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 Tutorial 4Chapter 5 Skin and Integument System
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1.
The skin is one of the larger organs of the body.
 2.
The tough layer of waterproof material that makes up the outermost portion ofthe epidermis is called the stratum lucidum.
 3.
In healthy skin, the production of epidermal cells is closely balanced with theloss of skin cells.
 4.
Synovial membranes are composed primarily of connective tissues.
 5.
When the body temperature drops below normal, dermal blood vessels arelikely to dilate.
 6.
Melanocytes can transfer granules of melanin into nearby epithelial cells.
 7.
The arrector pili muscle is composed of striated muscle tissue.
 8.
The secretion of the sebaceous glands is called sebum.
 9.
The major blood vessels that supply the skin are located between the dermisand the epidermis.
 10.
The outermost layer of the epidermis is stratum basale and the innermost layeris stratum corneum.
 11.
The function of melanocytes is to synthesize melanin, which protects underlyingcells from the effects of ultraviolet light.
 12.
The dermis is very flat compared to the epidermis, which has ridges projectinginward and elevations called papillae.
 13.
If the temperature of the body drops below the normal range, the skin respondsby constricting epidermal blood vessels, activating sweat glands, andinactivating muscles.
 14.
Sunlight, ultraviolet light, and X rays all cause skin to darken because theycause an increase in blood flow to the dermis.
 15.
Carcinomas appear most often in the skin of the neck, face, and scalp.
 16.
Three physiological factors that affect the color of skin are: amount of blood indermal vessels, carotene in the subcutaneous layer, and various diseases.
 17.
Sebaceous glands secrete sebum, which functions to destroy bacteria that maybe present on the skin.
 
 
 
18.
Epidermal cells that move up through the strata become very keratinized asthey die due to a lack of blood supply.
 19.
Hair color is determined by the amount of keratin protein produced duringkeratinization.
 20.
Bedsores, or decubitus ulcers, are dead epidermal cells resulting fromdecreased blood supply to the affected region of the skin.
 21.
Melanin production is greater in the skin of people who live outdoors all the timethan in people who do not.
 22.
Vasoconstriction, or constriction of dermal blood vessels, is greater at 97.5degrees Fahrenheit than at 98.4 degrees Fahrenheit.
 23.
Skin cancers originating from epithelial cells are called melanomas and thosearising from melanocytes are called carcinomas.
 24.
Carcinomas are rarer than melanomas and occur primarily in people who workindoors but occasionally experience blistering sunburns during weekendactivity.
 25.
Melanomas develop from melanocytes; therefore, their color is alwaysbrownish.
 26.
Melanomas appear most often in the skin of the trunk, especially in the back, orin the skin of the limbs.
 27.
Typically, a melanoma spreads through the skin horizontally but can growdownward into the dermis and can even invade deeper tissues.
 28.
A burn that involves the epidermis only is called a deep partial-thickness burn.
 29.
Healing of a deep partial-thickness burn involves production of new cells fromthe stratum basale, or germinativum.
 30.
A burn that destroys the epidermis, dermis, and accessory organs of the skin iscalled a full-thickness burn, and the skin becomes dry and leathery.
 
Answers for chapter 6 –skin1)
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Level 2 Review Exercises
3. Distinguish between the epidermis and the dermis.
The
epidermis
is the outermost layer of the skin and is composed of keratinized stratifiedsquamous epithelium. The
dermis
is the inner, thicker layer, and includes various tissues, suchas connective tissue, epithelial tissue, smooth muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and blood. Theepidermis and dermis are separated by a basement membrane that is anchored to the dermis byshort fibrils.
14. Explain the function of sebaceous glands.Sebaceous glands
contain groups of specialized epithelial cells and are usually associated withhair follicles.They are holocrine glands that secrete an oily substance called sebum (a mixture of fattymaterials and cellular debris) that serve to keep the hair and skin soft, pliable, and relativelywaterproof.
15. Distinguish between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands.
Certain sweat glands, known as
apocrine glands
, respond to emotional stress and becomeactive when aperson is emotionally upset, frightened, or experiencing pain. They are most numerous in thearmpits and groin. These are usually connected to hair follicles. The development of theseglands is stimulated by sexhormones so they become mature at puberty.
Eccrine glands
are not associated with hairfollicles, andfunction throughout life in response to elevated body temperature associated withenvironmental heat and physical exercise. These sweat glands are found primarily on theforehead, neck, and back where they produce profuse sweating.
25. Distinguish among first-, second-, and third-degree burns.
A first-degree burn is a superficial partial-thickness burn. An example would be a sunburn. Asecond-degree burn is a deep partial-thickness burn. Any burn that blisters is a second-degree
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Linda Kauffman

where are the answer to these question that are up above

reply04 / 03 / 2011
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