MATHEMATICS 1

MKK / TM1 1101 / 3 sks

Dr. Fauzun

ISI KULIAH 2:
2. Functions a. Definition b. Variable c. Macam-macam Function dan Grafik
Linear Polynomial Exponential Logaritmic Hyperbolic Trigonometry

Functions
Domain Range

f
x y =f(x)

A function is an operation performed on an input (x) to produce an output (y = f(x) ). The Domain of f is the set of all allowable inputs (x values) The Range of f is the set of all outputs (y values)

Commonly, x and y are called variable What is a Variable?

Simply, something that varies. Specifically, variables represent persons or objects or anything that can be manipulated, controlled, or merely measured for the sake of research.

Variation: How much a variable varies. Those without (sometime with little) variation are called constants.

There are two kind of variables:

Variables that you put Independent variable: into the equations

1.

2.

Dependent variable: Variables that you solve

for

Example:
y = 2x - 4

Using the equation above, y has to be the Dependent variable Because it is the variable that is Why? being solved for

For above example, because linear equation, it has two variables (x & y), there are many possible combinations of answers

Those possible solutions are written as ordered pairs. Usually an ordered pair is written with the independent variable first then the dependent variable >>>>> (x,y)

Most of the time when we use the variables x & y in an equation, x is independent and y is dependent

There are some exceptions, but we will work with those at a much later time

As said before, there are many possible ordered pairs

To find more than one solution, we use a Table of Values
x 2 -2 0 .... y 3 1 -3 ....

To be well defined a function must

Have a value for each x in the domain Have only one value for each x in the domain

e.g: y = f(x) = (x-1), x is not well defined as if x < 1 we will be trying to square root a negative number.
y = f(x) = 1/(x-2), x is not well defined as if x = 2 we will be trying to divide by zero.

This is not a function as some x values correspond to two y values.

Finding the Range of a function Draw a graph of the function for its given Domain The Range is the set of values on the y-axis for which a horizontal line drawn through that point would cut the graph.
The Function is f(x) = (x-2)2 +3 , x
y = (x-2)2 +3

y = (x-2)2 +3

Range
3

Dom 2 ain

The Range is f(x) 3

Domain

The Function is f(x) = 3 2x , x

The Range is f(x) < 3

Composite Functions Finding gf(x)

f
x

f(x)

g g(f(x)) = gf(x)

Note: gf(x) does not mean g(x) times f(x).

gf(x) means g of f of x i.e g(f(x)) . First we apply the f function. Then the output of the f function becomes the input for the g function. Notice that gf means f first and then g.

Note : When finding f(g(x)) Replace all the xs in the rule for the f funcion with the expression for g(x) in a bracket. e.g If f(x) = x2 2x then f(x-2) = (x-2)2 2(x-2)

Example if f(x) = x + 3, x and g(x) = x2 , x then gf(x) = g(f(x)) = g(x + 3) = (x+3)2 , x fg(x) = f(g(x)) = f(x2) = x2 +3, x g2(x) means g(g(x)) = g(x2) = (x2)2 = x4 , x f2(x) means f(f(x)) = f(x+3) = (x+3) + 3 = x + 6 , x

Notice that fg and gf are not the same.

The Domain of gf is the same as the Domain of f since f is the first function to be applied. The Domain of fg is the same as the Domain of g. For gf to be properly defined the Range (output set) of f must fit inside the Domain (input set) of g.

For example: if g(x) = x , x 0 and f(x) = x 2, x Then gf would not be well defined as the output of f could be a negative number and this is not allowed as an input for g. However fg is well defined, fg(x) = x 2, x 0.

Inverse Functions.
The inverse of a function f is denoted by f-1 . The inverse reverses the original function. Note: f-1(x) does not mean 1/f(x).

So if f(a) = b then f-1(b) = a

f

Domain of f
= Range of f-1

f-1

Range of f

= Domain of f-1

One to one Functions

If a function is to have an inverse which is also a function then it must be one to one. This means that a horizontal line will never cut the graph more than once. i.e we cannot have f(a) = f(b) if a b, Two different inputs (x values) are not allowed to give the same output (y value). For instance f(-2) = f(2) = 4

y = f(x) = x2 with domain x is not one to one.

So the inverse of 4 would have two possibilities : -2 or 2. This means that the inverse is not a function.
We say that the inverse function of f does not exist. If the Domain is restricted to x 0 Then the function would be one to one and its inverse would be f-1(x) = x , x 0

Finding the Rule and Domain of an inverse function

Rule Swap over x and y Make y the subject

Domain The domain of the inverse = the Range of the original. So draw a graph of y = f(x) and use it to find the Range

Drawing the graph of the Inverse The graph of y = f-1(x) is the reflection in y = x of the graph of y = f(x).

Example: Find the inverse of the function y = f(x) = (x-2)2 + 3 , x 2 Sketch the graphs of y = f(x) and y = f-1(x) on the same axes showing the relationship between them. Domain This is the function we considered earlier except that its domain has been restricted to x 2 in order to make it one-to-one. We know that the Range of f is y 3 and so the domain of f-1 will be x 3. Rule Swap x and y to get x = (y-2)2 + 3 Now make y the subject x 3 = (y-2)2 (x 3) = y-2 y = 2 + (x 3) So Final Answer is: f-1(x) = 2 + (x 3) , x 3
Graphs Reflect in y = x to get the graph of the inverse function.
Note: we could also have -(x 3) = y-2 and y = 2 - (x 3) But this would not fit our function as y must be greater than 2 (see graph) Note: Remember with inverse functions everything swaps over. Input and output (x and y) swap over Domain and Range swap over Reflecting in y = x swaps over the coordinates of a point so (a,b) on one graph becomes (b,a) on the other.

Macam-macam Functions dan Grafik

o Linear o Polynomial o Exponential o Logaritmic o Hyperbolic o Trigonometry