o ot$er )e)(ers and one of t$e) s$ould (e ta3en (' Ant$on'* as t$ere are total of ! people left* $ence t$ere is pro(a(ilit' of 2/!#40S. Se"ond a!!roa"h6 A+ain in &ic$ael2s +roup 2 places are left* 8 of selections of 2 out of ! !C2#10 < total 8 of outco)es. 4elect Ant$on' < 1C1#1* select an' t$ird )e)(er out of 4 < 4C1#4* total 8 #1C1%4C1#4 < total 8 of -innin+ outco)es. ,#8 of -innin+ outco)es/8 of outco)es#4/10#40S Third a!!roa"h6 &ic$ael2s +roup. 4elect Ant$on' as a second )e)(er out of ! < 1/! and an' ot$er as a t$ird one out of 4 left 4/4* total#1/!%4/4#1/!; 4elect an' )e)(er (ut Ant$on' as second )e)(er out of ! < 4/! and Ant$on' as a t$ird out of 4 left 1/4* total#4/!%1/4#1/!; 4u)#1/! 1/!#2/!#40S .ourth a!!roa"h6 6otal 8 of splittin+ +roup of 6 into t-o +roups of 3. 6C3%3C3/2D#10 8 of +roups -it$ &ic$ael and Ant$on'. 1C1%1C1%4C1#4 ,#4/10#40S

Ans-er. C. Discussed at:'http://gmatclub.com/forum/combination-anthony-an!-michael-sit-on-the-si#-

member-87081.html
27$ T'o "ou!les and one single !erson are seated at random in a ro' o( (ive "hairs$ What is the !robability that neither o( the "ou!les sits together in adGa"ent "hairs* A 1/! B. 1/4 C. 3/5 D. 2/! E. 1/2 Ket2s find t$e opposite pro(a(ilit' and su(tract it fro) 1. 9pposite event t$at neither o( the "ou!les sits together is event t$at at leas one "ou!le sits together. 8 of arran+e)ents -$en at leas one couple sits to+et$er is su) of arran+e)ents -$en EJAC6KE 2 couples sit to+et$er and EJAC6KE 1 couples sit to+et$er. Couple A. A1* A2 Couple B. B1* B2 4in+le person. 4 EQACTC@ + "ou!les sit together6 Consider eac$ couple as one unit. RA%A+SR#%#+SRSS* 8 of arran+e)ent -ould (e. 8 of different arran+e)ent of t$ese 3 units* 2D arran+e)ent of couple A (A1A2 or A2A1"* 2D arran+e)ent of couple B (B1B2 or B2B1". . 3D

EQACTC@ % "ou!les sit together6 Couple A sits to+et$er. RA%A+SR#%SR#+SRSS* 8 of arran+e)ent -ould (e. . 4D 8 of different arran+e)ent of t$ese 4 units* 2D arran+e)ent of couple A (A1A2 or A2A1". But t$ese 45 arran+e)ents -ill also include arran+e)ents -$en 2 couples sit to+et$er* so total for couple A -ould (e ; 6$e sa)e for couple B. R#%#+SRA%SRA+SRSS* 8 of arran+e)ent -ould (e. . A+ain t$ese 45 arran+e)ents -ill also include arran+e)ents -$en 2 couples sit to+et$er* so total for couple B -ould (e ; . .inally 'e get the P o( arrangements 'hen at least one "ou!le sits together is 6otal 8 of arran+e)ents of ! people is "ou!le sits together -ould (e . * $ence pro(a(ilit' of an event t$at at leas one $

4o pro(a(ilit' of an event t$at neither o( the "ou!les sits together -ould (e Ans-er. D. Discussed at:'http://gmatclub.com/forum/"-couples-an!-a-single-person-probability-$uestion-

9"400.html
29$ As !art o( a game0 (our !eo!le ea"h must se"retly "hoose an integer bet'een % and /0 in"lusive$ What is the a!!ro imate li-elihood that + !eo!le 'ill "hoose same number*

What is the a!!ro imate li-elihood that 2 !eo!le 'ill "hoose same number* 1$en four people c$oose an inte+er (et-een 1 and 4* inclusive ! cases are possi(le. A. All c$oose different nu)(ers < =a*(*c*d>; B. Exactl' 2 people c$oose sa)e nu)(er and ot$er 2 c$oose different nu)(ers < =a*a*(*c>; C. 2 people c$oose sa)e nu)(er and ot$er 2 also c$oose sa)e nu)(er < =a*a*(*(>; D. 3 people c$oose sa)e nu)(er < =a*a*a*(>; E. All c$oose sa)e nu)(er < =a*a*a*a>. 4o)e notes (efore solvin+. As onl' t$ese ! cases are possi(le t$en t$e su) of t$eir individual pro(a(ilities )ust (e 1.

As eac$ person $as 4 options* inte+ers fro) 1 to 4* inclusive* t$us deno)inator* total 8 of outco)es -ould (e 4H4 for all cases. A$ All "hoose di((erent numbers ; Ra0b0"0dS6 . 8 of -a's to Bassi+nB four different o(Aects (nu)(ers 1* 2* 3* and 4" to 4 persons is 4D. #$ E a"tly + !eo!le "hoose same number and other + "hoose di((erent numbers ; Ra0a0b0"S6

. < 8 of -a's to c$oose -$ic$ 2 persons -ill $ave t$e sa)e nu)(er; < 8 of -a's to c$oose -$ic$ nu)(er it -ill (e; < 8 of -a's to c$oose 2 different nu)(ers out of 3 left for 2 ot$er persons -$en order )atters; C$ + !eo!le "hoose same number and other + also "hoose same number ; Ra0a0b0bS6

. < 8 of -a's to c$oose -$ic$ 2 nu)(ers out of 4 -ill (e used in =a*a*(*(>; < 8 of -a's to Bassi+nB 4 o(Aects out of -$ic$ 2 a2s and 2 (2s are identical to 4 persons; ,$ 2 !eo!le "hoose same number ; Ra0a0a0bS6

. < 8 of -a's to c$oose -$ic$ 3 persons out of 4 -ill $ave sa)e nu)(er; < 8 of -a's to c$oose -$ic$ nu)(er it -ill (e; < options for 4t$ person. E$ All "hoose same number ; Ra0a0a0aS6

. < options for t$e nu)(er -$ic$ -ill (e t$e sa)e. C$ec3in+. Discussed at:''http://gmatclub.com/forum/probability-simple-$uestion-98684.html .

2:$ ,iana is going on a s"hool tri! along 'ith her t'o brothers0 #ru"e and Cler-$ The students are to be randomly assigned into 2 grou!s0 'ith ea"h grou! leaving at a di((erent time$ What is the !robability that ,)ana leaves at the same time as AT CEAST on her bothers* A. 1/20 B. 4/20 C. !/20 D. 4// E. !// Diana and $er t-o (rot$ers can (e assi+ned to one of t$e 3 +roups* so eac$ $as 3 c$oices* so total 8 of different assi+n)ents of Diana and $er 2 (rot$ers to 3 +roups is . :o-* BDiana leaves at t$e sa)e ti)e as A6 KEA46 one $er (rot$ersB )eans t$at Diana is in t$e sa)e +roup as at least one $er (rot$ers. Ket2s find t$e opposite pro(a(ilit' of suc$ event and su(tract it fro) 1. 9pposite pro(a(ilit' -ould (e t$e pro(a(ilit' t$at ,iana is not in the grou! 'ith any o( her brothers. Cn $o- )an' -a's -e can assi+n Diana and $er t-o (rot$ers to 3 +roups so t$at Diana is not in t$e +roup -it$ an' of $er (rot$ersL Cf Diana is in t$e first +roup* t$en eac$ of $er t-o (rot$ers -ill $ave 2 c$oices (eit$er t$e second +roup or t$e t$ird" and t$us can (e assi+ned in -a's to ot$er t-o +roups. As t$ere are 3 +roups* t$en total 8 of -a's to assi+n Diana and $er 2 (rot$ers to t$ese +roups so t$at Diana is not in t$e +roup -it$ an' $er (ot$ers is (7or eac$ of Diana2s c$oices $er (rot$er can (e assi+ned in 4 -a's* as Diana $as 3 c$oices. first* second or t$e t$ird +roup* t$en total ". 4o pro(a(ilit' of t$is event is . .

,ro(a(ilit' t$at Diana is in t$e sa)e +roup as at least one $er (rot$ers -ould (e Ans-er. E. Discussed at:''http://gmatclub.com/forum/probability-$s-from-princeton-re&ie%-96989.html

/0$ Tate and ,avid ea"h have U%0$ Together they (li! a "oin 1 times$ Every time the "oin lands on heads0 Tate gives ,avid U%$ Every time the "oin lands on tails0 ,avid gives Tate U%$ A(ter the "oin is (li!!ed 1 times0 'hat is the !robability that Tate has more than U%0 but less than U%1* A. !/16 B. 1!/32 C. 1/2 D. 21/32 E. 11/16 After ! tries Pate to $ave )ore t$an initial su) of 10T and less t$an 1!T )ust -in 3 or 4 ti)es (if s$e -ins 2 or less ti)es s$e2ll $ave less t$an 10T and if s$e -ins ! ti)es s$e2ll $ave 1!T". 4o t$e ?uestion (eco)es B-$at is t$e pro(a(ilit' of +ettin+ 3 or 4 tails in ! triesLB.

Ans-er. B. 6o ela(orate )ore. Cf t$e pro(a(ilit' of a certain event is se?uence is. 7or exa)ple for t$e case of +ettin+ 3 tails in ! tries. (! tries"; (-e -ant 3 tail"; (pro(a(ilit' of tail is 1/2". 4o* 9G. pro(a(ilit' of scenario t<t<t<$<$ is * (ut t<t<t<$<$ can occur in different -a's. * t$en t$e pro(a(ilit' of it occurrin+ ti)es in <ti)e

t<t<t<$<$ < first t$ree tails and fourt$ and fift$ $eads; $<$<t<t<t < first t-o $eads and last t$ree tails; t<$<$<t<t < first tail* t$en t-o $eads* t$en t-o tails; ... Certain 8 of co)(inations. Fo- )an' co)(inations are t$ereL Basicall' -e are loo3in+ at 8 of per)utations of five letters t<t<t<$<$* -$ic$ is Fence Discussed at. . .

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