1

Mathematical theory of knots, quantum physics, string

theory
(connections with the Fibonaccis numbers, Lies
numbers and partition numbers)

Michele Nardelli, Francesco Di Noto, Pier Francesco Roggero


Abstract


In this paper we show some possible connections between
knots theory and string theory, based on Fibonaccis
numbers, Lie numbers and partition of numbers.


Here we show a few possible relationship between string theory
and the mathematical theory of knots, using the common
connection with the Fibonaccis numbers, Lies numbers and
partition numbers. Predictions and estimates on the values of N(n)
from N(17) to N(20)




On the site of the newspaper "Il Sole 24 Ore" an article of knot theory in
physics, and also on the issue of the paper of 20/10/2013 there is an article
of Umberto Bottazzini, "Knots and strings of physics," with a lesson in
Milan of the physicist Edward Witten, well-known studious of the strings,
and available on the web at the same name on Google. Intrigued by the
news for our interest about string theories with which the theory of knots
seems interconnected, and with the suspicion that they might be involved
in some way the Fibonaccis numbers (and then also the Lies numbers
2
and the partitions of number), we found a document suitable for our
purpose, and which we report in full:
Knot in the Enciclopedia Treccani
www.treccani.it Enciclopedia

2. Knot theory

In topology , studying the geometrical properties , in particular groups of homotopy of the
complementary set in R
3
, or of a knotted circuit , ie of a simple closed curve not reducible with
continuous deformation to a circumference (k. trivial) . All the k are homeomorphic between them,
however, because of the different manner in which they are immersed in R
3
they are classified into
types of k. equivalent or of the same type, i.e. that can correspond via a homeomorphism. The
orthogonal projection on a plane makes it possible to classify the different types of k. : There are
only one type for the k. with 3 or 4 self-intersections (on the plane), 2 and 3 types for those with 5
or 6 self-intersections , 7 and 21 for those with 7 or 8 self-intersections respectively (in Fig. 2 are
given some examples). However, also if it was possible to distinguish the various types with a
maximum of 10 self-intersections, a complete classification of all the possible cases is still
unknown
...
The correlation between the theory of k. and modern physics was established in the early 1980s ,
when L.H. Kauffman was able to find a way to describe the Alexanders polynomial (and later the
Joness polynomial ) in the form of a partition function of the statistical mechanics, and V. Jones
discovered entirely new invariants of k. and links ( a link is the union of a finite number of k. that
does not have in common sections of string), directly related to problems of statistical mechanics. A
few years later, E. Witten showed how all these buildings could be understood in terms of quantum
field theory, thereby giving rise to the new field of study concerning the quantum topology and the
topological theory of quantized fields."
There is a little connection with the Fibonaccis numbers (and the
partitions of a number n), already found also in string theories. We
have marked in red this possible connection (and in blue a
reference to the complete classification), that we will see after in
the appropriate table.
As we can see easily, all pairs of numbers marked in red relate to
one of the Fibonaccis numbers 2,3,5,8,21 (not included, however,
the number 13).
But in the voice of Wikipedia "Prime Node", we find the
following table:

3

"The more simple prime knots
The prime knots are generally described by diagrams, with increasing order of crossings. The
simplest prime knot in this description is the trefoil knot with 3 crossings, followed by the eight
knot with four crossings. The following table shows the number of prime nodes with n crossings.
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number of prime nodes with n crossings 0 0 1 1 2 3 7 21 49 165

Where we can see the connection with our summary table, in fact
8 is the number of intersections (self-intersections) and is
connected to 21, the number of prime knots, with 8 and 21
Fibonaccis numbers, for 9 crossings there are 49 knots, and with
10 crossings we have 165 nodes. The connection with Fibonacci
that we have hypothesized loosens more and more (49 and 165
arent Fibonaccis numbers).
We remember also that the number 8 is connected with the
modes that correspond to the physical vibrations of a superstring
by the following Ramanujan function:



( )
(
(

|
|

\
|
+
+
|
|

\
|
+

(
(
(

4
2 7 10
4
2 11 10
log
'
142
'
cosh
' cos
log 4
3
1
8
2
'
'
4
0
'
2
2
w t
itw e
dx e
x
txw
anti
w
w
t
w x

.




4
TABLE 2

Types
Number of
knots
Self-
intersections
(crossings)

Fibonaccis
numbers in
number of
knots or
immediately
preceding
Fibonaccis
numbers in
number of
knots or
differences
1 3 or 4 1 3
2 and 3 5 or 6 2 e 3 5
7 and 21 7 or 8 7 8 e 21 8
49 9 34 49-34 = 15
13
165 10 144 165-144= 21

Now we can create a new table, Table 3, with the subsequent
ratios between the number of knots and the number of crossings,
to see the medium progress of their increase:

TABLE 3
Number of knots
N(n)
Number of crossings
n
Subsequent ratios
r = N(n) /n
0 1 -
0 2 -
1 3 0,33
1 4 0,25
2 5 0,4
3 6 0,5
7 7 1
5
21 8 2,62
49 9 5,44
165 10 16,5
435 ? 11 39,6 ? see below
1188 ? 12 99 ?



We note that since N
n
= n = 7, the ratio reaches and then exceeds
the unit, and then increase proportionately to about 2.4*r

val. estimated val. real
Indeed 1*2,4 = 2,4 2,65 = r
2,65 * 2,4 = 6,36 5,44 = r
5,44*2,4 = 13,05 16,5 = r
16,5*2,4 = 39,6 ? real value of r
41,25 *2,4 = 99 ? real value of r

From which it goes back to N(n) for n = 11 and n = 12,
multiplying by 11 and 12, obtaining the estimated values of N(n)
435 and 1188 respectively for n = 11 and n = 12.
These estimates are approximated by default, as we shall see in the
second part, with more precise estimates and therefore more
reliable.

6
But let us for a moment the Fibonaccis series, and move to the
partitions, since the series of numbers N
n
, number of knots,
strangely resembles to the numerical series of partition numbers
p(N), ie, N(n) p(n) .
We compare the two columns up to n = 10


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number of prime knots with n crossings 0 0 1 1 2 3 7 21 49 165
Number of partitions up to n = 10 1 1 2 3 5 7 11 15 22 30

This similarity is limited up to n = 8, then the two series stray for
n = 9 and n = 10.
For successive values, 11 and 12, we have the estimated values
435 and 1188 that, as regards the values of partition, we have 435
as about the arithmetic mean between the partition numbers 385
and 490, in fact: (385 +490) / 2 = 875 / 2 = 437.5 435 estimated
value for n = 11.
Same thing for 1188 as the mean between 1002 and 1255 in fact
(1002 + 1255) / 2 = 2257/2 = 1128 1188 estimated value for n =
12.

But also the previous values of N(n) can approach to the
arithmetic means of numbers of partitions:

49 = (42 + 56)/2 = 98/2 = 49
165 = (135 + 176)/2 = 311/2 = 155,5 165

7
and also the previous smaller numbers N(n) can be mean of
partition numbers



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number of prime knots with n crossings 0 0 1 1 2 3 7 21 49 165
Number of partitions up to n = 10 1 1 2 3 5 7 11 15 22 30


See the following list of numbers with the pairs of partition
numbers in blue interested to the arithmetic means, although 1, 2,
3 and 7 are themselves partition numbers

1 = (1+1)/2 = 1
2 = (2+3)/2 = 5/2 = 2,5 2
3 =(2+3)/2 = 5/2 = 2,5 3
7=(5+7)/2 = 12/2= 6 7
21 = (15+30)/2 = 45/2 = 22,5 21
for 49 and 165 see above

Practically, a couple yes and a couple no gives rise to a mean
which is very near to a number N(n)

8
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 15, 22, 30, 42, 56, 77, 101, 135, 176, 231, 297, 385, 490,
627, 792, 1002, 1255, 1575, 1958, 2436, 3010, 3718, 4565, 5604, 6842, 8349,
10143, 12310, 14883, 17977, 21637, 26015, 31185, 37338, 44583, 53174, 63261,
75175, 89134, 105558, 124754, 147273, 173525

The next pair, for n = 13 crossings should be 2436 and 3010 with
mean (2436 + 3010) / 2 = 5446 = 2723, instead of 99 * 2.4 * 13 =
3088, which is very near to 3010 partition number:
for n = 14, we have 99 * 2.4 * 2.4 * 14 = 7983.36 (6842 +8349)
/ 2 = 15191/2 = 7595.5, we return to an arithmetic mean, but with
a couple not more alternate

Although these estimates are approximated by default, as we shall
see in the second part, with more precise estimates and therefore
more reliable.

From this we can deduce that the numbers N(n) have a
logarithmic curve similar to that of the partition, only that its
values, except the initial 1, 2, 3, 7, are very often about a mean of
two consecutive numbers of partitions, but the values of n
crossings of N(n) and n of p(n) partitions do not coincide
perfectly, and there is the problem of connect them.

Here the comparison, interesting, in confirmation of the above,
with the Fibonaccis numbers, Lies numbers and principally, of
the numbers of partitions:
Number of knots N(n) with the equation preferred of the Nature
n
2
+ n + 1
which gives the numbers of Lie, very near to the Fibonaccis
numbers and to the partition numbers. Number of nodes in red

9


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number of prime knots with n crossings 0 0 1 1 2 3 7 21 49 165



TABLE 4

Fibonacci Lies numbers Number of partitions
1 1 1
1 1
2 2
3 3 3
5 5
8 7 7 7
13 13 11, 15
21 21 22 21
34 31 30
55 57 42, 56 mean
(42+56)/2= 49
89 91 77, 101
144 133 135, 176 mean
(135+176)/2 =
155,5 165
233 240 231



As we see, all the known prime numbers of N(n), number of knots
for n crossings coincide or are very near, or are means of numbers
of partitions (and, to a lesser extent, also to the Fibonaccis
numbers and to the Lies numbers). Expanding on the table yet, so
probably will be also for subsequent numbers of knots with n
crossings that will be discovered and counted in the future.
10

This is our basic hypothesis, which connects the theory of knots to
the partitions and, more generally, to the string theories, as is said
in the interview to Eward Witten mentioned at the beginning. The
way in which increase the number of knots N(n) to the
increase of the n crossings, it might be useful to deepen the
relationship between the mathematical theory of knots and the
string theories.
Conclusions first part
Having noted the above clear relationship between knots types and
the Fibonaccis series F(n), of the Lies numbers and of partition
of numbers p(n), using various formulas and tables, especially the
last Table 4, we leave to the experts in physics and in mathematics
of the strings and knot theory the complete classification of all
possible cases, which could be facilitated in some way by our
Tables.

We want to remember here that we have discovered how to
increases the number of partitions p(n) as n increases: the ratio
between a number of partitions p(n) and the number of previous
partitions p(n-1) is always smaller, and tends to 1 as n increases,
which means that p(n) increases more and more slowly as n
increases:

p(n) / (pn-1) 1 for n

Will deepen more about this topic (subsequent reports) in the
second part


11



Theory of knots.

Second part.

Michele Nardelli, Pierfrancesco Roggero, Francesco Di Noto

Abstract

In this second part we show other observations about Knots Theory




By unifying the various lists of numbers potentially related with N(n),
numbers of knots with n crossings, we have the following general
table, followed by our new observations with respect
to the first part, Ref 1)

TABLE 1


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number N(n) of prime knots with n crossings 0 0 1 1 2 3 7 21 49 165
Fibonaccis numbers 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34
Partitions numbers 1 1 2 3 5 7 11 15 22 30
Lies numbers 1 3 7 13 21 31 43 57 73 91

As we see, initially the first three series are very near, and connected
to the formula of the projective geometry n
2
+ n + 1, which gives the
numbers of Lie 1, 3, 7, 13, 21, 31, 43, 57, where 3, 7, 21 are also
12
numbers N(n).
See previous work (Ref. 1)

Here is the final table of the Rif. 1, slightly modified, to remember this
possible relationship emerged already with only the first ten already
known values of N(n):

TABLE 4

Fibonacci Lies numbers Partitions numbers
1 1 1
1 1
2 2
3 3 3
5 5
8 7 7 7
13 13 11, 15
21 21 22 21
34 31 30
55 57 42, 56 mean
(42+56)/2= 49 > 42
89 91 77, 101
144 133 135, 176 mean
(135+176)/2 =
155,5 165 > 135
233 240 231




13
As we see, all the first known numbers of N(n), number of knots
for n crossings coincide or are very near, or are means of numbers
of partitions (and, to a lesser extent, also to the Fibonaccis
numbers and the Lies numbers). Expanding yet the table, it will
be so also for the next number of knots with n crossings that will
be discovered and counted in future.
This is our basic hypothesis, which connects the theory of knots to
the partitions and, more generally, to the string theories, as is
hinted in an interview with Edward Witten mentioned at the
beginning. The way in which increases the number of knots
N(n) with increasing of the n crossings, it might be useful to
deepen the relationship between the mathematical theory of
knots and the string theories.
Conclusions second part.
We can conclude by saying that the news reported in this
second part confirm the conclusions of the previous part
(Ref.1) on the possible relationship between knots n, crossings,
and number N(n) of knots with n crossings and particularly
with the partitions of numbers.

Note 1

Resume the Table 1:

TABLE 1


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number N(n) of prime nodes with n crossings 0 0 1 1 2 3 7 21 49 165
Fibonaccis numbers 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34
Partitions numbers 1 1 2 3 5 7 11 15 22 30
Lies numbers 1 3 7 13 21 31 43 57 73 91
14

Regarding the number N(n) of knots, the numbers 2 and 3 are also
Fibonaccis numbers and numbers of partitions and 3 is also a Lies
numbers. The number 7 is a number of partitions and Lies number
and sum of the two Fibonaccis numbers 2 and 5. The number 21 is a
Fibonaccis number and Lies number, and is also the sum of the three
partition numbers 1, 5 and 15. The 49 is given from the mean of the
two Lies numbers 91 and 7 ((91 + 7) / 2 = 98/2 = 49) and is also the
mean between the 10
th
and 11
th
partition number, ie between 42 and
56 (42 +56 = 98; 98/2 = 49). The number 49, in addition, it is also the
sum of the three Fibonaccis numbers 2, 13 and 34. Finally, 165 is
given from the sum of the two Fibonaccis numbers 144 + 21 = 165
and from the sum of the three Lies numbers 91, 43 and 31 (91 +43
+31 = 165). The 165 is also the sum of the 9
th
partition number, 30,
and of the 14
th
partition number 135 (135 +30 = 165).
Note 2
We now analyze a more comprehensive list up to n = 16, and of the
numbers of knots and numbers of partitions.

A002863 as a simple table
More complete list of the number of knots
n

a(n)
1

0
2

0
3

1
4

1
5

2
6

3
7

7
8

21
9

49
10

165
11

552
12

2176
13

9988
15
14

46972
15

253293
16

1388705
[0,0,1,1,2,3,7,21,49,165,552,2176,9988,46972,
253293,1388705]
A000041 as a simple table

We note that the 11
th
number of knots is 552 very near to that we
have estimated (435, difference 117). While for the 12
th
, the 13
th
and
the 14
th
number of knots we have: 2176 1188 * 2 (2376, diff. 200),
thence about twice of the value that we have estimated, 9988 3088 *
3 (9264, diff. 724) , thence about three times the value that we have
estimated and finally 46972 7983 * 6 (47898, diff. 926), and thence
about six times the value that we have estimated. The 15
th
number of
knots is 253 293, the value that we have estimated was 19807 that is
about 13 * 19807 = 257 491. The 16
th
number of knots is 1388705, the
value that we have estimated was 48878 which is about 28 * 48878 =
1368584.


More complete list of the number of partitions

n

a(n)
0

1
1

1
2

2
3

3
4

5
5

7
6

11
7

15
8

22
9

30
10

42
16
11

56
12

77
13

101
14

135
15

176
16

231
17

297
18

385
19

490
20

627
21

792
22

1002
23

1255
24

1575
25

1958
26

2436
27

3010
28

3718
29

4565
30

5604
31

6842
32

8349
33

10143
34

12310
35

14883
36

17977
37

21637
38

26015
39

31185
40

37338
41

44583
42

53174
43

63261
44

75175
45

89134
46

105558
47

124754
48

147273
49

173525
[1,1,2,3,5,7,11,15,22,30,42,56,77,101,135,176,231,
297,385,490,627,792,1002,1255,1575,1958,2436,3010,
3718,4565,5604,6842,8349,10143,12310,14883,17977,
21637,26015,31185,37338,44583,53174,63261,75175,
17
89134,105558,124754,147273,173525]


We see that 552 is the sum of the partition numbers 176, 135, 101, 77,
56 and 7. The number 2176 is given from the sum of the partition
numbers 1958, 176 and 42. The number 9988 is given from the sum of
the partition numbers 8349, 1575, 42 and 22. The number 46972 is
given from the sum of the partition numbers 37338, 8349, 1255 and 30.
The number 253293 is the sum of the partition numbers 147273,
105558, 385 and 77.



So, from the 11
th
to the 15
th
number of knots we have numbers
corresponding "exactly" to sums of numbers of partitions. While up
to 10
th
number of knots, we have numbers corresponding to the
Fibonaccis numbers, Lies numbers and partition numbers (and / or
their sums and means).

Now we look more closely at the text on the divergence between the our
estimates and the real values from the 11
th
to the 15
th
number of knots:
We note that the 11
th
number of knots is 552 very near to that we
have estimated (435, difference 117). While for the 12
th
, the 13
th
and
the 14
th
number of knots we have: 2176 1188 * 2 (2376, diff. 200),
thence about twice of the value that we have estimated, 9988 3088 *
3 (9264, diff. 724) , thence about three times the value that we have
estimated and finally 46972 7983 * 6 (47898, diff. 926), and thence
about six times the value that we have estimated. The 15
th
number of
knots is 253 293, the value that we have estimated was 19807 that is
about 13 * 19807 = 257 491. The 16
th
number of knots is 1388705, the
value that we have estimated was 48878 which is about 28 * 48878 =
1368584.


18


We note that this divergence could be linked, once again, to the Fibonaccis numbers,
as from the following table:



our previous estimate
multiplied by the first
Fibonaccis numbers

Fibonaccis numbers

new best estimates
11th number
estimate 435 real value
552
Estimate real ratio
435/552 = 0,78 1
(1,26 1,618=1,27)
435* 1 = 435
435/1 = 435
435/0,78= 557,69

Integer difference 5
12th number
estimate 1188
real value 2176
2176/1188 = 1,83 2


2176/2 = 1088 1188
Difference 100

13th number
estimate 3088
real value
9988
3,23 3
3088*3 = 9264 diff.724
9988/3088 = 3,23
9988/3 = 3329
Integer difference 241

14th number
estimate 7983
real value 46972
46972/7983 = 5,88 5 46972/5 = 9394,4
Integer difference 1411
46972/5,88= 7988

19
15th number
estimate 19807
real value 253293
253293/19807=
= 12,78 13
253293/13 = 19484
Integer difference 323

16th number
estimate 48878
real value 1388705
1388705/48878 =
= 28,41 27 arit.mean
bet. 21 and 34 = 27,5
1388705/27 = 51433,51
Integer difference
51433- 48878 = 2555


From the 11
th
to the 15
th
number, thence, the estimated value of "v" still more
reliable is: "v" = estimate * successive Fibonaccis numbers 1, 2, 3, 5,13, or their
means, for example, 27 for the 16
th
number. Predicted estimate of the number of
knots for the 17
th
number: our previous estimate * 34 next Fibonaccis number after
the mean 27, and so on.
Estimates, however, now superseded by this further addition.
Further addition
Now we return to the previous table, and now complete it with the exact
numbers N(n), from 11
th
to the 16
th


N(n) real values
estimates values (in
brown)
N(n-1) r =N(n) / N(n-1)
from 1 onwards.
Real values
r n/3 estimates
values, near to the
real ones
1 n = 4 1 1 4/3= 1,3
2 5 1 2 5/3= 1,6
3 6 2 1,5 6/3=0 2
7 7 3 2,33 7/3= 2,3
21 8 7 3 2,66
20
49 9 21 2,33 3
165 (10)th number) 49 3,36 3.33
552 11 165 3,34 3,6
2176 12 552 3,94 4
9 988 13 2 176 4,59 4,33
46 972 14 9 988 4,70 4,66
253 293 15
46 972 5,39 5
1 388 705 16 253 293
5,48 5,33
1 388 705*5,66 =
7 860 070
n =17
1 388 705
Real value
17/3=5,66
7 860 070*6 = 47160420
n=18
7 860 070 estimate value 18/3=6
47160420 *6,33 =
298 525 458
n=19
47160420 19/3=6,33
298 525 458*6,66=
1 988 179 550
n=20
298 525 458 20/3=6,66



In this way, we can estimate with good approximation of the values of the 17
th
,
18
th
, 19
th
and 20
th
number of knots, ie N(17), N(18), N(19) and N(20), estimating
with r n/3 the relationship between one of them and the previous one.
Further calculations for the real values will confirm whether or not these our
actual provisional estimates, the 20
th
number of knots N(20), for example,
should not must be very far from the two billion of knots with 20 crossings.
An estimate for defect would be the product between a real value and the last
known relationship, for example 1388705 * 5,48 = 7610103 integer. The real
21
value would then be between the two estimates 7610103 and 7860070, and
possibly around their mean (7 610 103 + 7 860 070) = 7 735 086.
Further calculations could confirm this our prediction of estimate from the 17
th

to the 20
th
number of knots

Note 3
On the Jones Polynomial concerning a knot
With regard the Jones polynomial concerning a knot, Edward Witten has
developed the following expression:
( ) ( ) ( )

0
, exp K A Hol Tr ikCS D
R
(1)
We define the Chern-Simons function ( ) CS , for any connection , possibly
complex-valued by the following expression:
( )

\
|
+ =
V
Tr x d CS

3
2
4
1
3
. (2)
Writing with h the dual Coxeter number of the gauge group G , we can write a
formula equivalent to (2) in terms of a trace
ad
Tr in the adjoint representation of G
( )

\
|
+ =
V
ad
Tr x d
h
CS

3
2
8
1
3
. (3)
Furthermore, in the (1) the term ( ) K A Hol Tr
R
, can be written also as follows:
( ) ( )

= =
K
R R R
A P Tr K A Hol Tr K W exp , . (4)

Thence, the (1) can be rewritten as follows:
[

0
exp ik D |

\
|
+

]
3
2
8
1
3
V
ad
Tr x d
h

K
R
A P Tr exp . (5)
The Chern-Simons action for a gauge theory with gauge group G (where G is a
compact Lie group) and gauge field A on an oriented three-manifold W , can be
written:
22

\
|
+ =
W
A A A dA A Tr
k
I
3
2
4
. (6)
Remember that in the gauge theory
YM
g is the gauge coupling constant and the
gauge theory theta-angle. The action I of 4 = N super Yang-Mills theory on a four-
manifold V is the sum of a term proportional to
2
/ 1
YM
g , which contains the kinetic
energy for all fields, and a term proportional to :


+ =
V V
kin
YM
F TrF x d i g x d
g
I

4
2
4
2
32
1
L . (7)
The part of
kin
L that involves , A only is (in Euclidean signature):
[ ]
|

\
|
+ + + =
2 ,
,
2
1
2
1

R D D F F Tr
A
kin
L . (8)
We can thence to connect the eq. (6) and (7), obtaining:
|

\
|
+ =

W
A A A dA A Tr
k
I
3
2
4

+
V V
kin
YM
F TrF x d i g x d
g

4
2
4
2
32
1
L . (9)
Thence, the eq. (1) can be written also as follows:

+
0
exp
32
1
exp
4
2
4
2
K
R
V
kin
V
YM
A P Tr F TrF x d i g x d
g
ik DA

L , (10)
that is connected with the eq. (5), thence, in conclusion:
[

0
exp ik D |

\
|
+

]
3
2
8
1
3
V
ad
Tr x d
h

K
R
A P Tr exp

+
0
exp
32
1
exp
4
2
4
2
K
R
V
kin
V
YM
A P Tr F TrF x d i g x d
g
ik DA

L . (11)
We note as in the eq. (11) there are the Fibonaccis numbers 2, 3 and 8 and that this
number is connected with the modes corresponding to the physical vibrations of the
superstrings by the following Ramanujan modular equation:


23

( )
(
(

|
|

\
|
+
+
|
|

\
|
+

(
(
(

4
2 7 10
4
2 11 10
log
'
142
'
cosh
' cos
log 4
3
1
8
2
'
'
4
0
'
2
2
w t
itw e
dx e
x
txw
anti
w
w
t
w x

.
Furthermore, we note as 32 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 5 + 8 + 13 that are all Fibonaccis numbers.
We have also 32 = 24 + 8 where 24 is also connected with the modes corresponding
to the physical vibrations of the bosonic strings by the other Ramanujans modular
equation:

( )
(
(

|
|

\
|
+
+
|
|

\
|
+

(
(
(

4
2 7 10
4
2 11 10
log
'
142
'
cosh
' cos
log 4
24
2
'
'
4
0
'
2
2
w t
itw e
dx e
x
txw
anti
w
w
t
w x

.

Always present in the eq. (5) is, also, the that is connected with the aurea section by
the following relations:


5
cos 2

= or
10
3
sin 2

=

The link between and , i.e. between 3.14 and 0.618 , can be obtained also
from the simple relation:
arccos = 0.2879 ;
namely

arccos 0.618 = 0.2879

that in radians with the use of the calculator is done so:

rad inv(cos) 0,61803398 = 0,9045569 and 0,2879 3,14159265 = 0,9044645.

From which we see as 0,90455 is very near to another value, i.e. 0,90446 with a small
difference 0,00009.

24
References

All the recent papers on our site regarding the string theory and
the Fibonaccis sequence as "The equation preferred from the
Nature," etc.

1) Wikipedia Nodo primo
I nodi primi pi semplici
I nodi primi sono generalmente descritti tramite diagrammi, con ordine crescente di incroci. Il nodo
primo pi semplice in questa descrizione il nodo a trifoglio con 3 incroci, seguito dal nodo a otto
con quattro incroci. La tabella seguente mostra il numero di nodi primi con incroci.



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Numero di nodi primi con incroci 0 0 1 1 2 3 7 21 49 165



2) Nodi e stringhe della fisica sul sito de Il Sole 24 Ore,
dal quale riportiamo brevemente

Ancora nelle pi avanzate regioni di confine tra matematica e fisica, nella interazione tra teoria
dei quanti, teoria delle stringhe e teoria matematica dei nodi si collocano le sue ricerche pi
recenti. Un nodo un oggetto familiare e a prima vista non sembra offrire argomento di interesse
matematico. Umberto Bottazzini - Il Sole 24 Ore - leggi su http://24o.it/hfOqI
25

3) Teoria dei nodi e i numeri di Fibonacci
Sul nostro sito http://nardelli.xoom.it/virgiliowizard/
4) Teoria dei nodi
Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.
La teoria dei nodi una branca della topologia, a sua volta branca della matematica, che si occupa
di nodi, ovvero di curve chiuse intrecciate nello spazio. La teoria ha applicazioni in fisica
subatomica, chimica supramolecolare e biologia.


Fregio del cancello del dipartimento di matematica di Cambridge.
Per i suoi stretti legami con lo studio delle variet di basse dimensioni (1, 2, 3 e 4), la teoria dei
nodi spesso considerata una branca della topologia della dimensione bassa.





5) sito http://www.aromatic.com/rudi/026.pdf :

6) http://www.unimib.it/open/news/I-polinomi-che-governano-la-
complessita/6413442428496323404

I polinomi che governano la complessit

26
Grazie ai formidabili progressi fatti in questi ultimi anni, in particolare dalla teoria dei nodi,
ora possibile identificare e seguire nel tempo lannodamento e lo snodamento di filamenti
fluidi nello spazio. Semplici polinomi come x+x
3
x
-4
identificano in modo univoco ognuno
degli infiniti ed evanescenti nodi e legami che si formano nel fluido, a cui si associano poi
propriet dinamiche ed energetiche

7) The Jones Polynomial

http://math.berkeley.edu/~vfr/jones.pdf


8) Intervista a Vaughan Jones
di Francesco Vaccarino - Politecnico di Torino
da "La Stampa - Tuttoscienze" del 18 marzo 2009
http://areeweb.polito.it/didattica/polymath/htmlS/Interventi/Articoli/VaccarinoNodi/Vaccarin
oNod...

9)Nodi e fisica
Enciclopedia della Scienza e della Tecnica (2007)

di Louis H. Kauffman
http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/nodi-e-fisica_(Enciclopedia-della-Scienza-e-
della-Tecnica)/


10)Edward Witten A new look at the Jones Polynomial of a Knot Clay
Conference, Oxford, October 1, 2013


11)Edward Witten Fivebranes and Knots arXiv:1101.3216v2 [hep-th] -
11/08/2011