Chng 1

TNG QUAN V CSDL

B mn H thng thng tin Khoa CNTT i hc Khoa hc t nhin, TpHCM

Ref: TS. H Bo Quc

Ni dung
Gii thiu

Cc h thng tp tin Cc h thng CSDL v nh ngha Mt s c trng theo hng CSDL Ngi s dng CSDL

Kin trc ca HQT CSDL Cc tnh nng ca HQT CSDL

M hnh d liu Ngn ng CSDL

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Ngoi t Tit kim

Chit khu

Li xut Ti khon Khch hng

C tc C ng Tri phiu Ti khon

C phiu

C phn Sch Ta sch u sch Th th c gi Mn Tr Trn u Bu vt

Khu vc Khch hng Ha n Loi SP Sn phm Nhn vin Thn nhn Phn cng n a im Phng ban Ti khon

V kh
Nhn vt Game th

C s d liu
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Programs = Algorithms + Data Structure

Pht trin Cc thut ton Pht trin cc cu trc lu tr

Vy trc , t chc d liu bng g ?

Ph hp cho cc ng dng - C khi lng d liu ln - Khng c tnh ton phc tp V d: ng dng - Qun l nhn s - Qun l hng khng
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CC H THNG TP TIN

X l d trn h thng tp tin

Hn ch ca H thng tp tin
D liu tch bit v khng chia s
Mi ng dng s dng mt h thng tp tin ring D liu khng th chia s gia cc ng dng

S trng lp
D liu b trng lp gia cc ng dng Tn khng gian lu tr C th khng nht qun
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Hn ch ca H thng tp tin
Ph thuc d liu
Cc cu trc tp tin c nh ngha c nh trong chng trnh

nh dng tp tin khng tng thch

Cc tp tin c nh dng theo mt ngn ng lp trnh no kh chia s

Cu truy vn b c nh trc
Mi chng trnh truy xut c pht trin c nh cho mt cu hi
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CC H THNG CSDL

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Cch tip cn CSDL

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c im ca D liu lu trn CSDL

D D D D D liu liu liu liu liu lu tr c lp vi chng trnh c qun l tp trung c chia s cho nhiu ng dng c bo m an ton t d tha

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MT S NH NGHA

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nh ngha C s d liu
C s d liu (Database)

L mt tp hp d liu c t chc theo mt cu trc cht ch nhm phc v (chia s) cho nhiu mc tiu khc nhau mt cch c chn lc
V d : C s d liu nhn vin, c s d liu hng ha

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nh ngha C s d liu

Tp ngu nhin ca cc d liu khng th xem l mt CSDL

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V d v mt CSDL
NHANVIEN HONV Tran Nguyen Nguyen Tran DEAN TENDA TENLOT Hong Thanh Manh Thanh MADA TENNV Quang Tung Hung Tam MANV 987987987 333445555 666884444 453453453 DDIEM_DA NGSINH 03/09/1969 12/08/1955 09/15/1962 07/31/1972 PHONG MA_NQL 987654321 888665555 333445555 333445555 PHG 4 5 5 5

San pham X
San pham Y San pham Z Tin hoc hoa

1
2 3 10

VUNG TAU
NHA TRANG TP HCM HA NOI PHANCONG

5
5 5 4 MA_NVIEN 123456789 123456789 666884444 453453453 SODA 1 2 3 1 THOIGIAN 32.5 7.5 40.0 20.0
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CSDL Qun l n cng ty

V d v mt CSDL
Qun l n ca mt cng ty
nh ngha CSDL
Cu trc bng, bao gm cc thnh phn d liu v kiu d liu tng ng

Xy dng CSDL
a d liu vo cc bng

X l CSDL
Thc hin truy vn: Cho bit cc nhn vin thuc phng 5 Thc hin php cp nht: Chuyn nhn vin Nguyn Thanh Tng sang phng s 1

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nh ngha H qun tr c s d liu

HQT CSDL (DataBase Management System)
H thng phn mm, cung cp cng c:
Xy dng CSDL Thao tc trn d liu ca CSDL Kim sot vic truy xut d liu

Cho php nh ngha, xy dng v x l d liu

nh ngha khai bo b khung, cc m t chi tit v d liu Xy dng lu tr d liu ln b nh ph X l truy vn, cp nht v pht sinh bo co

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nh ngha H qun tr c s d liu

Mt s H qun tr CSDL ph bin

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nh ngha H C s d liu
H C s d liu (Database System)
Ngi s dng / Lp trnh vin

Chng trnh ng dng / Truy vn

HQT CSDL

X l truy vn Truy xut d liu

Catalog

nh ngha CSDL

CSDL
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H C s d liu

C TRNG THEO HNG CSDL

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c trng theo hng CSDL

1 2 3 4 5

Tnh t m t Tnh c lp Tnh tru tng Tnh nht qun a khung nhn
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1. Tnh t m t
H C s d liu khng ch cha CSDL, m cn cha M t (cu trc + rng buc) ca CSDL Thng tin m t c lu trong Catalog Thng tin m t = meta-data Thng tin lu trong catalog c s dng bi :
H qun tr CSDL Ngi lp trnh CSDL

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2. Tnh c lp
V nh ngha v cu trc CSDL c lu tr trong catalog nn khi c thay i nh v cu trc, ta t phi sa li chng trnh

Chng trnh c lp D liu

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3. Tnh tru tng

H CSDL cho php trnh by d liu mt mc tru tng cho php, nhm che bt nhng chi tit lu tr tht ca d liu Tru tng ha d liu
M hnh d liu
i tng Thuc tnh ca i tng Mi lin h

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4. Tnh nht qun

Lu tr d liu thng nht
Trnh c tnh trng trng lp thng tin

C c ch iu khin truy xut d liu hp l

Trnh c vic tranh chp d liu Bo m d liu lun ng khi mun truy xut

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5. a khung nhn
H CSDL cho php nhiu ngi dng thao tc ln cng mt CSDL Mi ngi dng i hi mt cch nhn (view) khc nhau v CSDL Mt khung nhn (view) l
Mt phn ca CSDL hoc D liu tng hp t CSDL

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NGI S DNG CSDL

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Ngi s dng CSDL

Thit k vin (Database Designer)

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Qun tr vin
DBA Database Administrator

C trch nhim qun l h CSDL

Cp quyn truy cp iu phi vic s dng Gim st vic s dng Tm kim & m bo phn cng, phn mm lin quan

Chu trch nhim cho cc vn lin quan n

Tnh an ton ca h CSDL Kh nng p ng ca h CSDL

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Thit k vin
DBD Database Designer
Chu trch nhim v vn :
Quyt nh nhng d liu no cn c lu tr La chn cu trc ph hp lu tr d liu

Trao i vi ngi dng nm bt c nhng yu cu v a ra mt thit k CSDL tha yu cu ny C th l thnh vin ca

Nhm DBA qun l cc CSDL Cc nhm khc sau khi vic thit k hon tt (nhm lp trnh,)

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Ngi dng cui

End Users
Ngi t s dng (Casual users)
t khi truy cp CSDL, nhng cn nhng thng tin khc nhau trong mi ln truy cp v dng nhng cu truy vn phc tp Ngi qun l

Ngi s dng thng xuyn (Nave users)

Thng xuyn truy vn v cp nht CSDL nh vo mt s cc chc nng c xy dng sn v kim th Nhn vin
Thng tho v HQT CSDL, t xy dng nhng truy vn phc tp cho cng vic K s, nh khoa hc, ngi phn tch, S dng cc ng dng truy cp HQT CSDL phc v cng vic c nhn Ngi s dng chng trnh qun l thu c nhn,
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Ngi s dng c bit (Sophisticated users)

Ngi s dng c nhn (stand-alone users)

KIN TRC CA HQTCSDL

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Kin trc ca HQT CSDL

Kin trc 3 lc
Mc ngoi (Extenal Level) Ngi dng Ngi dng 1 nhm ngi dng

Mt phn ca CSDL cho

Lc ngoi 1
Mc quan nim (Conceptual Level) nh x ngoi (nh x quan nim)

Lc ngoi n

Lc quan nim
nh x quan nim (nh x trong) Mc trong (Internal Level)

Ton b cu trc CSDL cho 1 cng ng ngi s dng

Lc trong
Cu trc lu tr vt l
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Kin trc 3 lc
Mc khung nhn / ngoi (External Level):
l cc gc nhn khc nhau ca cc nhm ngi s dng v CSDL. Mi nhm ngi dng c mt gc nhn (View) khc nhau v CSDL l mc nhn tng th v CSDL, y l gc nhn ca ngi c trch nhim qun tr CSDL l mc t chc vt l ca d liu trong CSDL, y l gc nhn ca ngi pht trin CSDL

Mc quan nim (Conceptual Level):

Mc vt l / trong (Physic/ Internal level):

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V d v 3 mc nhn v CSDL

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Kin trc ca HQT CSDL

c lp d liu
c lp logic
Kh nng thay i lc quan nim (VD: Thm/xa thc th) m khng thay i lc ngoi hoc phi vit li cc chng trnh ng dng

c lp vt l
Kh nng thay i lc trong (VD: thay i cch thc lu tr d liu) m khng lm thay i lc quan nim

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Kin trc ca HQT CSDL

User/Application
Queries, Updates Transaction Commands

Database Administrator
DDL Commands

Query Compiler
Query plan Metadata, Statistics

Transaction Manager

DDL Compiler

Metadata

Execution Engine
Index, File & Record Request

Logging & Recovery

Concurrency Control

Index/File/ Record Manager

Page Commands

Log Pages Data, Metadata, Indexes

Lock Table

Buffer Manager
Read/Write Pages

Buffers

Storage Manager

Storage

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TNH NNG CA HQT CSDL

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Tnh nng ca HQT CSDL

Hn ch s trng lp d liu
Tch hp cc nhu cu d liu ca ngi dng xy dng mt CSDL thng nht

Chia s d liu
Trong mi trng nhiu ngi dng, cc HQT phi cho php truy xut d liu ng thi

Hn ch nhng truy cp khng c php

Tng ngi dng v nhm ngi dng c mt ti khon v mt m truy xut d liu
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Tnh nng ca HQT CSDL

Cung cp nhiu giao din giao tip vi d liu
Cc ngn ng truy vn Giao din ngn ng lp trnh Form v giao din dng lnh Giao din hng menu v Giao din ngn ng t nhin

m bo cc rng buc ton vn (RBTV Integrity Constraints)

L nhng qui nh cn c tha mn m bo d liu lun phn nh ng ng ngha ca th gii thc Mt s RBTV C th c khai bo vi HQT v HQT s t ng kim tra. Mt s RBTV khc c kim tra nh ng dng

Kh nng sao lu d phng khi gp s c

C kh nng khi phc d liu khi c s h hng v phn cng hoc phn mm
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Tnh nng ca HQT CSDL

Cc tnh nng khc
Chun ha
Cho php DBA nh ngha v bt buc p dng mt chun thng nht cho mi ngi dng

Uyn chuyn

Khi nhu cu cng vic thay i, cu trc CSDL rt c th thay i, HQT cho php thm hoc m rng cu trc m khng lm nh hng n CTD

Gim thi gian pht trin ng dng

Kh nng cung cp thng tin mi nht

Cn i c s tit kim u t v chia s d liu
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M HNH D LIU (DATA MODEL)

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M hnh d liu
Bao gm
Cc khi nim biu din d liu Cc php ton x l d liu

Phn loi
M hnh mc cao M hnh mc ci t M hnh mc thp

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M hnh d liu
M hnh mc cao
Cung cp cc khi nim gn gi vi ngi dng M hnh phi t nhin v giu ng ngha VD: m hnh thc th kt hp (ER), m hnh i tng

M hnh mc ci t

a ra cc khi nim ngi dng c th hiu c nhng khng qu xa vi cch d liu c t chc tht s trn my tnh VD: m hnh quan h, m hnh mng, m hnh phn cp

M hnh mc thp (m hnh vt l)

a ra cc khi nim m t chi tit v cch thc d liu c lu tr trong my tnh

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V d - M hnh ER
Diem MaHP (0,n) Hocky (1,1) Nam Gvien

hoc
MaSV Ten Lop Nganh (1,n)

HPhan

mo
mhoctruoc (0,n)

MaMH TenMH Khoa Tinchi

SVien

MHoc
(0,n)

dieukien
(0,n) mhocsau

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V d - M hnh phn cp
KQua

Cp 1:

DiemTH

DiemLT

HPhan Cp 2:
TenHP SLuong TenSV

SVien
Lop Nganh

Cp 3:

MHoc
TenMH Khoa TinChi

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V d - M hnh mng
MHoc
MHOC_SAU MHOC_MO

SVien HPhan
SVIEN_DIEM

MHOC_TRUOC

DKien

KQUA_HPHAN

KQua

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V d - M hnh quan h
SVien MaSV Ten Lop Hoc MaSV MaHP DiemLT HPhan

MaHP
SLuong MaMH

Nganh

DiemTH

DKien MaMH MaMHTruoc

MHoc MaMH TenMH Khoa TinChi

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V d - M hnh i tng
SVien Ten Lop Nganh 1..* LapTKB() InBangDiem() Diem DiemTH DiemLT DiemPrj SuaDiem() MHoc Ten Khoa SoTinChi CapNhatSTC() 0..* +MHoc sau Dieu kien +MHoc truoc 0..* hoc 0..* HPhan Ten SLuong 1

mo

0..*

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M hnh ha nhiu cp
Thc t M hnh quan nim M hnh logic M hnh vt l
c lp vi m hnh d liu c lp vi DBMS

Bc s

khm

Bnh nhn

Ph thuc m hnh d liu Ph thuc DBMS

Codasyl

Relational

Object

XML

Ph thuc m hnh d liu Ph thuc DBMS

T chc vt l ca d liu Cu trc lu tr d liu Cc cu trc ch mc (index)

NGN NG CSDL

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Ngn ng C s d liu
DDL
Storage Definition Language Ngn ng lu tr d liu Data Definition Language Ngn ng nh ngha d liu

Xc nh ra lc quan nim

SDL VDL
View Definition Language Ngn ng nh ngha khung nhn

Ngn ng nh ngha lc trong

Ngn ng nh ngha lc ngoi

Data Manipulation Language Ngn ng thao tc d liu

DML
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Truy xut, thm, xa, sa d liu Mc cao (phi th tc) Mc thp (th tc)

Cu hi
Khi no nn dng v khng nn dng cch tip cn CSDL?

Cc vn nh hng
u t cao cho phn cng, phn mm, o to Chc nng chnh ch gm nh ngha v x l d liu Tn chi ph cho vn bo mt, iu khin trng lp thng tin, chc nng phc hi v ton vn d liu

Khng ph hp vi ng dng :
Nh, c t chc d liu t v tt, khng c nhu cu thay i

C yu cu v x l thi gian thc nghim ngt

Khng c nhiu ngi truy cp d liu ng thi
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Cu hi
D liu ?

Thng tin ?
Tri thc ?

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Chin lc tip th Quy lut mua hng Chin lc u t H thng t vn Thng k Doanh thu Thng k Li nhun Bo co ti chnh Thng tin khch hng Ha n Khuyn mi Sn phm

Tri thc

Thng tin
D liu
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Loi sn phm Gi c

C s d liu

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CU HI ?

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