Professional Documents
Culture Documents
4 5
5 5 5 5 5 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10
11 12
12 12 13 13 13 13 14 15 21 30 31 35 35 37 39
Live load. Roof load. Lateral load design Load factors. Deflection.
39 41 41 44 45 46 46 46 47 48 52 52 54 54 59 61 61 62 65 65 65 70 72 72 74 74 74 76 77 81 81 81 83 85 85 90 90
3.3 Minimal requirements 3.3.1 Location on lot 3.3.2 Light 3.3.3 Ventilation 3.3.4 Minimum room areas 3.3.5 Ceiling height 3.3.6 Minimum passage 3.3.7 Sanitation 3.3.8 Toilet, bath and shower spaces 3.3.9 Glazing 3.3.10 Enclosed garages 3.3.11 Emergency escape and rescue openings 3.3.12 Exits 3.3.13 Landings on stairways 3.3.14 Pedestrian ramps 3.3.15 Stairways 3.3.16 Handrails 3.3.17 Guards 3.3.18 Foam plastic 3.3.19 Flame spread and smoke density 3.3.20 Insulation 3.3.21 Dwelling unit separation 3.3.22 Moisture vapour retarders 3.3.23 Protection against decay 3.3.24 Protection against termites 3.3.25 Site address 3.3.26 Flood resistant construction 3.3.27 Coastal high hazard areas. 3.4 Basic materials 3.4.1 Reinforced Concrete 3.4.2 Timber 3.4.3 Metal
4 FOUNDATIONS
4.1 General 4.1.1 Load bearing walls and columns 4.1.2 Reinforcement
92
92 92 92
5 VERTICAL STRUCTURES
5.1 Concrete and masonry 5.1.1 Masonry Block Walls 5.1.2 Columns, beams and shear panel structure 5.1.3 Framed structure See next edition to be published 5.2 Timber 5.2.1 Identification & Grade. 5.2.2 Exterior walls. 5.2.3 Interior load bearing walls. 5.2.4 Interior non-bearing walls. 5.2.5 Drilling and notching-studs.
98
98 98 116 119 121 121 121 124 124 124
6 FLOOR SYSTEMS
6.1 Concrete floor slabs 6.1.1 Layout 6.1.2 Finishing 6.1.3 Services 6.2 Timber 6.2.1 Identification & Grade. 6.2.2 General 6.2.3 Floor sheathing 6.3 Metal 6.3.1 MS steel beam
136
136 136 143 143 145 145 145 149 150 150
7 ROOF ASSEMBLIES
7.1 Roof structure 7.1.1 Concrete roof structure 7.1.2 Timber 7.1.3 Metal 7.2 Roof covering 7.2.1 Weather protection 7.2.2 Materials 7.2.3 Requirements for material roof covering
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152 152 152 162 165 165 166 166
FOREWORD
1.In the preparation of this code, extensive use has been made of the Parts of the Caribbean Uniform Building Code (CUBIC) which deals with small buildings. The CUBIC is at this time being considered for revision and the management Committee for the revision project has elected to make use of the International Code Council Inc., of the U.S.A. in the provision of base documentation for the revision of CUBIC. In like manner for this code use has been made of the I.C.C. year 2000. International Residential Code Final Draft 1998.
2.The drafting of the code document has been managed by the Board of Engineering of Trinidad & Tobago, sponsored by the Joint Consultative Council in the Construction Industry and the Interim National Physical Planning Commission with the support and active participation of the Trinidad & Tobago Bureau of Standards.
3.A committee has been meeting consistently for the past two years for the preparation of this Code and comprises the following members.
Mr. Fenrick De Four Mr. Burnell Austin Mr. Stephen Basdeo Mr. Kenrick Bethelmy Mr. Jack Bynoe Mr. Peter Bynoe Dr. Richard Clarke Mr. J. Holgar Hackshaw Mr. Adul Latiff Dr. Jeffrey M. Phillips Mr. Jean M. Picchiottino Mr. Francis Pierre
National Physical Planning Commission (Chairman) Ministry of Local Government National Emergency Management Authority Trinidad and Tobago Fire Services Board of Architecture of Trinidad & Tobago Trinidad & Tobago Institute of Architects Board of Engineering of Trinidad & Tobago Land Settlements Agency John Donaldson Technical Institute Board of Engineering of Trinidad & Tobago Board of Engineering of Trinidad & Tobago Sangre Grande Regional Corporation, Ministry of Local Government
City Engineer, Port of Spain City Corporation Trinidad & Tobago Bureau of Standards (Secretary)
4.The first edition of this code [provides simple guidelines for the construction of small buildings (residential, office or light industrial) where use is made of concrete foundations, masonry block walls and timber frame roofing.
5.Future editions of this code will cover all types of small buildings constructed with concrete, masonry, timber, metal or any combination of these
1.1 Title
These provisions shall be known as the "Trinidad and Tobago Small Buildings Code" and shall referred to herein as "This code".
1.2 Scope
1.2.1 The provisions in this code shall apply to the construction, alteration, movement, enlargement, repair, equipment, use occupancy, location, maintenance, removal and demolition of buildings, for single or multiple family residential or general purpose use of not more than two stories in height and with a floor area of three hundred square metres or less. 1.2.2 This code is intended to provide minimum requirements to safeguard life, limb, health and public welfare. It calls for minimum requirements for building materials in common use and takes into consideration the need for protection against wind and earthquake. 1.2.3 Sufficient detail is provided to allow for the adequate preparation of plans for buildings under normal environmental conditions. Regulatory authorities would deal with approvals on the basis of adherence to the requirements of this code. 1.2.4 The builder/designer is advised to seek assistance from registered professionals in the design and construction of wind and earthquake resistant structures for buildings outside the scope of this code and/or for special application or other than normal environmental conditions.
A person wishing to erect a building or structure, or to carry out a building operation of a small building as defined shall comply with the requirements of the Planning and Development of Land Act and also with the requirements of this Code. 1.3.2 Form of Application to Build
Three (3) sets of completed application forms and plans are to be provided. The plans shall include the following: (1)A location plan, showing the location of the lot sufficient to identify the site. Streets should be named and lots numbered where applicable. (2)A site plan, normally at a scale of 1/100, 1/125, 1/200 or 1/250 showing the dimensions of the site and its relationship to abutting lots, roads, public utilities and buildings grades and elevations as described in (3); and the location of the proposed building in relationship to the site boundaries, which are to be identified. (3)Existing and proposed contours and levels of the site are to be shown. The levels must show the relationship of the lowest floor of the building with the levels of the adjoining street and with the known datum. (4) Building plans to include:
I. Floor Plan to Metric Scale 1/50 and/or 1/100 To show: - room sizes and designations (all dimensions finish to finish including plaster) - positioning of doors and windows - materials used in construction - thickness of each wall (including plaster)
II. Elevations and Sections to Metric Scale 1/50 and/or 1/100 To show: - roof heights (floor to ceiling) and pitch - height of floor above ground - positioning of doors and windows - materials used in construction
III. Foundation Plan to Metric Scale 1/50 and/or 1/100 To show: - foundation layout - cross sections - materials used in construction
IV. Structural details to Metric Scale 1/50 and/or 1/100 To show: - details of beams - details of columns - details of slabs - details of floors - details of all walls - all reinforcement details - roof design and construction details
V. Plumbing To show: - water and waste isometrics - location of inspection boxes - location and details of grease traps - sizes and slopes of the pipes used in the sewer lines - details of septic tanks and soakaway
VI. Site drainage To show: - storm surface and roof water disposal -All drawings shall be individually numbered for ease of reference. Revisions shall carry revision numbers. -All drawings, specifications and accompanying data shall bear the name and address of the person responsible for the preparation of the plans and documents.
1.3.3
Approval in Part
a)Where approval of a portion of a building is desired prior to the issuance of a permit for the whole project, application shall be made for the complete buildings, and detailed plans for the which immediate approval is desired shall be filed with the Chief Building Officer. b)Should a permit be issued for a part of a building, the holder of such permit may proceed with construction without the assurance that the permit for the entire building will be granted. The granting of such permit will depend on the approval of the application including all requirements.
1.4 Approvals
1.4.1All construction plans specifications and associated reports required by these rules should conformed to this code and shall be approved by the Chief Building Officer before construction commences. 1.4.2No construction shall commence until the Chief Building Officer has issued a permit or a written notice to proceed.
1.5 Inspections
1.5.1 Procedure
The Chief Building Officer is authorised to make the following inspections and either approve the portion of the works completed or shall notify the builder where such work does not meet with his approval: (i) SETTING OUT (ii) FOUNDATIONS BEFORE CONCRETING (iii) STRUCTURAL FRAME AND ROOF (iv) RING BEAMS FORM WORK AND REINFORCEMENT (v) PLUMBING (vi) SITE DRAINAGE (vii) FINAL INSPECTION (OCCUPANCY CERTIFICATE)
1.5.2 All inspections shall be carried out by persons authorised as Building Inspectors or by suitably qualified persons approved by the Chief Building Officer and appointed to carry out such inspections.
1.5.3 Work shall not be done on any part of a building or structure beyond the point indicated in each successive inspection without first obtaining the written approval of the Building Inspector. Such written approval shall normally be given only after an inspection shall have been made of each successive step in the construction as indicated by each of the foregoing inspections where appropriate.
1.5.4 If circumstances warrant, the Chief Building Officer in his discretion may waive inspection but this does not absolve the owner and builder from the responsibility of any construction in contravention of this Code.
1.5.5 Reinforcing steel or structural framework of any part of any building shall not be covered or concealed in any manner whatsoever without first obtaining the approval of the Building Inspector or the Special Inspector.
(i) Buildings or structures or part thereof of unusual design or method of construction and with critical structural connections. (ii) Marine construction. (iii) Major foundations and/or pile driving. (v) Major site works. (vi) Drainage and waste disposal. Such Special Inspector shall be a Listed Professional with the relevant experience. The Special Inspector shall ensure compliance with this Code and shall submit regular progress reports and inspection reports to the Chief Building Officer. At the completion of the construction work or project, the Special Inspector shall submit a Certificate of Compliance to the Chief Building Officer stating that the work was done in compliance with this Code and in accordance with the approved plan or plans. His duties shall end with the submission of such certificate.
1.8 Compliance
a) The issuance and granting of a permit shall not be deemed or construed to be a permit for, or an approval of, any violation of this Code. b) The issuance of a permit upon approval of plans and specifications, shall not prevent the Chief Building Officer from thereafter requiring the correction of errors on such plans and specifications, or from preventing building operations being carried on thereunder when in violation of this Code or any Regulations applicable thereto. c) When during the construction of the work carried out under the permit, from issuance of permit to issuance of the Completion Certificate, the Chief Building Officer reasonably believes that approved plans are in violation of this Code, he shall notify the permit holder and the permit holder shall correct the drawings or otherwise satisfy the Chief Building Officer that the design and/or working drawings are in compliance with this Code. d) Compliance with this Code is the responsibility of the permit holder until the issuance of a Completion Certificate; at which time it shall become the responsibility of the owner. e) The permit granted for the construction of the work shall be available at the construction site during normal working hours for inspection by the Building Inspector.
1.9.1
General
The provisions of this Code are not intended to prevent the use of types of construction or materials or methods of designs as alternates to the standards herein set forth. Such alternates shall be offered for approval and their consideration shall be as specified in this Section. 1.9.2 Standards
The types of Construction or materials or methods of design referred to in this Code shall be considered as standards of quality and strength. New types of construction or materials or methods of design shall be at least equal to these standards for the corresponding use intended.
1.9.3
Application
a) Any person desiring to use types of construction or materials or methods of design not specifically mentioned in this Code shall file with the Chief Building Officer proof in support of claims that may be made regarding the safety and sufficiency of such types of construction or materials or methods of design and request approval and permission for their use. b) The Chief Building Officer shall approve such alternate types of construction or materials or methods of design if it is clear that the standards of this Code are at least equalled. If, in the opinion of the Chief Building Officer, the standards of this Code will not be satisfied by the requested alternate, he shall refuse approval.
3
3.1
General construction
Principle
Site preparation Preliminary investigation
3.1.1 3.1.1.1
Before any construction work commences, it shall be determined whether planning permission and other approvals would be required from the competent (relevant) authorities. A preliminary inspection of the site shall be undertaken so that preparation may be made for any problems or difficulties that may arise. This time should also be used to plan how the site will be organised so that a logical layout may emerge. 3.1.1.2 Checklist for site conditions
Completion of the checklist below will provide enough information about the site and its conditions to permit construction to begin. a) Has planning permission been obtained? b) Is easy access to the site available? c) Is there a surveyor's or topological drawing of the site? d) Have the location of all boundary markers been found? e) Are water, sewage disposal facilities and an electricity supply available on site? f) Take note of the general topography of site and other physical conditions likely to cause hazards. g) Is there evidence of termite infestation in the soil or trees? h) Will there be a need for the removal of large trees? i) Is the area normally subject to land slippage? j) Is there adequate natural provision for the removal of storm water i.e. collection of water as a result of heavy rains or flooding. k) Will construction endanger any of the public utility services? l) Determine the height of the water table if appropriate. m) Determine whether the soil is suitable for the construction of a soak-away pit. n) Determine the ground floor datum. o) Determine the depth of the foundation stratum. q) Select suitable areas for stockpiling aggregate. r) Select an area for the location of a concrete mixer or for the hand-mixing of concrete. s) Select location of a materials storage shed. t) Are their existing structures to be removed or altered? Completion of the above checklist should highlight possible construction problems as well as the requirements of plant and materials. Where foundation problems are evident it is recommended that an engineer or any other appropriate professional be consulted.
3.1.2 3.1.2.1
Site clearance
Care should be taken to preserve any trees on the site. Where it is necessary to remove any trees, special care shall be taken to remove, totally, all roots and stumps of the felled trees as well as any of the other remains from the site.
NOTE There may be statutory limitations on the extent to which large trees may be removed. 3.1.2.2 The area where the building will be situated shall be stripped of topsoil. This material should be stock piled in a suitable area for later use during landscaping.
3.1.3 3.1.3.1
Material storage
Areas shall be allocated on the cleared site for the storage of materials. Coarse and fine aggregate for the mixing of concrete and mortar shall be placed in separate heaps in a location near to the concrete mixer or concrete mixing area. 3.1.3.2 Cement, nails and finished materials (groove ply, PVC pipe, galvanised sheeting etc.) requiring protected storage shall be stored in a shed, which is weather tight and has a wooden floor raised not less than four inches off the ground. 3.1.3.3 Reinforcement steel shall be stacked off the ground to reduce corrosion.
3.1.4
Batter boards
The building shall be properly set out on the site according to the building plan. Batter boards, which are horizontal boards parallel to the sides of the building and supported by vertical boards driven into the ground shall be erected in convenient locations near the four corners of the building, and to these boards should be transferred the building lines and levels for the project. 3.1.4.1 The floor level is usually marked on the batter boards and used as a permanent reference. All wall lines and levels shall be referred to these boards. Periodic checks shall be made to ensure that these boards have not been shifted from their intended positions.
3.1.5 3.1.5.1
The driveways and paving dealt with in this section are those suitable for use as driveways and parking areas for private cars and light goods vehicles only. Driveways shall be not less than 3m wide. 3.1.5.2 The choice of flexible (asphalt) or rigid (concrete) paving is largely influenced by the soil conditions at the site and the cost of driveway. Gravel driveways and paving are acceptable if adequate drainage is available and if the gravel or crushed rock is reasonably hard, free from clay, and would not be easily crushed by the light traffic. Adequate provision for drainage shall be made.
3.1.5.3 Where firm soils or rocks are present, any type of paving previously mentioned may be used. Where soft soils are present gravel or a flexible paving is recommended. 3.1.5.4 For all kinds of paving the topsoil shall be removed and replaced by a minimum of 150 mm of compacted, granular material. 3.1.5.5 For rigid paving, a concrete slab with a minimum thickness of 100 mm is required, reinforced by 2 welded wire mesh of minimum 100 mm /m wide in both directions, placed 25 mm below the slab surface. Construction joint shall be created every 5 m. Note: A98, A142 and 150x150X4.5 BRC are acceptable. 3.1.5.6 For flexible paving a minimum thickness of 50 mm of asphalt (cold or hot mix) shall be applied and compacted by roller on an approved and adequate sub base.
3.1.6 3.1.6.1
3.1.6.1.1 The natural topography of the land should be maintained and any excavation or back filling that must be carried out (and deemed as necessary) should be kept to a minimum. This is necessary to maintain the natural vegetation, prevent landslides and flooding and preserve in general the natural environment. 3.1.6.1.2 It is essential therefore that buildings should be constructed in such a manner to compliment the natural topography of the site and not vice-versa. 3.1.6.2 3.1.6.2.1 The characteristics of the site soil conditions shall be ascertained. If necessary, compaction shall be carried out in order to improve the bearing value of the soil. 3.1.6.2.2 Where expansive clay is encountered or where problem conditions are present, professional advice shall be sought before planning the foundation. 3.1.6.3 3.1.6.3.1 Excavations for foundations shall be carried out along the building lines to the depth of the foundation stratum identified as suitable. 3.1.6.3.2 Excavations not exceeding 1.5 m in depth may generally be without planking and strutting, which is a system of braced timber walls erected against the faces of the excavation to prevent collapse. For excavations exceeding 1.5 m the extent of planking and strutting necessary shall be determined by the nature of the soil and the location of the water table. Excavations Soil conditions
3.1.6.3.3 Where collapse of the side of excavation is anticipated, all excavation in excess of 1.5 m in depth shall be planked and strutted. 3.1.6.3.4 Where the foundation is in rock, it shall be excavated at least 50 mm to provide a key for the foundations. 3.1.6.3.5 The bottom of all excavations shall be level and firm. Where loose materials are encountered, foundation bottoms shall be compacted by ramming. 3.1.6.3.6 Where excavations have been carried beyond their generally required depth, either by accident or design, the deep areas shall be back filled with compacted, adequate material or with Grade E concrete (see table B-1).
3.1.6.4 3.1.6.4.1
Back filling
Back filling shall not be carried out in dry rivers, natural drains, where water flows after heavy rains and along thalwegs (lowest areas in valleys). 3.1.6.4.2 Back filling around foundation walls and under floor slabs shall be carried out using only suitable, selected materials. Unless the floor slab is reinforced to act as a suspended slab, the depth of fill shall not exceed 1 m. 3.1.6.4.3 Suitable fill material may be brought to the site or obtained from excavated material, provided always that such material is free of substantial amounts of clay or organic matter. 3.1.6.4.4 All backfill shall be well compacted in layers not exceeding 150 mm in thickness where compaction is by hand. Where mechanical compaction equipment is used, the thickness of layers may be increased to 225 mm. 3.1.6.4.5 Where back filling under floor slabs on grade has been effected using hard core, a 50 mm layer of sand shall be applied to the top of the compacted hard core to protect damp proof membranes from puncture.
3.1.7
Earthquake considerations
3.1.7.1
3.1.7.1.1
General
Trinidad and Tobago is in an earthquake zone and has experienced varying degrees of damage due to earthquakes. It is therefore essential that buildings are designed and constructed so that they have some resistance to the shaking or lateral forces produced by earthquakes.
3.1.7.1.2 3.1.7.1.2.1
The type of soil at the site may have a significant effect upon the resistance of the building to an earthquake. However for buildings within the scope of this code the effect of the soil type is not so significant provided that the building is not constructed on loose saturated sands, which may liquefy during an earthquake and cause collapse of the building. 3.1.7.1.2.2 The earthquake may also, due to shaking of the ground, compact loose sand or fill material, and if a building is constructed on such material, the building will be damaged. 3.1.7.1.3 Effect of high seas
Buildings on coastal areas may suffer due to high waves produced by earthquakes, and therefore the siting of the building in relation to the sea level needs to be considered. Professional advice shall therefore be sought in such cases.
3.1.7.1.4 3.1.7.1.4.1
Building shape
The success with which a building survives an earthquake is greatly affected by its shape in plan, the way the building is tied together and the quality of construction. 3.1.7.1.4.2 Most buildings with a simple rectangular shape with no projections (or only short projections) perform well under earthquake conditions provided the construction is adequate. 3.1.7.1.4.3 Long narrow buildings should be avoided by limiting the length to three times the width. If the building must be longer, then it should be divided into separate blocks with adequate separation. Figure A1-1 illustrates desirable and undesirable plan shapes. 3.1.7.1.4.4 Rectangular buildings with well inter-connected cross walls are inherently strong and therefore desirable.
Desirable plans
Floor level
400
400
1 100
1 000
2 020
Floor level
First floor
Ground level
First floor
Ground level
Fig A1-3 Recommended location of wall opening for tow storey building
3.1.7.1.5
Appendages
Where buildings have decorative or functional additions or appendages such as window hoods, parapets and wall panels etc. extreme care must be taken to ensure that they are securely fixed, since many of such items tend to fall easily and may cause damage during an earthquake. 3.1.7.2 Rules for the construction of earthquake resistant buildings
It is recommended that the following rules be followed for the construction of buildings: 3.1.7.2.1 Masonry buildings
An important factor contributing to the earthquake resistance of masonry buildings is the detailing and placing of steel reinforcement. A registered professional should undertake the design of a reinforced concrete frame building. The reinforcing guide given in this section therefore must only be used for simple single storey buildings constructed of approved quality masonry blocks. For the minimum quantities of reinforcing steel to be used refer to Clause Vertical Structures. 3.1.7.2.2 Timber buildings
There are two additional areas of concern with respect to timber buildings: All corners and intersections must be adequately braced. Earthquake and hurricane forces tend to remove timber buildings from their supports by shaking. Because of this sills shall be securely fastened to foundations. 3.1.7.2.3 Steel buildings
The natural ductility of steel protects the frame from severe damage. However, in many cases masonry block walls are used and the precautions already listed for these walls will apply. The wall reinforcement must now be anchored by welding to the steel columns and beams, or the steel frame encased in concrete in which case the wall reinforcement can be tied into the concrete cage encasing the steel frame.
3.1.7.3 3.1.7.3.1
Location of openings
The location and size of openings in walls have a significant effect upon the strength of a wall and its ability to resist earthquake forces. 3.1.7.3.2 Openings shall be located away from a corner by a clear distance of at least 1/4 of the height of the opening. It is recommended that the minimum distance be 400 mm. 3.1.7.3.3 The total length of the openings should not exceed 1/2 the length of the wall between consecutive cross walls (see figure A1-2). 3.1.7.3.4 The horizontal distance between two openings should not be less than 1/2 the height of the shorter opening (see figure A1-2). 3.1.7.3.5 For two storey buildings, the vertical distance from an opening to one directly above it shall not be less than 600mm, nor shall it be less than one half the width of the smaller opening.
3.1.8
Hurricane considerations
It is very important in Trinidad and Tobago to be ever conscious of the fact that the region lies in the hurricane belt. Because of this, hurricane resistant construction principles must be adhered to if safe buildings are to be erected. This section gives general principles for safe hurricane resistant design, and it is recommended that the details shown in these guidelines must be adhered in order to ensure safe construction. 3.1.8.1.1.2 For the buildings within the scope of this document the areas most vulnerable to hurricane forces are the roofs, windows, walls and appendages. 3.1.8.1.1.3 The underlying objective of hurricane resistant construction is to produce a building that will not collapse during a hurricane. The building must be standing and its occupants should be safe.
Buildings sited in exposed areas (e.g. on the brow of a hill or near coastal areas) are most vulnerable, while those sheltered by natural topography are less vulnerable. Buildings sited in gullies or riverbeds are very vulnerable as they are subject to severe damage by floods caused by the heavy rains, which often accompany a hurricane. 3.1.8.2.1.2 In siting the building, therefore, steep slopes and edge of cliffs should be avoided, as well as other conditions such as steep sided valleys where exceptionally high wind speeds are found. 3.1.8.2.1.3 Tie beams should be constructed to reduce the untied height of the columns to a maximum of 3 meters as shown in figure A1-6. It is advisable to seek professional assistance for such construction, unless otherwise designed for larger columns.
3.1.8.2.2 3.1.8.2.2.1
Timber buildings.
Because of the relatively light nature of a timber building, extra precautions shall be taken to prevent uplift. Care must therefore be taken to ensure that the entire structure is securely fastened to the foundations. 3.1.8.2.2.2 The spaces between the supporting columns or piers may be filled in to reduce the uplift forces (see figure A1-6).
3.1.8.2.2.3 As far as timber walls are concerned, in addition to bracing corners in both directions, diagonal braces or steel straps must be installed at the level of the top plate to provide rigidity of the corners at that level (see figures A1-7 and A1-8).
width of wall
roof level
roof level
200x300 r.c. tie beam 200mm thk. r.c. blockwall existing grade
roof level
r.c. footing
3 000mm maximum
Grade
Colomn may be 200 x 200mm reinforced concrete or block work filled with concrete and 4 - 12mm rods 8mm links - 200mm centers
Uprights
25 x 150 sheating
Wall sill
Wall sill is fixed to foundation wall by anchor bolts Wall sill The uprights are fixed to the wall sill
roof sheeting
225
150
Timber rafter
Mortise
Timber upright
Timber upright
3.1.8.2.3
Steel buildings
The principles for the design and construction of hurricane resistant steel buildings are: 3.1.8.2.3.1 Ensure that there are adequate numbers and sizes of foundation holding down bolts, and that they are all in place and properly fixed. 3.1.8.2.3.2 Ensure that there is adequate lateral support provided by cross bracing or horizontal ties or by cast in place concrete or masonry walls. 3.1.8.2.3.3 Where concrete walls or concrete masonry is used, the connections between the steel frames and the walls shall be provided. 3.1.8.2.3.4 Ensure that the fabricator's recommendations with regards to the construction of the roof and roof covering are followed.
3.1.9
Roofs.
3.1.9.1 Roofs with pitch between 0 and 20 (or a slope between 0 % and 36 %) are more vulnerable to uplift forces. It is recommended that roofs be constructed with a pitch between 20 and 40 (or a slope between 36 % and 84 %). 3.1.9.2 The aptitude to reduce uplift forces is affected by the shape of the roof in the following order from the most effective to the least effective: a) Hip roof b) Gable c) Shed 3.1.9.3 Attention should be given to the location of fixings used for the roof cladding. It is necessary to provide additional fixings at the roof edges and ridge, since high-localised pressures are produced in these locations. 3.1.9.4 Roof overhangs also experience high local pressures and, where possible, these should be kept to a minimum or adequately strengthened. 3.1.9.5 Where buildings have covered patios or verandas, their roofs may be separate structures rather than extensions of the main building roof. A patio or veranda roof may be lost without endangering the safety of the main roof. 3.1.9.6 The main roof must be securely fixed to the ring beam and ridge beams and details for achieving this are shown in figures A1-9, and A1-10 and A1-11.
3.1.10 Windows and doors Special attention must be paid to the installation of doors and windows, since the loss of a door or window during a hurricane will greatly alter the internal pressure of the building, thus adversely affecting its safety. For this reason, glazed windows and doors may be fitted with shutters.
Masonry Suspended first floor slab Ground floor slab suspended or on grade
Columns, beams & shear panel structure Suspended first floor slab Ground floor slab suspended or on grade
Framed structure Suspended first floor slab Ground floor slab suspended or on grade
Masonry Suspended ground floor slab with crawl space Shear panel
Columns, beams & shear panel structure Suspended ground floor slab with crawl space
Columns, beams & shear panel structure Ground floor slab suspended or on grade
First level masonry Ground level columns, beams & shear panel structure Suspended first floor slab Ground floor slab suspended or slab on grade
First level masonry Ground level framed structure Suspended first floor slab Ground floor slab suspended or slab on grade
First level masonry Crawl space columns, beams & shear panel structure Suspended ground floor slab
First level masonry Crawl space framed structure Suspended ground floor slab
Sloping site
First level timber Suspended first floor slab Ground floor slab suspended or on grade
First level timber Ground level columns, beams & shear panel structure Suspended first floor slab
First level timber Ground level framed structure Suspended first floor slab
First level timber Suspended ground floor slab with crawl space
First level cold formed steel Crawl space columns, beams & shear panel structure Suspended ground floor slab
First level metallic structure Crawl space framed structure Suspended ground floor slab
Shear panel
3.2.1
Conventional design
Buildings and structures, and all parts thereof, shall be constructed to support safely all loads, including dead loads. Where different construction methods and structural materials are used for various portions of a building, the applicable requirements of this part for each portion shall apply. 3.2.1.1 Conventional building
Conventional construction shall be considered as building with acceptable shape of the figures A2-1 (a to c) 1 and 2 level house type. All conventional construction shall be designed in accordance with this code. 3.2.1.2 Irregular building
Irregular buildings shall have an engineered lateral-force resisting system designed in accordance with accepted engineering practice. A building shall be considered to be irregular when one or more of the following conditions occur: a) When exterior shear panels or reinforced frame is not in one plane vertically from the foundation to the uppermost story in which they are required. (See Framed structure) b) When a section of floor or roof is not laterally supported by shear panel or reinforced frame on all edges. c) When an opening in a floor or roof exceeds the lesser of 3.60m or 50% of the least floors or roofs dimension. d) When portions of a floor level are vertically offset. e) When shear panel or reinforced frame is do not occur in two perpendicular directions. f) When shear panel or reinforced frame are constructed of dissimilar bracing systems on any onestory level above grade. Limit of this code.
3.2.1.3
When a building of otherwise conventional construction contains structural elements, which exceed the limits of this code, those elements shall be designed in accordance with accepted engineering practice.
3.2.2
Engineered design.
3.2.2.1
General
Buildings shall be constructed in accordance with the provisions of this code as limited by the provisions of this section. 3.2.2.2 Wind design.
The requirements in this document are based on design wind speed over open water at equivalent elevation of 10m average over 10 minutes with a recurrence of one in 50 year. (See figure A2-2 Trinidad and Tobago Winds)
Table 1 Design pressure for winds Design pressure Trinidad Central Basic wind speed Km/hr 72 92 101 Trinidad Coastal Tobago
0.70
0.90
1.00
1.00
1.30
1.45
3.2.2.3
Seismic design.
All buildings shall be constructed in accordance with the provisions of this section.
3.2.2.3.1 3.2.2.3.1.1
The requirements in this document are based on maximum ground acceleration associated with 10% probability of occurrence in 50 years.
0.3 g
3.2.2.3.1.2
Amplification factor
Where the soil is 100% saturated (low land, reclaimed land, etc.) an amplification factor of 2 shall be applied to the ground acceleration. See calculation for shear load.
3.2.2.3.1.3
Soil liquefaction
To prevent any soil liquefaction on the same type of land than above a special attention shall be carried out with an engineer specialist for the choice of the appropriate type of foundation. See calculation for shear load.
3.2.2.3.2
Dead load finishes shall not exceed 1 kN/m for roofs or 0.5 kN/m for floors. Dead load finishes for walls above grade shall not exceed: a- light-frame walls 0.75 kN/m for exterior 0.50 kN/m for interior b- masonry walls. 2.50 kN/m for 150mm thick masonry wall. 3.80 kN/m for 200 mm thick masonry wall. c- concrete walls. 4.10 kN/m for 150 mm thick concrete walls. 3.2.2.3.3 Height limitations.
2 2 2 2 2
The design applied to any construction is limited to two stories with a maximum of 9m to the top of the building.
3.2.2.4
Buildings and structures constructed in flood prone areas as established in Fig. A2-1 shall be designed and constructed in accordance with Clause Flood resistant construction and Clause Coastal high hazard areas of Part "Minimal requirements".
3.2.3
Dead load.
The actual weights of materials and construction shall be used for determining dead load with consideration for the dead load of fixed service equipment.
3.2.4
Live load.
The minimum uniformly distributed live load shall be as provided in Table 2. Table 2 Minimum uniformly distributed live loads Use Exterior balconies Domestic floor / All rooms, stairs and corridors Office floor Small industrial and storage Use Guard rails and handrails Live loads (kN/m ) 5 1.5 2.5 5 Horizontal loads (kN/m) 1
2
3.2.5
Roof load.
Roof shall be designed for the live load indicated in Table 3. Table 3 Minimum roof live loads (kN/m2) Tributary loaded area for any structural members
Roof slope 0 to 20m2 Flat or rise less than (20) 33% slope Rise (20) 33% to (45) 100% Rise greater than (45) 100% 1 0.75 0.6
Area (m2) 20 to 55m2 0.75 0.7 0.6 over 55m2 0.6 0.6 0.6
3.2.6
3.2.6.1
Preamble
Wind and earthquake introduce horizontal loads in the superstructure that are transferred to the foundation. We have to consider 2 steps: a) Transfer of the horizontal load from - wind to vertical wall and roof - acceleration of mass located everywhere in the superstructure to the appropriated wall or framed structure. b) Transfer of the load from the top to the bottom of the wall or superstructure and the foundation. According to this code - horizontal transfer is done by horizontal diaphragm or horizontal beam - vertical transfer is one by shear panel, cross, or framed structure
3.2.6.2
Diaphragm
Floor, roof or ceiling assemblies may be constructed with the necessary stiffness and load path continuity to distribute lateral loads (wind and earthquake) to lateral support subsystems. In this role, floor, roof or ceiling surface act as horizontal beams (also called a diaphragm) spanning lateral supports points. Use of floor, roof or ceiling assembly, as a diaphragm requires both strength and stiffness properties and development of connections to transfer the diaphragm force.
Part elevation
Minimum 800
5 diam. 12
In situ concrete
1 600
ground level
Part elevation
1 800 400
150mm min
In situ concrete
Part plan
1 000
400
ground level
ground level
Part elevation
Part elevation
L2 = 2400 mm - L1
L1 = 1000 min
500
Part elevation
150 min 1 800 2100 min
1600 max
In situ concrete
Part plan
150mm m in
In situ concrete
3.2.6.3
Shear panel
3.2.6.3.1
Concrete wall
A shear panel (see figures B-6-1 and B-6-2 Shear panel) is a portion or section of a 150mm exterior wall that performs the function of resisting lateral earthquake or wind forces. 3.2.6.3.2 Timber
3.2.7
Load factors.
3.2.7.1
3.2.7.2
Earthquake
3.2.7.2.1
V = 0.05 x S x W
total shear in kN
Whereas : The 0.05 coefficient integrated the Z = ground acceleration, C = amplification factor due to structure frequency, I = Importance factor =1 in this code and Rw = Ductility factor related with respect to the column design reinforcement used in the normal practice formula.
S = 1.2 For softer material (clay, fill ) S = 1.5 For deep alluvial deposits S = 2.5 maximum for reclaimed land and saturated soils (due to the amplification factor)
total
load
in
kN
3.2.7.3
3.2.8
Deflection.
The allowed deflection of any structural member under the live load shall not exceed the following values in Table 4 Table 4 Maximum deflection authorised. Rafters and purlins Interior walls and partitions L/180 H/180
L/360
L/240
H = span heigh
3.3.1
Location on lot
3.3.1.1
Exterior walls.
Exterior walls with a fire separation distance less than 1.25m shall have not less than a one-hour fire-resistive rating. The one-hour fire resistive rating of exterior walls with a fire separation distance less than 1.25m shall be rated for interior and exterior exposure. Projections beyond the exterior wall shall not extend more than 300mm into the fire separation distance. Projections extending into the fire separation distance shall have not less than one-hour fire-resistive construction on the underside. The above provisions shall not apply to walls, which are perpendicular to the line used to determine the fire separation distance. 3.3.1.2 Openings.
Openings shall not be permitted in the exterior wall of a dwelling with a fire separation distance less than 1.25m. This distance shall be measured perpendicular to the vertical plane of the opening.
3.3.2 3.3.2.1
All habitable rooms shall be provided with an area to allow natural light to enter not less than 10 percent of the floor area of such rooms. 3.3.2.2 Adjoining rooms.
For purpose of determining requirements of light, any room shall be considered as a portion of an adjoining room when at least one-half of the area of the common wall is open and unobstructed and provides an opening of not less than 10% of the floor area of the interior room but not less than 2 2.50m . 3.3.2.3 Bathrooms.
Bathrooms, water closet compartments and other similar rooms shall be provided with an area to 2 allow natural light to enter not less than 0.25m . 3.3.2.4 Stairway illumination.
All interior and exterior stairways shall be provided with a means to illuminate the stairs, including the landings and treads. Interior stairs shall be provided with an artificial light source located in the immediate vicinity of each landing at the top and bottom of the stairs. Exterior stairs shall be provided with an artificial light source located in the immediate vicinity of the top landing of the stairs.
3.3.3
Ventilation
3.3.3.1 3.3.3.1.1
Natural ventilation shall be provided in all habitable room through windows, louvres or other natural openings through the external wall to the outdoor air. The minimum area of ventilation shall be not less than 15 percent of the floor area of such rooms. 3.3.3.1.2 Adjoining rooms.
For purpose of determining ventilation requirements, any room shall be considered as a portion of an adjoining room when at least one-half of the area of the common wall is open and unobstructed and provides an opening of not less than 15% of the floor area of the interior room but not less than 2 2.50m . 3.3.3.1.3 Bathrooms.
Bathrooms, water closet compartments and other similar rooms shall be provided with a 2 ventilation area not less than 0.25m .
3.3.3.2 3.3.3.2.1
All habitable rooms shall be provided with the minimum ventilation rates of 30m /hr for continuous 2 ventilation for every 12m of the floor area or part of such rooms. This ventilation shall be through windows, doors or other natural openings through the external 3 wall from the outdoor air through a special 30m /hr-air regulator. 3.3.3.2.2 Kitchen and bathrooms
All the air introduced into the house through the habitable rooms must be extracted in the rooms e.g. kitchen, bathroom, toilet, washing room and other similar rooms have to be maintained in depression to create an air flow through the house. The minimum exhaust airflow for each room is as follows Kitchen Bathroom Shower Toilet (WC) Washing room and store room 120 m /hr 60 m /hr 60 m /hr 30 m /hr 30 m /hr
3 3 3 3 3
3.3.3.2.3
Internal doors
2
All internal doors have to be provided with air passages not less than 150 cm . Note: These passages can be provided with a bottom gap of 2 or 2.5cm under the door. 3.3.3.2.4 Minimum global ventilation
For each house or apartment the minimum ventilation rate is one volume of the habitable part of the house per hour.
3.3.4
3.3.4.1
Minimum area.
Every dwelling unit shall have at least one habitable room (living, sleeping, eating or cooking 2 room), which shall be not less than 12m of floor area. 3.3.4.2 Other rooms.
2
Other habitable rooms shall have a gross area of not less than 7.50m . 3.3.4.3 Exception: not less than 5m
2 2 2
not less than 3m and not less than 2m for the second one not less than 1.5m not less than 1m
2 2
See figure A3-1 Minimum room sizes, A3-2 Typical furniture arrangement and A3-3 Typical 2 arrangement 7.5m room.
1400mm min
1732mm square
2236mm
2778mm 2236mm
750mm min
WC 1m2 min
1250mm min
3000mm
3464mm square
2500mm minimum
2739mm square
4800mm
4000mm 3464mm
3000mm 2739mm
1800mm min
1400mm min
685mm
900mm mini
890mm
Entrance
3000mm
750mm min
4000mm
WC 1m2 min
685mm
2500mm minimum
2500mm minimum
3000mm
3000mm
3.3.4.4
Minimum dimensions.
Habitable rooms shall not be less than 2.50m in any horizontal dimension. Exception: Kitchen Bathroom Shower Toilet (WC) Corridor Stair 3.3.4.5 Height effect on room area. minimum 1.80m wide. 1.40m wide. 0.90m wide. 0.75m wide and 1.25m long. 1.00m wide. 1.00m wide.
Portions of a room with a sloping ceiling measuring less than 1.50m or a furred ceiling measuring less than 2.15m from the finished floor to the finished ceiling shall not be considered as contributing to the minimum required habitable area for that room.
3.3.5 3.3.5.1
3.3.5.1.1
Habitable rooms (living, sleeping, eating or cooking room) and basement shall have a ceiling height of not less than 2.40m. See figures A3-4 Habitable room area 3.3.5.1.2 Other rooms
Other rooms e.g. corridors, bathrooms, toilet rooms and laundry shall have a ceiling height of not less than 2.15m. 3.3.5.1.3 Measurement
The required height shall be measured from the finish floor to the lowest projection from the ceiling.
3.3.6
Minimum passage
The minimum passage for the access to the dwelling and each room shall be as follows 3.3.6.1 Main entrance
Almost one access door from outside shall be not less than 900mm wide and 2000mm high. 3.3.6.2 Habitable rooms and secondary rooms e.g. Store and laundry
All passage for the access from another room or from the corridor shall be not less than 785mm wide and 2000mm high
3.3.6.3
All passage for the access from another room or from the corridor shall be not less than 685mm wide and 2000mm high
Habitable area
2.40m area
2400mm
1500mm minimum
3.3.7 3.3.7.1
Every dwelling unit shall be provided with a water closet or privy, lavatory basin, and a bathtub or shower. 3.3.7.2 Kitchen.
Each dwelling unit shall be provided with a kitchen area and every kitchen area shall be provided with a sink. 3.3.7.3 Sewage disposal.
All plumbing fixtures shall be connected to a sanitary sewer or to an approved private sewage disposal system. 3.3.7.3.1 Septic tank
The capacity of the septic tank shall be calculated on the basis of 500 litres of sewage per person, full time user. The minimum capacity is 2,500 litres The water table must be a minimum of 1 metre deepest than the septic tank. See figure A3-11 for 2500 litres and A3-12 for 3200 litres septic tank. See also "Code of Practice for the Design and Construction of Septic Tanks and Associated Secondary Treatment and Disposal System" TTS 16 80 400: 1986. Note: The above figures complied with this code. 3.3.7.3.2 Soak-away pit
See figure A3-13 The water table must be a minimum of 1 metre deepest than the soak-away. 3.3.7.3.3 Draining trench
Where is impossible to make a soak-away, a draining trench shall be used See figure A3-14 3.3.7.4 Water supply to fixtures.
All plumbing fixtures shall be connected to an approved water supply. Kitchen sinks, lavatory basins, bathtubs, showers, bidets, laundry tubs and washing machine outlets shall be connected to the water supply system.
3.3.8
3.3.8.1
Space required.
Fixtures shall be spaced as per Figure A3-5 Toilet, bath and shower spaces required. 3.3.8.2 Bathtub and shower spaces.
Bathtub and shower floors and walls shall be finished with a smooth, hard and non-absorbent surface. Such wall surfaces shall extend to a height of not less than 1.80m above the floor.
min 100mm
min 100mm
min 100mm
Lavatories
min 50mm
Wall
Tub Shower
min 900mm
900mm min
min 375mm
min 300mm
Tub
Clearance min 600mm
Tub
590
Tie beam
1210
Outlet
900 75
8 dia 10mm
400
1192
900
1600 2 150 150
1462
408
100
min 1500mm
2059 2365
121 0
900
45
652
100
Outlet
900
75
8 dia 12mm
400
1192
1072
1600 2150 150
1657 950
408
45
550
1072
100
min 1500mm
2295 2600
1376
Top soil and vegetation min 2500mm /building 1700 square dia. 1400mm min 1000mm/boundary
Inlet 50mm flat silica stone 25mm stone Natural sand vein (porous layer) 1100
min 2500mm /building Top soil and vegetation general slope 2% (1 in 50) Perforated 100mm pipe
150
min 1000/boundary
650
Inlet
400
1200
3.3.9
Glazing
3.3.9.1
Identification.
Each pane of glazing installed in hazardous locations shall be provided with a manufacturers or installers label, designating the type and thickness of glass and the safety glazing standard with which it complies, which is visible in the final installation. The label shall be acid etched, sandblasted, ceramic-fired, embossed mark, or shall be of a type, which once applied cannot be removed without being destroyed. 3.3.9.1.1 Identification of multipane assemblies.
2
Multipane assemblies having individual panes not exceeding 0.10m in exposed area shall have at least one pane in the assembly identified. All other panes in the assembly shall be labelled. 3.3.9.2 Louvered windows or jalousies.
Regular, float, wired or patterned glass in jalousies and louvered windows shall be no thinner than nominal 4.80mm and no longer than 1.20m. Exposed glass edges shall be smooth. 3.3.9.2.1 Wired glass prohibited.
Wired glass with wire exposed on longitudinal edges shall not be used in jalousies or louvered windows. 3.3.9.3 Human impact loads.
Individual glazed areas including glass mirrors in hazardous locations such as those indicated shall pass the test requirements of CPSC 16-CFR, Part 1201. 3.3.9.4 Hazardous locations.
The following shall be considered specific hazardous locations for the purposes of glazing: 1.Glazing in ingress and means of egress doors except jalousies. 2.Glazing in fixed and sliding panels of sliding (patio) door assemblies and panels in doors including walk-in closets. 3.Glazing in storm doors. 4.Glazing in all unframed swinging doors. 5.Glazing in doors and enclosures for hot tubs, whirlpools, saunas, steam rooms, bathtubs and showers. Glazing in any part of a building wall enclosing these compartments where the bottom exposed edge of the glazing is less than 1.50m measured vertically above any standing or walking surface. 6.Glazing, in an individual fixed or operable panel adjacent to a door where the nearest vertical edge is within a 600mm arc of the door in a closed position and whose bottom edge is less than 1.50m above the floor or walking surface. 7.Glazing in an individual fixed or operable panel, other than those locations described in Items 5 and 6 above, that meets all of the following conditions: 7.1 Exposed area of an individual pane greater than 0.80m . 7.2 Bottom edge less than 450mm above the floor. 7.3 Top edge greater than 900mm above the floor. 7.4 One or more walking surfaces within 900mm horizontally of the glazing. 8. All glazing in railings regardless of an area or height above a walking surface. Included are structural baluster panels and non-structural in-fill panels.
2
9. Glazing in walls and fences enclosing indoor and outdoor swimming pools where the bottom edge of the poolside is (1) less than 1.50m above a walking surface and (2) within 1.50m horizontally of the waters edge. This shall apply to single glazing and all panes in multiple glazing. 3.3.9.5 3.3.9.5.1 Wind and dead loads on glass. Vertical glass.
All glass sloped 15 degrees or less from vertical in windows, window walls, doors and other exterior applications shall be designed to resist the wind loads specified in Clause 2.3 Design criteria Table 1 Design pressure for winds. Glazing designed in accordance with these provisions shall be firmly supported on all four edges. 3.3.9.5.2 Sloped glazing.
All glass sloped more than 15 degrees from vertical in skylights, sunspaces, sloped roofs and other exterior applications shall be designed to resist the most critical combinations of loads. 3.3.9.5.3 Thicker glass.
Allowable loads for glass thicker than 6.4 mm shall be determined in accordance with ASTM E 1300.
3.3.9.6 3.3.9.6.1
Any installation of glass or other transparent or translucent glazing material installed at a slope of 15 degrees or more from vertical. Glazing materials in skylights, solariums, sunspaces, roofs and sloped walls are included in this definition. 3.3.9.6.2 Permitted materials.
The following types of glazing may be used: 1. Laminated glass with a minimum 0.40mm poly-vinyl-butyral interlayer for glass panes 1.50m2 or less in area located such that the highest point of the glass is not more than 3.60m above a walking surface or other accessible area; for higher or larger sizes, the minimum interlayer thickness shall be 0.80mm. 2. Fully tempered glass. 3. Heat-strengthened glass. 4. Wired glass. 5. Approved rigid plastics.
3.3.9.6.3
Screens general.
For fully tempered or heat-strengthened glass, a retaining screen shall be installed below the glass, except for fully tempered glass.
3.3.9.6.4
When the inboard pane is fully tempered, heat-strengthened, or wired glass, a retaining screen shall be installed below the glass. 3.3.9.6.5 Screens not required.
Screens shall not be required when fully tempered glass is used as single glazing or the bottom pane in multiple glazing and either of the following conditions is met:
1. Glass area 1.50m or less. Highest point of glass not more than 3.60m above a walking surface or other accessible area, nominal glass thickness not more than 4.80mm, and (for multiple glazing only) the other pane or panes fully tempered, laminated or wired glass. 2. Glass area greater than 1.50m . Glass sloped 30 degrees or less from vertical and highest point of glass not more than 3.00m above a walking surface or other accessible area. 3.3.9.6.6 Screen characteristics.
2
The screen and its fastenings shall 1 - be capable of supporting twice the weight of the glazing. 2 - be firmly and substantially fastened to the framing members, and 3 - have a mesh opening of no more than 25 mm by 25 mm.
3.3.9.6.7
All unit skylights installed in a roof with a pitch flatter than 25 percent slope shall be mounted on a curb extending at least 100mm above the plane of the roof unless otherwise specified in the manufacturers installation instructions. 3.3.10 Enclosed garages 3.3.10.1 Opening protection.
Openings from a private garage directly into a room used for sleeping purposes shall not be permitted. Other openings between the garage and residence shall be equipped with either solid wood doors not less than 35 mm in thickness or 20-minute fire-rated doors. 3.3.10.1.1 Duct penetration.
Ducts penetrating and installed in the walls or ceilings separating the dwelling from the garage shall be constructed of a minimum 0.50mm sheet steel and shall have no openings into the garage. 3.3.10.2 Separation required.
Enclosed garage shall be separated from the residence with hr fire rated wall and/or slab. 3.3.10.3 Floor surface.
Garage and carport floor surfaces shall be of approved non-combustible material. The area of floor used for parking of automobiles or other vehicles shall be sloped to facilitate the movement of liquids to a drain or toward the main vehicle entry doorway.
Exception:
3.3.11.1
Basements with habitable space and every sleeping room shall have at least one openable emergency escape and rescue window or exterior door opening for emergency escape and rescue. Where openings are provided as a means of escape and rescue they shall have a sill height of not more 1.10m above the floor. The net clear opening dimensions required by this section shall be obtained by the normal operation of the window or door opening from the inside. Escape and rescue
window openings with a finished sill height below the adjacent ground elevation shall be provided with a window well.
3.3.11.1.1
All emergency escape and rescue openings shall have a minimum net clear opening of 0.50m . 3.3.11.1.2 Minimum opening height.
The minimum net clear opening height shall be 600mm. 3.3.11.1.3 Minimum opening width.
The minimum net clear opening width shall be 600mm. 3.3.11.2 Window wells.
The horizontal dimensions of a window well shall allow the emergency escape and rescue opening to be fully opened. The horizontal dimensions of the window well shall provide a minimum net clear area of 0.85m2 with a minimum horizontal projection and width of 900 mm. 3.3.11.2.1 Ladder and steps.
Window wells with a vertical depth greater than 1.10m below the adjacent ground level shall be equipped with a permanently affixed ladder or steps usable with the window in the fully open position. Ladders or rungs shall have an inside width of at least 300mm, shall project at least 75mm from the wall and shall be spaced not more than 450mm on centre vertically for the full height of the window well. 3.3.11.3 Bars, grills, covers and screens.
Bars, grills, covers, screens or other obstructions placed over emergency escape and rescue openings or window wells that serve such openings shall be releasable or removable from the inside without the use of a key, tool or special knowledge.
Not less than one exit door conforming to this chapter shall be provided from each dwelling unit. The required exit door shall provide for direct access from the habitable portions of the dwelling to the exterior without requiring travel through a garage or kitchen. If the distance, measured centre of the corridor, between the house main entrance and the inside kitchen door is more than 6m a second exit is required directly in the kitchen.
3.3.12.2
All egress doors shall be readily openable from the side from which egress is to be made without the use of a key.
3.3.12.3
The required exit door shall be a side-hinged door that allow a clear opening not less than 900mm in width and 2025mm in height. Other exterior hinged or sliding doors shall not be required to comply with these minimum dimensions.
3.3.12.4
Hallways.
The minimum width of a hallway or exit access shall be not less than 1m. 3.3.12.5 Exit facilities.
Exterior exit balconies, stairs and similar exit facilities shall be positively anchored to the primary structure at not over 2.40m on centre or shall be designed for lateral forces. Such attachment shall not be accomplished by use of toenails or nails subject to withdrawal.
Minimum clearance
2m min
12 highs maximum
Bottom landing
900mm min
900mm min
900mm min
1m mini
900mm min
1m min
1m min
900mm min
900mm
1m min
1m min
900mm
There shall be a floor or landing at the top and bottom of each stairway. There shall be a floor or landing on each side of an exit door. 3.3.13.2 Size.
See Figure A3-6 Stairs and landings The width of each landing shall not be less than the stairway or door served. Every landing shall have a minimum dimension of 900mm measured in the direction of travel. 3.3.13.3 Location.
The floor or landing shall be not more than 35mm lower than the top of the threshold. 3.3.13.4 Landing required.
A minimum 1m by 900mm landing shall be provided: 1. At the top and bottom of ramps, 2. Where doors open onto ramps, 3. Where ramps changes direction, 4. After no more than 12 high steps.
3.3.14 Pedestrian ramps See figure A3-7 Ramps and landings 3.3.14.1 Maximum slope.
Handrails shall be provided on at least one side of all ramps. 3.3.14.3 Landing required.
A minimum 1m by 1m landing shall be provided: 1. At the top and bottom of ramps, 2. Where doors open onto ramps, 3. Where ramps changes direction,
Stairways shall not be less than 900mm in clear width at all point. 3.3.15.2 Treads and risers.
The maximum riser height shall be 200mm and the minimum tread depth shall be 250mm. Rise and tread should respect the formula 600mm < 2xRise + Tread < 640mm. The riser height shall be measured vertically between leading edges of the adjacent treads. The tread depth shall be measured horizontally between the vertical planes of the foremost projection of adjacent treads and at a right angle to the treads leading edge.
The walking surface of treads and landings of a stairway shall be sloped no steeper than 2 percent slope. The greatest riser height within any flight of stairs shall not exceed the smallest by more than 5 mm. The greatest tread depth within any flight of stairs shall not exceed the smallest by more than 10mm. The treads finishing should not be slippery.
1m minimum
1m minimum
Up
Top landing
1m minimum
1m minimum
Up
Up
1m minimum
1m minimum
Up
Intermediate landing
Up
Top landing
R 10mm maximum
250mm min
100mm max
200mm maximum
Open risers
Sloped risers
30 max
30 max
Nosing
Section F
1m minimum 900mm minimum R mini = 5mm 2m min Handrail 32mm min/ 65mm max 40mm minimum 1m (+/- 10mm)
One handrail
900mm minimum
Two handrails
3.3.15.2.1
Profile.
The radius of curvature at the leading edge of the tread shall be no greater than 10mm. See figure A3-8 Steps (Treads, risers and nosing) When nosing is provided, shall be not less that 20mm but not more than 32 mm on stairways with solid risers. Bevelling of nosing shall not exceed 10mm. Risers shall be vertical or sloped from the underside of the leading edge of the tread above at an angle not more than 30 degrees from the vertical. Open risers are permitted, provided that the opening between treads does not permit the passage of a 100mm sphere. 3.3.15.3 Headroom.
The minimum headroom in all parts of the stairway shall not be less than 2.00m measured vertically from the sloped plane adjoining the tread nosing or from the floor surface of the landing or platform. See figures A3-6 and A3-9.
3.3.15.4
Winders.
Winders are permitted, provided that the depth of the tread at a point not more than 500mm from the side where the treads are narrower should be not less than the depth of tread of the other section. The continuous handrail required shall be located on the side where the tread is narrower. 3.3.15.5 Spiral stairs.
Spiral stairways are permitted, provided the minimum width shall be 700mm with each tread having a 200mm minimum tread depth at 350mm from the narrow edge. All treads shall be identical, and the rise shall be no more than 240mm. Minimum headroom of 2.00m shall be provided. 3.3.15.6 Circular stairways.
Circular stairways shall have a tread depth at a point not more than 350mm from the side where the treads are narrower of not less than 300mm and the minimum depth of any tread shall not be less than 150mm. Tread depth at any walking line, measured a consistent distance from a side of the stairway, shall be uniform. 3.3.15.7 Wooden stair protection.
Any enclosed accessible space under stairs shall have walls, under stair surface and any soffits protected on the enclosed side with 13mm gypsum board.
Note: All stairs shall be provided with illumination in accordance with Electrical Code.
Handrails having minimum heights of 1.00m measured vertically from the nosing of the treads shall be provided on at least one side of stairways. All required handrails shall be continuous for the full length of any stairs with three or more risers. Ends shall be returned or shall terminate in newel posts or safety terminals. Handrails adjacent to a wall shall have a space of not less than 40mm between the wall and the handrail. See figures A3-9 Stair handrails and A3-10 Guards.
100mm min
1m (+/- 10mm)
1m (+/- 10mm)
String
100mm min
Not acceptable
100mm min
3.3.16.2
The handgrip portion of handrails shall have a cross section of 32mm minimum to 65mm maximum. Other handrail shapes, which provide an equivalent grasping surface, are permissible. Edges shall have a minimum radius of 3mm.
Porches, balconies or raised floor surfaces located more than 750mm above the floor or grade below shall have guards not less than 1.00m in height. Open sides of stairs with a total rise of more than 750mm above the floor or grade below shall have guards not less than 1.00m in height measured vertically from the nosing of the treads. See Figure A3-10 Guards 3.3.17.2 Guard rail-opening limitations.
Required guards on open sides of stairways, raised floor areas, balconies and porches shall have intermediate rails or ornamental closures which do not allow passage of a sphere 100mm or more in diameter. Required guards shall not be constructed with horizontal rails or other ornamental pattern that results in a ladder effect.
The provisions of this section shall state the requirements and uses of foam plastic as insulation, structural filling or decoration
3.3.18.2 3.3.18.2.1
The minimum density shall be more than 3 kN/m . 3.3.18.2.2 Surface burning characteristics.
All foam plastic or foam plastic cores in manufactured assemblies used in building construction shall have a flame-spread rating of not more than 75 and shall have a smoke-developed rating of not more than 450 when tested for the maximum thickness intended for use in accordance with ASTM E 84.
3.3.18.3
Foam protection
All foam shall be protected from inside and outside by appropriated barrier to prevent damage from. 1- Vapour (humidity from hot air migrating from the hot side to the cold side of the wall, in this region from outside to inside) 2- Fire (both sides) 3- Rodent (rats, mice, etc.) 4- Termites
3.3.18.3.1
Thermal barrier
Foam plastic shall be separated from the exterior of the building by minimum vapour barrier as follows: Polythene 0.150 mm thick (included in the wall complex) or metallic cladding (corrosion resistant sheet of 0.50 mm minimum) or 25mm thickness of masonry or concrete
3.3.18.3.2
Fire barrier
To allow a minimal ignition protection of 15minutes a fire barrier shall be used as follows:
3.3.18.3.2.1
From outside
Metallic cladding (corrosion resistant sheet of 0.50 mm minimum) or 25mm thickness of masonry or concrete or 20mm structural wood or 25mm particleboard. 3.3.18.3.2.2 From inside
Metallic cladding or 25mm thickness of masonry or concrete or 20mm structural wood or 25mm particle board or 13mm gypsum board (the gypsum board shall be installed using a mechanical fastening system to ensure that the gypsum board will remain in place when exposed to fire). 3.3.18.3.3 Rodent damage (rats, mice, etc.)
All foam shall be externally protected against any destruction by rodents. This applies to the edge of the foam. 3.3.18.3.4 Termite damage.
The use of foam plastics in areas of termite infestation shall be in accordance with this code .
3.3.18.4 3.3.18.4.1
Foam-filled doors are exempt from the requirements of this Section. 3.3.18.4.2 Interior trim.
Foam plastic trim defined as picture moulds, chair rails, baseboards, handrails, ceiling beams, door trim and window trim may be installed, provided that: 1. The minimum density is 3.50kN/m , 2. The maximum thickness of the trim is 13mm and the maximum width is 100mm, The trim constitutes no more than 10 percent of the area of any wall or ceiling, and The flame-spread rating does not exceed 75 when tested per ASTM E 84. The smoke-developed rating is not limited.
3
3.3.19 Flame spread and smoke density 3.3.19.1 Wall and ceiling.
Wall and ceiling finishes shall have a flame-spread classification of not greater than 200. 3.3.19.2 Smoke developed index.
Wall and ceiling finishes shall have a smoke developed index of not greater than 450.
3.3.19.3
Testing.
Insulation materials, including facings, such as vapour barriers or breather papers installed within floor-ceiling assemblies, roof-ceiling assemblies, wall assemblies, crawl spaces and attics shall have a flame-spread index not to exceed 25 with an accompanying smoke developed index not to exceed 450 when tested in accordance with ASTM E 84. 3.3.20.2 Loose-fill insulation.
Loose-fill insulation materials, which cannot be, mounted in the ASTM E 84 apparatus without a screen or artificial supports shall have a flame-spread rating not to exceed 25 with an accompanying smoke-developed factor not to exceed 450 when tested in accordance with CAN/ULC-SI02-M88. 3.3.20.3 Cellulose loose-fill insulation.
Cellulose loose-fill insulation shall comply with CPSC 16-CFR, Parts 1209 and 1404. Each package of such insulating material shall be clearly labelled in accordance with CPSC 16-CFR, Parts 1209 and 1404. 3.3.20.4 Exposed attic insulation.
All exposed insulation materials installed on attic floors shall have a critical radiant flux not less 2 than 1200 watt/m . 3.3.20.5 Testing.
Tests for critical radiant flux shall be made in accordance with ASTM E 970.
Dwelling units in multi-family dwellings shall be separated from each other by wall and/or floor assemblies of not less than 1 hour fire-resistive rating when tested in accordance with ASTM E 119. Fire-resistive-rated floor-ceiling and wall assemblies shall extend to and be tight against the exterior wall, and wall assemblies shall extend to the underside of the roof sheathing. 3.3.21.1.1 Supporting construction.
When floor assemblies are required to be fire-resistive, the supporting construction of such assemblies shall have an equal or greater fire-resistive rating.
3.3.21.2
Townhouses.
Each townhouse shall be considered a separate building and separated by walls for exterior walls. A common 2-hour fire resistive wall is permitted for townhouses if such walls do not contain plumbing or mechanical equipment, ducts or vents in the cavity of the common wall. Electrical installations shall be installed in accordance with TTS 26 20 505 Electrical code. Penetrations of electrical outlet boxes shall be in accordance with this code. 3.3.21.2.1 Continuity.
The common wall for townhouses shall be continuous from the foundation to the underside of the roof sheathing, deck or slab and shall extend the full length of the common wall. 3.3.21.2.2 Parapets.
Where parapets are to be provided for townhouses as an extension of the common wall in accordance with the following: Where roof surfaces adjacent to the wall are at the same elevation, the parapet shall extend not less than 800mm above the roof surfaces. Where roof surfaces adjacent to the wall are at different elevations and the higher roof is not more than 800 mm above the lower roof, the parapet shall extend not less than 800mm above the lower roof surface.
3.3.21.2.3
Structural independence.
3.3.21.3
Exceptions:
Foundations supporting common walls. Structural roof and wall covering sheathing from each unit may fasten to the common wall framing. Non structural wall coverings. Flashing at termination of roof covering over common wall. Townhouses separated by a common two-hour fire-resistive wall.
3.3.21.4
Sound transmission.
Wall and floor-ceiling assemblies separating dwelling units shall provide airborne sound insulation for walls and both airborne and impact sound insulation for floor-ceiling assemblies. 3.3.21.4.1 Airborne sound.
Airborne sound insulation for wall and floor-ceiling assemblies shall meet a Sound Transmission Class (STC) of 45 when tested in accordance with ASTM E 90. 3.3.21.4.2 Structural-borne sound.
Floor/ceiling assemblies between dwelling units or between a dwelling unit and a public or service area within a structure shall have an impact insulation class ( IIC ) rating of not less than 45 when tested in accordance with ASTM E492. 3.3.21.5 Rated penetrations.
Penetrations of wall or floor/ceiling assemblies are required to be fire resistant or should be protected in accordance with this section.
3.3.21.5.1
Through penetrations.
Through penetrations of fire resistance rated wall or floor assemblies shall comply with this section.
Exception: Where the penetrating items are steel, ferrous or copper pipes or steel conduits, the annular space shall be permitted to be protected as follows: 1 In concrete or masonry wall or floor assemblies where the penetrating items is a maximum of 150mm nominal diameter and the opening is a maximum of 90 000mm2, concrete, grout or mortar shall be permitted where installed in the full thickness of the wall or floor assemblies. 2 The material used to fill the annular space shall prevent the passage of flame and hot gases at the location of the penetration for the time period equivalent to the fire resistance rating of the construction.
3.3.21.5.1.1
Penetrations shall be installed as tested in the approved fire resistance rated assembly. 3.3.21.5.1.2 Penetration fire-stop system.
Penetrations shall be protected by an approved penetration fire-stop system installed as tested in accordance with ASTM E814, with a minimum positive pressure differential of 0.25mm of water (3 Pa) and shall have an F rating of not less than the required fire resistance rating of the wall or floor /ceiling assembly penetrated. 3.3.21.5.2 Membrane penetrations.
Where walls are required to have a minimum 1hour fire-resistance rating, recessed light fixtures shall be so installed such that the required fire resistance will not be reduced. 3.3.21.6 Non-rated penetrations.
Penetrations of horizontal assemblies without a required fire resistance rating shall comply with this section. 3.3.21.6.1 Non combustible penetrating items.
Non combustible penetrating items that connect not more than three stories are permitted provided that the annular space is filled with an approved non-combustible material or approved penetration fire-stop system.
3.3.21.6.2
Combustible penetrating items that connect not more than two stories are permitted provided that the annular space is filled with an approved material to resist the free passage of flame and the products of combustion.
In all framed walls, floors and roof/ceilings comprising elements of the building thermal envelope, an approved vapour retarder having a maximum rating of 1.0 perm, when tested in accordance with ASTM E96-92, (Standard Test Methods for Water Vapour Transmission of Materials), shall be installed on the warm side of the insulation.
In areas subject to decay damage the following locations shall require the use of an approved species and grade of lumber, pressure preservatively treated, or decay-resistant. See Table C1 Timber names for use in Trinidad & Tobago. Wood joists or the bottom of a wood structural floor when closer than 450mm or wood girders when closer than 300mm to exposed ground in crawl spaces or un-excavated area located within the periphery of the building foundation. All sills or plates, which rest on concrete or masonry exterior walls and are less than 200mm from exposed ground. Sills and sleepers on a concrete or masonry slab, which is in direct contact with the ground unless, separated from such slab by an impervious moisture barrier. The ends of wood girders entering exterior masonry or concrete walls having clearances of less than 15mm on tops, sides and ends. Wood siding, sheathing and wall framing on the exterior of a building have a clearance of less than 150mm from the ground. Wood structural members supporting moisture-permeable floors or roofs which are exposed to the weather, such as concrete or masonry slabs, unless separated from such floors or roofs by an impervious moisture barrier. Wood furring strips or other wood framing members attached directly to the interior of exterior masonry walls or concrete walls below grade except where an approved vapour retarder is applied between the wall and the furring strips or framing members.
T n T local name
Recommended use Furniture Flooring External joinery Internal joinery Structure Roofing shingle
Local woods Angelia Balata Bamboo Bois gris Boya mulatre or bois mulatre Cajuca Caribbean pine Cedar Crabwood or Crappo Determa Fiddlewood (black) Fiddlewood (white) Galba or Santa Maria Gommier Guatecare Gumbo limbo Hog plum Lay lay Mahoe Mahoe or sterculia Mahogany Mangrue (yellow) or Manni Milkwood Mora or Muru Nargusta or white oliver Olivier mangue or Poirier Pink poui or apamate Podocarp or Wild pine Poui (black) Purple heart Redwood Resclu or Water wood Saman Sandbox Sardine Silk cotton tree Simarouba Snakewood or Galia Tabebuia white or Calabash Tapana Tapanare or Suradam Teak Tonka Yellow poui or Bethabara 0.80 1.05 0.95 0.80 0.48 0.80 0.50 0.70 0.62 0.80 0.72 0.64 0.56 1.04 0.48 0.56 0.60 0.70 0.56 0.96 0.80 0.80 0.56 0.56 1.12 0.88 x x x x x x x x x x X beefwood scaffolding resist to "Capricorn" fineleaf
x x -
x x x
x x
x X Laurier
see Gommier
x x
x x x x
maho cochon
X x 0.56 0.45 0.80 0.38 0.45 1.15 x 0.80 0.70 0.65 1.08 1.12 x x x X x x x must be treated packaging acajou blanc art craft
x x x
x x x
x x
Table C1 Timber names for use in Trinidad & Tobago (first part)
T n T local name
Recommended use Furniture Flooring External joinery Internal joinery Structure Roofing shingle
Imported woods Tropical An gelique Babeon Bagasse Cajuca Eastern red cedar Gommier Green heart Gronfoeloe Kopie Locust or Courbarli Manbarklak Pakuri Wacapou Wallaba Wamara 0.80 0.47 0.82 0.48 x x x x x x x x x x x X X X x 1.04 0.70 0.82 0.85 1.02 0.83 0.90 0.85 1.20 0.58 0.50 0.85 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x bois lait or bois vache x x x x X x x x X x X x x basralocust
x x
Non tropical Douglas fir Pitchpine References TTS 16 40 000:1978 USDA web site Magazine Les bois de Guyane Construire en bois de Guyane Prinicipaux bois indignes et exotiques 1978 2000 2000 1990 1990 1975 0.61 0.52 x x x x x x from W Canada & USA
Table C1 Timber names for use in Trinidad & Tobago (second part)
3.3.23.1.1
Ground contact.
All wood in contact with the ground and which supports permanent structures intended for human occupancy shall be approved pressure preservatively treated wood suitable for ground contact use.
3.3.23.1.2
Geographical areas.
In geographical areas where experience has demonstrated a specific need, approved naturally durable or pressure preservatively treated wood shall be used for those portions of wood members which form the structural supports of buildings, balconies, porches, or similar permanent building appurtenances when such members are exposed to the weather without adequate protection from a roof, eaves, overhang or other covering which would prevent moisture or water accumulation on the surface or at joints between members. Such members may include: Horizontal members such as girders, joists and decking. Vertical members such as posts, poles and columns. Both horizontal and vertical members.
3.3.23.1.3
Posts, poles, and columns supporting permanent structures which are embedded in concrete in direct contact with the ground or embedded in concrete exposed to the weather shall he approved pressure preservatively treated wood suitable for ground contact use.
3.3.23.1.4
Wood columns.
Wood columns shall be approved woods of natural decay resistance or approved pressure preservatively treated wood. Posts or columns must be supported by piers or metal pedestals projecting 50mm minimum above the floor or finish grade and are separated therefrom by an approved impervious moisture barrier. 3.3.23.2 Quality mark.
Lumber and plywood required to be pressure preservatively treated shall bear the quality mark of an approved inspection agency which maintains continuing supervision, testing and inspection over the quality of the product. 3.3.23.2.1 Required information.
The required quality mark on each piece of pressure preservatively treated lumber or plywood shall contain the following information: Identification of the treating plant. Type of preservative. The minimum preservative retention. End use for which product was treated. Standard to which product was treated. Identity of the approved inspection agency. The designation Dry, if applicable.
3.3.23.3
Exception:
Quality marks on lumber less than 25 mm nominal thickness, or lumber less than nominal 25mm by 125mm or 50mm by 100mm or lumber 900mm or less in length shall be applied by stamping the faces of exterior pieces or by end labelling not less than 25 percent of the pieces of a bundled unit. 3.3.23.4 Fasteners.
Fasteners for pressure preservative and fire-retardant-treated wood shall be of hot-dipped galvanised steel, stainless steel, silicon bronzes or copper.
In areas susceptible to termite damage, methods of protection shall be by chemical soil treatment; pressure preservatively treated wood in accordance with the AWPA standards, naturally termiteresistant wood or physical barriers (such as metal or plastic termite shields), or any combination of these methods. 3.3.24.2 Chemical soil treatment.
The concentration, rate of application and treatment method of the termiticide shall be consistent with and never less than the termiticide label. 3.3.24.3 Pressure preservatively treated and naturally resistant wood.
See Table C1 Timber names for use in Trinidad & Tobago for the list of naturally termite resistant wood. Pressure preservatively treated wood and naturally termite-resistant wood shall not be used as a physical barrier unless a barrier can be inspected for any termite shelter tubes around the inside and outside edges and joints of a barrier. 3.3.24.3.1 Field treatment.
Field cut ends, notches and drilled holes of pressure preservatively treated wood shall be retreated in the field.
Approved numbers or addresses shall be provided for all new buildings in such a position as to be plainly visible and legible from the street or road fronting the property.
All buildings and structures erected in areas prone to flooding and classified as either flood hazard areas or coastal high hazard areas shall be constructed and elevated as required by the provisions contained in this section. 3.3.26.1.1 Structural systems.
All structural systems of all buildings and structures shall be designed, connected and anchored to resist flotation, collapse or permanent lateral movement due to structural loads and stresses from flooding equal to the design flood elevation.
3.3.26.1.2
All buildings and structures erected in flood hazard zones shall be constructed by methods and practices that minimise flood damage. 3.3.26.1.3 Establishing the design flood elevation.
The design flood elevation shall be used to define areas prone to flooding, and shall describe, at a minimum, the base flood elevation at the depth or peak elevation of flooding (including wave height) which has a 1-percent (100-year flood) or greater chance of being equated or exceeded in any given year. This level should be determined by the physical planning standards 3.3.26.1.4 Lowest floor.
The lowest floor shall be the floor of the lowest enclosed area, including basement, but excluding any unfurnished flood-resistant enclosure that is useable solely for vehicle parking, building access, or limited storage provided that such enclosure is not built so as to render the building or structure in violation of this Section. 3.3.26.1.5 Protection of mechanical and electrical systems.
New and replacement electrical equipment, ventilating, air conditioning plumbing connections, and other service equipment shall be located at or above the design flood elevation. Electrical wiring and outlets, switches, junction boxes and panels shall be elevated to or above the design flood elevation for location of such items in wet locations. Ducts and duct installation shall not be installed below the design flood elevation. 3.3.26.1.6 Protection of water supply and sanitary sewage systems.
New and replacement water supply systems shall be designed to minimise infiltration of flood waters into the systems in accordance with the plumbing provisions of this code. New and replacement sanitary sewage systems shall be designed to minimise infiltration of floodwaters into systems and discharges from systems into floodwaters. 3.3.26.1.7 Flood resistant materials.
Building materials used below the design flood elevation shall comply with the following: All wood, including floor sheathing shall be pressure preservatively treated, or decay-resistant for the list of foreign and local woods See Table C1 Timber names for use in Trinidad & Tobago 3.3.26.1.8 As-built elevation certifications.
A licensed land surveyor or registered designed professional shall certify that the building or structure is in compliance with the elevation required.
3.3.26.2
All areas, which have been determined to be prone to flooding but not subject to high velocity wave action shall be designated as flood hazard areas.
3.3.26.2.1
Elevation requirements.
Buildings and structures shall have lowest floors elevated to or above the design flood elevation; In areas of shallow flooding, buildings and structures shall have the lowest floor (including basement) elevated at least as high above the highs natural adjacent grade as the depth number specified in metre, or at least 600mm if a depth number is not specified; Basement floors that are below grade on all sides shall be elevated to or above the design flood elevation.
3.3.26.2.2
Enclosed areas, including crawl spaces, that are below the design flood elevation shall; Be used solely for parking of vehicles, building access, or storage; and Be provided with flood openings, which shall meet the following criteria; a. There shall be a minimum of two openings on different sides of each enclosed area; if a building has more than one enclosed area below the design flood elevation, each area shall have openings on exterior walls. b. The total net area of all openings shall be at least 1/150 of enclosed area. c. The bottom of each opening shall be 300mm or less above the adjacent ground level. d. Openings shall be at least 75mm in diameter. e. Any louvers, screens or other opening covers shall allow the automatic flow of floodwaters into and out of the enclosed area. f. Openings installed in doors and windows, which meet requirement (a) through (e), are acceptable; however, doors and windows without installed openings do not meet the requirement of this section.
3.3.27 Coastal high hazard areas. Areas, which have been determined to be subject to wave heights in excess of 900mm or subject to high velocity wave action or wave induced erosion, shall be designated as coastal high hazard areas. All buildings and structures erected in coastal high hazard areas shall be designated and constructed in accordance with this Sections
3.3.27.1
Elevation requirements.
1. All buildings and structures erected within coastal high hazard areas shall be elevated so that the lowest portion of all structural members supporting the lowest floor, with the exception of mat or raft foundations, piling, pile caps, columns, grade beams and bracing, is located at or above the design flood elevation. 2. Basement floors that are below grade on all sides are prohibited. 3. The use of fill for structural support is prohibited, 4. The placement of fill beneath buildings and structures is prohibited.
3.3.27.2
Foundations.
All buildings and structures erected in coastal high hazard areas shall be supported on pilings or columns and shall be adequately anchored to such pilings or columns. Piling shall have adequate soil penetrations to resist the combined wave and wind loads (lateral and uplift). Water loading values used shall be those associated with the design flood. Wind loading values shall be those required by this code. Pile embedment shall include consideration of decreased resistance capacity caused by scour of soil strata surrounding the piling. Mat, raft, or other foundations, which support columns, shall not be permitted where soil investigations that indicate that soil material under the mat, raft, or other foundation is subject to scour or erosion from wave-velocity flow conditions.
3.3.27.3
Walls and partitions are permitted below the elevated floor, provided that such walls and partitions are not part of the structural support of the building or structure and; 1. Are constructed with insect screening or open lattice; or 2. Designed to break away or collapse without causing collapse, displacement or other structural damage to the elevated portion of the building or supporting foundation system. Such walls, framing, and connections shall have a design safe loading resistance of not less than 2 2 0.50 kN/m and no more than 1.00 kN/m ; or 3. Where wind loading values of this code exceed 1.00 kN/m , a registered design professional shall certify the following: A. Collapse of walls and partitions below the design flood elevation shall result from a water load less than that which would occur during the design flood; and B. The elevated portion of the building and supporting foundation system shall not be subject to collapse, displacement, or other structural damage due to the effects of wind and flood loads acting simultaneously on all building components (structural and non-structural). Water loading values used shall be those associated with the design flood. Wind loading values used shall be those required by this code.
2
3.3.27.4
Enclosed areas below the design flood elevation shall be used solely for parking of vehicles, building access, or Storage.
3.4.1 3.4.1.1
Concrete shall be manufactured from ordinary Portland cement, sand, gravel and water. 3.4.1.1.1 The cement shall be fresh and contained in unopened bags, which have been well protected from moisture and stored above the ground. 3.4.1.1.2 The sand shall be clean (i.e. free of clayey lumps, organic materials and broken shells), natural sharp sand, preferably taken from an inland source. Beach sand shall not be used. 3.4.1.1.3 The coarse aggregate shall be of crushed stone or gravel with a size between 15 and 25mm. The aggregate shall be free of dust coating. In areas where only broken stone is available, care shall be taken to use stone as near to 20 mm as practicable. 3.4.1.1.4 Only clean fresh water shall be used for the mixing of concrete.
3.4.1.2 3.4.1.2.1
Mixing
A concrete mix producing concrete with a minimum compressive cube strength of 21 N/mm at 28 2 days or 16.8 N/mm at 7 days shall be used. The approximate proportions normally required to 3 3 produce such a mix are 42 kg (1 bag) of cement, 0.056 m (1 wheelbarrow) of sand, and 0.084 m (1 wheelbarrow) of aggregates and approximately 18 l of water.
NOTE: any moisture affects the maximum amount of water required, which may be present in the aggregate. The quality is therefore reduced when the aggregate is wet. 3.4.1.2.2 The cement shall be added by the bag. The fine and coarse aggregates shall be measured in 3 cubic metre (m ) and the water shall be measured in litre (l). 3.4.1.2.3 For coastal environment conditions the mix shall be upgraded to 42 kg (1 bag) of cement, 0.056 3 3 m (1 wheelbarrow) of sand, 0.056 m (1 wheelbarrow) of aggregate and approximately 15 l of water. 3.4.1.2.4 The concrete shall be mixed by hand or preferably by machine until there are no visible areas of unmixed materials and a uniform colour is obtained.
Metric system Compression at 28 days Proportion for one cubic metre (1 m3) Cement kg 42 kg bag Sand litre Gravel litre kN/m2 controlled concrete nscr concrete without any control nscr 1-3-6 Type of concrete
Cement
Sand
Gravel
Grade "E"
150
335
665
1.5
Grade "D"
250
400
600
nscr
nscr
1-2-4
Grade "C"
300
335
665
23,000
15,000
1-2-3
1.5
Grade "B"
350
335
665
27,000
18,000
1-2-2
Grade "A"
400
10
335
665
30,000
20,000
2-3-4
1.5
57
litres
equivalent
3.4.1.3 3.4.1.3.1
Form work
The form work into which the concrete is to be placed shall be strongly constructed of straight timber so braced that no movement or deformation is caused by the wet concrete under normal construction loads. 3.4.1.3.2 The form work shall have close fitting joints so that no fine aggregate, cement or water is lost through leakage.
3.4.1.4 3.4.1.4.1
Reinforcement
The minimum requirement for reinforcement steel shall be bars of grade 250 i.e. plain mild steel 2 bars of 250 N/mm (minimum yield) stress. This section is based on grade 250 bars; however, higher grades of plain or deformed bars may be used. 3.4.1.4.2 Bar bending
The minimum pin diameter size for steel bar bending in accordance with TTS583: 2000 must be as shown in table B-8 Table B-8 Recommended minimum size bending Bar size " d " In mm 250 5 to 16mm 20 & 25mm 32 & 40mm 2.5d (12.5 to 40mm) Not applicable Not applicable Steel grade 420 4d (20 to 64mm) 5d (100 or 125mm) 7d (225 or 300mm)
3.4.1.4.3 Reinforcement steel, which shall be free of loose meal scale (rust), shall be properly tied together by mild steel tying wire. The whole assembly shall be positioned within the form work with appropriately sized concrete spacers so that the correct concrete cover to the steel is maintained. 3.4.1.4.4 Concrete shall not be vibrated by direct contact between the vibrating instrument and reinforcing bar. The practice of vibrating the form work shall also not be permitted as this may displace the steel fixings. The practice of vibrating the concrete shall therefore be used with caution. 3.4.1.4.5 The recommended concrete covers for normal conditions and coastal environmental conditions are given in table B-2.
Table B-2 Recommended concrete cover Type Concrete Cover in mm Normal conditions Coastal environmental conditions 35 40 40 95
25 30 30 75
NOTEThe recommended concrete cover for coastal environmental conditions is based on an increase of 25 % for that of normal conditions.
3.4.1.5 3.4.1.5.1
Placing Concrete
Form work shall be thoroughly cleaned to remove sawdust, bits of wood, wire and other debris before placing concrete in it. 3.4.1.5.2 Transporting the concrete over long distances (unless special equipment is used) shall be avoided to prevent segregation of its components. 3.4.1.5.3 All runways and routes between the mixer and the area where the concrete is to be used should be set up beforehand and kept clear, so that the placing of concrete can proceed smoothly without interruptions. 3.4.1.5.4 The poured concrete shall be compacted in the form work by vibration or rodding, so that dense concrete is obtained. Where necessary, chutes shall be used to place concrete in tight areas such as column forms. 3.4.1.5.5 Where floor slabs or roof slabs cannot be poured in one operation, construction joints shall be used. Professional assistance shall be sought on the proper placing of the construction joints in suspended slabs.
3.4.1.6 3.4.1.6.1
Curing
The optimum concrete strength shall be obtained by proper curing. To achieve this, the poured concrete shall be kept moist by wetting with water for two days after it is poured. 3.4.1.6.2 Proprietary curing compounds may be used in accordance with the manufacturers instructions.
3.4.1.7
The side form work of beams and columns may be removed from the fresh concrete after 24 hours. The bottom form work and props for suspended beams and slabs shall remain in place for not less than 10 days.
3.4.2 3.4.2.1
Walls, floors and roofs can be constructed of approved structural timber. See Table C1. 3.4.2.2 Preservatively treated lumber Only treated timber should be used and shall also be identified. 3.4.2.3 Moisture
The timber should be sound, straight and well seasoned timber with moisture content between 15% and 20%.
3.4.3 3.4.3.1
Material conforming to one following standard specifications (latest date of issue) is approved for use under this code. - Structural steel, ASTM A36 is the all purpose carbon steel used in building construction - Welded and seamless steel pipe, ASTM A53, grade B 3.4.3.2 Structural shapes All shapes are published in the ASTM A6 and the principals used are: -W shapes have essentially parallel flange surfaces. The profile of a W shape of a given nominal depth and weight. - HP bearing pile shape have essentially parallel flange surfaces and equal web and flange thickness. - S beam and C channel have a slope on their flange surfaces. - L angles shape with equal and unequal leg. - Pipe and structural tubing. 3.4.3.3 Bolts
Steel bolts shall conform to one of the following standard specification - Low carbon steel externally and internally threaded standard fasteners, ASTM A307 - High strength bolts for structural steel joints, ASTM A325 - Quenched and tempered steel bolts and nuts, ASTM A449
Suspended slab
300mm min
On pile
Foundations
4.1 General
4.1.1 4.1.1.1 All loads bearing walls and columns shall be supported on any of the following reinforced concrete footings: a) Pad footing b) Strip footing c) On pile The above reinforced concrete footings are shown in figure B-1 Foundations types. 4.1.1.2 Interior walls shall be supported by thickening the slab under the wall and suitably reinforcing it. The foundation should be located on a layer of soil or rock with good bearing characteristics. Such soils include dense sands, marl, other granular materials and stiff clays. 4.1.1.3 The foundation shall be cast not less than 600 mm below ground, its thickness not less than 225 mm and its width not less than 450 mm or a minimum of three times the width of the wall immediately supported by it (see figures B-2-1a and B-2-1b Arrangement of strip footing) 4.1.1.4 When separate reinforced concrete columns or concrete block columns are used they shall be supported preferably by square footings not less than 1000 mm per side and 225 mm thick (see figure B-3 Typical spread footing detail). 4.1.1.5 When the ground is subject to drying (cracks or fissures) the minimum depth above should be increased under the advice of a professional engineer. To avoid this increase in depth, the foundation should be protected by surface paving. Load bearing walls and columns
4.1.2 4.1.2.1
Reinforcement
For strip footings, the minimum reinforcement shall consist of three 10 mm diameter bars placed longitudinally and 10 mm diameter bars placed transversely no more than 600 mm between their centres (see figures B-2-1 and B-2-2). 4.1.2.2 For column footings, the minimum reinforcement shall be 12 mm diameter bars at 150 mm between centres in both directions forming a mesh (see figure B-3). 4.1.2.3 Bars may be suitably cranked bent or lapped at the ends. Lapped or cranked lengths shall be a minimum of 40 times the diameter of the bars being joined. Table A-3 gives the minimum lap lengths for steel reinforcement.
Table B-3 Minimum lap lengths for steel reinforcement Bar diameter mm 6 10 12 16 Mesh Minimum lap length mm 300 400 600 750 150 or one square, whichever is greater
1000
150mm blockwork
150mm blockwork
grade
300
75 600mm mini
75
if 200mm blockwork
225 75
600mm min 3 times 200mm
Fig B2-1a & 1b Arrangement for strip footing 150mm and 200mm vertical core blocks
30
75
300 mm
r.c. column
75 1000 min
75mm minimum
600mm minimum
Sloping site
Flat site
Shear panel
Masonry Suspended first floor slab Ground floor slab suspended or on grade
or
390
102 152
152
190
190
290 152
190
or
152
102
Clay blocks
390
Clay blocks
190
390 152
190
203
102
Concrete blocks
Concrete blocks
First floor
Ground level
150mm blockwork
150mm blockwork
Fig 17-1
Vertical structures
This section outlines the requirements for structural masonry construction using shear panels for single and two storey structures as configured in figure B-4 1or 2 level house type. 5.1.1.2 Workmanship
Cavities shall be clean and substantially free from mortar droppings. Reinforcement shall be placed centrally and/or properly spaced from the masonry. Reinforcement shall be adequately lapped and secured. The procedure for applying concrete as outlined in clause 3.7.5 shall be adhered to.
5.1.1.3 5.1.1.3.1
Hollow clay block units shall conform to the latest edition of the ASTM C652-95a Hollow Brick (Hollow Masonry Units Made from Clay or Shale) and/or ASTM C34-96 Structural Clay Load-Bearing Wall Tile. Grade 3 clay blocks cannot be considered as structural. 5.1.1.3.2 Load bearing concrete masonry block units shall conform to the latest edition of TTS 16 35 508 Specification for Load Bearing Concrete Blocks. 5.1.1.3.3 Non-load bearing interior walls or partitions may be constructed using blocks with a thickness of 100 mm or less. Concrete masonry block units for such application shall conform to the latest edition of TTS 16 35 509 Specification for Non-load Bearing Concrete Blocks. 5.1.1.3.4 Figure B-5 shows the various types of load bearing and non-load bearing masonry blocks.
5.1.1.4 5.1.1.4.1
Shear Panels
A shear panel (see figures B-6-1 and B-6-2 Shear panel) is a portion or section of a 150mm exterior wall that performs the function of resisting lateral earthquake or wind forces. 5.1.1.4.2 Where masonry is used there shall be a shear wall on each exterior wall of every house. 5.1.1.4.3 A shear panel should be 1.8 m in horizontal dimension along the face of the wall and a minimum of 150 mm in block and wall thickness extending from floor to ring beam, with no openings or penetrations. If the shear panel must be divided in two part the total of horizontal dimension increase to 2.4m with a minimum of 1000mm for the smallest part. (See figures B-6-1 & B-6-2)
Figures B-7-1& B-7-2 shows the various configurations and applications of a shear panel, vertical stiffeners and openings.
Shear panel
Max 1800mm
Max 1800mm
Min 400mm
Max 1800mm
Max 1800mm
Min 400mm
5.1.1.5 5.1.1.5.1
Block Laying
Blocks shall be laid in half bond courses which have been aligned using lines and levels (see figures B-7-1 & B-7-2). 5.1.1.5.2 Walls at junctions and corners shall be bonded to each other by reinforcement and also interlocked in half bond. All walls shall be tied to columns or to reinforced corners at every second course. 5.1.1.5.3 Horizontal and vertical mortar joints shall be a minimum thickness of 12 mm and shall be properly filled with mortar.
5.1.1.6 5.1.1.6.1
Mortar
Mortar shall be made using, by volume, 1 part of ordinary Portland cement and a maximum of 4 parts of clean sifted sand. 5.1.1.6.2 Mortar shall be mixed by hand or preferably by a machine until the ingredients are thoroughly mixed (not less than 3 minutes by machine). A minimum amount of water shall be added to the dry mixture to allow for workability. There shall be no re-mixing of mortar. 5.1.1.6.3 Mortar shall be mixed in appropriate amounts so it is completely used within 1 hour.
5.1.1.7 5.1.1.7.1
See figures B-6-1 and B-6-2 with vertical and horizontal core blocks. 5.1.1.7.1.1 5.1.1.7.1.1.1 Vertical reinforcement With vertical core blocks
Shear panels shall be vertically reinforced using 12 mm diameter bars placed a distance of 400 mm between centres in solid grouted cells. A 1.8 m shear panel would then have five 12 mm diameter bars vertically placed. See figure B-6-1. 5.1.1.7.1.1.2 With horizontal core blocks
Shear panels shall be vertically reinforced using a frame of 2 vertical columns 250mm x 150 mm minimum with 4 x 12 mm diameter bars placed vertically and 6mm diameter bar stirrup each 150 mm in solid concrete. See figure B-6-2. 5.1.1.7.1.2 Vertical reinforcement bars shall be adequately lapped and secured to hook dowels anchored both in the foundation and the ring beam. 5.1.1.7.1.3 Horizontal reinforcement shall be provided using masonry mesh 50 mm 50 mm 3 mm (2 in 2 in 10 G) or an equivalent every two rows. (See figures B-11-1 & B-11-2)
Max 1800mm
2 dia. 12mm bar
Window
Door
Part elevation
Vertical reinforcement
In situ concrete
Part plan
Part elevation
Vertical reinforcement
In situ concrete
Part plan
Fig B9-1 & 10-1 Typical wall corner & intersection - vertical core blocks
Part elevation
Vertical reinforcement 200 mm min
In situ concrete
Part plan
Part elevation
250 mm min Vertical reinforcement
In situ concrete
Part plan
Fig B9-2 & 10-2 Typical wall corner & intersection - horizontal core blocks
200 mm min
20 0 mm mi n
Last Phase
14 13 12
Phase "n"
5 4 3 2 1
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
Concrete
Phase 0
40mm
2
Foundation
Fig B11-1 Typical wall reinforcement and phasing construction Horizontal core blocks
Phase "n"
Form work
12
1 dia.10mm horizontal
Horizontal reinforcement every two course Horizontal reinforcement every two course
6 5 4 3 2 1
1 dia.12mm vertical
1 Block laying and horizontal reinforcement PhasePhase 1 Phase 2 Vertical stiffener locations Horizontal reinforcement every two course
Phase 3
Concrete
1800
Concrete dia 12mm x 1 000mm 4
1800
6 5 4
Phase 0
Phase 0
Concrete
2
2
dia 12mm
40mm
2
3 2 1
1 dia 12mm
Foundation
Foundation
Fig B11-2 Typical wall reinforcement and phasing construction Vertical core blocks
5.1.1.8 5.1.1.8.1
Openings
All openings of 600 mm or greater in any direction shall be reinforced both horizontally and vertically with a minimum of two 10 mm diameter bars. All bars shall extend a distance not less than 600 mm beyond each corner of the opening or otherwise anchored by a 300 mm bend inside the concrete frame (see figure B-8 Openings and lintels). 5.1.1.8.2 Lintels with a span of 600 mm or less shall be horizontally reinforced with two 10 mm diameter bars. 5.1.1.8.3 Lintels with a span ranging from 1.2 m to 1.8 m shall be horizontally and vertically reinforced with two 12 mm bars. 5.1.1.8.4 For large openings refer to clause Lintels
5.1.1.9 5.1.1.9.1
Masonry walls other than those described above shall be reinforced as follows: Three 10 mm diameter bars placed vertically at corners (see figures B-9-1 & B-1-2). Four 10 mm diameter bars placed vertically at intersections (see figures B-10-1 & B-10-2). Two 10 mm diameter bars placed vertically at jambs of doors and windows. (See figure B-8) For vertical wall reinforcement (stiffener) 12 mm diameter bars shall be used spaced 1.8m apart (see figures B-11-1 & B-11-2). Horizontal reinforcement every two rows (see figures B-11-1 & B-11-2). 5.1.1.10 Non-load bearing walls (internal walls)
The recommended minimum reinforcement for non load bearing walls with concrete block construction (refer to figures B-12-1 & B-12-2) shall be as follows: a) b) c) One 10 mm diameter bar shall be placed vertically at corners. One 10 mm diameter bar shall be placed vertically at junctions. For vertical wall reinforcement 10 mm bars shall be spaced at a maximum of 2.5 m apart.
5.1.1.11 5.1.1.11.1
5.1.1.11.1.1 Load bearing walls shall be filled with 1:2:4 nominal mix (refer to table B 1) into the block cores. The concrete shall be properly compacted, with concrete being added after every two courses of block erection (see figure B-11-1).
5.1.1.11.1.2 Non-load bearing walls shall be filled with grout or fine aggregate concrete as the work proceeds (see figure B-11-1). 5.1.1.11.1.3 Pouring of concrete into vertical block cores shall be stopped 40 mm below the top of the block in order to form a key at joints (See figure B-11-1). 5.1.1.11.1.4 The wall reinforcement shall be securely anchored in the wall footing and the ring beam. Horizontal reinforcement shall be embedded in mortar and shall be continuous through intersections and corners (see figure B-11-1).
Ring beam
2.50m maximum
2.50m maximum
Frame
Frame
Ring beam
2.50m maximum
2.50m maximum
Frame
Frame
Ring beam - junction reinforcement 2 x 2 dia 12mm/1m angles Dia 6mm stirrup details
100mm
4 dia. 12mm bars
300mm
5.1.1.11.2 5.1.1.11.2.1
Vertical stiffeners and columns integrated in the wall shall be filled with 1:2:4 nominal mix (refer to table B 1) into the form work. The concrete shall be properly poured and compacted after total block erection in order to insure a good wall interlocking (see figure B-11-2). 5.1.1.11.2.2 The wall reinforcement shall be securely anchored in the wall footing and the ring beam. Horizontal reinforcement shall be embedded in mortar and shall be continuous through intersections and corners (see figure B-11-2).
5.1.1.12 5.1.1.12.1
Ring beams
All walls shall be finished at the top by a reinforced concrete ring beam not less than 200 mm in depth. 5.1.1.12.2 The minimum ring beam reinforcement shall be four 12 mm diameter bars with 6 mm diameter stirrups placed 300 mm between centres. The beam width shall be a minimum of 150 mm without plaster (see figure B-13). 5.1.1.12.3 The corners of ring beams shall be reinforced as shown in figure B-13. 5.1.1.13 Isolated Columns
Where columns are required for porches, carports etc., construction shall be as follows: a) Minimum dimensions shall be 200 mm 200 mm.
b) Columns shall be formed by form work on four sides or form work on two sides with block work on the other two. c) Square columns,
The minimum column reinforcement shall be four 12 mm diameter bars with 6 mm diameter stirrups placed 150 mm between centres. d) Round columns,
Round columns with varying cross-section (fancy columns) shall have a minimum section of 200mm diameter and shall be reinforced with six (6) 12mm diameter bars with 6mm diameter round stirrups placed 150mm between centres.
5.1.1.14 5.1.1.14.1
Lintels
Reinforced concrete lintels shall span all door and window openings and shall extend beyond the jambs by not less than 150 mm. 5.1.1.14.2 The lintel shall be 200 mm deep for openings not greater than 2.5 m in width.
5.1.1.14.3 The reinforcement of the lintel shall be four 12 mm diameter bars and 6 mm diameter stirrups placed 200 mm between centres. Reinforcement bars shall be placed in lintels as shown in figure B-8.
5.1.1.15
Chasing
The chasing of walls for the installation of services shall be carefully controlled. Horizontal chases at any one level shall be restricted to 0.7 m in length and only one side of the wall shall be chased. Chasing shall be done before the walls are plastered and then filled with concrete. No chasing of structural members shall be permitted.
5.1.1.16 5.1.1.16.1
Services
Services shall not be carried through shear panels. 5.1.1.16.2 Where services through a structural member other than a shear panel is unavoidable, a sleeve, preferably metallic, shall be provided during the casting operation. The maximum external diameter of the sleeve shall be 25 mm. The minimum spacing between sleeves shall be 150 mm.
First floor
Ground level
5.1.2 5.1.2.1
This section outlines the requirements for structural columns and beams construction using shear panels for single and two storey structures as configured in figure A2-1a and A2-1b for 1or 2 level house type.
5.1.2.2
Shear panels
Ditto "Shear panels" in previous paragraph "Masonry block walls" and "Reinforcement".
5.1.2.3
Columns
Columns shall be formed by form-work on four sides or form-work on two sides with block work on the other two. 5.1.2.3.3 a) Reinforcement
Square columns,
The minimum column reinforcement shall be four 12mm diameter bars with 6mm diameter stirrups placed 150 mm between centres. b) Round columns,
Where round columns are used, or round columns with varying cross-section (fancy columns) shall have a minimum section of 250mm diameter and shall be reinforced with six (6) 12mm diameter bars with 6mm diameter round stirrups placed 100mm between centres. 5.1.2.3.4 Concrete
Columns shall be filled with 1:1:1 nominal mix (refer to table B 1). The concrete shall be properly compacted and poured at one time.
5.1.2.4
Beams
Maximum span 5000mm Minimum section See table B-7 (1 to 4) Total height not less than 1/12 span with 300mm minimum. (See table B7)
Beam # 1
Live Load Beam maximum span (metres) Domestic floor 1.50 kN/m2 Office floor 2.50 kN/m2 3.00 4.00 5.00 3.00 4.00 Beam section Width (mm) 250 250 350 200 350 400 250 300 400 250 300 350 Total height (mm) 300 400 450 350 400 500 300 400 500 300 400 500 Slab thick. (mm) 100 125 150 100 125 150 100 125 150 100 125 150 Main reinforcement Dia. 1 (mm) 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 Number basic bar 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Dia. 2 (mm) 16 16 16 16 16 16 12 16 16 12 16 16 Number min. 2 4 7 2 4 7 2 3 6 3 3 6 Total mm2 570 902 1,537 518 1,016 1,540 465 856 1,410 542 876 1,326 Dia. 1 Top steel on bearing Number Dia. 2 (mm) 12 16 16 12 16 16 10 12 16 10 12 16 Number min. 1 2 4 1 2 4 1 3 3 1 3 3 Total mm2 317 501 854 288 565 856 258 476 783 301 264 736 Dia. (mm) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Vert. stirrups Nb vert. Bar/stir. 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 Space (mn) mini 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 maxi 210 250 250 250 250 250 220 250 250 220 250 250 Total stirrup 23 27 33 20 27 33 19 23 30 22 27 33
5.00 Small industrial floor and storage 5 kN/m2 2.50 3.50 4.50 Horizontal span 3.00 4.00 5.00
Roof 1kN/m2
Beam # 2
Live Load Beam maximum span (metres) Domestic floor 1.50 kN/m2 Office floor 2.50 kN/m2 3.00 4.00 5.00 3.00 4.00 Beam section Width (mm) 150 200 250 150 200 250 150 200 250 150 200 250 Total height (mm) 350 400 500 350 400 500 300 400 500 300 400 500 Slab thick. (mm) 100 125 150 100 125 150 100 125 150 100 125 150 Main reinforcement Dia. 1 (mm) 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 Number basic bar 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Dia. (mm) 10 12 16 10 12 16 12 16 16 12 12 16 Number min. 2 4 4 2 5 4 1 2 4 2 4 4 Total mm2 374 670 976 394 712 1,039 342 593 923 429 650 944 Dia. 1 Top steel on bearing Number Dia. 2 (mm) 12 16 12 16 Number min. 2 2 2 2 Total mm2 208 372 542 219 395 577 190 12 12 10 10 12 1 3 1 2 3 329 513 238 239 524 Dia. (mm) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Vert. stirrups Nb vert. Bar/stir. 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 Space (mn) mini 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 maxi 250 250 250 250 250 250 220 250 250 220 250 250 Total stirrup 20 27 33 20 27 33 19 23 30 22 27 33
5.00 Small industrial floor and storage 5 kN/m2 2.50 3.50 4.50 Horizontal span Roof 1kN/m2 3.00 4.00 5.00
Beam # 3
Live Load Beam maximum span (metres) Domestic floor 1.50 kN/m2 Office floor 2.50 kN/m2 3.00 4.00 5.00 3.00 Beam section Width (mm) 250 250 350 200 350 400 250 300 400 250 300 350 Total height (mm) 300 400 450 350 400 500 300 400 500 300 400 500 Slab thick. (mm) 100 125 150 100 125 150 100 125 150 100 125 150 Main reinforcement Dia. 1 (mm) 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 Number basic bar 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Dia. (mm) 12 16 16 12 16 16 10 12 16 10 12 16 Number min. 2 2 4 1 3 4 1 3 4 2 3 4 Total mm2 377 601 1,025 343 677 1,027 309 568 940 360 581 884 Dia. 1 Top steel on bearing Number Dia. 2 (mm) 10 12 16 10 12 16 10 12 16 10 12 16 Number min. 2 3 3 1 3 3 1 2 3 1 3 3 Total mm2 314 501 854 286 565 856 257 473 783 300 257 736 Dia. (mm) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Vert. stirrups Nb vert. Bar/stir. 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 Space (mn) mini 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 maxi 220 250 250 250 250 250 220 250 250 220 250 250 Total stirrup 22 27 33 20 27 33 19 23 30 22 27 33
4.00 5.00 Small industrial floor and storage 5 kN/m2 2.50 3.50 4.50 Horizontal span 3.00 4.00 5.00
Roof 1kN/m2
Beam # 4
Live Load Beam maximum span (metres) Domestic floor 1.50 kN/m2 Office floor 2.50 kN/m2 3.00 4.00 5.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 Beam section Width (mm) 150 200 250 150 200 250 150 Total height (mm) 350 400 500 350 400 500 300 Slab thick. (mm) 100 125 150 100 125 150 100 Main reinforcement Dia. 1 (mm) 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 Number basic bar 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Dia. (mm) 10 12 16 12 16 16 Number min. 1 3 3 1 2 3 Total mm2 250 447 650 264 477 693 223 Dia. 1 Top steel on bearing Number Dia. 2 (mm) 12 16 12 16 Number min. 2 2 2 2 Total mm2 208 372 542 220 398 577 186 Dia. (mm) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Vert. stirrups Nb vert. Bar/stir. 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 Space (mn) mini 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 maxi 250 250 250 250 250 250 220 Total stirrup 20 27 33 20 27 33 19
Table B7-1 Typical reinforcement for concrete beams - 2 ways slab and MS steel grade 250
Beam # 1
Live Load Beam maximum span (metres) Domestic floor 1.50 kN/m2 Office floor 2.50 kN/m2 3.00 4.00 5.00 3.00 4.00 Beam section Width (mm) 250 250 350 250 300 350 250 300 350 250 300 350 Total height (mm) 300 400 450 300 350 450 300 350 400 300 350 400 Slab thick. (mm) 100 125 150 100 125 150 100 125 150 100 125 150 Main reinforcement Dia. 1 (mm) 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 Number basic bar 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Dia. 2 (mm) 12 12 16 12 12 16 10 12 16 12 12 16 Number min. 2 3 4 2 4 4 1 3 4 1 3 4 Total mm2 337 534 915 365 677 1,000 276 580 1,033 323 592 979 Dia. 1 (mm) 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 Top steel on bearing Number basic bar 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Dia. 2 (mm) 10 16 12 16 Number min. 2 2 2 2 Total mm2 187 297 508 203 376 555 153 322 574 179 440 544 Dia. (mm) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Vert. stirrups Nb vert. Bar/stir. 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 Space (mn) mini 50 50 50 49 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 maxi 220 250 250 220 250 250 220 250 250 220 250 250 Total stirrup 22 27 33 22 27 33 19 23 30 22 27 33
5.00 Small industrial floor and storage 5 kN/m2 2.50 3.50 4.50 Horizontal span 3.00 4.00 5.00
12 16
1 2
Roof 1kN/m2
12 16
1 2
Beam # 2
Live Load Beam maximum span (metres) Domestic floor 1.50 kN/m2 Office floor 2.50 kN/m2 3.00 4.00 5.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 Beam section Width (mm) 150 200 250 150 200 250 150 200 250 150 200 250 Total height (mm) 350 400 500 350 400 500 300 400 500 350 400 450 Slab thick. (mm) 100 125 150 100 125 150 100 125 150 100 125 150 Main reinforcement Dia. 1 (mm) 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 Number basic bar 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 12 12 2 4 Dia. (mm) 12 12 12 12 Number min. 2 4 2 4 Total mm2 219 399 578 231 424 616 199 350 547 213 387 618 Dia. 1 (mm) 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 Top steel on bearing Number basic bar 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 12 1 12 1 Dia. 2 (mm) Number min. Total mm2 122 222 321 128 235 342 111 195 304 119 359 343 Dia. (mm) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Vert. stirrups Nb vert. Bar/stir. 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 Space (mn) mini 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 48 maxi 250 250 250 250 250 250 220 250 250 250 250 250 Total stirrup 20 27 33 20 27 33 19 23 30 20 27 34
12 10 12
1 1 1
Small industrial floor and storage 5 kN/m2 2.50 3.50 4.50 Horizontal span 3.00 4.00 5.00
10 12
2 3
Roof 1kN/m2
Beam # 3
Live Load Beam maximum span (metres) Domestic floor 1.50 kN/m2 Office floor 2.50 kN/m2 3.00 4.00 5.00 3.00 4.00 Beam section Width (mm) 250 250 350 250 300 350 250 300 350 250 300 350 Total height (mm) 300 400 450 300 350 450 300 350 400 300 350 400 Slab thick. (mm) 100 125 150 100 125 150 100 125 150 100 125 150 Main reinforcement Dia. 1 (mm) 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 Number basic bar 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 10 12 2 4 Dia. (mm) 12 12 10 12 16 Number min. 2 4 1 2 3 Total mm2 220 356 607 243 451 667 180 386 685 210 393 649 Dia. 1 (mm) 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 Top steel on bearing Number basic bar 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 10 12 2 3 Dia. 2 (mm) 12 12 12 12 Number min. 1 3 2 4 Total mm2 183 297 506 202 376 555 150 321 571 175 358 541 Dia. (mm) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Vert. stirrups Nb vert. Bar/stir. 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 Space (mn) mini 50 50 50 49 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 maxi 220 250 250 220 250 250 220 250 250 220 250 250 Total stirrup 22 27 33 22 27 33 19 23 30 22 27 33
5.00 Small industrial floor and storage 5 kN/m2 2.50 3.50 4.50 Horizontal span Roof 1kN/m2 3.00 4.00 5.00
10 12
3 4
12 12
1 3
Beam # 4
Live Load Beam maximum span (metres) Domestic floor 1.50 kN/m2 Office floor 2.50 kN/m2 3.00 4.00 5.00 3.00 Beam section Width (mm) 150 200 250 150 200 250 150 Total height (mm) 350 400 500 350 400 500 300 Slab thick. (mm) 100 125 150 100 125 150 100 Main reinforcement Dia. 1 (mm) 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 Number basic bar 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Dia. (mm) 10 12 10 12 Number min. 1 2 1 3 Total mm2 146 265 386 154 282 411 133 Dia. 1 (mm) 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 Top steel on bearing Number basic bar 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Dia. 2 (mm) Number min. Total mm2 122 221 321 128 235 342 111 Dia. (mm) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Vert. stirrups Nb vert. Bar/stir. 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 Space (mn) mini 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 maxi 250 250 250 250 250 250 220 Total stirrup 20 27 33 20 27 33 19
12 10 12
1 1 1
Table B7-3 Typical reinforcement for concrete beams - 2 ways slab and HR steel grade 420
5.1.2.4.2
Form-work
Beams shall be formed by form-work on three sides. The bottom form-work must be rigid enough to support the weight of the structure, the two other sides and the rigours. This bottom form support shall remain in place 4weeks minimum. 5.1.2.4.3 Reinforcement
For horizontal and vertical reinforcement see table B-7 (1 to 4) and Figures B-17 to 21. 5.1.2.4.4 Concrete
Beams shall be filled with 1:1:1 nominal mix (refer to table B 1). The concrete shall be properly compacted and poured at one time.
5.1.3
1 roof load
H = Height
H = Height
5.2 Timber
5.2.1 Identification & Grade.
Exterior walls of wood-frame construction shall be designed and constructed in accordance with the provisions of this chapter. 5.2.2.1 Stud spacing.
In bearing walls, studs, which are not more than 3m in height shall be, spaced not more than is specified in the following Table C-10 Table C-10 Maximum stud spacing Stud size Supporting roof and ceiling only Supporting on floor, roof and ceiling Supporting one floor only
5.2.2.2
Top plate.
Wood stud walls shall be capped with a double top plate installed to provide overlapping at comers and intersections with bearing partitions. See figure C-3. Any joints in top plates shall be offset at least 600 mm 5.2.2.3 Bearing studs.
Where floor or roof framing members is spaced more than 400mm on centre and the bearing studs below are spaced 600mm on centre, such members shall bear within 120mm of the studs beneath.
Top plates
Pipe
Top plate
First storey
Wall stud See drilling and and notching provisions Floor joist See drilling and and notching provisions Joist may be cut or notched between these limits
1/3 span
1/3 span
Platform framing
Lap joists 75mm minimum Bottom plate
Bearing wall
Balloon framing
Joist
Sill plate
5.2.2.4
Supporting one floor and a roof >4.2m 50 x 150mm 50 x 150mm 50 x 150mm 50 x 150mm
Supporting two floors and a roof >4.2m 50 x 150mm 50 x 150mm 50 x 150mm 50 x 150mm
5.2.2.5
Studs shall have full bearing on a nominal 40mm or larger plate or sill having a width at least equal to the width of the studs.
5.2.3
Interior load-bearing walls shall be constructed, framed and fire-stopped as specified for exterior walls.
5.2.4
Interior non-bearing walls shall be permitted to be constructed with - 50mm by 75mm studs spaced 600 mm on centre or, when not part of a braced wall line, - 50mm by 100mm flat studs spaced at 400mm on centre. Interior non-bearing walls shall be capped with at least a single top plate.
5.2.5
Any stud in an exterior wall or bearing partition may be cut or notched to a depth not exceeding 25 percent of its width. Studs in non bearing partitions may be notched to a depth not to exceed 40 percent of a single stud width. Any stud may be bored or drilled, provided that the diameter of the resulting hole is no greater than 40 percent of the stud width, the edge of the hole is no closer than 20mm to the edge of the stud, and the hole is not located in the same section as a cut or notch.
5.2.5.1
When piping or ductwork is placed in or partly in an exterior wall or interior load-bearing wall, necessitating a cutting of the top plate by more than 50 percent of its width, a galvanised metal tie not less than 1.37 mm thick (16 gage) and 40mm wide shall be fastened to each plate across and to each side of the opening with not less than six 16d nails.
5.2.6
Headers.
For header spans see Tables on floor section. 5.2.6.1 Wood structural panel box headers.
Wood structural panel box headers shall be constructed in accordance with following Table C-12 Table C-12 Maximum spans for wood structural panel box header Header construction Header depth 7.5m In mm Wood structural panel one side Wood structural panel both sides 225mm 450mm 225mm 450mm 1.2m 1.5m 2.1m 2.4m 1.2m 1.5m 1.5m 2.4m 0.9m 1.2m 1.5m 2.1m 0.9m 0.9m 1.2m 2.1m 0.9m 0.9m 1.8m 8m House depth in m 8.5m 9m 9.5m
5.2.6.2
Non-bearing walls.
Load-bearing headers are not required in interior or exterior non-bearing walls. A single flat 50mm by 100mm member may be used as a header in interior or exterior non bearing walls for openings up to 2.4m in width if the vertical distance to the parallel nailing surface above is not more than 600mm. For such non bearing headers, no cripples or blocking are required above the header.
5.2.7
Cripple walls.
Foundation cripple walls shall be framed of studs not less in size than the studding above. When exceeding 1.2m in height, such walls shall be framed of studs having the size required for an additional story. See figure C4. 5.2.7.1 Bracing.
Cripple walls shall be braced with an amount and type of bracing as required for the wall above plus an additional 15 percent of braced wall length or a maximum braced wall panel spacing to 5.5m. Cripple walls with a stud height less than 350mm shall be sheathed on at least one side with a wood structural panel that is fastened to both the top and bottom plates, or the cripple walls shall be constructed of solid blocking. Cripple walls shall be supported on continuous foundations.
5.2.8
Wall bracing.
Braced wall panels, exterior walls, and required interior braced wall lines shall be constructed in accordance with this Section. The braced wall panels in the braced wall lines in each story of the building shall be constructed of a series of one or more braced wall panels. 5.2.8.1 Braced wall lines.
Braced wall lines shall consist of braced wall panels, which meet the requirements for location, method and amount of bracing specified in following table. Braced wall panels which are counted as part of a braced wall line shall be in line, except that offsets out-of-plane of up to 1200mm shall be permitted between adjacent wall panels, provided that the total out-to-out offset dimension in any braced wall line is not more than 2400mm Braced wall panels shall begin no more than 2400mm from each end of a braced wall line.
Wall sruds
Sub floor
Sill plate
Table C-13 ADJUSTMENT OF BRACING AMOUNTS FOR INTERIOR BRACED WALL LINES ACCORDING TO BRACED WALL LINE SPACING Braced Wall Line Spacing Meter 4.5m or less 6m 7.5m 9m 10.5m Multiply Bracing Amount by: Coefficient 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
Exterior braced wall lines shall have a braced wall panel located at each end of the braced wall line. 1. Linear interpolation is permissible. 2. The adjustment is limited to the larger spacing between braced wall lines to either side of an interior braced wall line. 5.2.8.1.1 Sheathing attachment.
Fastening of braced wall panel sheathing shall be nailed with 8d minimum. Adhesive attachment of wall sheathing is not permitted. 5.2.8.2 Braced wall panel construction methods.
The construction of braced wall panels shall be in accordance with one of the following methods: 1. Nominal 25mm by 100mm continuous diagonal braces let in to the top and bottom plates and the intervening studs or approved metal strap devices installed in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications. The let-in bracing shall be placed at an angle not more than 60 degrees or less than 45 degrees from the horizontal. 2. Wood boards of 16mm net minimum thickness applied diagonally on studs spaced a maximum of 600mm on centre. 3. Wood structural panel sheathing with a thickness not less than 8mm for 400mm stud spacing and not less than 10mm for 600mm stud spacing. 4. 13mm or 19mm thick structural fibre board sheathing applied vertically on studs spaced a maximum of 400mm on centre.
5.2.8.3
For methods 2,3 and 4 above, each braced wall panel shall be at least 1200mm in length, covering a minimum of three stud spaces where studs are spaced 400mm on centre and covering a minimum of two stud spaces where studs are spaced 600mm on centre.
5.2.8.4
Panel joints.
Horizontal joints in braced wall panels shall occur over blocking of a minimum of 40mm thickness. 5.2.8.5 Connection
Braced wall panel sole plates shall be fastened to the floor framing and top plates shall be connected to the framing above. Sills shall be fastened to the foundation or slab. Where joists are perpendicular to the braced wall lines above, blocking shall be provided under and in line with the braced wall panel. 5.2.8.6 Wall anchorage.
Braced wall line sills shall be anchored to concrete or masonry foundations. Plate washers, a minimum 6mm x 50mm x 50mm in size, shall be provided between the foundation sill plate and the nut. 5.2.8.7 Interior Braced wall panel
Interior braced wall lines shall be fastened to floor and roof framing. 1. Floor joists parallel to the top plate shall be toe nailed to the top plate with at least 8d nails spaced a maximum of 150mm on centre. 2. Top plate laps shall be face nailed with at least 8-16d nails on each side of the splice
5.2.9
a) No timber frame members should be less than 100mm in width. b)At all corners and intersections, uprights should be not less than 100mmx 100mm or 2 members of 50mm x 100mm each bolted together. The posts should be fixed to the sills or floor beams by dowel or metal cleats. c)Intermediate uprights should be not less than 100mm x 50mm and spaced at not more than 600mm. d)The corners of all rooms and intersections should be braced with timber members not less than 50mm x 100mm and shall be jointed to the upright in such a manner as to leave the upright whole. e)The upper sills and wall plates at the outer corners and intersections can be tied with straps at least 225mm x 225mm x 6mm secured with 4 # 10mm diameter coach screws not less than 65mm long. f)Alternatively, bracing may maybe effected by 50mm x 100mm diagonal timber struts in all corners. It is important to have a tight connection between the wall plates and posts. (g)The clear height of a wall should not be greater than 3m on the basis of structural calculations showing that the wall framing as designed is adequately supported and can withstand the horizontal imposed loads including wind and earthquakes. 5.2.10 Cladding a)The cladding of all external walls must be of approved weatherproof material. All cladding must be nailed securely to each framing member. b)Where plaster is used as the cladding, it should consist of not less than two coats applied to metal laths which shall be securely fastened to the weather proof backing. c)The metal laths may consist of expanded metal sheets, "hyrib" or other standard materials. Such material must be used in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. d) The first or scratch coat of plaster shall be not less than 12mm thick and shall be kept moist by e) Interior walls may be covered by any approved kind of interior partition boards or with plaster as described above.
Steel haunch
Steel column
Anchors
Anchors
Shear connections
Erection seat
Shear splices
Stiffener if required
Weld as required
Shim as required
Erection clearance
5.3 Metal
5.3.1 5.3.1.1
For steel framed buildings, two systems are generally used for walls. These are hollow concrete block walls or metal cladding.
5.3.1.1.1
Masonry walls
a) When concrete walls are used, the information given in Section "Masonry block wall" is applicable. There are some minor differences concerning the anchoring of the wall reinforcement. The vertical steel is anchored to the footing in the normal manner and anchored at the top by welding to the longitudinal beam, or fixed to a concrete beam constructed on top of the walls. b) The horizontal reinforcement is welded to the web of the columns. If the columns are encased in concrete the reinforcement can be carried to the face of the steel column. c) Care must be taken to fix these walls to the steel frames so as to provide lateral continuity to the walls and to prevent the wall from collapsing either under the shaking from an earthquake or from the pressures due to hurricane winds. d) It is however, sometimes necessary to install a flexible joint between the block wall and the steel column where the walls have not been used to provide lateral stability. In this event the steel frame must be adequately braced to accommodate the lateral loads without collapse.
5.3.1.1.2
Metal Cladding
a) Where metal cladding is used, Z-purlins are attached to the columns with suitable fixing. b) The vertical siding, as the sheeting is then called, is attached to the Z-purlins in the normal manner employed for roofs. Fixings made in the valleys rather than on the crowns would provide greater hurricane resistance. c) Care must be taken to prevent leaks.
150mm blockwork
150mm blockwork
200mm blockwork
600mm min
600 mm minimum
450
Fig B14 & B15 Details of ground floor slab on grade and suspended ground floor slab.
Beam #2
Beam #4
Beam #4
Beam #4
Beam #6
Beam #8
Beam #8
Beam #8
Beam #2
Beam #1
Beam #1
Beam #1
Beam #6
Beam #1
Beam #3
Beam #3
Beam #3
Beam #5
Beam #7
Beam #7
Beam #2
Beam #1
Beam #1
Beam #1
Beam #6
Beam #2
Beam #4
Beam #4
Beam #6
Beam #8
Beam #8
Beam #2
Beam #4
Beam #4
Beam #4
Beam #6
Beam #8
Beam #8
Beam #8
Beam #2
Beam #1
Beam #1
Beam #1
Beam #6
Beam #1
Beam #3
Beam #3
Beam #3
Beam #5
Beam #7
Beam #7
Beam #1
Beam #3
Beam #3
Beam #3
Beam #5
Beam #7
Beam #7
Beam #2
Beam #1
Beam #1
Beam #1
Beam #6
Beam #2
Beam #4
Beam #4
Beam #6
Beam #8
Beam #8
Floor systems
6.1.1.3 6.1.1.3.1
The floor slab on grade shall be reinforced with welded wire mesh 150 mm 150 mm 3 mm. The mesh shall be located 25 mm from the top of the slab and care shall be taken during pouring that this location is maintained. 6.1.1.3.2 The mesh shall be tied to the ground beams where such beams are used. Minimum laps in the mesh shall be 150 mm.
6.1.1.4 6.1.1.4.1
Suspended Slab Suspended slab For suspended slab (see figure B-15) the following shall be observed: -
a) b)
The concrete floor slab shall be a minimum of 100 mm thick and conform to table B-4. The maximum span shall conform to table B-4.
c) As a protection against flooding, the finished surface of the floor shall be located no less than 300 mm above ground level. On a sloping site, the floor shall be at least 300 mm above the ground at any point at the nearest point relative to the floor.
Main reinforcement (2 ways) Dia. Space (mm) (mm) 10 150 12 150 120 12
Top center steel Dia. Spacing (mm) (mm) 10 250 12 250 240 12
Top edge steel Dia. Spacing (mm) (mm) 10 250 10 250 250 10
10 12 12
10 12 12
10 10 10
10 12 12
10 12 12
10 10 10
Roof 1kN/m2
10 10 12
10 10 12
10 10 10
Note:
Steel rods are MS rods and Concrete is Grade "C" (see Table B1) Ratio (Slab Lengh / Slab Width) between 0.8 to 1.25
Slab thickness min 100mm Top center steel lengh = 2 m min. Top edge steel lengh = 1.2m min.
200mm
9 rods
7 bars as Table
8 rods
6 bars as Table
7 rods
5 bars as Table
6 rods
4 bars as Table
5 rods
3 bars as Table
4 rods 3 rods 2 rods or
2 bars as Table 1 bar as Table no bar added as Table Additionnal bar See table B 7-1 or B 7-2
7 rods
5 bars as Table
6 rods
4 bars as Table
5 rods
3 bars as Table
4 rods 3 rods 2 rods or
2 bars as Table 1 bar as Table no bar added as Table Additionnal bar See table B 7-3 or B 7-4
Width
max. 200mm
Type of stirrup
Main reinforcement
Assembly rods
Rod details
6.1.1.4.2
Reinforcement
The minimum requirement for the reinforcement shall conform to table B-4. 6.1.2 Finishing
The slab shall be floated immediately after pouring as this produces a durable surface. Alternatively, a sand cement screed not less than 20 mm thick may be applied to roughened surface of the concrete. The surface shall be cleaned and washed before applying the screed. A screed of proportions of 1 part cement to 4 parts sand (by volume) is acceptable.
6.1.3
Services
All pipes and conduits for services shall be laid and arranged so that the required concrete cover to the reinforcement is maintained.
NOTE Most structures within the scope of these guidelines would have floor slabs on compacted granular material; but on sloping sites, floor slabs may have to be suspended. The reinforcement set out above will provide a safe suspended floor or roof. Professional assistance should be sought on the size and placement of reinforcement for situations other than those described.
Sill plates
Solid blocking
Sill plate
6.2 Timber
6.2.1 Identification & Grade.
See characteristics in paragraph "Basic Materials/Timber". 6.2.2 6.2.2.1 General Design and construction.
Floors shall be designed and constructed in accordance with the provisions of this chapter and figure C5. 6.2.2.2 Allowable joist spans.
Table C-2 Floor joist span for common lumber species Joist spacing 50x150mm Dead load = 1kN/m2 and Live load 1.5kN/m2 50x200mm 50x250mm 50x300mm
Maximum floor joist spans in metre 300mm 400mm 500mm 600mm 3.3m 3m 2.6m 2.3m 4.2m 3.6m 3.3m 3m 5.1m 4.5m 4m 3.6m 6m 5.2m 4.6m 4.2m
6.2.2.3
Joists under parallel bearing partitions shall be doubled or a beam of adequate size to support the load shall be provided. Double joists, which are separated to permit the installation of piping or vents, shall be full depth solid blocked with lumber not less than 50mm in nominal thickness spaced not more than 1200mm on centre. 6.2.2.4 Allowable header spans.
The allowable spans of headers shall not exceed the values set forth in Table C-3.
Table C-3 Header spans for exterior bearing walls Headers supporting Number and sizes of header Building width in metre < or = 6m 6m < 8.5m < 8.5m < < 11m
Maximum header span in metre Roof and ceiling 2 - 50x100mm 2 50x150mm 2 50x200mm Roof, ceiling & 1 centre bearing floor Roof, ceiling & 1 clear span floor 2 - 50x100mm 2 50x150mm 2 50x200mm 2 - 50x100mm 2 50x150mm 2 50x200mm 1m 1.6m 1.9m 0.9m 1.3m 1.7m 0.8m 1.15m 1.5m 0.9m 1.4m 1.7m 0.8m 1.2m 1.5m 0.7m 1.1m 1.3m 0.8m 1.2m 1.6m 0.7m 1.1m 1.35m 0.6m 0.9m 1.15m
Table C-4 Header spans for interior bearing walls Headers and girders supporting Number and sizes of header Building width in metre < or = 6m 6m < 8.5m < 8.5m < < 11m
Maximum header span in metre One floor only One floor only One floor only One floor only One floor only 2 - 50x100mm 2 50x150mm 2 50x200mm 2 50x250mm 2 50x300mm 0.95m 1.35m 1.75m 2.1m 2.4m 0.8m 1.15m 1.5m 1.8m 2.1m 0.7m 1.05m 1.35m 1.55m 1.9m
D/ 4 ma xi
D/6 ma xi
D/4 maxi
Rafter/ceiling joists
50m m min i
D
50mm min i
/3
ax i
Drilling
6.2.2.5
Bearing.
The ends of each joist, beam or header shall have not less than 50mm of bearing on wood or metal and not less than 75mm on masonry or concrete. 6.2.2.5.1 Floor systems.
Joists framing from opposite sides over a bearing support shall lap a minimum of 75 mm and shall be nailed together. A wood or metal splice with strength equal to or greater than that provided by the nailed lap is permitted. 6.2.2.5.2 Joist framing.
Joists framing into the side of a wood header shall be supported by approved framing anchors or on ledger strips not less than nominal 50mm by 50mm. 6.2.2.6 Lateral restraint at supports.
Joists shall be supported laterally at the ends by full-depth solid blocking not less than 50mm nominal in thickness; or by attachment to a header, band or rim joist, or to an adjoining stud; or shall be otherwise provided with lateral support to prevent rotation. 6.2.2.6.1 Bridging.
Joists exceeding a nominal 50mm x 150mm shall be supported laterally by solid blocking, diagonal bridging (wood or metal), or a continuous 25mm by 75mm strip nailed across the bottom of joists perpendicular to joists at intervals not exceeding 2400mm 6.2.2.7 Drilling and notching.
Structural floor members shall not be cut, bored or notched in excess of the limitations specified in this section. See Figure C-6. 6.2.2.7.1 Engineered wood products.
Cuts, notches and holes bored in trusses, laminated veneer lumber, glue-laminated members or Ijoists are not permitted unless the effect of such penetrations are specifically considered in the design of the member. 6.2.2.8 Fastening.
Floor framing shall be nailed or screwed. Where posts and beam or header construction is used to support floor framing, positive connections shall be provided to ensure against uplift and lateral displacement. 6.2.2.9 Framing of openings.
Openings in floor framing shall be framed with a header and trimmer joists. When the header joist span does not exceed 1200mm, the header joist may be a single member the same size as the floor joist. Single trimmer joists may be used to carry a single header joist that is located within 900mm of the trimmer joist bearing. When the header joist span exceeds 1200mm, the trimmer joists and the header joist shall be doubled and of sufficient cross section to support the floor joists framing into the header. Approved hangers shall be used for the header joist to trimmer joist connections when the header joist span exceeds 1800mm.
6.2.2.10 6.2.2.10.1
Wood trusses shall be designed in accordance with approved engineering practice. The design and manufacture of metal plate connected wood trusses shall comply with ANSI/TPI 1, National Design Standard for Metal Plate Connected Wood Truss Construction.
6.2.2.10.2
Bracing.
Trusses shall be braced to prevent rotation and provide lateral stability in accordance with the requirements specified in the construction documents for the building and on the individual truss design drawings. 6.2.2.10.3 Alterations to trusses.
Truss members and components shall not be cut, notched, spliced or otherwise altered in any way without the approval of a registered design professional. Alterations resulting in the addition of load (e.g. HVAC equipment, water heater, water tank etc.), that exceeds the design load for the truss shall not be permitted without verification that the truss is capable of supporting the additional loading.
Maximum allowable spans for lumber used, as floor sheathing shall conform to the following Table Table C-5 Minimum thickness of floor sheathing Joist or beam spacing in mm 400mm 600mm Minimum net thickness Perpendicular to joist 16mm 19mm Diagonal to joist 16mm 19mm
Plywood continuous over two or more spans and face grain perpendicular to supports. Unsupported edges shall be tongue and grove or blocked.
6.2.3.1.1
End joints.
6.2.3.2 6.2.3.2.1
Wood structural panel sheathing used for structural purposes shall be identified by a grade mark of certificate of inspection issued by an approved agency.
6.2.3.2.2
Where used, wood structural panels shall be of one of the grades specified in Table C-5 When sanded plywood is used as combination sub-floor underlay, the grade shall be as specified in Table above.
6.2.3.3 6.2.3.3.1
Particleboard shall conform to ANSI A208.1 and shall be so identified by a grade mark or certificate of inspection issued by an approved agency. 6.2.3.3.2 Particle board panel.
Where used, particleboard panels shall be of one of the grades specified in Table C-5
6.3 Metal
6.3.1
MS steel beam
MS steel beam structure shall be engineered based on values given by the Design criteria and other characteristics of this code by recognised professional.
jack rafter
m axi m
um se e ta ble B
-6
facia board
hip rafter
jack rafter
ridge beam
rafters
Roof assemblies
7.1.1
7.1.2 7.1.2.1
Timber Layout
7.1.2.1.1 Roofs are generally constructed as one of three common types. These are: a) hip roofs; b) gable roofs; or c) mono roof. (lean-to) 7.1.2.1.2 The gable roof consists of a structural frame made up of a ridge board and (with) rafters. 7.1.2.1.3 The minimum sizes of roof members shall be 25 mm 150 mm for the ridge board and 50 mm 100 mm for the rafters at 800 mm between centres. The same size rafters shall be used for monopitched (shed) roofs. 7.1.2.1.4 In the case of the hip roof, hip rafters are introduced into the structural frame as shown in figure B-16. 7.1.2.1.5 The minimum size of the hip rafters shall be 50 mm 150 mm. Table B-5 gives rafter sizes of main members constructed of pitch pine. 7.1.2.1.6 The use of timber other than pitch pine at the minimum recommended sizes for pitch pine is acceptable only if it is a stronger timber. Professional advice shall be sought if smaller sizes are used for stronger timber or if weaker timber is used. (Table specifying for different types of timber). 7.1.2.1.7 The timber roof sheeting is generally constructed using 25 mm 150 mm tongue-and-groove boarding, 16 mm plywood or other patented boarding. 7.1.2.1.8 Sheeting may be replaced by a secondary frame of 50 mm 50 mm or 50 mm 100 mm battens fixed to the rafters.
7.1.2.2 7.1.2.2.1
Fixings
The rafters shall be securely fixed to the ring beam at the top of the walls on a wall plate and to the ridge board at the crown of the roof. 7.1.2.2.2 The use of patented hurricane clips (rafter ties) for fixing rafters to plates; purlins and ridge boards shall be used.
Rafter spacing
Solutions
Dead load = 0.50 kN/m2 Light roof with galvanized sheeting 50x100 50x150 50x200 50x250
Dead load = 1.00 kN/m2 Semi light roof with suspended ceiling and asphalt shingle 50x100 50x150 50x200 50x250
Dead load = 1.50 kN/m3 Roof with ceiling and ordinary clay or cement tiles 50x100 50x150 50x200 50x250
Calculation based on minimum wood stress of Maximum length of wood Rough material Solution 1 400mm 600mm 800mm Solution 2 400mm 600mm 800mm Solution 3 400mm 600mm 800mm minimum live load = 0.60 kN/m2 span 3.40 5.10 span 2.80 4.10 span 2.40 3.60 normal span span span
1.50 m
5.50 4.80
5.70 4.90
5.00 4.30
live or climatic load = 1 kN/m2 2.90 4.30 5.80 2.40 3.50 4.70 2.00 3.10 4.10 climatic load = 1.5 kN/m2 2.50 3.80 2.00 3.10 1.80 2.70
5.90 5.10
5.10 4.40
5.10 4.40
2.00 1.70
loss of 12mm in all direction in rough sizing of the material 38x88 38x138 38x188 38x238 38x88 38x138 38x188 38x238 38x88 38x138 38x188 38x238
Solution 11 minimum live load = 0.60 kN/m2 400mm span 2.60 4.10 600mm span 2.10 3.30 800mm span 1.80 2.90 Solution 12 400mm 600mm 800mm Solution 13 400mm 600mm 800mm
5.70 4.90
1.90 1.50
live or climatic load = 1.00 kN/m2 2.20 3.50 4.70 1.80 2.80 3.90 1.60 2.50 3.30 climatic load = 1.50 kN/m2 1.90 3.00 1.60 2.50 2.10
1.90 1.60
1.70
1.70 1.40
1.60
choose the coloumns with the type of roof (dead load) choose the lignes with the type of exposure (climatic load) and type of wood (rough or dressed) with the span required choose the righ solution (rafter spacing and size) rafter spacing in the left coloumn size on top of the table
Solutions
Dead load = 0.50 kN/m2 Light roof with galvanized sheeting 100x25 50x50 100x50
Dead load = 1.00 kN/m2 Semi light roof with suspended ceiling and asphalt shingle 100x25 50x50
Dead load = 1.50 kN/m3 Roof with ceiling and ordinary clay or cement tiles 100x50 50x100 50x150
Calculation based on minimum wood stress of 7,500.00 kN/m2 Maximum span of wood 30 times wood height (to prevent flexion) 750 1500 1500 3000 4500 4500 Rough material Maximum space for Maximum space for purlins battens Solution 1 minimum live load = 0.60 kN/m2 400mm batten space 600mm batten space 800mm batten space 0.90 1.80 1000mm batten space 0.60 1.10 1250mm batten space 0.40 0.70 1.50 1500mm batten space 0.50 1.00 1800mm batten space 1.40 3.20 2000mm batten space 1.10 2.60 5.10 2500mm batten space 0.70 1.60 3.30 3000mm batten space 1.10 2.30 4000mm batten space 0.60 1.30 Solution 2 400mm 600mm 800mm 1000mm 1250mm 1500mm 1800mm 2000mm 2500mm 3000mm 4000mm Solution 3 400mm 600mm 800mm 1000mm 1250mm 1500mm 1800mm 2000mm 2500mm 3000mm normal live or climatic load = 1 kN/m2 batten space batten space 1.20 batten space 0.70 1.30 batten space 0.80 1.70 batten space 0.50 1.10 batten space 0.40 0.70 batten space batten space batten space batten space batten space exposed climatic load = 1.5 kN/m2 batten space 2.00 batten space 0.90 1.70 batten space 0.50 1.00 batten space 0.60 1.30 batten space 0.40 0.80 batten space 0.30 0.60 batten space batten space batten space batten space
750
750
1500
1500
3000
4500
4500
750
750
1500
1500
3000
4500
1.10 0.60
0.80 0.50
0.90 0.50
0.70 0.40
0.70 0.40
1.30 0.90
choose the columns with the type of roof (dead load) choose the paragraph with the type of exposure (climatic load) and type of space between rafters or trusses with the span required choose the righ solution (batten spacing and sizes)
7.1.2.2.3 Plywood decking shall be fastened to the purlins or rafters at a spacing of not less than 600 mm. 7.1.2.2.4 Where timber boards are used as decking, the timber shall be secured at each purlin by at least two galvanised head clout nails at least 40 mm long.
Solution 2 Metal sheet less than 0.50mm thickness (26G, 28G and more)
Underlay
Solution 1 Metal sheet more than {steel 0.50mm (24G) & aluminium 0.60mm thickness}
c spa
ing
OK
Z purlin orientation
Solution 2 Metal sheet less than 0.50mm thickness (26G, 28G and more)
Underlay
Solution 1 Metal sheet more than {steel 0.50mm (24G) & aluminium 0.60mm thickness}
Beam type 1
Beam type 2
Slope in
Typical combinations
Hp rofi le
Beam type 1 Base on design criteria of Trinidad & Tobago Building Code Weight in kg/m Solution 1 Galvanized >0.5mm 3.00 3.60 8.48 11.45 14.87 19.33 17.85 19.33
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Solution 4 Concrete or clay tile 3.00 3.60 3.60 3.60 4.20 3.60
Frame spacing in meter Horizontal beam span in meter S 3x5.7 (75mm x 60mm) S 4x7.7 (102mm x 68mm) S 5x10 (127mm x 76mm) W 4x13 (106mm x 103mm) W 6x12 (153mm x 102mm) W 8x13 (204mm x 102mm) Horizontal beam span in meter S 3x5.7 (75mm x 60mm) S 4x7.7 (102mm x 68mm) S 5x10 (127mm x 76mm) W 4x13 (106mm x 103mm) W 6x12 (153mm x 102mm) W 8x13 (204mm x 102mm) Horizontal beam span in meter S 3x5.7 (75mm x 60mm) S 4x7.7 (102mm x 68mm) S 5x10 (127mm x 76mm) W 4x13 (106mm x 103mm) W 6x12 (153mm x 102mm) W 8x13 (204mm x 102mm) Horizontal beam span in meter S 3x5.7 (75mm x 60mm) S 4x7.7 (102mm x 68mm) S 5x10 (127mm x 76mm) W 4x13 (106mm x 103mm) W 6x12 (153mm x 102mm) W 8x13 (204mm x 102mm) Horizontal beam span in meter S 3x5.7 (75mm x 60mm) S 4x7.7 (102mm x 68mm) S 5x10 (127mm x 76mm) W 4x13 (106mm x 103mm) W 6x12 (153mm x 102mm) W 8x13 (204mm x 102mm) 8.48 11.45 14.87 19.33 17.85 19.33 8.48 11.45 14.87 19.33 17.85 19.33 8.48 11.45 14.87 19.33 17.85 19.33 8.48 11.45 14.87 19.33 17.85 19.33
3.60 3.60
4.20 3.60
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.20
Yes
Yes
Yes Yes
Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
4.80
4.80
4.80
4.80
4.80
4.80
4.80
4.80
4.80
4.80
4.80
4.80
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
5.40
5.40
5.40
5.40
5.40
5.40
5.40
5.40
5.40
5.40
5.40
5.40
Yes Yes
Yes Yes
Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Beam type 2 Base on design criteria of Trinidad & Tobago Building Code Weight in kg/m Solution 1 Galvanized >0.5mm 3.00 4.80 11.45 14.87 19.33 17.85 19.33 22.31
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Solution 4 Concrete or clay tile 3.00 4.80 3.60 4.80 4.20 4.80
Frame spacing in meter Horizontal beam span in meter S 4x7.7 (102mm x 68mm) S 5x10 (127mm x 76mm) W 4x13 (106mm x 103mm) W 6x12 (153mm x 102mm) W 8x13 (204mm x 102mm) W10x15 (254mm x 102mm) Horizontal beam span in meter S 5x10 (127mm x 76mm) W 4x13 (106mm x 103mm) W 6x12 (153mm x 102mm) W 8x13 (204mm x 102mm) W10x15 (254mm x 102mm) Horizontal beam span in meter S 5x10 (127mm x 76mm) W 4x13 (106mm x 103mm) W 6x12 (153mm x 102mm) W 8x13 (204mm x 102mm) W10x15 (254mm x 102mm) Horizontal beam span in meter W 4x13 (106mm x 103mm) W 6x12 (153mm x 102mm) W 8x13 (204mm x 102mm) W10x15 (254mm x 102mm) Horizontal beam span in meter W 4x13 (106mm x 103mm) W 6x12 (153mm x 102mm) W 8x13 (204mm x 102mm) W10x15 (254mm x 102mm) Horizontal beam span in meter W 4x13 (106mm x 103mm) W 6x12 (153mm x 102mm) W 8x13 (204mm x 102mm) W10x15 (254mm x 102mm) Horizontal beam span in meter W 4x13 (106mm x 103mm) W 6x12 (153mm x 102mm) W 8x13 (204mm x 102mm) W10x15 (254mm x 102mm) 19.33 17.85 19.33 22.31 19.33 17.85 19.33 22.31 19.33 17.85 19.33 22.31 19.33 17.85 19.33 22.31 14.87 19.33 17.85 19.33 22.31 14.87 19.33 17.85 19.33 22.31
3.60 4.80
4.20 4.80
5.40
Yes Yes
5.40
Yes Yes
5.40
Yes Yes Yes
5.40
Yes Yes
5.40
Yes Yes Yes
5.40
5.40
Yes Yes
5.40
5.40
5.40
5.40
5.40
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes Yes
6.00
Yes Yes
6.00
6.00
6.00
Yes
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
6.60
Yes Yes
6.60
6.60
6.60
6.60
6.60
6.60
6.60
6.60
6.60
6.60
6.60
Yes Yes
Yes Yes
Yes
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
7.80
7.80
7.80
7.80
7.80
7.80
7.80
7.80
7.80
7.80
7.80
7.80
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
8.40
8.40
8.40
8.40
8.40
8.40
8.40
8.40
8.40
8.40
8.40
8.40
Yes
7.1.3
Metal
7.1.3.1 7.1.3.1.1
See figure D1-5 for details and combinations See tables D-2 MS beam type 1 and D-3 MS beam type 2 for recommended sections.
7.1.3.2
Cold formed steel is composed of galvanised steel sheet 1mm to 1.5mm thickness for C, U and Z sections roll formed profiles. 7.1.3.2.1 Roof structure
Cold formed steel shall be used for purling and rafter as shown in figure D1-2 and D1-6 See tables D-1 Z purlins and D-4 Z or C rafters for recommended sections.
Metal steel Z purlins Base on design criteria of Trinidad & Tobago Building Code Sol 1 Galvanized >0.5mm Sol 2 Galvanized <0.5mm Sol 3 Asphalt shingle Sol 4 Concrete or clay tile
100 mm Z purlin - 1.5mm thickness Spacing (m) 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200 Spacing (m) 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200 Spacing (m) 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200
Maximum calculated span for slope between 0 and 15 3.80 3.20 2.90 2.70 4.00 3.90 3.40 3.40 3.10 3.00 2.80 2.80 between 15 and 30 3.50 3.40 3.00 3.00 2.70 2.70 2.50 between 30 and 45 3.30 2.80 2.50 3.20 2.80 2.50 3.40 2.90 2.60
3.00 2.60
3.10 2.70
2.80
150mm Z purlin - 1.5mm thickness Spacing (m) 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200 Spacing (m) 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200 Spacing (m) 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200
Maximum calculated span for slope between 0 and 15 4.60 4.00 3.50 3.20 4.80 4.80 4.20 4.10 3.80 3.70 3.40 3.40 between 15 and 30 4.10 4.10 3.60 3.50 3.20 3.10 2.90 2.90 between 30 and 45 3.80 3.30 2.90 2.70 3.70 3.20 2.90 2.60 4.10 3.60 3.20 2.90
175mm Z purlin - 1.5mm thickness Spacing (m) 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200 Spacing (m) 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200 Spacing (m) 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200 Note : On site limit span to 4.80 m
Maximum calculated span for slope between 0 and 15 4.90 4.30 3.80 3.50 5.20 5.10 4.50 4.40 4.00 4.00 3.70 3.60 between 15 and 30 4.40 4.30 3.80 3.70 3.40 3.30 3.10 3.10 between 30 and 45 4.00 3.50 3.10 2.80 3.90 3.40 3.00 2.80 4.50 3.90 3.50 3.20
Table D1 Z purlins
Metal steel Z or C rafters Base on design criteria of Trinidad & Tobago Building Code Sol 1 Sol 2 Sol 3 Asphalt shingle Sol 4 Concrete or clay tile
Maximum calculated horizontal span for slope between 15 and 30 4.20 3.40 2.90 4.40 3.60 3.10 4.40 3.60 3.10 3.80 3.10 2.70
between 30 and 45 Spacing (m) 0.400 0.600 0.800 3.40 2.80 2.40 3.60 2.90 2.50 3.60 2.90 2.50 3.10 2.60 2.20
between 45 and 60 Spacing (m) 0.400 0.600 0.800 2.40 2.50 2.10 2.50 2.10 2.20
Maximum calculated horizontal span for slope between 15 and 30 5.50 4.50 3.90 5.70 4.70 4.10 6.10 5.00 4.30 5.30 4.40 3.80
between 30 and 45 Spacing (m) 0.400 0.600 0.800 4.40 3.60 3.10 4.60 3.80 3.30 5.00 4.10 3.50 4.80 3.90 3.40
between 45 and 60 Spacing (m) 0.400 0.600 0.800 3.10 2.50 2.20 3.20 2.60 2.30 3.40 2.70 2.40 3.70 3.00 2.60
Maximum calculated horizontal span for slope between 15 and 30 6.10 5.00 4.30 6.40 5.20 4.50 6.80 5.60 4.80 5.90 4.90 4.20
between 30 and 45 Spacing (m) 0.400 0.600 0.800 4.90 4.00 3.50 5.10 4.20 3.60 5.50 4.50 3.90 5.40 4.40 3.80
between 45 and 60 Spacing (m) 0.400 0.600 0.800 Note : On site limit span less than 35 profile height 3.50 2.80 2.50 3.60 2.90 2.50 3.70 3.10 2.70 4.10 3.40 2.90
Table D4
Z or C rafters
7.2.1 7.2.1.1
7.2.1.1.1 Roof decks shall be covered with approved roof coverings secured to the building or structure in accordance with the provisions of this chapter. 7.2.1.1.2 Roof coverings shall be designed and installed in accordance with this code and the approved manufacturer's installation instructions such that the roof covering shall service to protect the building or structure. 7.2.1.2 Flashing.
Flashiness shall be installed in such a manner as to prevent moisture entering the wall through the joints in the coping, through moisture permeable material, at intersections with the roof plane or at parapet wall penetrations. 7.2.1.2.1 Locations.
Flashiness shall be installed at wall and roof intersections; wherever there is a change in roof slope or direction; and around roof openings. Where flashing is of metal, the metal shall be corrosionresistant with a thickness of not be less than 0.50mm. 7.2.1.3 Coping.
Parapet walls shall be properly coped with non-combustible, weatherproof materials of a width no less than the thickness of the parapet wall. 7.2.1.4 Roof drainage.
Unless roofs are sloped to drain over roof edges, roof drains shall be installed at each low point of the roof. Where required for roof drainage, scuppers shall be placed level with the roof surface in a wall or parapet. The scupper shall be located as determined by the roof slope and contributing roof area.
7.2.1.5
Where roof drains are required, overflow drains having the same size as the roof drains shall be installed with the inlet flow line located 50mm above the low point of the roof, or overflow scuppers having three times the size of the roof drains and having a minimum opening height of 100mm may be installed in the adjacent parapet walls with the inlet flow located 50mm above the low point of the adjacent roof. Overflow drains shall discharge to an approved location and shall not be connected to roof drain lines.
7.2.2 7.2.2.1
Materials Scope.
The requirements set forth in this section shall apply to the application of roof covering materials specified herein. Roof coverings shall be applied in accordance with this chapter and the manufacturer's installation instructions. Installation of roof coverings shall comply with the applicable provisions of this 7.2.2.2 Compatibility of materials.
Roofs and roof coverings shall be of materials that are compatible with each other and with the building or structure to which the materials are applied. 7.2.2.3 Material specifications and physical characteristics.
Roof covering materials shall conform to the applicable standards listed in this chapter. In the absence of applicable standards or where materials are of questionable suitability, testing by an approved testing agency shall be required by the code official to determine the character, quality and limitations of application of the materials. 7.2.2.4 Product identification.
Roof covering materials shall be delivered in packages bearing the manufacturer's identifying marks and approved testing agency labels when required. The manufacturer shall accompany with the same information issued in the form of a certificate or on a bill of lading bulk shipments of materials. 7.2.2.5 Roof covering application.
Roof coverings shall be applied in accordance with the applicable provisions of this section and the manufacturer's installation instructions.
7.2.3 7.2.3.1
7.2.3.1.1
Where the cladding is protected steel sheeting its thickness shall not be less than 0.625 mm (24G) when timber battens or purlins shall be used as supporting members with span no more than 1200mm. 0.475 mm (26G) when close board or 16mm plywood sheathing shall be used as support.
7.2.3.1.2
Aluminium sheeting
Aluminium sheeting is not recommended unless 0.60mm (22G) sheeting is available and unless the fixings supplied have been tested to withstand hurricane force winds. 7.2.3.1.3 Fastening systems
Protected steel sheeting shall be fastened to battens, purlins or decking using galvanised head twisted shank nails that are at least 65 mm long or galvanised screws that are at least 50mm long. Where corrugated sheeting is used, the nails or screws shall be driven through the crown of the corrugation. The minimum fastening density of nails or screws shall be as follow
Centre of the roof minimum of 3 fixings per square meter with edge fixation of the sheet. Roof edges eaves and ridges almost one fixing every 250mm maximum. 7.2.3.2 Metal roof panels
The installation of metal roof panels shall comply with the provisions of this section. 7.2.3.2.1 Deck requirements.
Metal roof panel roof coverings shall be applied to a solid or spaced sheathing, except where the roof covering is specifically designed to be applied to spaced supports. 7.2.3.2.2 Slope.
The minimum slope for lapped, non-soldered seam metal roofs shall be 25% (14). The minimum slope for standing seam roof systems shall be 2.5%.(1/40) 7.2.3.2.3 Material standards.
Metal-sheet roof covering systems that incorporate supporting structural members shall be designed in accordance with the code.
Metal-sheet roof coverings installed over structural decking shall comply with table.
Metal roof coverings standards and installation Roof covering type Galvanised steel Pre-painted steel Aluminium Zinc Alloy Coated Steel Lead-coated copper Copper Hard lead Soft lead Aluminium Standard application TTS 16 35 511: 1988 ASTM A755 TTS 16 35 511: 1988 ASTM B101 4.9 kg/m 9.8 kg/m
2 2 2
14.6 kg/m
7.2.3.2.4
Attachment.
Metal roofing shall be installed in accordance with this chapter and the manufacturer's installation instructions. Approved fasteners shall attach metal roofing fastened directly to steel framing. The following fasteners shall be used: 1. Galvanised fasteners shall be used for galvanised roofs. 2. Hard copper or copper allow shall be used for copper roofs. 3. Stainless steel fasteners are acceptable for metal roofs.
7.2.3.3
Asphalt singles The installation of asphalt shingles shall comply with the provisions of this section.
7.2.3.3.1
Deck requirements.
Asphalt shingles shall only be used on roof slopes of 17% (10) or greater. 7.2.3.3.3 Underlay.
For roof slopes from 17% (10), up to 35% (20), underlay shall be two layers applied in the following manner. Apply a 480mm strip of underlay felt parallel with and starting at the eaves, fastened sufficiently to hold in place. Starting at the eaves, apply 900mm wide sheets of underlay overlapping successive sheets 480mm and fastened sufficiently to hold in place. For roof slopes of 35% (20) or greater, underlay shall be one layer applied in the following manner. Underlay shall be applied shingle fashion, parallel to and starting from the Eva and lapped 50mm fastened sufficiently to hold in place. End laps shall be offset by 1.80m. Underlay applied in areas subject to high winds (greater than 145km/hr) shall be applied with corrosion-resistant nails in accordance with manufacturer's installation instructions. Fasteners are to be applied along the overlap not farther apart than 900mm on centre. 7.2.3.3.4 Material standards
Unless otherwise noted, required underlay shall conform to ASTM D226, Type 1, or ASTM D 4869, Type 1. Asphalt shingles shall have self-seal strips or be interlocking, and comply with ASTM D225 or D3462. 7.2.3.3.5 Fasteners.
Asphalt shingles shall be fixed to the decking using the proper adhesives in accordance with the manufacturers instructions. (Galvanised extra large head clout nails may also be used for fastening asphalt shingles Corrosion resistant nails minimum 3.5mm, 10mm head, or approved corrosion-resistant staples, minimum 2mm x 24mm crown width. Fasteners shall be long enough to penetrate into the sheathing 20mm or through the thickness of the sheathing, wherever is less. Asphalt shingles shall have the type and minimum number of fasteners required by the manufacturer. For normal application, asphalt shingles shall be secured to the roof with not less than four fasteners per strip shingle or two fasteners per individual shingle. Where the roof slope exceeds 166% (60), special methods of fastening is required.
7.2.3.3.6
Flashing.
Flashing for asphalt shingles shall comply with this section. 7.2.3.3.6.1 Base and cap flashing.
Base and cap flashing shall be installed in accordance with manufacturer's installation instructions.
Base flashing shall be of either corrosion-resistant metal of minimum nominal 0.50mm thickness or mineral surface roll roofing weighing a minimum of 3.75kg/m2. Cap flashing shall be corrosion resistant metal of minimum nominal 0.50mm thickness. 7.2.3.3.6.2 Valleys.
Valley linings shall be installed in accordance with manufacturer's installation instructions before applying shingles. Valley linings of the following types shall be permitted. 1. For open valley (valley lining exposed) lined with metal, the valley lining shall be at least 600mm wide and of any of the corrosion-resistant metals. 2. For open valleys, valley lining of two plies of mineral surface roll roofing, complying with ASTM D249, shall be permitted. The bottom layer shall be 450mm and the top layers a minimum of 900mm wide. 3. For closed valleys (valley covered with shingles), valley lining of one ply of smooth roll roofing complying with ASTM D 224 Type II or Type III and at least 900mm wide or valley lining as described in paragraphs 1 and 2 above shall be permitted. Speciality underlay complying with ASTM D 1970 may be used in lieu of the lining material.
Valley lining material Material Copper Aluminium Stainless steel Galvanised steel Zinc alloy Lead 0.60 mm 0.40 mm 0.63 mm 0.70 mm 12 kg/m2 Minimum thickness Weight/m2 5 kg/m2
7.2.3.3.7
A cricket or saddle shall be installed on the ridge side of any chimney greater than 750mm wide. Cricket or saddle coverings, shall be sheet metal or of same material as roof covering.
7.2.3.4
The installation of metal roof shingles shall comply with the provisions of this section. 7.2.3.4.1 Deck requirements.
Metal roof shingles shall be applied to a solid or closely fitted deck, except where the roof covering is specifically designed to be applied to spaced sheathing. 7.2.3.4.2 Deck slope.
Metal roof shingles shall not be installed on roof slopes below 17% (10). 7.2.3.4.3 Underlay. . Not required 7.2.3.4.4 Material standards.
Metal roof shingle roof coverings of galvanised steel shall be 0.40mm minimum thickness. Metal roof shingle roof coverings of aluminium shall be of 0.60mm minimum thickness.
7.2.3.4.5
Application.
Metal roof shingles shall be secured to the roof in accordance with this chapter and the approved manufacturer's installation instructions. 7.2.3.4.6 Flashing.
The roof valley flashing shall be provided of not less than 0.40mm corrosion-resistant metal, which shall extend at least 200mm from the centre line each way and shall have a splash diverter rib not less than 20mm high at the flow line formed as part of the flashing. Sections of flashing shall have an end lap of not less than 100mm. The metal valley flashing shall have a 900mm wide underlay directly under it consisting of one layer of underlay running the full length of the valley, in addition to underlay required for metal roof shingles.
7.2.3.5
Slate shingles
The installation of slate shingles shall comply with the provisions of this section. 7.2.3.5.1 Deck requirements.
Slate shingles shall be fastened to solidly sheathed roofs. 7.2.3.5.2 Deck slope.
Slate shingles shall only be used on slopes of 50% (26) or greater. 7.2.3.5.3 Underlay. Not required 7.2.3.5.4 Material standards.
Minimum head-lap for slate shingles shall be in accordance with the following table. Slate shingles shall be secured to the roof with two fasteners per slate. Slate shingles shall be installed in accordance with this chapter and the manufacturer's installation instructions.
Slate single head-lap Slope 50% (26) < slope < 70% (35) 70% (35) < slope < 166% (60) Slope < 166% (60) Head-lap 100mm 75 mm 50 mm
7.2.3.5.6
Flashing.
Flashing and counter-flashing shall be made with sheet metal. Valley flashing minimum of 400mm wide. Valley and flashing metal shall be a minimum uncoated thickness of 0.50mm zinc coated. Chimneys, stucco or brick walls shall have a minimum of two plies of felt for a cap flashing consisting of 100mm wide strip of felt set in plastic cement and extending 25mm above the first felt and a top coating of plastic cement. The felt shall extend over the base flashing 50mm.
7.2.3.6
The installation of clay and concrete shall comply with the provisions of this section. 7.2.3.6.1 Deck requirements.
Concrete and clay tile shall be installed only over solid sheathing or spaced structural sheathing boards. 7.2.3.6.2 Deck slope.
Clay and concrete roof tile shall be installed on roof slopes of 25% or greater. For roof slope 25% to 35%, double underlay application is required. 7.2.3.6.3 Underlay.
Unless otherwise noted, required underlay shall conform with: ASTM D226, Type 11; ASTM D2626, Type I; or ASTM D249 mineral surfaced roll roofing. 7.2.3.6.3.1 Low slope roofs.
For roof slopes from 25% (15), up to 35% (20), underlay shall be a minimum of two layers underlay applies as follows: I. Apply a 450mm strip of underlay felt parallel with and starting at the eaves fastened sufficiently in place. End laps shall be offset by 1.80m. 2. Starting at the Eaves, apply 900mm wide sheets of underlay felt overlapping successive sheets 450mm and fastened sufficiently in place. 7.2.3.6.3.2 High slope roofs.
For roof slopes of 35% (20), or greater, underlay shall be a minimum of one layer of underlay felt applied shingle fashion, parallel to, and starting from the eaves and lapped 50mm, fastened sufficiently in place. 7.2.3.6.3.3 Underlay and high wind.
Underlay applied in areas subject to high wind (greater than 145 km/h) shall be applied with corrosion-resistant nails in accordance with manufacturer's installation instructions. Fasteners are to be applied along the overlap not farther apart then 900mm on centre. 7.2.3.6.4 Tile standards.
Clay roof tile shall comply with ASTM C 1167 Concrete roof tile shall comply with BS EN 490 Concrete roofing tile and fittings 7.2.3.6.5 Fasteners.
Nails shall be corrosion-resistant and not less than 3.5mm, 8mm head, and of sufficient length to penetrate the deck a minimum of 20mm or through the thickness of the deck, whichever is less. Attaching wire for clay or concrete tile shall not be smaller than 2.00mm. Perimeter fastening areas include three tile courses but not less than 900mm from either side of hips or ridges and edges of eaves and gable rakes.
Clay and concrete tile attachment Sheathing Solid without battens Spaced or solid with battens Spaced sheathing without battens Roof slope All Slope < 40% (22) 40% (22)< slope <100% (45) 100% (45)< slope < 200% (64) Number of fasteners One per tile Not required One per tile/every other row
7.2.3.6.6
Application.
Tile shall be applied in accordance with this chapter and the manufacturer's installation instructions, based on the following: 1. Roof Slope 2. Underlay system 3. Type of tile being installed Clay and concrete roof tiles shall be fastened in accordance with this section and the manufacturer's installation instructions. Perimeter tiles shall be fastened with a minimum of one 2 fastener per tile. Tiles with installed weight less than 45kg/m require a minimum of one fastener per tile regardless of roof slope. Clay and concrete roof tile attachment shall be in accordance with the manufacturer's installation instructions where applied in areas where the winds speed exceeds 130km/hr and on buildings where the roof is located more than 12m above grade. In all other areas, clay and concrete roof tiles shall be attached. 7.2.3.6.7 Flashing.
At the juncture of the roof vertical surfaces, flashing and counter flashing shall be provided in accordance with this chapter and the manufacturer's installation instructions, and where of metal, shall not be less than 0.50mm corrosion resistant metal. The valley flashing shall extend at least 300mm from the centreline each way and have a splash diverter rib not less than 25mm high at the flow line formed as part of the flashing. Sections of flashing shall have an end lap of not less than 100mm. For roof slopes of 25% (15) and over, the valley flashing shall have a 900mm wide underlay of one layer of Type I underlay running the full length of the valley, in addition to other required underlay.
7.2.3.7
Built-up roofs.
The installation of built-up roofs shall comply with the provisions of this section. 7.2.3.7.1 Slope.
Built-up roofs shall have a design slope of a minimum of 2.5% for drainage, except for coal-tar built-up roofs that shall have a design slope of a minimum 1%. 7.2.3.7.2 Material standards.
Built-up roof covering materials shall comply with the standards in table.
BUILT-UP ROOFING MATERIAL STANDARDS MATERIAL STANDARD Aggregate surfacing Asphalt-coated glass fibber base sheet Asphalt glass felt Asphalt-saturated and asphalt-coated organic felt base sheet Asphalt-saturated organic felt (perforated) Asphalt used in roofing Coal-tar saturated organic felt Coal-tar used in roofing II Glass mat, coal tar Glass mat, venting type Mineral-surfaced inorganic cap sheet ASTM D4990 ASTM D4897 ASTM D3909 STANDARD ASTM D1863 ASTM D4601 ASTM D2178 ASTM D2626 ASTM D226 ASTM D312 ASTM D227 ASTM D450, Types I or
7.2.3.7.3
Application.
Built-up roofs shall be installed according to this chapter and the manufacturer's installation instructions.
Figures
In AutoCAD 14 Principle Fig A1-1 Plan of building proportion Fig A1-2 Recommended location of wall openings Fig A1-3 Recommended location of wall opening for two storey building Fig A1-4 Typical roof gable wall arrangement Fig A1-5 Recommended method of construction on sloping sites Fig A1-6 In-fill panel between timber building supports Fig A1-7 Timber framing showing bracing Fig A1-8 Timber framing for wall Fig A1-9 Rafter/wall plate connections Fig A1-10 Rafter/ring beam connections Fig A1-11 Wall plate connections and hurricane ties Design criteria Fig A2-1a Basic 1 or 2 level house type Fig A2-1b Mixed 1 or 2 level house type Fig A2-1c 1 or 2 level house, other type of combination Fig A2-2 Trinidad & Tobago Winds Fig A2-3 Trinidad flood prone areas Fig A2-4 Tobago flood prone areas Minimal requirement Fig A3-1 Minimum room sizes Fig A3-2 Typical furniture arrangement Fig A3-3 Typical furniture arrangement, 7.5m2 room Fig A3-4 Habitable room area Fig A3-5 Toilet, bath and shower space required Fig A3-6 Stairs and landings Fig A3-7 Ramps and landings Fig A3-8 Steps (Treads, risers and nosing) Fig A3-9 Stair handrails Fig A3-10 Guards Fig A3-11 Septic tank 2500 litres 5 persons maxi Fig A3-12 Septic tank 3200 litres 8 persons maxi Fig A3-13 Soak-away Fig A3-14 Draining trench Foundations Fig B-1 Foundation types Fig B-2-1a Arrangement for strip footing 150mm vertical core blocks X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Not available X X X X X X X X X X X
Fig B-2-1b Arrangement for strip footing 200mm vertical core blocks Fig B3 Typical spread footing details
X X
Masonry Fig B-4 1 and 2 level House type Fig B-5 Load & non load bearing clay or concrete blocks Fig B-6-1 Shear panel - Vertical core blocks Fig B-6-2 Shear panel - Horizontal core blocks Fig B-7-1 Typical external wall arrangement Fig B-7-2 Typical external wall arrangement Fig B-8 Openings and lintels Fig B-9-1 Typical wall corner details - Vertical core blocks Fig B-9-2 Typical wall corner details - Horizontal core blocks Fig B-10-1 Typical wall intersection details- Vertical core blocks Fig B-10-2 Typical wall intersection details- Horizontal core blocks Fig B-11-1 Typical wall reinforcement and phasing construction-Vertical core Fig B-11-2 Typical wall reinforcement and phasing construction- horizontal core Fig B-12-1 Internal wall arrangement and reinforcement-vertical core Fig B-12-2 Internal wall arrangement and reinforcement-horizontal core Fig B-13 Ring beam reinforcement Fig B-14 Detail of ground floor slab on grade Fig B-15 Detail of suspended ground floor slab Fig B-16 Typical hip roof construction Fig B-17-1 2 level house - Typical cross section masonry blocks Fig B-17-2 shear panel 2 Level house - Typical cross section columns, beams and X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Next edition X X X X X
Fig B-17-3 2 Level house - Typical cross section framed structure Fig B-18 Slabs and beams typical arrangements Fig B-19-1 Beam reinforcement - Typical arrangement Mild Steel Fig B-19-2 Beam reinforcement - Typical arrangement HR steel Fig B-20 Concrete beams (Middle and Side) Fig B-21 Beam sections Timber Fig C-1 Wall height Fig C- 2 Top plate framing to accommodate piping Fig C -3 Typical wall, floor and roof framing Fig C- 4 Framing details Fig C- 5 Floor construction Fig C- 6 Joist cutting, notching and drilling
X X X X X X
Metal steel Fig D1-1 Steel frame typical Fig D1-2 Z purlin details Fig D1-3 Beam framing Fig D1-4 Column base plates Fig D1-5 Roof beam details Fig D1-6 Z or C steel profile used as rafter
X X X X X X X
Tables
Tables not in the Word text.
Concrete Table B-1 Concrete composition Table B-4 Typical reinforcement for two way slabs Table B-7-1 Typical reinforcement for concrete beams2 way slab and MS Steel grade 250 Table B-7-2 Typical reinforcement for concrete beams1 way slab and MS Steel grade 250 Table B-7-3 Typical reinforcement for concrete beams2 way slab and HR Steel grade 420 Table B-7-4 Typical reinforcement for concrete beams1 way slab and HR Steel grade 420 Next edition X Next edition X X X
Timber Table C-1 Timber names for use in Trinidad & Tobago Table C-5 Maximum roof span for rafter Table C-6 Maximum roof span for battens and joists X (2 pages) X X
Steel structure Table D-1 Z purlins Table D-2 MS beam type 1 Table D-3 MS beam type 2 Table D-4 Z or C rafters X X X X
10 Normative references
This chapter lists the standards that are referenced in various sections of this document.
ASTM
American Society for Testing and Materials 100 Barr Harbor Drive West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Title
Code reference
Specification for steel sheet, metallic coated by the hot dip process and pre-painted by the coil-coating process for exterior exposed building products Lead coated copper sheets Specification bearing wall tile. for structural clay load-
Roof materials
Specification for roofing slate Specification for hollow brick (Hollow masonry units made from clay or shale) Specification for clay roof tiles
Roof materials
Specification for smooth surfaced asphalt roll roofing (Organic felt) Asphalt shingles with mineral granules (Organic felt) surfaced
Roof materials
ASTM D 225-95
Roof materials
ASTM D 226-94
Specification for asphalt-saturated organic felt used in roofing and water proofing Coal tar saturated organic felt used in roofing and waterproofing
Roof materials
ASTM D 227-97a
Roof materials
Specification for coal tar saturated organic felt used in roofing and water proofing Specification for asphalt used in roofing
Roof materials
Roof materials
ASTM D 450-96
Coal tar pitch used in roofing, dampproofing and waterproofing Mineral aggregate used in built up roofs
Roof materials
Roof materials
Asphalt glass felt used in roofing and waterproofing Asphalt saturated and coated organic felt base sheet used in roofing Asphalt shingles made from glass felt and surfaced with mineral granules Asphalt roll roofing (Glass felt) surfaced with mineral granules Asphalt coated glass fibre base sheet used in roofing Asphalt saturated organic felt underlay used in roofing Asphalt coated glass fibre venting base sheet used in roofing Coal tar glass felt used in roofing and waterproofing Test method for surface characteristics for building materials burning
Roof materials
ASTM D 2626-97a
Roof materials
ASTM D 3462-97a
Roof materials
ASTM D 3909-97a
Roof materials
ASTM D 4601-97a
Roof materials
ASTM D 4869-88
Roof materials
ASTM D 4897-97a
Roof materials
ASTM D 4990-97a
Roof materials
ASTM E 84-91a
ASTM E 90-90
Test method for laboratory measurement of airborne sound transmission loss of building partitions Standard test methods for water vapour transmission of materials Test methods for fire tests of building construction and materials
ASTM E 96-92
Moisture retarders
vapour
ASTM E 119-88
ASTM (96)
492-90
Test method for laboratory measurement of impact sound transmission through floor ceiling assemblies using the tapping machine Test method for fire tests of through penetration fire stops
ASTM E 814-94b
ASTM E 970-94a
Standard test method for critical radiant flux of exposed attic floor insulation using a radiant heat energy source Standard practice for determining the minimum thickness and type of glass required to resist a specified load
Insulation
ASTM E 1300-97
Glazing
AWPA
American Wood-Preservers Association PO Box 5690 Granbury, Texas 76049
Title
Code reference
All timber products- Preservative treatment by pressure processes Wood for commercial-residential construction- Preservative treatment by pressure processes
C15-90
BS
British Standards
Title
Code reference
Roof materials
CPSC
Consumer Product Safety Commission 4330 East West Highway Bethesda, MD 20814-4408
Title
Code reference
Safety standard for architectural glazing Interim safety cellulose insulation Cellulose insulation standard for
Glazing
Insulation
Insulation
CUBIC
Standard reference number Title Code reference
IRC
International Residential Code for One and Two Family Dwellings Doubletree Hotel 3050 Bristol Street Costa Mesa, CA 92626
Title
Code reference
ISO
Case postale 56 CH- 1211 Geneva, 20 Switzerland
Title
Code reference
TTS
Trinidad and Tobago Standard Trincity Industrial Estate Macoya, Tunapuna, Trinidad
Title
Code reference
Code of practice for the design and construction of septic tanks and associated secondary treatment and disposal system. Specification for load masonry concrete units. bearing
Sanitation
TTS 16 35 508
TTS 16 35 509
Specification for non load bearing concrete masonry units. Specification for corrugated galvanised and aluzinc coated steel sheets for roofing and general purpose. Electrical code Carbon steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete Specification
Roof materials
ULC
Underwriters Laboratories of Canada 7 Crouse Road Scarborough, Ontario, Canada MIR 3A9
Title
Code reference
Standard method of test for surface burning characteristics of flooring, floor covering and miscellaneous materials and assembly
Insulation