Flow-induced noise simulation Virtual.

Lab Acoustics Rev12

Raphael Hallez Product Manager Acoustics

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Flow phenomena

What happens in the presence of flow ?

Noise Source Steady Flow Wave propagation is modified by flow Structural vibrations Wave convection: - Significant at high Mach (M=vflow/c>0.3) - Flow is NOT the noise source - Flow influences the wave propagation - Example: Aeroengine Inlet, muffler, Flow-induced vibrations: - Fluctuations from unsteady turbulent flow - Flow acts as a loading of the flexible structure Structure-borne noise - Example: Aircraft fuselage TBL loading, train door, Flow-induced noise Turbulent Flow Flow fluctuations Aeroacoustics:

Turbulent Flow

- Fluctuations from unsteady turbulent flow - Flow acts as a noise source - Acoustic waves propagate in medium at rest or are convected by the mean flow component

Flow-induced noise
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- Example: pantograph, landing gear, cooling fan,

Flow-Induced Noise phenomena

Flow-induced noise = noise generated by turbulent flow phenomena Vortices, turbulent eddies Vortex shedding (von Karman vortex street) Turbulent boundary layers and boundary layer separation Rotating surfaces in a fluid (propellers, fans) Level of turbulence in the flow, characterized by Reynolds number:

Re =
Low Re High Re

VL

Mach =

FlowVelocity Sound Speed

Large flow scales Large flow scales + smaller flow scales

Unsteady vortices on many scales interact with each other and with steady or moving surfaces Noise generation

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Flow-induced noise simulation examples

External Aeroacoustics: Turbulent flow interacts with static body and radiates noise outside Challenge: Capture the sources and reflection/scattering on large surfaces Train bogie, Landing Gear, Wiper Internal Aeroacoustics / Confined flow: Propagation of sources (duct noise and blower noise) in ducting system and radiation through outlet Challenge: Capture the acoustic reflections on duct walls (guided waves) HVAC, exhaust, intake, ECS Mixed Internal-External Aeroacoustics Transmission through flexible panel Aero-Vibro-Acoustics Challenge: Capture Hydrodynamic+Acoustic loading, capture dynamics of system Windnoise (side mirror, A-pillar), fuselage TBL
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Flow-Induced Noise : A Challenge for Numerical Simulation

Acoustic field = part of the flow field most straightforward approach: Direct Computational AeroAcoustics (CAA) (=direct numerical simulation of both the unsteady turbulent flow and the noise it generates) But not practical because : at low - moderate Mach numbers: orders of magnitude of difference between Length scales: ac = Lturb / M Magnitudes: O(M4) of the flow energy radiates into the far field

p = 4.4934739 Pa
hydrodynamic field acoustic field

High order schemes needed to capture acoustic propagation (numerical instabilities) High numerical cost of a direct CAA prohibitive at low Mach and high Reynolds numbers Also, specific issues related to CFD discretisation techniques applied to acoustics Dissipation and dispersion errors Non-reflecting Boundary conditions
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AeroAcoustic Analogy : a more suited approach...

Decoupling flow simulation from the acoustic simulation
Flow computation : creating source field data Acoustic computation : post-processing of source field data

d
source region

observer position

Fundamental assumption = one-way coupling

Unsteady flow produces sound and affects its propagation BUT: sound waves do not affect flow field significantly Principal application of the hybrid approach: flows at low Mach numbers, no strong coupling like in sunroof buffeting case

Preferred simulation tools for the flow description

Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) solver time-averaged data (some hope with SNGR, RPM) Unsteady RANS unsteady, but only large scale Large Eddy Simulation (LES) Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) unsteady, broadband turbulence (up to grid & scheme cut-off frequency)

U-RANS

LES

http://www.lmfa.ec-lyon.fr/recherche/turbo

Important: Low-Mach number limitation

Incompressible LES / DES data supported to reduce CPU cost
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Aero-Acoustic Sources
Quadrupoles

No Surfaces (or smooth surfaces)

Dipoles on surfaces (+ Quadrupoles in wake)

Turbulent Flow

Steady Surfaces

Rotating Dipoles (+ Quadrupoles in wake)

Moving Surfaces

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Source Generation in Virtual.Lab

Dipole Sources Flow-induced noise in presence of static surfaces with compact regions Requires pressure data on the walls (compressible or incompressible) Quadrupole Sources : Flow-induced noise without presence of surfaces (turbulent jets) or noncompact regions Requires velocity vector data in flow volume Fan Sources = Rotating Dipoles Sources Flow-induced noise caused by rotating surfaces (fan) Requires pressure data on one or all blades surface for multiple revolutions

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Simulation Process based on Aeroacoustic analogy

Fluid Dynamics
Transient CFD Simulation

Acoustics
Data Mapping + Fourier Transform

Turbulent Flow Field

Aeroacoustic sources Virtual.Lab Acoustics Computation Acoustics Results

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CFD-Acoustics Coupling in Virtual.Lab

VIRTUAL.LAB supports CFD data stored in CGNS format files (CFD General Notation System) Following commercial CFD codes already support CGNS export for aero-acoustical data : CFX (Ansys) FLUENT (Ansys) STAR-CD 4 / STAR-CCM+ (CD Adapco) PowerFlow (EXA) CFD++ (Metacomp) SCRYU/Tetra (Cradle Software) Fine Turbo (Numeca) OpenFoam

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What can Virtual.Lab do more than CFD alone?

Effect of acoustics on flow (strong feedback) CFD Direct CAA CFD postprocessing (FWH) Hybrid Approach (CFD + Virtual.Lab)

far-field scattering

Absorbing materials

Flowinduced vibration

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Dipole sources from Compressible CFD

Curle

Dipole Surface pressure

Quadrupoles (negligible at low Mach numbers)

Curles solution (1955) to Lighthills equation in presence of solid rigid boundaries (neglecting viscous effects) Quadrupole incident field negligible for low Mach numbers (Power ratio = M2) Mathematically exact solution But: Pf must satisfy acoustic boundary conditions OK if the flow description is compressible if the flow description is incompressible and surface is not acoustically compact, the solution is inaccurate (missing acoustic reflection and scattering effects) Restricted LMS International 2013 All rights reserved.
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Curles analogy: what the compactness assumption means

Curle assumes the CFD captures all acoustic effects on the source surfaces (hydrodynamic pressure+acoustic scattered pressure) Not true for incompressible CFD or non-compact surfaces Surface with sources will be seen as acoustically transparent!

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Dipole sources from Incompressible CFD Neumann Dipoles

Import CFD pressure Pf and define surface dipoles Compute acoustic solution

Transform dipoles into acoustic (Neumann) BCs

flow wall pressure can be used to define appropriate boundary conditions of an equivalent acoustic boundary value problem If flow is compressible equivalent to Curle

If flow is incompressible, G is the Greens function of Laplace problem (infinite sound speed) More flexible: can be applied to Indirect BEM and FEM More accurate than standard Curle (recomputes acoustic scattering and reflection effects)
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Example: Trailing edge noise prediction based on incompressible-flow pressure

Reference solution Curle New formulation

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Example: Rod-Airfoil Noise prediction based on incompressible-flow pressure

Flow:

Acoustic:

FEM mesh

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Virtual.Lab AeroAcoustics - Slide 16

Example: Rod-Airfoil Noise prediction based on incompressible-flow pressure

Comparison with measurements Neumann dipoles

1 freq FEM Neumann Incompressible 2min+10s

495 freq 11min+1h20

4 cores 3min+20 min

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Virtual.Lab Aero-Acoustics

Dipole Source Generation Step by step

Import CFD surface pressure data (centroids/nodes)

Map CFD pressure on acoustic mesh + Fourier transform

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Virtual.Lab Aero-Acoustics

Dipole Source Generation Step by step

Define Surface Dipole Boundary Condition (distributed dipoles are defined on acoustic mesh boundary condition)

Solve the acoustic response case (FEM or BEM) + post-process

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Virtual.Lab Aero-Acoustics

Special feature : Conservative mapping

Fine CFD mesh

Coarse Acoustic mesh

Map turbulent flow field

Flow scales very small CFD mesh has extremely small cells (Millions of DOFs)

Acoustic wavelength large compared to Flow scales Acoustic mesh coarser than CFD mesh (Lelement=~/6)

Specific conservative mapping algorithm to preserve information over a large range of flow scales:

pds

PdS

CFD Mesh
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Acoustic Mesh

Quadrupole sources for more complex problems

(for high Reynolds number, isentropic flow and low Mach number) Lighthills equation : incident field from quadrupoles + scattering on surfaces more generic : But:
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non compact source regions Aero-vibro-acoustics Higher flow speed

Difficult to deal with volume data set Singularity for sources close to walls Mapping from CFD to coarse acoustic mesh
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Quadrupole sources New formulation in Virtual.Lab R13

New implementation in Virtual.Lab R13: Best performance: supported by FEMAO solver (Adaptive order FEM) Improved Usability: CFD data directly read by solver (linux support) Improved Accuracy: No mapping required on intermediate mesh, no singularity issue.

FEMAO = FEM Adaptive Order solver: Start from coarse mesh (less than 1 element / wavelength!) Solver automatically increases the element order at high frequency Most efficient FEM solver for broad frequency computation Most accurate scattering modeling Up to 20 times Less memory and faster computation time than standard FEM!

FEMAO Acoustic mesh 36 000 nodes Max freq FEM: 200 Hz Max freq FEMAO: 4000 Hz

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Fan noise components

Aeronautical Energy Automotive

Component
Tonal (Discrete Frequency)

Source
Unsteady pressure fluctuations on the blade surface Incoming turbulence (Leading edge)

Fan Noise
Broadband

Self-noise (Trailing edge) Tip vortex shedding

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Rotor-stator configuration noise generation mechanisms

ROTOR STATOR

Flow

1 Rotor leading-edge noise

2 Rotor trailing-edge noise

3 Wake interaction noise on stator

Interaction of inflow turbulence with leading edge Depends on inflow turbulence Modeled with fan source

Interaction of boundary layer with trailing edge Important for high rotation speed Modeled with fan source

Interaction of rotor wake with stator Modeled with surface dipoles

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FWH formulation for fan noise

Fan blade represented by a rotating point dipole (force obtained by integration of CFD surface pressure) Rotation effects (Doppler shift) accounted for analytically (no rotating mesh) If blade is large, automatically split into compact segments Captures both Tonal and Broadband components Needs unsteady pressure for multiple blade revolutions Tonal fan noise formulation:

Sound emitted at BPFHs

Sum over BLHs

Radius where force is applied

Thrust harmonic

Drag harmonic

Constructive interference: sound of the total fan = B x (sound of a single blade)

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Bessel function: modulation of the Doppler frequency shift during blade revolution

Industrial Case Study

Radial Fan Noise : internal pressure distribution

Internal SPL distribution in the blower ducts (around 3 kHz) Observe intake and outlet noise maxima in external SPL distribution

70 60 Pressure Level dB(A) 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Microphones Measurement Computed

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Fan noise application Contra-rotating open rotors

Interesting fuel efficiency Very loud tonal noise: interaction tones from each rotor: Freq1=1BPF1+1BPF2 Freq2=1BPF1+2BPF2 Freq3=2BPF1+1BPF2 Each tone has a specific directivity (interaction tones tend to radiate radially) Incident field captured with Aeroacoustic Fan source Installation effects captured with FEMAO solver
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Aero-acoustics Example HVAC Duct

Flow:
From consortium of German car manufacturers - Audi, BMW, Daimler, Porsche and Volkswagen where LMS participated Source regions Instantaneous velocity (vorticity)

Dipoles on the flap

Far-field acoustic radiation

110 100 90 SPL (dB) 80 70 60 50 40 30 1 10
2 3

Acoustic:

CFD experiments (Jaeger et al. 2008)

10 frequency (Hz)

10

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CFD results: pressure on the wall

- Very good agreement downstream the flap
SPL (dB) 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 CFD experiments (Jaeger et al. 2008)

- Overprediction in the elbow separation region

A B

40

30 1 10

10 frequency (Hz)

10

110 100 90 80 70 60 50 CFD experiments (Jaeger et al. 2008)

110 100 90 80 70 60
SPL (dB)

SPL (dB)

C
Page 29

50 40

CFD experiments (Jaeger et al. 2008)

B
10
3

40 30 1 10
2 3

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10 frequency (Hz)

10 frequency (Hz)

10

Acoustic modeling
FEM model PML exterior field points

Inlet (absorbent Source region (dipoles) panel Z = c)

Aeroacoustic sources: distributed dipoles defined from CFD pressure Implementation in FEM: transformation of CFD pressure into equivalent Neumann BCs (more details in AIAA2012-2070) 267 030 TETRA4 elements computation time: s/freq Restricted LMS International 201310 All rights reserved.
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HVAC Flap Application case - accuracy

Acoustic radiation Averaged over all measurement points:
New Neumann-based source modeling

Experimental Numerical (FEM)

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Industrial Case Study

Noise Radiated from a Train Bogie

High speed train - CFD done with EXA Powerflow (Lattice-Boltzman) Courtesy of Bombardier Surface Velocity magnitude Vorticity

Velocity magnitude

Pressure coefficient

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Virtual.Lab AeroAcoustics - Slide 32

Industrial Case Study

Noise Radiated from a Train Bogie

Source distribution on the train bogey Sound radiated in far-field

Comparison with measurements (Pressure at 6 m on the side):

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Virtual.Lab AeroAcoustics - Slide 33

Flow-induced Vibrations
Flow acts as a structural pressure loading: pump vibration Windnoise (turbulence around A-pilar, mirror) turbulent Boundary layer loading on fuselage or hull How to get pressure loading? Directly from CFD (compressible) From Aeroacoustic source propagation (side mirror noise) From analytical models (Corcos, Chase) How to compute vibro-acoustic response Apply loading on structural model (modal or direct) Compute vibration in a weakly or strongly-coupled model Apply vibration as Boundary Condition for acoustic model with FEMAO
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Windnoise application case Description and modeling process

Noise prediction at interior of the HSM (Hyundai Simplified Model released by HKMC) caused by transient external aerodynamic sources around A-pillar A-pillar Turbulence Outer Walls (Rigid)

Glass Inflow Mic.

Interior Walls

External CFD Model Transient Flow

CFD Model ANSYS Fluent Page 35 20XX-XX-XX

Vibrating Surfaces (Side Glass, Windshield)

Acoustics Model (Car Interior)

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Coupled Vibration & Acoustics Model LMS Virtual.Lab Acoustics

CFD Model
CFD Domain consists of 45 million cells 2nd order implicit transient formulation (time step: 2.0e5s) Total physical time = 1 s (5120 time steps) 4 different cases: 110 and 130 km/h, 0 and 10 deg. Yaw Solver : ANSYS Fluent (Pressure Based, Double Precision, Transient , Gradient Least Square Cell Based) Turbulence Model Transient : DDES SST K-Omega Total computation time: 15 days for the transient run and 12 Hours for steady run with Intel 2*6 core Xeon 5680, 4 m/c connected via infiniband (total 48 cores)

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Transient Flow Field of 110kph, 10deg Yaw

Velocity Contours at Z = 0.5 m

Pressure Contours at Z = 0.5 m

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Iso-surface of Q-Criterion colored by velocity magnitude

Aero-Vibro-acoustic modeling strategy

compressible flow simulation captures Unsteady Turbulent flow contains both hydrodynamic and acoustic components Directly applied as structural pressure loading Assume vibration has no influence on the flow uncoupled flowvibration approach

Flow

Vibration

Structural FE model captures dynamics of structure Modal approach is used (with uniform modal damping)

Acoustics

Windows vibration defined as Boundary condition for Acoustic model. Assume Vibration is independent from fluid loading weakly coupled vibro-acoustic approach (OK for target frequencies) Acoustic radiation computed with FEM-AO solver (adaptive order)
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Structural model
CFD loading
CFD Surface Pressure is mapped onto Structural mesh in LMS Virtual.Lab 5120 time steps, dt = 2e-5s, T = 0.1s Pressure is transformed from time to frequency (df=10Hz) and applied as distributed pressure loading No time averaging is performed here (could be done if time history is long enough to improve convergence of predictions) Structural modes computed with LMS Virtual.Lab structural solver CFD Pressure 500 Hz Structural mode shape Window FRF

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SPL Results
0 deg. Yaw 130 km/h Effect of flow speed

Excellent match with measurements both for SPL and effect of flow speed Computation time: 6 hours for 400 frequencies with 4 cores Win64 Thanks to Ashok Khondge and Myunghoon Lee from Ansys Inc. for running CFD. More details: See proceedings of KSNVE Conference 2013
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Conclusions
Virtual.Lab Acoustics powerful tool for aero-acoustics simulation Various aeroacoustic sources for accurate modeling: Dipole sources for compressible and incompressible flow description Quadrupole sources in FEMAO solver Fan sources for tonal and broadband noise Virtual.Lab for Flow-induced vibrations: Integrated vibro-acoustic solver Poro-elastic and visco-elastic material modeling

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Pour toutes informations complmentaires

Pour toutes informations complmentaires, vous pouvez contacter :

Yohann MESMIN : yohann.mesmin@lmsintl.com T : +33 (0) 1 34 52 17 55 M : +33 (0) 6 18 55 17 60

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