Tran Thanh Minh - Phan Lu Bien Tran Quang Ngha

GIAI TCH 11

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Chng 5 : ao ham

CHNG V. AO HAM
1 . ao ham & y ngha hnh hoc cua ao ham .
A . Tom tat giao khoa .
1 . ao ham cua ham so tai mot iem : Cho ham so y = f ( x ) xac nh tren khoang (a,b) va xo thuoc
khoang ( a , b ) .
ao ham cua ham so y = f ( x ) tai iem xo , ky hieu la f ( xo) , la gii han hu han (neu co) cua t so gia
so gia cua ham so y va so gia cua bien so x tai iem xo khi so gia cua bien so dan ti 0 :

f '( xo ) = lim
xxo

f ( x) f ( xo )
f ( xo + x) f ( xo )
y
= lim
= lim
x 0 x
x 0
x
x xo

Chu y : Neu ham so y = f ( x ) co ao ham tai iem xo th ham so nay lien tuc tai iem xo
2 . ao ham cua ham so tren mot khong :
D la mot khong ( hay hp cua nhieu khong ) .
Ham so y = f ( x ) co ao ham tren D khi no co ao ham tai moi iem xo thuoc D .
Khi o ta co mot ham so xac nh tren D : y = f( x ) vi moi x thuoc D . Ham so nay c goi la ao
ham cua ham so y = f ( x ) .
ao ham cua mot so ham so thng gap :

f ( x) = C
f ( x) = x

f '( x) = 0
f '( x) = 1

, x R
, x R

f ( x) = x n (n N , n 2) f '( x) = nx n 1 , x R
1
f ( x) = x
f '( x) =
, x R +
2 x
(C la mot hang so)
3 . Y ngha hnh hoc cua ao ham : Cho ham so y =
f ( x ) co ao ham tai iem xo , o th cua ham so la ( C
).
nh ly : ao ham cua ham so tai iem xo la he so goc
cua tiep tuyen vi o th ( C ) tai iem Mo( xo , f(xo))
thuoc ( C )
Nh the , phng trnh cua tiep tuyen vi ( C ) tai Mo (
xo , yo) thuoc ( C ) co dang :
( t ) : y = f( xo) ( x xo) + f(x0) .

He so goc cua tiep

tuyen tan = f(x0)

f(x0)

B . Giai toan .
Dang 1 : Tnh o hm ca hm s ti x0 .

x0

Ta thng thc hien cac bc sau :

Cho xo mot so gia x va tinh so gia y .
Lap t so

y f ( x) f ( xo ) f ( xo + x) f ( xo )
=
va tm gii han cua t so nay khi x 0 .
=
x xo
x
x

(hay x xo). Gii han nay, neu co, la ao ham f(xo) cua ham so tai iem xo .
V du : Tnh o ca cac ham so sau tai xo
tng ng :
a) y = f ( x) = x2 + 3x 1 tai xo = 2

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Chng 5 : ao ham
b) y = f ( x ) =

2x +1
tai xo = 1
x+2

Giai :
a) Cho xo = 2 mot so gia x , ta co :

y = f ( xo + x) f ( xo ) = (2 + x) 2 + 3(2 + x) 1 22 + 3.2 1
= [4 + 4x + ( x ) + 6 + 3x 1] 9 = ( x ) + 7x
y
y
Suy ra:
= (x) +7 => lim
= 7 . Vy f(2) = 7.

0
x
x
2

Cch trnh by khc: Ta c:

f (x) - f(2) (x 2 + 3 x 1) - 9 x 2 +3x - 10

=
=
x 2
x 2
x 2
(x 2)(x +5)
=
= x +5
x 2
f (x) - f(2)
Suy ra: lim
= 2 + 5 = 7 . Vy o hm f(2) = 7.
x 2
x 2
b) Cho xo mot so gia x sao cho ( xo + x) 2 , ta co :
2(1 + x) + 1
y = f (1 + x) f (1) =
1
(1 + x) + 2
[2(1 + x) +1] [(1 + x)+2]
x
=
=
(1 + x) + 2
3 + x
1
y
=>
=
x 3+x
y 1
Suy ra: lim
= . Vy f(1) = 1/3 .
x 0 x
3

Trnh bay khac:

2x +1
1
f ( x) f (1) x + 2
x 1
=
=
( x 1)( x +
x 1
x 1
1
1
f ( x) f (1)
=> lim
=
=
x 1
x 1
1+ 2 3
Vay f(1) = 1/3.

Dang toan 2 : Tnh ao ham cua ham so .

Ta thng thc hien cac bc sau : Goi x0 la mot gia tr thuoc tap xac nh cua f.
Tnh ao ham f(x0) theo xo.
Thay x bang xo ta c ao ham f(x).
V du 1 : Tnh ao ham cua cac ham so sau :
a) y = x3 + 3x 2 .

b) y =

x+2
.
x +1

c) y = f ( x) =

Giai :
a) Cho xo mot so tr bat k cua x, ta co :

y = f ( x) f ( xo ) = ( x3 + 3 x 2) ( xo3 + 3xo 2)
= ( x3 xo 3 ) + 3( x xo ) = ( x xo )[( x 2 + xxo + xo 2 ) + 3]
=>

y f ( x) f ( xo )
=
= x 2 + xxo + xo 2 + 3
x
x xo
y
= xo 2 + xo xo + xo 2 + 3 = 3 xo 2 + 3 .
x 0 x

f '( xo ) = lim

Vay f( x ) = 3 x2 + 3 .
b) Ta co :

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1
.
x

Chng 5 : ao ham

y = f ( x) f ( xo ) =
=>

( x xo )
x + 2 xo + 2

=
x + 1 xo + 1 ( x + 1)( xo + 1)

y
1
=
x
( x + 1)( xo + 1)

=> f '( xo ) = lim

x 0

Vay f(x) =

y
1
1
= lim
=

x
x
o
x
( xo + 1) 2
( x + 1)( xo + 1)

1
( x + 1) 2

c) Ta co :

y = h( xo + x) h( xo ) =
=

1
1

=
xo + x
xo

xo xo + x
xo + x . xo

x
xo . xo + x ( xo + xo + x )

y '( xo ) = lim

x 0

hay y '( x) =

y
1
1
= lim
=

0
x
x
xo . xo + x ( xo + xo + x ) 2 xo xo

1
2x x

Dang toan 3 : Tiep tuyen vi o th cua ham so y = f ( x ) tai iem M.

S dung cong thc : Phng trnh cua tiep tuyen tai M la: y = f (xo) (x xo) + f(xo) .
Ta thng gap cac trng hp sau:
a) Cho hoanh o x0 (hay tung o f(x0) cua iem M) : ta phai tm f(x0) (hay x0) va f(x0), roi ap dung cong
thc .
b) Cho biet tiep tuyen co he so goc bang k : Giai phng
trnh f(xo) = k ta tm c xo , suy ra f(x o ). Roi ap dung
cong thc.
c) Cho biet tiep tuyen vi ( C ) qua mot iem cho trc A
( xA , yA ) : Ta thc hien cac bc sau :
Viet phng trnh cua tiep tuyen tai iem M ( x0 ;
M
f(x
)
0
f(x0)) bat k theo an x0 la (t ) : y = f(xo) ( x xo) +
f(x0) .
Tiep tuyen nay qua A nen :
yA yo = f(xo) (xA
A
xo) .
Giai phng trnh nay ( an la xo ) ta tm c xo.
x0
Suy ra PT tiep tuyen can tm.

V du 1 : Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi o th ( C ) cua ham so y = f ( x ) = x2 biet

a) Tiep iem co hoanh o bang 3
b) Tiep tuyen nay song song vi ng thang d : y = 2x + 3 .
c) Tiep tuyen nay i qua iem A (- 1 , - 3)
Giai :
a)Ta co : y = f(x) = 2x . xo= - 3 , suy ra yo= (- 3)2 = 9 ; f(xo) = 2(-3) = -6 . Vay phng trnh cua tiep
tuyen nay la : y = - 6( x + 3) + 9 hay y = - 6x - 9 .

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Chng 5 : ao ham
2

b) Phng trnh cua tiep tuyen vi ( C ) tai iem (xo, yo) thuoc ( C ) co dang : y = 2xo(x xo) + x0 . Tiep
tuyen nay song song vi d : y = 2x + 3 nen : 2xo = 2 (hai ng thang song song co he so goc bang nhau)
hay xo= 1 . Vay phng trnh cua tiep tuyen nay la : y = 2( x 1) + 1 hay y = 2x 1 .
c)Phng trnh cua tiep tuyen vi ( C ) tai iem (xo , yo) thuoc ( C ) co
dang :
y = 2xo(x xo) + x02 y = 2 xox x02 (1)
Tiep tuyen nay qua A(-1, -3) nen : - 3 = 2xo ( -1) x02
xo2 +2xo- 3 = 0 .
xo= 1 hay xo= - 3 .
The vao (1), ta c y = 2x 1 hay y = -6x 9 .
Co 2 tiep tuyen cua (C) eu qua iem A.

V du 2 : ( C ) la o th cua ham so y =

3
x +1
va cho biet : y ' =
( x 2) 2
x2

a) Viet phng trnh cua tiep tuyen vi ( C ) biet tiep iem co tung o bang 4 .
b) Viet phng trnh cua tiep tuyen vi ( C ) biet tiep tuyen nay vuong goc vi ng thang
d : 3y x + 1 = 0 .
c) Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen cua (C) tai iem M co hoanh o x0 di dang y = ax + b
Ap dung: tm tren O x nhng iem A sao cho khong co tiep tuyen nao cua (C) i qua.
Giai :
Ta co : ham so xac nh khi x 2 va y ' =
a) f ( xo ) = 4

3
.
( x 2) 2

xo + 1
= 4 4 xo 8 = xo + 1 x0 = 3 .
xo 2

Tiep iem la T(3, 4) , he so goc cua tiep tuyen tai T la : y(3) = - 3 . Vay phng trnh cua tiep tuyen tai
T la : y = - 3( x 3) + 4 y = - 3x + 13 .
b) d: y =

1
1
1
x => he so goc cua ng thang d la . Goi k la he so goc cua tiep tuyen phai tm , ta co
3
3
3

1
3

: k . = 1 k = 3 ( v 2 ng thang vuong goc vi nhau khi tch so 2 he so goc bang -1 ) .

Goi xo la hoanh o tiep iem cua tiep tuyen nay , ta co : y(xo) = - 3

xo = 3 => f ( xo ) = 4
3
2
=

2
=
1

x
(
)
o
x = 1 => f ( x ) = 2
( xo 2) 2
o
o

Vay phng trnh tiep tuyen la : y = - 3(x 3) + 4 y = - 3x + 13

Hay : y = - 3(x 1) 2 y = -3x + 1 .
c) Phng trnh tiep tuyen tai M : y = f(xo)(x x0) + f(xo) =
y=

3 x + ( xo + 1)( xo 2)
3x
+ o
2
( xo 2)
( xo 2) 2

y= -

xo 2 + 2 xo 2
3x
+
(1)
( xo 2) 2
( xo 2) 2

x +1
3
( x xo ) + o
2
( xo 2)
xo 2

* Goi A(a, 0) la iem tren truc Ox. Tiep tuyen qua A (1) thoa vi x = a va y = 0

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Chng 5 : ao ham
0=

3a + xo 2 + 2 xo 2
xo 2 + 2 xo 2 3a = 0
( xo 2) 2

(2) ( xo 2)

Khong co tiep tuyen nao qua A (2) VN hay (2) co nghiem kep bang 2

' = 3 + 3a < 0
a < 1

' = 3 + 3a = 0
<=> a = 1 <=> a < 1

2
a = 2
2 + 4 2 3a = 0
C . Bai tap ren luyen .
5.1 . Tnh ao ham cac ham so sau tai gia tr xo tng ng
a) y = 2x2 + 3x tai xo= 2 .
b) y = 4x3 + x2 2x tai xo = 1.
c) y =

x +1
tai x0 = 1
x2

d) y =

1
tai xo = 0
x+4

5.2 . Tnh ao ham cua cac ham so sau:

a) y = (x 3)2

b) y =

2x 5
x+3

c) y = x

x 1

5.3 .Cho biet ham so y = f(x) co ao ham tai x = a la f(a) , tm cac gii han sau :

f ( a + 4h) f ( a )
a ) lim

h 0
h

2
2
x f (a ) a f ( x)
c) lim(
)
x a
xa

f ( a + 2h) f (a 3h)
b) lim

h 0
h

5.4 . ( C ) la o th cua ham so y = x .

a) Viet phng trnh cua tiep tuyen vi ( C ) tai iem M thuoc ( C ) co hoanh o bang 1 .
b) Viet phng trnh cua tiep tuyen vi ( C ) tai iem N thuoc ( C ) co tung o bang 2 .
c) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca bit tip tuyn qua im

x2 + x + 3
x+3
2
x + 6x
a) Chng minh ao ham: y ' =
( x + 3) 2
5.5 . ( C ) la o th cua ham so : y =

b) Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi ( C ) tai giao iem cua ( C ) vi ng thang d : y = 5.
c)* Goi M , N la 2 iem tren ( C ) sao cho tiep tuyen vi ( C ) tai M , N song song vi nhau . Hai iem M ,
N se oi xng vi nhau qua iem co nh nao ?
D . Hng dan ap so .
5.1. a) f(2) = 11

b) f(1) = 12

5.2. a) y = 2(x 3)

b) y =

c) f(1) = - 33 d) f(0) = - 1/16

11
( x + 3) 2

3x 2
2 x 1
f ( a + x ) f ( a )
= 4 f '(a ) (x = 4h)
x

c) y =

f ( a + 4h) f ( a )
5.3.a ) lim
= lim 4

x 0
h

x 0

f (a + 2h) f (a ) [ f (a 3h) f (a ) ]
b) lim
= 2 f '(a ) + 3 f '(a ) = 5 f '(a )
h 0
h

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Chng 5 : ao ham

( x 2 a 2 ) f (a) a 2 [ f ( x) f (a) ]
x 2 f (a ) a 2 f ( x)
c) lim
lim
=

x a
x a
xa
xa

f ( x) f ( a )

= lim ( x + a ) f (a) lim a 2 .

= 2af (a) a 2 f '(a)

xa
xa
xa

5.4 . a ) y =

1
1
( x + 1) b) y = x +1
2
4

c) Phng trnh tip tuyn ti im (x0 ;

y=

x o ) ca l : y =

1
(x x o )+ x o
2 xo

xo
x
+
2
2 xo

Tip tuyn qua im (8 ; 3) 3 =

xo
8
+
<=> x o - 6 x o + 8 = 0
2
2 xo

x o = 2 hay x o = 4 x0 = 4 hay xo = 16.

Vy co hai tip tuyn y =

1
1
x + 1 hay y = x + 2
4
8

5.5 . a) Phng trnh hoanh o giao iem cua d va ( C ) :

x = 2
x2 + x + 3
= 5 x 2 4 x 12 = 0
x+3
x=6
Vi x = - 2 : y = - 8 => Phng trnh tiep tuyen la : y = - 8x 11 .
Vi x = 6: Phng trnh tiep tuyen la : y =

8
1
x .
9
3

b) Goi k la he so goc cua tiep tuyen vi ( C ) tai M , N va x1 , x2 la hoanh o tiep iem M , N , ta co :

x12 + 6 x1

( x1 + 3)

x2 + 6x

( x + 3)

x22 + 6 x2

( x2 + 3)

= k hay x1 , x2 la nghiem cua phng trnh

= k (k 1) x 2 + 6(k 1) x + 9k = 0

x1 + x2 6(k 1)
=
= 3 (*)
2
2(k 1)

Vay hoanh o trung iem I cua MN bang 3 .

Tung o trung iem I la :

yM + y N 1 x12 + x1 + 3 x22 + x2 + 3 1 x12 + x1 + 3 x22 + x2 + 3

=
+

x2 + 3 2 x1 + 3
x1 + 3
2
2 x1 + 3
x12 x22 + x1 x2 ( x1 x2 )( x1 + x2 + 1) 5( x1 x2 )
=
=
=
= 5
2 ( x1 + 3)
2( x1 + 3)
2( x1 + 3)

yI =

( do (*) cho : x2 + 3 = ( x1 + 3); x1 x2 = 2( x2 + 3) = 2( x1 + 3) )

Hai iem M , N nhan I ( - 3 , - 5 ) lam trung iem nen oi xng qua I co nh .
Tom lai , 2 iem M , N tren ( C ) co tiep tuyen vi ( C ) tai M , N song song vi nhau th luon oi xng
qua iem I ( - 3 , - 5 ) .

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Chng 5 : ao ham

2 . Quy tac tnh ao ham .

Ham so
y = u+v-w
y = uv
y = ku

A Tom tat giao khoa .

1 . Cac quy tac tnh ao ham .
(u = u(x) , v = v(x) , w = w( x) co ao ham va k
la mot hang so )

ao ham
y = u+v- w
y = uv + uv
y = ku

u
v
k
Y=
v
Y=

B . Gai toan .
Dang toan 1 : Tnh ao ham bang cong thc .
Xet xem ham so cho thuoc dang nao : y = u + v

y=

y = f[u( x)]
Y = un

u
hoac y la ham so hp
w ; y = u.v ; y =
v
y = f [u ( x)] ( u , v , w la nhng ham so thng

y=

u ' v uv '
v2
kv '
y = 2
v

y = f[u(x)]u( x )
y = n.un 1 . u

y=

u'
2 u

gap ) va ap dung cac cong thc tnh ao ham .

V du 1 : Tnh ao ham cua cac ham so sau :

a) y = 3x4- 2x3 + 5x - 2

5
x2

b) y = 3 x

c) y= ( 2x3x2) ( 3x + 2 )

d) y =

2x 3
.
3x + 1

Giai :
a) Ham so cho co dang y = u + v w , do o : y = 3( x4) 2( x3) + 5( x) ( 2 ) = 12x3 6x2 + 5 .

b) Tng t , ta co : y =

2 x

5( x 2 ) ' =

2 x

+ 10 x 3 =

3
2 x

10
x3

c) Ham so cho co dang : y = u.v , do o :

y = (2x3-x2)(3x + 2 ) + (2x3-x2) (3x +2) = (6x2-2x) (3x + 2) +( 2x3 x2) .3
= 24x3+ 3x2 4x .

u
, do o :
v
( 2 x 3) ' ( 3x + 1) ( 2 x 3)( 3x + 1) '

d) Ham so cho co dang : y =

y=

( 3x + 1)

2 ( 3 x + 1) ( 2 x 3) .3

( 3x + 1)

11

( 3x + 1)

V du 2 : Tnh ao ham cua cac ham so sau :

a ) y = ( x 2 + 3 x + 1)

d ) y = x 2 2 x3 + x 2 + 1

b) y =

(x

+ 3x 2 + 2 )

e) y = (2 x 1)3 ( x + 6)5

Giai :
a) Ham so cho co dang : y = u5 , do o :
y = 5u4u = 5( x2+ 3x + 1)4(x2 +3x + 1 )= 5(x2+3x +1 )4(2x + 3)

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c) y =
f )y =

(x

4
2

+ 1)

(2 x 1) 2
x+2

Chng 5 : ao ham

( x 3 + 3 x 2 + 2 )5 '

u'
b) Ham so cho co dang : y = u y ' =
=
2 u 2

d) Ham so cho co dang : y = u.v , do o :

y ' = ( x 2 ) ' 2 x3 + x 2 + 1 + x 2
=

2 ( x + 3x + 2 )
( x + 3x + 2 )

4
4v ' 4 ( x + 1) ' 24 ( x + 1) .2 x
48 x
y = y'=
=
=
=
v
v
( x + 1)
( x + 1)
( x + 1)
3

12

2 x3 + x 2 + 1 ' = 2 x 2 x3 + x 2 + 1 + x 2

2 x(2 x3 + x 2 + 1) + x 2 (3x 2 + x)
2 x3 + x 2 + 1

c) Ham so cho co dang :

5 ( x3 + 3x 2 + 2 ) ( 3x 2 + 6 x )
2

12

6 x2 + 2 x
2 2 x3 + x 2 + 1

7 x 4 + 3x3 + 2 x
2 x3 + x 2 + 1

e) y = [(2x 1)3] (x + 6)5 + (2x 1)3[(x + 6)5]

= 6(2x 1)2(x + 6)5 + (2x 1)3 (x + 6)4 = (2x 1)2(x + 6)5(8x + 35)

f)

4(2 x 1) x + 2 (2 x 1) 2

[(2 x 1) ]' x + 2 (2 x 1) .[ x + 2]'

=
x+2
8(2 x 1)( x + 2) (2 x 1) 2 (2 x 1)(6 x + 17)
=
=
2( x + 2) x + 2)
2( x + 2) x + 2
2

y'=

V du 3 : Cho ham so : y =

1
2 x+2

x+2

ad bc
ax + b
. Chng minh rang : y ' =
.
(cx + d ) 2
cx + d

Ap dung cong thc nay , tnh ao ham cua cac ham so sau :

3x 2
a) y =
2x + 1
Giai :
Ta co : y ' =

3 x
b) y =
2+ x

x
c) y =

1 x

d) y =

b) a = -1 ; b = 3 ; c = 1 ; d = 2 y ' =

( 2 x + 1)

( x + 2)

x
1
: a = 1 ; b = 0 ; c = 1 ; d = 1 u'=
2
x 1
( x 1)
2

1
3 x 2
x
.
=

2
( x 1) 4
x 1 ( x 1)

Va y = u3 => y = 3u2u = 3.

10
5
: a = 0 ; b = 5 ; c = 2 ; d = 3 u'=
(2 x + 3) 2
2x + 3
10
u'
5
(2 x + 3) 2
=
u => y ' =
= 2 u
5
(2 x + 3) 2 x + 3
2
2x + 3

d) at u =

Va y =

5
2x + 3

( ax + b ) ' ( cx + d ) ( ax + b )( cx + d ) ' = a ( cx + d ) ( ax + b ) .c = ad bc
2
2
2
( cx + d )
( cx + d )
( cx + d )

a) a = 3 ; b = -2 ; c = 2 ; d = 1 y ' =

c) at u =

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10

Chng 5 : ao ham
Dang toan 2 : Mot so bai toan co lien quan en ao ham .
V du 1 : Cho ham so : y = x3 + 3x2 +10x 3 , do th la ( C ) . Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi ( C ) biet
tiep tuyen co he so goc nho nhat .
Giai :
He so goc cua tiep tuyen vi ( C ) tai tiep iem co hoanh o x la :
y = 3x2 + 6x +10 = 3 ( x + 1)2 +7 7 ; dau = xay ra khi x = - 1 .
Vay trong tat ca cac tiep tuyen vi ( C ) , tiep tuyen co he so goc bang 7 la tiep tuyen co he so goc nho
nhat ng vi x 0 = - 1 => f(x9) = f(- 1) = - 11.
Phng trnh tiep tuyen la : y = 7 ( x + 1 ) 11 hay : y = 7x 4 .
3

V du 2* : f(x) la mot a thc thoa he thc : f(x).f(x) = f(x) + f(x) +2x + 2x 1 (1)
a) a thc f(x) co bac bang bao nhieu ?
b) Xac nh a thc f(x) .
Giai :
a) (1) thanh : f(x).f(x) f(x) f(x) + 1 = 2x3 + 2x2 hay :
( f(x) 1 ) ( f(x) 1 ) = 2x3 + 2x2 . Goi n la bac cua a thc f(x) th bac cua ( f(x) - 1 )
cung la n ; bac cua ( f(x) 1 ) la n 1 . Vay bac cua a thc ve trai n + n 1 . Do o : 2n 1 = 3 ( bac
cua a thc ve phai ) . Suy ra n = 2 .
Tom lai , a thc f(x) co bac bang 2 .
b) Nh the f(x) co dang : f(x) = ax2 + bx +c . Suy ra : f(x) = 2ax + b . (1) thanh :
( ax2 + bx + c 1) ( 2ax + b 1 ) = 2x3 + 2x2 hay
2a2x3 + ( 3ab a )x2 + ( 2ac 2a + b2 b )x + ( b 1 ) ( c 1 ) = 2x3 + 2x2 . Do o :

Vay : f(x) = x2 + x + 1 .

2a 2 = 2
a = 1

3ab a = 2

b = 1

2
2ac 2a + b b = 0
c = 1

(b 1)(c 1) = 0

V du 3 : f(x) la mot a thc co bac ln hn hay bang 2 . Chng minh rang ieu kien can va u e f(x)
chia het cho ( xa )2 la : f(a) = f(a) = 0 .
Ap dung : Chng minh rang a thc f(x) sau chia het cho ( x a )2 .
f(x) = nxn+1 ( n + 1) axn +an+1 .
Giai :
ieu kien can : f(x) chia het cho ( x a )2 nen : f(x) = ( x a )2 .g(x) . Suy ra :
f(x) = 2( x a ) g(x) + ( x a )2. g(x) . Do o : f(a) = f(a) = 0 .
ieu kien u : Chia f(x) cho ( x a )2 , ta co : f(x) = ( x a )2. g(x) + Ax + B . Suy ra :
f(x) = 2( x a ) .g(x) + ( x a )2 . g(x) + A .

Aa + B = 0
A = 0
f (a) = f '(a ) = 0

A=0
B = 0

Vay : f(x) = ( x a )2 g(x) hay f(x) chia het cho ( x a )2 .

Ap dung :
f(a) = nan+1 ( n + 1 ) a.an + an+1 = nan+1 nan+1 an+1 + an+1 = 0 .
f(x) = n ( n + 1 ) xn n ( n + 1 )a xn-1 ; f(a) = n2an + nan - n2an nan = 0 .
Vay f(x) chia het cho ( x a )2 .
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11

Chng 5 : ao ham
V du 4* : Cho ham so : y =

x 2 2mx + m
( m la tham so khac 0 ) , o th la ( C ) .
x+m

a) Goi A(xA , 0 ) la mot iem chung cua ( C ) va truc Ox .Chng minh rang tiep tuyen vi ( C ) tai A co
he so goc bang k =

2 x A 2m
.
xA + m

b) nh m e ( C ) cat Ox tai 2 iem A , B phan biet va tiep tuyen vi ( C ) tai A va B vuong goc vi
nhau .
Giai :
a) He so goc cua tiep tuyen vi ( C ) tai A bang k = y(xA) . Ma :

(2 x 2m)( x + m) ( x 2 2mx + m)
. Suy ra :
( x + m) 2
(2 x A 2m)( x A + m) 2 x A 2m
=
y '( x A ) =
( x A + m) 2
xA + m
y'=

x A2 2mx A + m
x A2 2mx A + m = 0)
xA + m
2 x A 2m
Vay tiep tuyen vi ( C ) tai A co he so goc bang k =
xA + m
( do y A = 0 =

x 2 2mx + m
= 0 co 2 nghiem phan biet hay
b) ( C ) cat Ox tai 2 iem phan biet A , B khi phng trnh
x+m
phng trnh x2 2mx + m = 0 co 2 nghiem phan biet hay :
' = m 2 m > 0 m < 0 hay m > 1 .

Hai tiep tuyen vi ( C ) tai A , B vuong goc khi :

y '( x A ). y '( xB ) = 1

2 x A 2 m 2 xB 2 m
4 x . x 4 m ( x A + xB ) + 4 m 2
= 1 A B
= 1
.
xA + m
xB + m
x A . xB + m ( x A + xB ) + m 2

4 m 8m 2 + 4 m 2
= 1 m 2 5m = 0 m = 5( do m 0 )
2
2
m + 2m + m

( v xA , xB la nghiem cua phng trnh x2 2mx + m = 0 nen : xA + xB = 2m ;

xA . xB = m ) .
B

T nh ngha ao ham, ta co : lim

x > xo

f ( x) f ( xo )
= f '( xo )
x xo

V du 5 : Tnh cac gii han sau:

(2 x 1)5 243
x > 2
x2

a) lim

( x 3)3 1
x > 4 16(2 x 7)5 x 2

b) lim

Giai: T nh ngha ao ham, ta co the dung ao ham e tnh gii han co dang sau:

lim

x > xo

f ( x) f ( xo )
f ( xo + h) f ( xo )
hay lim
. . . Cac gii han nay eu bang f(xo).
h
>
0
x xo
h

a) Xet ham so f(x) = (2x 1)5 => f(2) = 243 va f(x ) = 10(2x 1)4 => f(2) = 810

(2 x 1)8 243
f ( x) f (2)
= lim
= f '(2) = 810
x > 2
x > 2
x2
x2

Do o: lim

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12

Chng 5 : ao ham

( x 3)3 1
( x 3) 1
x4
= lim
(1)
b) Ta co : lim
x > 4 16(2 x 7)5 x 2
x > 4 16(2 x 7)5 x 2
x4
3

Xet ham so f(x) =

( x 3)

; f(4) = 1 va f ( x) =

3( x 3) 2
2 ( x 3)

=> f '(4) =

3
2

g(x) = 16(2 x 7)5 x 2 ; g (4) = 0 ; g '( x) = 160(2 x 7) 4 2 x => g (4) = 160 8 = 152
V lim

x > 4

( x 3)3 1
f ( x) f (4)
= lim
= 3 / 2 va
x > 4
x4
x4

16(2 x 7)5 x 2
g ( x) g (4)
= lim
= g '(4) = 152
x > 4
x > 4
x4
x4

lim

Vay (1) =

3/ 2
3
=
152 304

C . Bai tap ren luyen .

5.6 . Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi o th ( C ) cua ham so : y = 2x2 + x biet :
a) Tiep iem co tung o bang 3 .
b) Tiep tuyen nay song song vi ng thang y = 9x + 2 .
c) Tiep tuyen nay qua iem A ( 0 , -2 ) .
5.7 . ( C ) la o th cua ham so : y = x3 +2x2 +3x 5 . Chng minh rang ta khong the tm c hai tiep
tuyen vi ( C ) sao cho chung vuong goc vi nhau .
5.8 . Cho ham so : y = x3 3x2 + x , o th la ( C ) . Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi ( C ) biet rang tiep
tuyen nay tao vi Ox mot goc 45o .
5.9 . Cho ham so : y = - x3 +6x2 3x +14 , o th la ( C ) . Trong tat ca cac tiep tuyen vi
phng trnh cua tiep tuyen co he so goc ln nhat .
5.10 . Cho ham so : y =

( C ) , viet

x +1
, o th la ( C ) . A (0 , a) la mot iem tren Oy . Tm ieu kien cua a e t
x3

A ta ve c 2 tiep tuyen vi ( C ) ma 2 tiep iem nam hai ben ng thang x = 3 .

ax 2 + bx + c
. Chng minh rang :
a ' x2 + b ' x + c '
(ab ' ba ') x 2 + 2(ac ' ca ') x + bc ' cb '
y'=
(a ' x 2 + b ' x + c ') 2

5.11 . Cho ham so : y =

a b
a c
b c
= ab ' ba ';
= ac ' ca ';
= bc ' cb '
a' b'
a' c'
b' c'
Xet trng hp ac biet : y =

ax 2 + bx + c
b'x + c'

Ap dung cong thc tren , tnh ao ham cua cac ham so sau :

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13

Chng 5 : ao ham

a) y =

x +1
x2 + 2

b) y =

x2 + 3x + 2
d) y =

x +1

2 x2 x + 3
x2 x + 2

c) y =

x2 + 1
3x + 5

e) y =

5.12 . Tnh ao ham cua cac ham so sau

a) y = x 4 2 x 2 + 5
d)y =

b) y = x 2 3 x + 2

2 x 2 3x + 2
2x +1

2 x2 3x + 1
2x 5

x
x +1

e) y =

2x 7
3 x
x
f )y =
x +1

c) y =

5.13 . Tnh ao ham cua cac ham so sau :

a ) y = ( x 3 + 2 x 2 + 3)

c) y = ( x + 1) x 2 + 1
e) y =

b) y = x 6 x
d ) y = x + x2 x + 1

x2 + x + 1
2x + 1

f )y =

2x + 1
x2 + x + 3

5. 14. Tnh gii han cac ham so sau:

( x 2 x + 2)3 8
x > 0
x

a) lim
d ) lim

x > 2

( x 2 x) 4 16
( x 1)5 1

b) lim
x >1

( x 2 2 x + 2) 4 1
x2 x

x 2 3x + 2
x >1 ( x 2 2 x + 3) 4 16

c) lim

16( x 3)( x 1) 4
x > 3 16( x 2) 3 ( x 1) 4

e) lim

5.15. Rut gon cac biu thc sau: A = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4 x 3 . . . + (n + 1)xn.

Va B = 1 + x + 2x2 + 3x2 + . . . + nxn

5.16. Tnh ao ham cua ham so y = (1 + x)n bang 2 cach , suy ra gia tr cua bieu thc:
Cn1 + 2Cn2 + 3Cn3 + .... + kCnk + .... + n.Cnn
D . Hng dan . ap so .
5.6 . a) 2 tiep tuyen : y = 5x 2 ; y = -6x + 6 .
b) 1 tiep tuyen : y = 9x 8 .
c) 2 tiep tuyen : y = 5x 2 ; y = -3x 2 .
5.7 . y = 3x2 +4x + 3 > 0 vi moi gia tr cua x nen khong the co x1 , x2 thoa : y(x1).y(x2) = - 1 . Vay
khong the co hai tiep tuyen vi ( C ) sao cho chung vuong goc vi nhau .
5.8 . y = 3x2 6x + 1 . Tiep tuyen tao vi truc Ox mot goc 45o la cac tiep tuyen song song vi ng
thang y = x hay y = - x . Tiep iem co hoanh o la nghiem cua cac phng trnh 3x2 6x + 1 = 1 ; 3x2
6x + 1 = -1 . Giai cac phng trnh nay ta tm c 4 tiep tuyen .
5.9 . y = - 3x2 +12x 3 = - 3 ( x2 4x + 4 ) + 9 . Ga tr ln nhat cua y la 9 at c khi
trnh tiep tuyen vi ( C ) co he so goc ln nhat la :
y = 9x + 2 .
5.10 . Phng trnh tiep tuyen vi ( C ) tai ( x0 , yo ) thuoc ( C ) la :
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x = 2 . Phng

14

Chng 5 : ao ham

(t ): y

x0 + 1
4
( x x0 )
=
x0 3 ( x0 3) 2

A(0, a) (t ) a

x0 + 1
4
(0 x0 )
=
x0 3 ( x0 3) 2

(a 1) x02 2(3a + 1) x0 + 9a + 3 = 0 (1)

Co 2 tiep tuyen qua A ma 2 tiep iem nam hai ben ng thang x = 3 khi phng trnh ( 1 ) co 2 nghiem
Vay a < 1
thoa : x01 < 3 < x02 hay : ( a 1 )f(3 ) < 0 - 12( a 1 ) < 0 .

5.11. y ' =
=

( 2ax + b ) ( a ' x 2 + b ' x + c ') ( ax 2 + bx + c ) ( 2a ' x + b ')

(a ' x

+ b ' x + c ')

( ab ' ba ') x 2 + 2 ( ac ' ca ') x + bc ' cb '

(a ' x

+ b ' x + c ')

'

ax 2 + bx + c ab ' x 2 + 2ac ' x + bc ' b ' c

Vi a = 0 , ta c :
(cong thc can nh)
=
(b ' x + c ') 2
b'x + c'
Ap dung :

a)ab ' ba ' = 0.0 1.1 = 1; ac ' ca ' = 0.2 1.1 = 1; bc ' cb ' = 1.2 1.0 = 2
x2 2 x + 2
( x 2 + 2) 2
b)ab ' ba ' = 2.(1) (1)1 = 1; ac ' ca ' = 2.2 3.1 = 1; bc ' cb ' = (1).2 (1).3 = 1
y' =

y' =

x2 + 2 x + 1
( x 2 x + 2) 2

c) y ' =

4 x 2 20 x + 13
(2 x 5) 2
'

x 2 + 3x + 2 x 2 + 3x + 2
x 2 + 3x + 2 x 2 2 x + 1
d ) y ' = 2.
2.
=

.
2
x +1
x +1
x +1

( x + 1)
2( x 2 + 3 x + 2)( x 2 2 x + 1)
=
( x + 1)3
'

x 2 + 1) 3x 2 + 10 x 3

3x + 5
3x 2 + 10 x 3
(3 x + 5) 2
d) y =
=
=
2 ( x 2 + 1)(3x + 5)3
x2 + 1
x2 + 1
2
2
3x + 5
3x + 5

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15

Chng 5 : ao ham

5.12.a ) y ' = 4 x3 4 x + 1
d)y ' =

4 x2 + 4x 7

( 2 x + 1)

e) y ' =

5.13.a) y ' = 6 ( 3 x 2 + 4 x )( x3 + 2 x 2 + 3)
c) y ' =
e) y ' =

2x2 + x + 1
3
2 ( 2 x + 1)

(x

+ 1)

b) y ' =

f )y' =

x2 + x + 1

2 x

1 x2

d)y ' =

x2 + 1
2

b) y ' = 2 x

c) y ' =

(3 x )

f )y' =
2 x

x +1

12 3x
2 6 x
2 x2 x + 1 + 2 x 1

4 x2 x + 1 + x x2 x + 1
11

2 ( x 2 + x + 3) x 2 + x + 3

5. 14 . Dung nh ngh a ao ham.

5.15. Ta co : y = n(1 + x)n 1 (1)
Mat khac, dung khai trien nh thc Newton : y = Cn0 + Cn1 x1 + Cn2 x 2 + .... + Cnk x k + .... + Cnn x n
=> y = Cn1 + Cn2 .2 x + .... + Cnk .kx k 1 + .... + Cnn .nx n 1 (2)
Cho x = 1 vao (1) va (2), ta c : Cn1 + 2Cn2 + 3Cn3 + .... + kCnk + .... + n.Cnn = n.2n -1
5.16. Xet ham so y = x + x2 + x3 + . . . + xn + 1 = x
so nhan). Lay ao ham hai ve, ta c :

x n +1 1 x n +1 x
=
(1) (tong n + 1 so hang cua mot cap
x 1
x 1

[(n + 1) x n 1]( x 1) ( x n +1 x).1

1 + 2x + 3x + . . . + (n + 1)x =
(2)
( x 1) 2
2

A=

nx n +1 (n + 1) x n + 1
( x 1) 2

Lay (2) tr (1): 1 + x + 2 x2 + n xn + (n + 1)xn+1 =

B=

nx n +1 (n + 1) x n + 1 x n +1 x

( x 1) 2
( x 1)

nx n +1 (n + 1) x n + 1 x n +1 x

- (n + 1)xn + 1 =
( x 1) 2
( x 1)

(n + 1) x n +3 + (2n + 1) x n + 2 (n + 1) x n + x 2 x + 1
( x 1)2

3. ao ham cua cac ham so lng giac

A.Tom tat giao khoa

sin x
x 0
x

1.Gii han lim

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16

Chng 5 : ao ham
nh l 1 : Ta co

sin x
=1
x 0
x

lim

(vi x tnh bang rad)

2. ao ham cua cac ham so lng giac

a) ao ham cua ham so y = sinx
nh l 2 : Vi moi x R , ta co (sinx) = cosx
He qua 1 : Neu ham so u = u(x) co ao ham tren J th : (sinu) = (cosu).u
b) ao ham cua ham so y = cosx
nh l 3 : Vi moi x R , ta co (cosx) = - sinx
Hequa 2 : Neu ham so u = u(x) co ao ham tren J th : (cosu) = (- sinu).u
c) ao ham cua ham so y = tanx
nh l 4 : Vi moi x

+ k ( k Z) , ta co (tanx) =

1
=1 + tan2x
2
cos x

He qua 3 : Neu ham so u = u(x) co ao ham tren J va u(x)

( k Z) tren J th: (tanu) =

+ k

1
.u ' = [1 + tan2u).u
cos 2u

d) ao ham cua ham so y = cotx

1
= - (1 + cot2x)
2
sin x
He qua 4 : Neu ham so u = u(x) co ao ham tren J va u(x) k
1
( k Z) tren J th : (cotu) =
.u ' = - 1 + cot2u). u
2
sin u
nh l 5 : Vi moi x k ( k Z) ,ta co (cotx)=

Bang tom tat can nh :

(sinx) = cosx

(sinu) = cosu. u

(cosx) = - sinx

(cosu) = - sinu. u

(tanx) =

1
=1 + tan2x
2
cos x

(cotx) =

(tanu) =

1
= -{1+cot2x)
2
sin x

1
. u = [1+ tan2u]u
2
cos u

(cotgu) =

1
.u ' = -(1+cot2u)u
2
sin u

B .Giai toan
Dang 1 : Gii han cua ham so lng giac
S dung cac cong thc lng giac e bien oi ham so can tm gii han ve dang lim

u ( x )0

V du : Tm cac gii han sau:

sin 3 x
x
sin x cos x
d) lim

4x
x

a) lim
x 0

1 cos 4 x
1 cos 6 x
c) lim
2
0
x

tan 2 x
x
1 + sin x cos x
e) lim
x 0 1 + sin kx cos kx

b) lim
x0

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sin u ( x)
=1
u ( x)

17

Chng 5 : ao ham
Giai:

sin 3 x
s in3 x
= lim 3
= 3 1 = 3
x 0
x 0
3x
x
1 cos 4 x
2sin 2 2 x
sin 2 x 2
=
lim
= lim8 (
) =8
b) lim
2
2
x 0
x 0
x 0
x
x
2x

a) lim

1 cos 6 x
2sin 2 3x
sin 3 x x
2
=
lim
= lim18
c) lim

cos x = 18 1 1=18
2
2
x 0
x 0 sin x
x 0
x
x
tan x
3
sin

cos 2 x

2 sin( x )
4 = 2

4
4( x )
4
4
4
x
x
x
2sin 2 + 2sin cos
1 + sin x cos x
2
2
2
= lim
e) lim
x 0 1 + sin kx cos kx
x 0
kx
kx
kx
2sin 2 + 2sin cos
2
2
2
x
x
x
x
kx
x
x
sin (sin + cos )
sin
sin + cos
2
2
2 = lim
2 2 (
2
2 ) 1
= lim
x 0
x 0
kx
kx
kx
x
kx
kx
kx
k
sin (sin + cos )
sin
sin + cos
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1 1
= 1 1 1 =
k k

sin x cos x
= lim
d) lim

4x
x
x 0

Dang 2 : Dung nh ngha tnh ao ham cua ham so lng giac

V du 1 : Dung ngh ngha tnh ao ham cua ham so y = xsinx
Giai
Vi x0 R ta co : y = (x0 + x)sin(x0 + x) x0sinx0
= x0[sin (x0 + x) sinx0] + xsin (x0 + x)

x
x
)sin
] + xsin (x0 + x)
2
2
x
sin
y
x
2 + sin( x + x)
= lim x0 cos( x0 + )
Tm gii han lim
0
x 0 x
x 0
x
2
2
= x0 [2cos(x0 +

= x0cosx0 + sinx0
Vay y(x0) = sinx0 + x0cosx0
V d 2 : Dung nh ngha tnh ao ham cua ham so
y=f(x)=
Giai
Cho xo=

cos x ; x D =
, ; xo =
3
2 2

mot so gia x sao cho (

+ x) D , ta co :

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18

Chng 5 : ao ham

cos( + x) cos
3
3
y = f ( + x) f ( ) = cos( + x) cos =
3
3
3
3

cos + x + cos
3
3

x
x
2sin +
sin
2
3 2
=

cos + x + cos
3
3

y
va tnh gii han cua t so nay , ta co :
x
x
x

x
sin
2sin +
sin( + x)
sin

y
2
3 2
3
2
lim
.
= lim
= lim
x 0 x
x 0

0
x

cos( + x) + cos
x cos( + x) + cos
2
3
3
3
3

Lap t so

3
sin x
6

3 = 2 =
; lim 2 = 1)
=
x 0
x
4
1

2 cos
2
2
3
2
6
Vay f =
4
3
sin

Dang 3 : Dung cong thc tnh ao ham cua ham so lng giac
V du 1 : Tnh ao ham cua cac ham so sau :
a) y = 3sinx 2cosx
c) y = xcosx

sin x cos x
sin x + cos x
1
e) y =
1 + cot x

b) y =
d) y =

tan x

Giai
a) Ta co y = 3cosx + 2sinx
b) Ta co y =

(cos x + sin x)(sin x + cos x) + (sin x cos x)(sin x cos x)

(sin x + cos x) 2

(sin x + cos x) 2 + (sin x cos x) 2

2
=
=
2
(sin x + cos x)
(sin x + cos x) 2
c) y = 1cosx xsinx

(tan x) '
1
=
2
2 tan x 2 cos x tan x
(1 + cotx) '
1
=
e) y =
2
2
(1 + cot x)
sin x(1 + cot x) 2
d) y =

V du 2 : Tnh ao ham cua cac ham so :

a) y = sin 1 + x 2

b) y = cos32x

c) y = tan2x cot(x2 + 1) d) y = sin2xcos4x

Giai
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19

Chng 5 : ao ham
a) y = ( x 2 + 1)' cos x 2 + 1 =
2

x
x +1
2

cos( x 2 + 1)

b) y = (3cos 2x).(cos2x)= - 6sin2xcos22x = -3sin4x.cos2x

2
2x
+ 2 2
2
cos 2 x sin ( x + 1)
1
d) y = (sin 6 x sin 2 x) y = 3cos6x cos2x
2
1 cos 2 x + sin 2 x
V du 3 : Tnh ao ham cua ham so y =
.cot x .
1 + cos 2 x + sin 2 x
c) y =

Giai thch ket qua

Giai

(2sin 2 x + 2 cos 2 x)(1 + cos 2 x + sin 2 x) (2sin 2 x + 2 cos 2 x)(1 cos 2 x + sin 2 x)
.cot x
(1 + cos 2 x + sin 2 x) 2
1 1 cos 2 x + sin 2 x
.
sin 2 x 1 + cos 2 x + sin 2 x
4sin 2 x + 4 cos 2 2 x + 4sin 2 2 x cos x
1 cos 2 x + sin 2 x
.
2
y =
2
(1 + cos 2 x + sin 2 x)
sin x sin x(1 + cos 2 x + sin 2 x)
4(sin 2 x + 1) cos x sin x (1 + cos 2 x + sin 2 x)(1 cos 2 x + sin 2 x)
=
sin 2 x(1 + cos 2 x + sin 2 x) 2
Ta co y =

2sin 2 x(sin 2 x + 1) (1 + 2sin 2 x + sin 2 2 x) + cos 2 2 x

=
sin 2 x(1 + cos 2 x + sin 2 x) 2
=

sin 2 2 x + cos 2 2 x 1
=0
sin 2 x(1 + cos 2 x + sin 2 x) 2

Giai thch ket qua :

2sin 2 x + 2sin x cos x cos x 2sin x(sin x + cos x) cos x

.
=
Ta co y =
=1
2 cos 2 x + 2sin x cos x sin x 2 cos x(cos x + sin x)sin x
Vay y = 0
C.Bai tap ren luyen
5.17 Tm gii han sau :

1 cos 2 2 x
a) lim
x 0
x sin x
cos 2 x
d) lim

x 4 x
4

1 cos x
tan x sin x
c) lim
2
0
x

tan x
x3
1 cos x cos 2 x

e) lim
f) lim( x sin )
2
x 0
x
x
x

b) lim
x0

5.18 Dung nh ngha tnh ao ham cua ham so y = cos2x

5.19 Tnh ao ham cua cac ham so
a) y = xcosx sinx
b) y = cos3x
d) y = x + cotx -

1 3
tg x
3

e) y =

1 cos x

c) y = sin3x.cos2x
f) y =

1 cos x
1 + cos x

5.20 Tnh ao ham cac ham so :

a) y = sin2x + cos 3x
d) y =

1 + tan 4x

b) y = sin33x

c) y = cos4 (2x -

e) y = (1 sinx)(1 + tan2 x)

f) y = cos2 x( 1 + sin2x)

5.21 Tnh ao ham cac ham so sau va giai thch ket qua
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20

Chng 5 : ao ham
a) y = sin6 x + cos6 x + 3sin2 x cos2 x

b) y =

sin 6 x + cos6 x 1
sin 4 x + cos 4 x 1

5.22 Cho y = cos2x - 2 3 cosx .Gi phng trnh y = 0

5.23 Cho ham so y= 4sinx + 3cosx + mx .nh m e e phng trnh y = 0 co nghiem
D.Hng dan giai

1 cos 2 2 x
sin 2 2 x
sin 2 x 2
x
4= 4
5.17 a) lim
)
= lim
= lim(
0
0
x 0
x

x sin x
x sin x
2x
sin x
x
2sin 2 cos 2 x
1 cos x
1 cos x
2
= lim
= lim
=
b) lim
x0
x 0 (1 + cos x ) tan 2 x
x 0 (1 + cos x ) sin 2 x
tan 2 x
x
sin
2
2 ) 2 ( x ) 2 1 cos x = 1
= lim(
x 0
x
sin x
2 (1 + cos x ) 4
2
x
sin
sin x(1 cos x)
sin x
1
1
tan x sin x
1
) ( 2 )2
= lim(
= lim
=
c) lim
3
3
x0
x 0
x 0
x
x cos x
x
4 cos x 4
x
2

sin( 2 x)
sin 2( x )
cos 2 x
2
4 =1
= lim
= lim
d) lim

4x

2
x 0
x 0
x
4( x )
4( x )
4
4
4
4
4
1 cos x cos 2 x lim 1 cos x + cos x2 (1 cos 2 x ) =
e) lim
= x 0
x
x 0
x2
1 cos x
cos x (1 cos 2 x )
+ lim 2
2
x 0
x 0 x (1 + cos 2 x )
x
x
sin
sin x 2 3
1
cos x
2 )2 + lim
) =
2(
= lim (
x 0 2
x 0 (1 + cos 2 x )
x
x
2
2
= lim

x1 = 1
f) lim( x sin ) = lim

x
0
x
x

5.18

sin

y
cos 2( x + x) cos 2 x
2 sin(2 x + x) sin x
= lim
= lim
x 0 x
x 0
x 0
x
x

Ta co lim

= -2sin2x
Vay y = -2sin2x
5.19 a) y = 1.cosx xsinx cosx = - xsinx
b) y = - 3cos2 x.sinx
c) y = 3sin2 x.cos3 x 2cosx.sin4 x = sin 2 xcosx( 3cos2 x 2 sin2 x)
d) y = 1 -

1
1
- tan2 x .
= 1 (1 + cot2 x) tan2 x( 1 + tan2 x)
2
2
sin x
cos x
= - ( cot2x + tan2x + tan4x )

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21

Chng 5 : ao ham

sin x
2 1 cos x
sin x(1 + cos x) + sin x(1 cos x)
2sin x
=
f) y =
2
(1 + cos x)
(1 + cos x) 2
e) y =

5.20 a) y = 2cos2x 3sin3x

b) y = 9sin23x.cos3x
c) y = - 4cos3(2x d) y =

3
(1 + tan 4 x) '

2 1 + tan 4 x

).2sin(2x -

3
2

) = - 4sin(4x -

).cos2(2x - )
3
3

cos 2 4 x 1 + tan 4 x

e) y = - cosx(1 + tan2x) + (1 sinx) 2tanx(1 + tan2x)

= (1 + tan2x)( - cosx + 2tanx 2sinxtanx) =

cos 2 x + 2sin x 2sin 2 x 2sin x 1

=
cos3 x
cos3 x

1 sin x
cos 2 x
cos x(cos 2 x) 2 cos x( sin x)(1 sin x)
Do o y =
cos 4 x
cos 2 x + 2sin x 2sin 2 x 2sin x 1
=
=
cos3 x
cos3 x

Cach khac ta co : y =

f) y = -2 cosxsinx(1 + sin2x) + cos2x.2cos2x

= 2cosx(sinxsin2x sinx cosxcos2x) = -2cosx(cos3x + sinx)
5.21. a) Ta co y = 6sin5xcosx 6cos5xsinx + 3 (2sinxcos3x 2cosxsin3x)
= 6sinxcosx(sin4x cos4x + cos2x sin2x)
= 6sinxcosx[(sin2x + cos2x)(sin2x cos2x) + cos2x sin2x)]= 0
Giai thch ta co a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 3ab(a+b)
Vi a = sin2x va b = cos2x th a + b = 1
Vay y = a3 + b3 + 3ab = [(a + b)3 3ab] + 3ab = 1 Suy ra y = 0
b) (sin6x + cos6x 1) = 6sin5xcosx 6cos5x sinx = 6sinxcosx(sin4x cos4x)
= 6sinxcosx[(sin2x + cos2x)(sin2x - cos2x)]
= -3sin2x.cos2x =

3
sin4x
2

(sin4x + cos4x -1) = 4sin3xcosx 4cos3xsinx = 4sinxcosx(sin2x cos2x)

= - 2sin2xcos2x = -sin4x
Do o y =

3 / 2(sin 4 x)(sin 4 x + cos 4 x 1) + sin 4 x(sin 6 x + cos 6 x 1)

(sin 4 x + cos 4 x 1) 2

sin 4 x[3(sin 4 x + cos 4 x 1) + 2(sin 6 x + cos 6 x 1)]

=
(sin 4 x + cos 4 x 1) 2
=

sin 4 x(6sin 2 x cos 2 x 6sin 2 x cos 2 x)

=0
(sin 4 x + cos 4 x 1) 2

Giai thch : at a = sin 2 x va b = cos2 x ta co a + b = 1

sin6x + cos6x 1 = [(a + b)3 3ab 1] = -3ab
sin4x + cos4x 1 = [(a + b)2 2ab 1] = -2ab
Vay y= 3/2 Suy ra y = 0
5.22. y= -2sin2x + 2 3 sinx = -2( 2sinxcosx - 3 sinx)
= -2sinx(2cosx -

3)
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22

Chng 5 : ao ham

sin x = 0
x = k

Do o y = 0

cos x = 3
x = + k 2
6

5.23 y = 4cosx 3sin x + m

Do o y = 0 3sinx 4cosx = m
Phng trnh co nghiem khi m2 9 + 16 = 25 -5 m 5

4. Vi phan
A.Tom tat giao khoa
1. Khai niem vi phan
Cho ham so y = f(x) co ao ham tai iem x va x la so gia cua bien so tai x.
Tch f (x). x, k hieu la df(x),c goi la vi phan cua ham so y = f(x) tai iem x ng vi so gia x a
cho. Vay df(x) = f(x) x
* Neu lay f(x) = x th df(x) = dx = (x). x= x
Vay df(x) = f(x) dx hay dy = ydx
2. ng dung vi phan vao phep tnh gan ung
Neu x kha nho va th f(x0) = lim

x 0

f(x0 + x) f(x0) f(x0) x

Vay f(x0 + x) f(x0) + f(x0) x

y
y

f '( x0 ) y f '( x0 )x
x
x

ay la cong thc tnh gan ung

B.Giai toan
Dang 1 : Tnh vi phan

V du 1 : Tnh vi phan cua ham so f(x) = sinx tai iem x =

Giai
Ta co f(x) = cosx
Do o df(

) = f(

) x = cos

ng vi x = 0,01

. x = 0,5 0.01 = 0,005

V du 2 : Tnh vi phan cua cac ham so :

b) f(x) = x3 x2 2

a) f(x) = xsinx

c) f(x) = cos2x

Giai
a) df(x) = (sinx + xcosx)dx
b) df(x) = (3x2 2x)dx
c) df(x) = -2cosxsinxdx = - sin2xdx
d) df(x) =

x +1

x 2x 3
2

dx

Dang 2 : Tnh gia tr gan ung

V du : Tnh gia tr gan ung cua sin(300 20)
Giai
Xet ham so y = f(x) = sinx . Neu x tnh bang radian th f(x) = cosx

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d) f(x) =

x2 + 2 x 3

23

Chng 5 : ao ham

Vi x0 =

v 300 =

th ta co f(

540

) f(

Vay sin(300 20) sin(

20

nen lay x =

=
60 180 540
540

va 20 =

) + f(

) + cos(

).

540

= 0,5 +

6
6
540
0,5 + 0,8660 0,0058 0,5050

C. Bai tap ren luyen

5.21 Tnh vi phan cua ham so f(x) =

3
.
2 540

x tai iem x = 1 ng vi x = 0,01

5.22 Tnh vi phan cua ham so f(x) = cos2x tai iem x =

ng vi x = 0.001
3
3

5.23 Tnh vi phan cua cac ham so :

a) y = cos2 x

b) y = 2tan3x 3 cot2x

5.24 Tnh gia tr gan ung cua :

a) 3 27, 24
b) sin310

c) y =

x2 + 1

c) cos60030

D. Hng dan giai

1

5.21 Ta co f(x) = x 3 do o f(x) =

1
3

x = 0, 01 = 0.0033

Vay df(1) = f(1)

5.22 f(x) = -2sin2x

Vay df(

) = f(

1 32
1
x =
3
3 3 x2

. 0,001 = -2sin .0,001 = 0,0017

3
3

x = -2sin

).

5.23 a) df(x) = -2cosxsinx.dx = -sin2x.dx

b) df(x) = (
c) df(x) =

6
6
2 ).dx
2
cos 3 x sin 2 x
x

x2 + 1

.dx

d) df(x) = (cos2x 2xcosxsinx)dx = (cos2x xsin2x)dx

5.24 a) Xet ham so f(x) =
Vi x0 = 27 va
Vay

x th ta co f(x) =

x = 0,24 th f(27,24)

27, 24 =

27 +

1 32
1
x =
3
3
3 x2

f(27) + f(27).0,24

.0,24 3 + 0,0088 3,0088

3 27 2

b) Xet ham so f(x) = sinx ta co f(x) = cosx vi x tnh bang radian

Vi x0 = 300 =

x = 10 =

va

Vay sin310 sin (

) + cos(

).

180

0,5 + 0,8660 0,0174 =0,5150

6 180

b) Xet ham so f(x) = cosx ta co f(x) = -sinx vi x tnh bang radian

Vi x0 = 600 =

va

x = 30 =

Vay cos60030 cos(

) sin(

360
).

360

0,5 0,8660 0,0087

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d) y = xcos2x

24

Chng 5 : ao ham

0,5 0,0075 = 0,4925

5. ao ham cap cao

A.Tom tat giao khoa
1.nh ngha
Cho ham so y = f(x) co ao ham f(x). Neu ham so f(x) co ao ham th ao ham cua no goi la ao ham
cap hai cua ham so f(x), k hieu f (x) hay f(n+2)(x).
Tong quat : ao ham cap n ( n N , n 2 ) cua ham so y = f(x) ,k hieu la f(n)(x) hay y(n) , la ao ham cua
ao ham cap (n 1) cua ham so f(x).
Vay f(n) (x) = [f(n-1) x]
2. Y ngha c hoc cua ao ham cap hai
Xet mot chat iem chuyen ong co phng trnh s = s(t)
Ta biet van toc tai thi iem t0 cua chat iem o la v(t0) = s(t0)
Gia toc tc thi tai thi iem t0 cua chat iem la gii han hu han

v
= v(t0)
t 0 t

(t0 ) = lim

Vay y ngha c hoc cua ao ham cap 2 la :

Gia toc tc thi tai thi iem t0 cua mot chat iem chuyen ong co phng trnh s = s(t) la (t0) = s(t0)
B. Giai toan
V du 1 : Tnh ao ham cap hai cua cac ham so :
b) y = tanx
a) y = x3 3x2 + 2x - 1

c) y = sin2 x

d) y =

c) f(x) =

1
, f(3) (x)
x +1

Giai
a) y = 3x2 6x + 2 va y = 6x 6
b) y = 1 + tan2x va y = 2tanx(1 + tan2x)
c) y = 2sinxcosx = sin2x va y = 2cos2x

1 21
1 23
1
1
=
d) y = x va y = x =
3
2
2
4
4x x
4 x
V du 2 : Tnh ao ham en cap a ch ra cua cac ham so sau :
a) f(x) = x4 2x3 + 3x2 5 , f(5)(x)

b) f(x) = sin2x , f(4)(x)

Giai
a) f(x) = 4x3 6x2 + 6x
f(x) = 12x2 12x + 6
f(3)(x) = 24x 12
f(4)(x) = 24
f(5)(x) = 0
b) f(x) = 2sinxcosx = sin2x
f(x) = 2cos2x f(3)(x) = - 4sin2x
c) f(x) =

1
( x + 1) 2

f(x) =

f(4)(x) = -8 cos2x

2
( x + 1)3

f(3) =

6
( x + 1) 4

V du 3 : Tnh ao ham cap n cua cac ham so

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25

Chng 5 : ao ham
a) f(x) =

1
x 1

b) f(x) = sin2x

Giai

1
( x 1) 2
(1)(2)
1.2
=
f(x) =
3
( x 1)
( x 1)3

a) Ta co f(x) =

D oan f(n) =

(1)n .n !
. Ta chng minh cong thc nay bang qui nap
( x 1)n +1

n = 1 cong thc ung

Gia s cong thc ung khi n = k ngha la f(k)(x) =

Do o f(k+1)(x) =[

(1)k k !
( x 1)k +1

(1)k k !
(1) k (1).k !.(k + 1) (1) k +1.(k + 1)!
]
=
=
( x 1)k +1
( x 1)k + 2
( x 1) k + 2

Vay cong thc ung khi n = k + 1

Suy ra theo qui nap cong thc ung vi moi n N
b) f(x) = 2cos2x = 2sin(2x +

f(x) = -4sin2x = 22 sin(2x + 2

D oan f(n)(x) = 2n sin(2x + n

). Ta chng minh cong thc nay ung bang qui nap

n = 1 cong thc ung

Gia s cong thc ung khi n = k ngha la f(k) (x) = 2k sin(2x + k

Do o f(k+1) (x) = [2k sin(2x + k

)] = 2k+1cos(2x +k

= 2k+1 sin[2x + (k+1)

Vay cong thc ung khi n = k + 1

Suy ra cong thc ung vi moi n N
V du 4 : Cho ham so y =
Giai
Ta co y =

1 2x
2 x x2

2 x x
2

1
va y =
2

x x 2 .Tm he thc gia y va y

(1 2 x) 2

2
2
2 x x 2 = 4( x x ) (1 2 x)
x x2
4( x x 2 ) x x 2

hay 4 y.y3 = -4x +4x2 -1 +4x 4x2 .

Vay yy3 + 1 = 0
C.Bai tap ren luyen
5.25 Tnh ao ham cap hai cua cac ham so sau :
a) y = sin2xsin3x
b) y = x4 +

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26

Chng 5 : ao ham
c) y =

x
x 1

d) y = tan2 x

5.26 Tnh ao ham cap ba cua cac ham so sau :

a) y =

b) y = sin3x

x2

5.27 Tnh ao ham cap n cua cac ham so sau :

a) y =

4
x2

b) y = cos2x

5.28 Tnh ao ham cap n cua ham so y =

5.29 Cho ham so y =

1
1
. Suy ra ao ham cap n cua ham so : y = 2
x+a
x + x2

1 x 2 . Tm he thc gia y va y

5.30 Cho ham so y = 2sin( t + ) + 3cos( t + ) .Chng minh rang: y + y = 0

D. Hng dan giai
5.25 a) y =

1
1
(cosx cos5x) y = ( -sinx + 5sin5x)
2
2

1
( -cosx + 25cos5x)
2
1
1
b) y = 4x3 +
y = 12x2 2 x
4x x
1
2
y =
c) y =
( x 1) 2
( x 1)3
d) y = 2tanx(1+tan2x) = 2tanx + 2tan3x y = 2(1 + tan2x) + 6tan2x(1+tan2x)

y =

y = 2(1+ tan2x)(1+3tan2x)

2 31
2 34
x y =
x
3
9
8 37
8
x =
y =
27
27 3 x 7
b) y = 3sin2x.cosx y = 3(2sinxcos2x sin3x)
y = 3( 2cos3x 4sin2xcosx 3sin2x.cosx) = 3cosx (2cos2x 7sin2x)
2

5.26. a) y = x 3 y =

5.27. a) Ta co y = 4x-2 y = -8x-3 =4(-1)1.2!.x-1-2

D oan cong thc y(n) = 4(-1)n(n+1)!.x-n-2 va chng minh bang qui nap
Gia s cong thc ung khi n = k ngha la ta co y(k) = 4(-1)k.(k+1)!x-k-2
Do o y(k+1) =[4(-1)k.(k+1)!x-k-2] = 4(-1)k+1(k+2)!x-k-3 ung khi n = k + 1
Vay theo qui nap cong thc ung vi moi n N
b) Tng t nh v du 3b ta co y = 2ncos(2x + k

1
y(n)(x) =
x+a
1
1 1
1
= (

=
Ta co y = 2
x + x 2 ( x 1)( x + 2) 3 x 1
5.28 Theo v du 3a ta co : y =

Vay y(n)(x) =

(1)n .n !
( x + a)n +1
1
)
x+2

(1) n n !
1
1
[

]
n +1
3
( x 1)
( x + 2) n +1

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27

Chng 5 : ao ham

5.29 y =

1 x2

y =

x
1 x2

x2

1 1 x 2 +
y =

1 x2

1 x2 =

1+ x2 x2
(1 x 2 ) 1 x 2

Vay yy3 + 1 = 0
5.30. Cho ham so y = 2sin( t + ) + 3cos( t + )
y = 2 cos( t + ) - 3 sin( t + )
y = -2 2sin( t + ) 3 2cos( t + ) = - 2 y
Vay y + 2 y = 0

TRAC NGHIEM CUOI CHNG .

A . Cau hoi .
1 . Cho ham so y = x3+ 2x . So gia y cua ham so tai xo= 1 tnh theo so gia x cua bien bang bieu thc
nao di ay ?

a ) ( x ) + 3 ( x ) + 5x
3

b) ( x ) + 5x
3

c) ( x ) + 3 ( x ) + 2x
d ) ( x ) + 5 ( x ) + 2x
x
y
. T so
tai xo= 1 bang bieu thc nao di ay ?
2 . Cho ham so y =
x
x +1
1
1
1
1
a)
b)
c)
d)
2
2
2 (1 + x )
2 ( 2 + x )
2 (1 + x )
(1 + x )
3

3 . Cho ham so y = x3+ x2 , o th la ( C ) . (t) la tiep tuyen vi ( C ) co hoanh o tiep iem la mot so
dng va (t) song song vi ng thang y = 5x . Phng trnh cua tiep tuyen (t) la :
a) y = 5x 1
b) y = 5x 2
c) y = 5x 3
d) y = 5x + 1
4 . Cho ham so y = x2 , o th la ( C ) va iem A ( 2 , 3 ) . Neu (t) la tiep tuyen vi ( C ) , (t) qua A va
phng trnh cua (t) co dang y = ax 1 th tiep iem cua tiep tuyen nay co hoanh o bang :
a) 1
b) 1
c) 2
d) mot ap so khac .
5 . Cho ham so y = x2 + x , o th la ( C ) va y = ax +b ; y = ax + b la phng trnh cua hai tiep tuyen
vi ( C ) co tung o tiep iem eu bang 2 .The th ( a + a) bang :
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) mot ap so khac .
6 . Cho ham so y =
nhieu ?
a) 5

2x +1
. Neu phng trnh y = 3 co hai nghiem th tong hai nghiem nay bang bao
x+2
b) 4

7 . Cho ham so y =
a) 0,75

c) 4

d) mot ap so khac .

x 2 + 2 x + 8 . ao ham cua ham so nay co gia tr bang bao nhieu khi x = 2 ?

b) 1

c) 1,25

d) mot ap so khac .

8
. Bat phng trnh y < 0 co bao nhieu nghiem la so nguyen ?
8 . Cho ham so y = 2 x + 1 +
x+4
a) 4

b) 3

c) 2

d) 1

9 . Cho ham so y = x3 +ax2 + 3x + 2 . Vi gia tr nao cua a th y > 0 vi moi gia tr cua x ?
a) a < -3
b) a > 3
c) 3 < a < 3
d) mot ap so khac .
10 . Cho ham so : y =

x
x2 + 1

( x 0) . He thc nao sau nay ung ?

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28

Chng 5 : ao ham

a) y ' =

1
y

b) y ' =

y
x

y
d)y ' =
x

y
c) y ' = ( ) 2
x

11 . Cho ham so : y = sinx . ao ham bac mi hai y(12) cua ham so nay bang :
a) sinx
b) cosx
c) sinx
d) cosx
12 . Cho ham so y = sin2x . The th ( 4y2 + y2 ) bang bao nhieu ?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) mot ap so khac .

x sin 2 x x3 + 2 x 2
. Khi x 0 , gii han cua E ( neu co ) bang bao nhieu ?
13 . Cho bieu thc : E =
x2
a) 2

b) 3

14 . Cho bieu thc : E =

a) 1

c) 4

d) mot ap so khac .

1 cos 2 x
. Khi x 0 , gii han cua E ( neu co ) bang bao nhieu ?
x2

b) 2

c) 3

d) mot ap so khac .

1
sin x
2 . Khi x , gii han cua E ( neu co ) bang bao nhieu ?
15 . Cho bieu thc : E =

6
x
6
3
1
d) mot ap so khac .
a) 3
b)
c)
2
2
16 . Cho ham so y = cos2x . He thc nao di ay ung ?
a) y + y = 0
b) y + 2y = 0
c)4 y + y = 0

d) y 4y = 0 .

17 . Cho ham so y = - x2 2x + a . Neu o th cua ham so nay nhan ng thang

tiep tuyen th a bang bao nhieu ?
a) 3
b) 4
c) - 5
d) mot ap so khac .

18 .Cho ham so : y = ax 2 + bx + c
bang bao nhieu ?
a) 2

b) 3

10 x 2 7 x + 2
1
th
2 x 1 ( x > ) . Neu y=
2
2x 1
c) 4

(a + b + c )

d) mot ap so khac .

19 . Cho ham so : y = x 2

1
. ao ham cua ham so nay bang
x

a) 3 x 2
x

1
1
b)3( x 2 ) 2 2 x 2
x
x
3 ( x 2 1) ( 2 x3 + 1)
2

1
1

c) 3 2 x + 2 x 2
x
x

d)

x4

20 . Cho ham so y = f(x) co ao ham tai xo= a la f(a) va bieu thc E =

thc nay khi x tien ti a bang :
a) af(a) f(a)
c) a( f(a) f(a) )
B . ap an .
1a
2b
11c
12 d

y = 2x 1 lam

3c
13c

4a
14b

af ( x) xf ( a )
. Gii han cua bieu
xa

b) af(a) f(a)
d) f(a) af(a) .
5d
15b

6b
16 c

7a
17c

8b
18a

C . Hng dan giai.

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9c
19d

10 d
20b .

29

Chng 5 : ao ham
1(a) . y = (1 + x ) + 2 (1 + x ) (13 + 2.1) = ( x ) + 3 ( x ) + 5x .
3

2 (1 + x ) ( 2 + x )
1 + x
1
x
y
1

=
=

=
2 ( 2 + x )
2 ( 2 + x )
x 2 ( 2 + x )
(1 + x ) + 1 1 + 1

2(b) . y =

3(c ) . Goi xo la hoanh o tiep iem , ta co : f(xo) = 5 hay 3xo2 +2xo = 5 hay xo= 1

( v xo> 0 ) .

Phng trnh tiep tuyen phai tm la : y 2 = 5( x 1) hay y = 5x 3 .

4(a) . Tiep tuyen nay qua A( 2 , 3 ) , ta co : 3 = 2a 1 hay a = 2 . Goi xo la hoanh o tiep iem , ta co :
y(xo) = 2 hay 2xo= 2 hay xo= 1 .
5(d) . y = 2 hay x2 + x = 2 hay x = 1 ; x = - 2 . Ma y = 2x + 1 nen phng trnh 2 tiep tuyen la : y 2 =
y(1) ( x 1 ) hay y = 3x 1 ; y 2 = y(-2) (x + 2 ) hay
y 2 = - 3 ( x + 2 ) hay y = -3x 4 .
Vay ( a + a ) = 3 3 = 0 .
6(b) .Ta co : y ' =
7(a) . y ' =

( x + 2)

2x + 2
2 x2 + 2 x + 8

8(b) . y ' = 2

( x + 4)

; y' = 3

; y '(2) =

( x + 2)

= 3 x 2 + 4 x + 3 = 0 . Vay tong hai nghiem bang 4 .

6
= 0, 75 .
8

2 ( x 2 + 8 x + 12 )

( x + 4)

; y ' < 0 x 2 + 8 x + 12 < 0 6 < x < 2 .Vay bat phng

trnh y < 0 co 3 nghiem nguyen la : -5 ; - 4 ; - 3 .

9(c ) . y = 3x2 +2ax +3 ; y > 0 vi moi x khi ' < 0 a 2 9 < 0 3 < a < 3

1. x 2 + 1 x.
10(d) . y ' =

2x

1
1
1
y
2 x2 + 1 =
;( )3 = (
)3 =
2
( x + 1)
x2 + 1
( x 2 + 1) x 2 + 1 x
( x2 + 1) x2 + 1

11(c) . y= cosx ; y= -sinx ; y(3)= - cosx ; y(4) = sinx

y(5) = cosx ; y(6) = -sinx Vay y(12) = sinx .
12(d) . y = 2cos2x ; 4y2 +y2 = 4 .

sin 2 x
sin 2 x
.2 x + 2
x+2=
x
2x
sin 2 x
lim E = 2 lim x 0
0+2 = 2+2 = 4
x 0
2x

13(c). E =

2sin 2 x
sin x
14(b). E =
;lim E = 2 lim
=2
2
x 0
x 0
x
x

f ( x) f ( )
6 ; lim E = f '( ) = cos = 3
15(b). E =

6
6
2
x
x
6
6
(do f ( x) = sin x ; f '( x) = cos x )
16(c) . y= - 2sin2x ; y = - 4cos2x . Do o : 4y + y = 0 .
17(c) . y = - 2x 2 . Goi xo la hoanh o tiep iem cua tiep tuyen (t) phai tm , ta co : y(xo) = 2 hay 2 xoy ( -4 + 4 + a = 2(x + 2 ) hay y = 2x +4 +
2 = 2 hay xo= - 2 . Phng trnh tiep tuyen (t) co dang :
a . Theo gia thiet 4 + a = -1 hay a = -5 .

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30

Chng 5 : ao ham

18(a ). y ' = ( 2ax + b ) 2 x 1 + ( ax 2 + bx + c ) .

5ax 2 + ( 3b 2a ) x + ( c b )
1
=
2x 1
2x 1

5a = 10
a=2

3b 2a = 7 b = 1 a + b + c = 2
c b = 2
c =1

3
3
2
1 3 ( x 1)( 2 x + 1)
2 1
19(d ). y ' = 3 x 2 x + 2 =
x
x
x4

af ( x) af (a ) + af (a ) xf (a )
f ( x) f (a)
= a.
f (a)
xa
xa
f ( x) f (a)
lim E = a.lim
f (a ) = af '(a ) f (a )
xa
xa
xa

20(b). E =

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