Condition and Processes Underlying the Emergence of New Zones of Economic Interactio : Desakota Given the diversity of these

transition, it may well be argued that the desa kota have litle in common. However, certain common conditions and processes occur in these regions. First, virtually all these region are characterized by densely population, small-holder cultivation agriculture, commonly wt-rice, that involves careful water management and groeconomic practices. Densities frequently approach one thousand person per square kilometer of cultivated land. The organization of resources typical of a skill-oriented technology such as intensive rice farming dovetails very neatly with petty commodity production, which requires little capital to set up family enterprise and absorbs surplus labour without deepriving the farm of workers at times of peak demand. It can be expanded, diversified or contracted according to market demands, but the combination with thee rice farm guarantees thefamily subsistance. The products can be conveniently conveyed to local or national markets by merchants, who pay the villagers for their labour and often provide raw materials as well as information on the state of the market. Thus, it possible to argue that the labor force of these rice bowl areas was culturally prepared to commit its labor to various forms of new noagricultural activity. Second, in virtuslly sll the rice-bowl areas there were large cities or clusters of cities such as Calcuta, Shanghai, Bangkok that provided both opportunities for seasonal labor and important markets for rural rice and other products. The linkages with these cities were important for the surrounding rural areas for cultural and economic reasons. Third, these regions were frequently characterized by a well-developed infrastructure of roads and canals that allowed an intense movement of commodities and people. Fourth, by the early 1950 all these regions were large, cheap labor reservoirs waiting to be tapped by state, international, and privat capital investment. In other countries, these processes moved more slowly, partly because the institutional changes of the three tigers could not be implemented. The Philippines is an excellent example of initial succes and then slowdown because of bad government. Fifth, all the desakota regions were characterized by highly intregated transactive environtments in terms of movement of people and comodities, for example. In many cases the dense network of rural canals and waterways was central to this intregation in the pre-world war ii period. Finally, it is important to act knowledge the role of expansion of the global economy and international division of labor, which create a situation where national goverments responsible for gigantic, cheap labor pools have adopted different policies with respect to permitting or encouraging their countries labor to be tapped for national and international industrial growth. In this respect the location of desakota type 1 and 2 regions adjacent to large cities and transportation points has been particularly important. From the view point of many investors, investment in industry in these regions is cheaper for virtually all the factors of production, and they are able to avoid some of diseconomies that exist in the large urban zones. Thus, these regions are important areas of subcontracting for portion of the industrial produstion process. To summarize, the regions designated as desakota have six main features. (1) They have been or are characterixe by a large population engaged in small-holder cultivation of rice that in the pre-world

war II period conducted considerable interaction through accesible transportation routes. (2) They are generally characterized by an increase in agricultural activities in areas that have previously been largely agricultural. (3) The desakota zones are generally characterized by extreme fluidity and mobility of the population. (4) The desakota zones are characterized by an intense mixture of land use with agriculture, cottage industry, industrial estates, suburban developments, and other use existing side by side. (5) Another feature of desakota zone is increased participation of females in non agricultural labor. (6) Finally, desakota zone are some extent invisible or grey zone from the viewpoint of the state authorities. Urban regulation may not apply in these rural areas, and it Is difficult for the state to enforce them despite the rapidly changing economic strusture of the regions. In essence, then, the central processes that shape these regions are the dynamic linkages between agriculture and nonagriculture, and investment seeking to utilize cheap labor and land within a distinctive agroecological setting. In desakota regions that show the greatest increase of both agricultural and nonagricultural income, there is general rise in household income. Depending on the expenditure decission of household example saving/expenditure rasios, there may be an increase in demand for local supplies, goods from urban centers, and imports.

Kondisi Dan Proses Yang mendasari Kemunculan Zone Baru Interkasi Ekonomi: Desakota

Dengan keanekaragaman transisi yang terjadi, dapat dikatakan bahwa adanya desakota menjadi suatu hal yang umum. Pertama, hampir semua daerah memiliki populasi yang tinggi dan pertanian dalam skala kecil yang menggunakan pengunaan air secara bersama-sama dan penerapan agroekonomi. Kedua, hampir semua penghasil lumbung padi yang ada di kota besar besar seperti Calcuta, Shanghai, dan Bangkok memberikan peluang untuk tenaga kerja musiman dan pasar di pedesaan akan beras dan produk lainnya. Keterkaitan dengan kota besar penting untuk melindungi budaya dan ekonomi pada area pedesaan. Ketiga, desakota ditandai dengan infrastruktur berupa saluran dan jalan yang dibangun dengan baik, yang memungkinkan pergerakan orang-orang maupun uang. Keempat, pada awal 1950, hampir semua wilayah desakota penyedia tenaga kerja murah diakui statusnya secara internasional maupun privat. Dengan ini, tenaga kerja ditempatkan ke dalam kegiatan bukan pertanian dengan jelas atau legal dari negera satu ke negara lain dan daerah satu ke daerah lain. Kelima, daerah desakota ditandai oleh transactive yang sangat terintegrasi dengan lingkungan dalam kaitan dengan pergerakan tenaga kerja dan akomodasi. Dalam banyak hal, banyaknya jaringan sungai pedesaan/jalan air menjadi pendorong terjadinya integrasi pada akhir perang dunia ke dua. Pada akhirnya, penting untuk bertindak sesuai peran dalam perluasan ekonomi global dan pembagian kerja internasional, yang menciptakan suatu situasi dimana pemerintahan bertanggung jawab atas tenaga kerja dengan mengadopsi kebijakan berbeda berkenaan dengan perijinan atau memberi peluang kepada negara-negara tempat mereka bekerja untuk menciptakan pertumbuhan industri internasional. Dalam hal ini, akses transportasi yang dimiliki desakota ke kota-kota besar menjadi poin-poin yang sangat penting. Investasi dalam industri di desakota lebih murah dalam hal faktor-faktor produksi, sehingga mereka dapat menghindari kerugian apabila di kota besar. Oleh karena itu, desakota adalah area yang penting sebagai bagian berlangsungnya kegiatan industri. Pada dasarnya, desakota mempunyai enam corak utama. (1) desakota memiliki populasi besar serta memiliki pertanian dalam skala kecil dan telah memiliki akses transportasi yang mudah. (2) desakota ditandai oleh peningkatan aktivitas bukan pertanian pada area yang sebelumnya sebagian besar pertanian. (3) Desakota biasanya ditandai oleh mobilitas dan ketidakstabilan populasi yang tinggi. (4) Desakota ditandai oleh suatu campuran penggunaan lahan dengan pertanian, industri rakyat, pabrik, pengembangan di pinggiran kota, dan penggunaan lain yang saling berdampingan. (5) Ciri desakota adalah peningkatan partisipasi perempuan di dalam kegiatan bukan pertanian. (6) Terakhir, desakota merupakan perluasan zona abu-abu dari sudut pandang kejelasan otoritas. Peraturan berkenaan

dengan kota tidak berlaku pada area pedesaan ini, sulit untuk menguatkan desa kota karena tingginya perubahan struktur ekonomi wilayah. Pada intinya, proses yang membentuk daerah ini adalah keterkaitan dinamis antara pertanian dan non pertanian, dan investasi untuk menggunakan tenaga kerja murah dan lahan di suatu wilayah agroecological. Desakota menunjukkan peningkatan terbesar dalam pendapatan pertanian dan bukan pertanian, sehingga terdapat kenaikan pada pendapatan rumah tangga. Tergantung pada keputusan pembelanjaan pada rumah tangga apakah akan disimpan atau dibelanjakan, sehingga dapat memungkinkan terjadinya peningkatan permintaan terhadap persediaan barang-barang lokal, barang-barang dari pusat kota, maupun barang impor.