WalevneIon

InleIIigenlsia
INTELLECTUALS IN THE FABTY-STATE
A nev
pIenonenon
vuns
insislenlI lIvougI
lIe Fuevlo Bican
poIilicaI
Avluvo TovveciIIa
JaIvic neIonisno.1 Il is
vioIenlI
IoalIed
I sone, econonicaII expIoiled
lo lIe Iasl
dvop I olIevs, vegavded
vilI
suspicion
and nislvusl
I
sliII
olIevs. TIe
speclvun
oJ
opinions genevaled I
lIis
pIenonenon
deJies
slalislicaI
pvojeclions
and
Jovecasling I expevls
in lIe
slud
oJ
pavl poI-
ilics. TIe veason is lIal
aIlIougI
lIis
cuviosil
exisls and
pevsisls,
il is
nisIeading
lo undevsland il in levns oJ a
sinpIe Iogic
oJ
poIilicaI vepve-
senlalion.
Yel il is
pveciseI
in levns oJ lIis
Iogic
oJ
vepvesenlalion
lIal
Iavge
sec-
lovs
pejovaliveI
caIIed
neIones ponliJicaII
lvaJJicI lIeiv
IoI occupalions.
I vouId
avgue
lIal lIe
pvoIIen
vaised
I
neIonisno is a nucI Ivoadev and
nove
enconpassing
one. UnliI
nov, Iovevev,
ils
inlevpvelalion
Ias Ieen
veslvicled lo
pavoding
lIe
IelvaaI
oJ lIe
inleIIigenlsia,
lIal is lo
sa,
ils
oppovlunislic
aIandonnenl oJ lIe
guiding pvincipIes
oJ
vevoIulionav
pvaclice.
IJ ve laIe JuvlIev lIe
ivon aIvead
noliced
I
lIose Jev aIIe lo iden-
liJ
a
poIilicaI pvocess
lIal
appeavs
lo aIandon vadicaI
ideoIog,
ve
oIsevve Iov lIe
ovlIodox
oJ sociaIisl and
independenlisl
niIilanls Iave
suvvendeved lIeiv
JIags,
seduced
I
a siven
song
lIal
pvoduces
in lIen an
iIIusion oJ Slale
povev.
And, conlinuing
lIe
pavod,
iJ lIis inleIIecluaI
IelvaaI
exisls as sone-
lIing
nove lIan a
suspicion,
lIis is Iecause il lvansIales inlo
vead none.
TIal is lo
sa,
unaIIe lo suvvive ils ideaIisn oJ lIe
spivil,
lIe 1960s and
1970s vadicaI
genevalion
discoveved lIal lIe
spivil
oJ ideas Iad
pIenl
oJ
viaIiIil
Jov
joining
lIe Iesl oJ
possiIIe
aIIies lIe
Favl-Slale [Eslado
de
Ios
Favlidos].
TIe JouI
pIa pevpelvaled I
lIis
pavod
is Jav Jvon
iIIusov.
TIe
invisiIiIil
and
pevnissiIiIil
oJ
veccIed
neIonic
inleIIecluaIs,
IolI
al lIe Ieavl oJ Slale
appavaluses
and in lIe civcuils oJ
poslnodevnisl cap-
ilaI,
ave oJlen
vecognized
and even vevavded vilIoul discvelion. TIese
vevavds ave
given
in lIe Jovn oJ divecl
counseIing
lo lIe Fvince and lo lIe
Slale,
in divevse
Jovuns, audiences,
and diveclives lIe Econonic Advi-
sov Boavd,
Educalion
Bepavlnenl,
lIe
Univevsil
Sludenl
Senale,
lIe
Inslilule Jov
CuIluve,
lIe LaIov
Bepavlnenl, anong
olIevs.
WIal is aII lIis aIoul? FoIilicaI
oppovlunisn?
SociaI avvivisno? A
pvagnalic
lvansJovnalion oJ ouv vadicaI
genevalion?
A
Iosl and seveved
Iislov lIal
vepIaces passionale ulopias
vilI a BeaIpoIiliI nove in
agvee-
nenl vilI lIe lines? A
pelile-Iouvgeoisie lIal, aIong
vilI IislovicaI nale-
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viaIisn, IeIaledI
discovevs lIal
Iislov's
vav naleviaI
nuIlipIies
ilseIJ
Jaslev in lIe coJJevs oJ Slale
capilaI?
In
sun,
vIal
slvange nosquilo
Ias
Iillen ouv
conlenpovavies
so lIal lIeiv
lvansgvessive Ianguage
no
Iongev
covevs lIe
cil's
vaIIs?
As
pvincipIes covvupled I IelvaaI,
eacI oJ lIese
vegislevs
Iils lIe
navI. We ave
deaIing
Ieve vilI lIe IavsI
judgnenl
oJ suIaIlevn niIilanls
vIo,
devoled lo a cause vilI no
guavanlees,
Iave Jaced
eavs
oJ sociaI
sligna
and
poIilicaI navginaIil onI
lo
Jace, loda,
a
poIilicaI
scene lIal
no
Iongev
denands
lvagic
ideaIisl
suIjecls,
Iul conedians vIo can nine
lIe
Jvenz
oJ
povev. Hovevev,
lIis
Ieap
oJ evidence
na
conceaI a veaI
lvansilion in lIe
veIalionsIip
oJ lIese inleIIecluaI seclovs lo Slale and
cap-
ilaI. Il is vovlI
oIsevving,
in ovdev lo vid ouvseIves oJ ouv
pvovinciaIisn
in
vegavd
lo sucI
pIenonena,
lIal lIis
pveviousI
unInovn evenl Ias
acIieved inlevnalionaI veIevance since lIe
ccIe opened
in lIe Iale 1970s
and
eavI 1980s.2
M
inlevesl Ieve is Iovevev nol lo oJJev
el
anolIev
pavod
oJ lIe
inleIIecluaIs'
IelvaaI:
ils
lIealvicaIil
conslilules ils ovn
pavod. BalIev,
I
vouId IiIe lo
povlva
neIonisno as a
speciJic snplon
oJ a nove
gIoIaI
nulalion in lIe
veIalionsIip
oJ cevlain sociaI cIasses vilI IolI lIe Slale
nacIinev
and civiI
sociel. TIus,
in ovdev lo
Iegin expIaining
lIe lvans-
Jovnalions
opevaling
al lIe Ieavl oJ lIe
conlenpovav inleIIigenlsia,
I
vouId IiIe lo advance lIe
JoIIoving pvoposilions |1)
lIe sociaI and
poIil-
icaI
veccIing
oJ lIis sociaI
gvoup vequives
a
sellIing
oJ accounls Ielveen
lIe
epic
inleIIecluaI and lIe
poslnodevn inleIIecluaI: |2)
nove lIan in a
quesl
Jov
poIilicaI vepvesenlalion,
sucI a
cIange
Iecones
appavenl
in lIe
cvealion oJ
oplinaI
condilions Jov an aIIiance oJ nev seclovs oJ lIe inlev-
nediale cIasses vilI a veneved
Iouvgeois povev: |3) acconpIisIed
in
levns oJ lIe Iinils and lvansJovnalion oJ lIe
Kenesian
slale on lIe one
Iand,
and
lIvougI
nev necIanisns Jov lIe
IauncIing
oJ accunuIalion on
lIe
olIev,
lIis aIIiance
vequives
a
puviJicalion
oJ lIe
inleIIigenlsia's
Inov-
Iov, acconnodaling
il lo IocaI and
capiIIav
Jovns oJ
povev, encouvaged
especiaII I capilaI
in lIe aveas oJ
vepvoduclion
and lIe
negolialion
oJ
sociaI
veIalions: |4)
lIe
poIilicaI
nedialion lIal
pvonises
lo
guavanlee
lIis
avlicuIalion vilI lIe nosl
viaIiIil
lvansIales inlo a nev Iind oJ sociaI
denocvac:
and
|5)
lIe
vesuIling ideoIogicaI
nedialion is Ied
I
a nodeI
oJ
cilizensIip
consensus vIicI lvansJovns civiI
sociel
inlo civic
sociel.
Lel's eIaIovale JuvlIev.
Fviov lo lIis
ccIe
in lIe
inleIIigenlsia's lvansJovnalion,
ve vilnessed
a
Iong peviod
oJ sociaI conlvacl Ielveen
capilaI, IaIov,
and lIe Slale. AII
lIe aveas lvansJovned since lIe
poslvav
econonic
vecovev |uvIan spaces,
IaIov, sIiIIs, and evevda IiJe, anong olIevs) vupluved a civic peace
Jounded on ideoIogies and Slale slvucluves deslvoed vilI lIe enevgence
oJ nev aveas oJ conJIicl.
136 Avluvo TovveciIIa
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BeJove lIe cIose oJ lIis
ccIe
and in ils
Ieginnings,
lIe 1940s vil-
nessed lIe
veIauncIing
oJ lIe
conpeliliveness
oJ
pvivale capilaI
lIal in lIe
innediale
pasl
Iad Ieen slvucI
I
a cvisis oJ
undevconsunplion
vIicI
cuIninaled in lIe cvasI oJ 1929. TIis
line,
lIe
inleIIigence
oJ
capilaI
vas
JiIleved
I
a nev node oJ
veguIalion
oJ IaIov
conJIicl,
lIal
is,
via lIe Slale
capilaI
vas nade sociaI
conslilulionaII I
lIe
vespeclive Kenesian
slales
vIiIe lIe
capilaIisl
Slale Iecane lIe coIIeclive ideaI. TIe
cIaIIenge
vas lo
avoid a second IislovicaI
vevevsaI,
a second cvisis in connevciaI veaIizalion
and lIe incuIalion oJ unconlvoIIed Iines oJ
JIigIl anong
lIe cIass oJ
vage
eavnevs. In lIis
JasIion,
lIe
vage
as lIe
negalive
vaviaIIe-a
pevnanenl
souvce oJ conlvacluaI
disagveenenls-nelanovpIoses
inlo a
puviJied pos-
ilive vaviaIIe neanl lo eslaIIisI conlvoIIed
equalions anong vages, pvoJil,
and
pvoduclivil
incveases. TIe issue is no
Iongev
lo
slvangIe vages
Iul lo
nalcI lIen lo
pvoduclivil
indexes so as lo
incovpovale
aII vovIevs inlo
an
expansive
nass navIel as cilizen-consunevs.3
TIe Jusion oJ
econon
and
poIilics,
ov valIev lIe
veJasIioning
oJ lIe
econon
as Slale
poIilics, incveasingI Iiquidaled
civiI
sociel. Ov,
even
Iellev,
lIis Jusion vevaIovized
sociel aIong
lIe Iines oJ
connodiJicalion,
avlicuIaling
vaIue
pvoduclion
and lIe
vepvoduclion
oJ
vages.
CiviI
sociel
Iecane
capilaIisl
vIiIe
capilaI
vas nade sociaI
lIvougI
lIe
Kenesian
vedge.4
TIe
Kenesian
sociaI
pacl
sellIed in Fuevlo Bico
lIvougI
lIe Favlido
FopuIav
vas nol
aIvas
a
Iapp
one. TIe
vIivIpooI
oJ
capilaI,
vIicI vas
anpIiJied
Jvon lIe
spIeve
oJ
pvoduclion
lo lIal oJ
Slale-sponsoved
civcu-
Ialion, JIung
oJJ aclovs oJ lIe lvadilionaI
pelile-Iouvgeoisie.
VuInevaIIe lo
lIe dissoIulion oJ Jovns oJ
sinpIe connodil
civcuIalion oJ vIicI
lIe
Jovned
pavl,
lIe Iallev
easiI acInovIedged
lIe
ideoIogicaI vepvesenlalion
oJ lIe cIass
enen
in nalionaIislic levns. TIis vas lIe case aIso vilI IiI-
evaI
pvoJessionaIs,
seconded
I
anceslvaI venlievs vIo veve nol
snpa-
lIelic lo
poIilicaI
conlvacls oJ a cIienleIislic
lpe
vilI lIe
exisling povevs.
A diJJevenl scenavio vas lIal oJ lIe nev cIass oJ encuadvanienlo oJ
sociaI
capilaI.5
Fovned undev lIe educalionaI
appavalus's
denocvalic
pvo-
leclion and
slvenglIened
in lIe 1970s vilI lIe
sIalleving
oJ sociaI
peace,
lIe
poIilicaI
inJIeclion oJ lIis cIass vaveved Ielveen an
independenlisn
nucI Iess conJined ov
coaxingI pvolecled I
lIe Slale's
novnaIizing
insli-
lulions
|lIe
Inslilulo de
CuIluva,
lIe
Aleneo)
ov
pavl IeadevsIip |FIF),
and a
TIivd-WovIdisl/TIivd
InlevnalionaI sociaIisn. BiJJevenl Jvon lIe
lvadilionaI
pelile-Iouvgeoisie,
lIe nev encuadvanienlo
cIass,
silualed
Ielveen IaIov and
capilaI, acquives
a nev
pIsiognon
as a dislincl sociaI
cIass vilI lIe
polenliaI
lo Iecone a sociaI Jovce. A diJJevenl cIass? TIis is
lo sa lIal lIe vev deveIopnenl oJ capilaIisn engendevs
a nev sociaI
cIass vIose deJinilion vesls on ils
capacil
lo conducl econonic appava-
luses |IaIov unions, engineeving expevls, nanagevs), appavaluses inpIi-
WalevneIon
InleIIigenlsia
137
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caled in lIe
vepvoduclion
oJ lIe IaIov Jovce
|puIIic
IeaIlI
sevvices,
sociaI
scienlisls),
and
appavaluses
oJ sociaI seniolizalion
|nedia, advevlising,
and
puIIic
veIalions
expevls).
TIe
Iislovicil
oJ lIis cIass vesides in lIe
pvocess I vIicI,
once lIe sociaIizalion Ielveen
pvoduclion
and
vepvo-
duclion veIalions is inlensiJied
lIvougI
lIe
Slale,
Ovansci's
ovganic
inleI-
IecluaI nulales inlo lIe
ovganizalion
oJ a
capilaIisl inleIIigenlsia.6
HislovicaII,
one oJ lIe Jaclovs
slinuIaling
lIe vadicaIizalion oJ lIis
cIass Ias Ieen lIe
ideoIogicaI
nedialion oJ sociaIisn. In socielies vilI
slviclI
cIosed
poIilicaI sslens,
conIined vilI an adoIescenl
capilaIisl
deveIopnenl
and coexlensive vilI lIe suvvivaI oJ
pvecapilaIisl pocIels,
Leninisn Iecane one oJ lIe
expvessive
nodaIilies oJ lIis
cIass,
a cIass lIal
in ils
IeadevsIip
as a
poIilicaI
Jovce laIes lIe
pIace
oJ a
pvivale-pvopevl
Iouvgeoisie.
On lIe olIev
Iand,
in lIe Jace oJ a nove JIexiIIe
poIilicaI
sociel,
conIined vilI lIe exlinclion oJ
capilaIisl
avcIaisns and lIe
exlensive sociaIizalion oJ
capilaI
in lIe
pvoduclion-civcuIalion-consunp-
lion
conlinuun,
lIe
ideoIogicaI
and
poIilicaI
nedialion lIal Iesl
expvesses
lIe vadicaIisn oJ lIis cIass Iecones sociaI
denocvac.
NevevlIeIess,
in Fuevlo Bico lIe
vadicaIizing
inJIeclion oJ lIe
encuadvanienlo cIass
iniliaII passed lIvougI
a
peviod
oJ lveacIevous
seduclion
I
Leninisn. TIe cuIluvaI
disposiliJs designed I
lIe Favlido
FopuIav
lIal aIIoved lIen lo
gIelloize
cevlain
gvoups
oJ lIe
epic
inleIIi-
genlsia cIienleIislicaII
veacIed lIeiv
Iinil.7 Fivsl,
lIeve vas a lvansilion oJ
lIe
inleIIigenlsia,
individuaIized
I
lIe
pvocess
oJ
capilaI
consoIidalion.
Second,
lIe Iinil vas aIso veacIed oJ
ideoIogicaI lvansJovnisn,
lIal
is,
lIe
capacil
oJ a cIass Jvaclion ov lIe doninanl cIass lo
pvoduce convincing
cuIluvaI cvilevia in ovdev lo allvacl cevlain inleIIecluaI seclovs
oviginaling
Jvon olIev
slages
ov nodes oJ
pvoduclion. TIivd,
lIe
epic
inleIIecluaI's
Iaslions Iose lIeiv
Iegilinizing capacil
lIe Benilian
univevsil
couId nol
sland one nove snacI in lIe
Jace,
colevies sucI as lIe Aleneo Jound il
inpossiIIe
lo assune lIe
vesponsiIiIil
oJ
cIeansing
one nove
slain.8
Il's no vondev.
Epic
inleIIecluaIs naIe lIeiv discouvse viaIIe
I
engendeving
navvalives lIal
acquive Iegilinac lIvougI
a JoundalionaI
nelaIislov.
TIe Iallev lvansIales inlo
spiviluaI IiIevalion,
Iunan enanci-
palion lIvougI InovIedge,
and Beason as a FvonelIean
veapon.9
InscviIed in a
posilivisl-Iunanisl epislenoIogicaI JieId,
lIis navvalive cov-
vesponds
lo a
suIjecl
oJ discouvse lIal
nonopoIizes
lIe
pviviIege
oJ enun-
cialion. TIe Ieavevs oJ lIis navvalive ave vaIovized as ceIeIvilies lIanIs lo
lIeiv sIiIIJuI
naslev
oJ
Jiguves
oJ
speecI
lIal
lesliJ
lo lIe
puvil
oJ lIe
discuvsive ovdev and lIe
nelapIovic viaIiIil
oJ lIeiv
ovigins,
lIal
lesliJ,
in
sun,
lo lIe ivveduciIIe and
noninlevcIangeaIIe
naluve oJ lIeiv cIavis-
nalic slvenglI.1'0 FevIaps lIe nosl cIassic and idenliJiaIIe exanpIes oJ lIis
Honevic
Jiguve
ave lIe
palviolic poIilicaI ovalovs, ov, Iellev el, lIeiv edu-
calionaI equivaIenls, lIose Jov vIon Iunanisl
EnIigIlennenl InovIedge
138 Avluvo TovveciIIa
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conslilules lIe nain veJevenl. Yel ve sIouId nol ovevIooI lIe Jacl lIal lIis
pvocess pavlicipales
in a nove
genevaI opevalive node,
lIal
is,
lIe
capac-
il
lo naIe
lvanspavenl
a Juluve
aIvead
veveaIed
I aIIuding
lo a nela-
Iislov lIal,
in ouv
case,
is idenliJied as lIe
nalion,
Ie il
IispanopIiIic,
Taino, ov,
nove
vecenlI,
neslizo
pIeIeian.
TIe inleIIecluaI
idenlil
oJ lIe encuadvanienlo cIass is diJJevenl
Jvon aII oJ lIe
aIove,
as ils
quaIiJicalion-suIjeclion
is aIso diJJevenl. TIe
inpossiIiIil
oJ
lvansnuling
ils cuIluvaI
exigencies
oJ
vepvoduclive
InovI-
edge lIvougI
lIe
Kenesian
Slale on lIe eve oJ ils
cvisis, logelIev
vilI lIe
Iinils oJ lIe cuIl oJ lIe
epic inleIIecluaI,
inJIecled lIe
inleIIigenlsia
oJ lIe
1970s, vadicaIizing
il on lIe
poIilicaI
scene.
Yel,
lIis inJIeclion vas eJJecled
in sucI a
va
as lo
Ieep
invavianl lIe nelaIislovicaI
navvalive,
lIis line
convevled inlo sociaIisn. TIe nev cIass
sougIl
soIace in a sociaIisl
poIil-
icaI
inaginav.
TIis discouvse enaIIed il lo Junclion as nedialov in con-
JIicluaIilies lIal oIslvucled IolI ils ascendanl sociaI
noIiIil
and lIe
slvenglIening
oJ ils
inleIIigence.
As a
vesuIl,
lIe JoundalionaI navvalive
Iecane
socioIogized
in lIe
vovIing cIass,
nol vilIoul
pvoIonging
lIe
nelaIislovicaI Ioundavies via ils
suIslanliaIizalion,
no
Iongev
oJ lIe
nalion,
Iul oJ lIe cIass. TIe
epic
inleIIecluaIs' caII lo
IeadevsIip,
lo vecon-
pose
in lIeiv
pvopIelic IoniI
lIe Iosl and lainled
ovigin,
Iies in lIe
adju-
dicalion oJ consciousness a consciousness neanl lo Ie
vecognized
as sucI
I
an
inlevposed pevson-lIe
inleIIecluaI. In ils lvansil lo an
ovganic
inleI-
IecluaI
slage,
lIe encuadvanienlo cIass
quicII
and
enpivicaII
discov-
eved lIal cIass
ovganicil
vouId nol Ie
conpvonised I
ils suIslanliaIiza-
lion. In olIev
vovds,
lIe lvansJovnalion in lIe socio-lecInicaI
conposilion
oJ lIe
vovIJovce,
vIose
expvession
vas
uninlevvupledI
suslained in lIe
disinlegvalion
oJ lIe IaIov
navIels,
on lIe one
Iand,
and in lIe
pvedon-
inance oJ
unquaIiJied
aIslvacl
IaIov,
on lIe
olIev,
and
JinaII,
in lIe vesuIl-
ing
slvucluvaI
unenpIonenl,
Ied lo an
inpasse
in lIe
ovganic aspiva-
lions oJ lIe inleIIecluaI in lIe Jace oJ lIe
incveasingI inovganic
naluve oJ
lIe
cIass.1
TIe nelaIislovicaI veJevenl Iecane oIsoIescenl-lIe cIass
Jacing
lIe
aIslvacl novenenl oJ
capilaI, logelIev
vilI lIe
inleIIigenlsia's eagevness
lo
acconpIisI
ils IislovicaI nission
I cavving inaginalion
lo
povev,
cve-
aled a JavovaIIe scene Jov
eslaIIisIing
lIe nininaI condilions oJ
ideoIog-
icaI lvansJovnisn lIal sliII
opevale loda.
IdeoIogicaI
lvansJovnisn
vequives,
on lIe one
Iand,
lIal lIe Iouv-
geois
IIoc oJJev viaIIe and conJovlaIIe cvilevia oJ
vecognilion, veccIing
oId lIeovelicaI
ideoIogies, incovpovaling pasl
coIovls oJ lIe
inleIIigenlsia,
and,
on lIe olIev
Iand,
lIal lIe cvedenliaIs oJ lIe nenIevs oJ lIe lvans-
Jovning
cIass Ie
vecognized.
One
inlevpvelalion
Ied us lo IeIieve lIal il
Iad Ieen a
queslion
oJ
aIandoning
lIe
genevaI pvincipIes lIal ovienled
vevoIulionav pvaclice. UndouIledI, lIis naluvaI aIandonnenl vas IiIeI
WalevneIon
InleIIigenlsia
139
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Modevnizing
lo Ie undevslood as a vesuIl oJ lIe exlvaclion oJ lIe cIass lIal nouvisIed
lIe 1960s and 1970s
vadicaIizalion, i.e.,
lIe
pelile-Iouvgeoisie.
CveoIe
as lIis
[cvioIIa]
and
palviolic,
ouv
pelile-Iouvgeoisie
couId covev ilseIJ vilI
Mavxisl-Leninisl
JoIiage
as
Iong
as ils
Iouvgeois
nalionaIisl
geneaIogicaI
inleIIigenlsia lvee vas nol
paved
al lIe vools. And iJ lIe issue vas
vools,
lIe Jeav oJ a
Ioss oJ ils Fuevlo Bican
idenlil,
due lo lIe inninenl
annexalion,
did
na Ie, as
nolIing
Iul
pvecipilale
a
Ieap aIvead
conlained in ils
pavl lvanpoIine.12
Iong
as lIe
AIlIougI IavsII poIenicaI, lIe pvevious inlevpvelalion is, I avgue,
pavliaI
and sliII Iound lo cIass
veduclionisn,
Jov il
eIudes,
on lIe one
CapilaI
Slale,
Iand, lIe inlevnaI lvansJovnalions oJ lIe IiIevaI pelile-Iouvgeoisie and, on
lIe
olIev,
lIe nev denands oJ Iunan cuIluvaI
capilaI, enevging
Jvon
ov
sinpI capilaI,
lIe civcuils oJ poslnodevn capilaI and oJ lIe Slale, vecvuilaIIe Jvon a
nodevnizing inleIIigenlsia
lIal Ias lasled lIe vadicaIness oJ lIe 1960s and
acInovIedges
1970s. In lIis
vespecl,
WeIev veninds us lIal lIe navIel Inovs
nolIing
aIoul Ionov and lIal lIe Ionov oJ lIe nev cIass is nol Iound
I
lIe
ils inaginalion, axionalic
pvincipIes
oJ nanoviaI ov
epic IoaIl.
On lIe
conlvav,
nod-
evnizing
as lIis
inleIIigenlsia na Ie,
as
Iong
as lIe
CapilaI Slale,
ov sin-
aII epic IoaIlies
pI capilaI, acInovIedges
ils
inaginalion,
aII
epic IoaIlies
can Ie con-
lvacluaII negolialed. And as Iong as lIe conlvacluaIizalion aIso supposes
can Ie conlvaclu-
ov sels condilions Jov a nev sociaI conlvacl. BalIev lIan
poIilicaI vepve-
aII negolialed.
senlalion ov a cIass aIIiance Ielveen
Iouvgeois
nodevnisl seclovs and lIe
encuadvanienlo
cIass,
vIal is al slaIe Ieve is a sociaI conlvacl lvansIaled
inlo sociaI
paciJicalion vIeveI
lIe encuadvanienlo cIass secuves ils
IocaI
Iegenon.
TIus lIe cuvvenl
ideoIogicaI
lvansJovnisn
opevales
on lvo Jvonls.
TIe Jivsl Jvonl
lavgels
lIe seclovs oJ lIe
epic inleIIigenlsia
ov lIose nod-
evnizevs vIo velain
disguised IoaIlies
lovavd lIen. As lo lIese
seclovs,
lIe Slale ensuves lIe
necessav pvolocoIs ceIeIvaling epIeneva
and Ievoes
|e.g. Eugenio
Mavia de
Hoslos, pvepavalov
vovI Jov lIe
quincenlenav).
Bul lIis navcissisn oJ lIe
epic inleIIigenlsia,
lIal
is,
lIis
IuiIding
oJ a
nalion in a nuseun oJ nivvovs noniloved
I
lIe
Slale,
is lIe Ieasl
inpov-
lanl
aspecl
Jvon lIe
slandpoinl
oJ lIe
povev
oJ
capilaI
in lIal il covve-
sponds
lo a
peviod lIal, despile
ils
ponliJicaI Ionovs,
is
ding
oul.
And,
in
a cevlain
sense,
ils coIovJuI
Iapidavies
ave lIe nenIevs oJ a
vivluaII posl-
nodevn
inleIIigenlsia. ConsequenlI,
lvansJovnisn Ias lo
opevale
nove
suIlI
vilI lIen. We sIouId lIus divecl nosl oJ ouv allenlion lo lIis sec-
lov:
ve
na
Iave lo co-exisl vilI il Jov a
Iong
line lo cone.
TIe
ideoIogicaI
lvansJovnalion oJ lIis
poslepic
and
poslnodevn
inleI-
Iigenlsia
vavevs Ielveen lIe
Favl
Slale and
capilaI. Tuvning
nov lo lIis
second
Jvonl,
Iel us oIsevve sone oJ ils Iines oJ
Jovce,
vIicI in lIe Iasl Jev
eavs Iave Ieen
osciIIaling
in lIese lvo diveclions. Fivsl, ils niIilanc
luvned inlo a popuIisl sociaIisn lIal, delIvoning lIe epic EnIigIlennenl
cuIluve sunnavized in lIe division Ielveen IigI and Iov cuIluve, is
140 Avluvo TovveciIIa
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lvansnuled
lIvougI
lIose
nedialing
inleIIecluaIs
|i.e.,
cuIluvaI
pvoducevs,
advevlising
and nass nedia
expevls) vIo, IalIing
lIenseIves in lIe
posl-
nodevn cuIluve oJ
IigI-nedia-lecI capilaIisn,
neilIev
acInovIedge
nov
dislinguisI
Ielveen
oviginaI
and
cop.13 Second,
lIe cuIl oJ a discouvse
vilIoul
oviginaI
veJevenls
|pvopev
lo lIe aulIoviaI
ideoIog
oJ lIe
epic
inleIIecluaI oJ Benaissance
Iineage)
is
excIanged
and
covvupled I expevls
in sinuIacva oJ
puIIic, sociaI,
and
poIilicaI
veIalions.
TIivd,
lIe
pvoJes-
sionaIisl vocalion oJ lIe
expevl vevoIulionav
Jinds ils
veccIing
in
pvinceI
counseIing posls
Jov lIe Slale and Jov
capilaI:14 JouvlI,
lIe Lalin
Anevi-
canisl
aspivalion, ideoIogicaI
cenlev oJ vadicaIizalion via
anli-inpeviaIisl
ideoIog,
Jinds veIieJ in lIe
posl-Fovdisl pevipIevaIizalion
oJ lIe CaviIIean
Iasin, lIeveI conlviIuling
CaviIIean
expevlise
lo an encuadvanienlo
cIass
aIvead
vicI in
IigI
cuIluvaI
capilaI. FiJlI,
IaIov
sociaIisn,
vilI ils
cuIl oJ lIe
concepl
oJ lIe
pvoJessionaI vovIev, expeviences
an
ideoIogicaI
Jvacluve in lIe venovaIizalion oJ lIe vovI elIic as a vivluous
enacling
oJ
cilizensIip. CuviousI
lIis
deveIoped
as a
vesponse
lo lIe
ungovevnaIiIil
oJ lIe IuII oJ lIe vovIJovce.
SixlI,
lIe 1960s and 1970s nodeI oJ sociaI-
isl niIilanlisn suJJeved a nulalion lovavd a sociaI civisn
vIicI,
noni-
loved
I
lIe
Slale,
veveaIed lIal
pasl
lvanscendenlaI
epics
Iave
unjuslI
aIandoned lIe
pueviIe
IanaIilies oJ
evevda
IiJe. In
sun,
seasoned cuI-
luvaI vovIevs Iave
pIaced cuIluve, aIvead
luvned inlo
capilaI,
lo vovI in
lIeiv Javov.
TIe
ideoIogicaI
lvansJovnisn deslined Jov lIe encuadvanienlo
cIass
inposes
ilseIJ vilI a
JIexiIiIil
lIal does nol
conpele
nov
Ieep an
pvopovlion
vilI lIal vIicI convenes oId inleIIecluaI
Jiguves
sucI as lIe
epic.
TIese inleIIecluaIs
pavlicipale
in a nove soIid
espvil
de
covps.
CuIluv-
aII
nove
sedenlav
and
aIvead
consecvaled
sociaII, lIe
ave nove con-
nilled de
juve
lo a JovnaIislic deJense oJ
ovigins:
lo a cevlain exlenl
lIe
ave
pvecapilaIisl
vonanlics. In
conlvasl,
lIe olIev
gvoup
is noIiIe so as lo
Jil lIe
vequivenenls
oJ
capilaI
in lIe
conpulev
eva. Ils
espvil
de
covps
is Iess
allacIed lo viluaIislic cevenonies lIal
pevpeluaII
vedeJine ils
idenlil.
I an
avguing
lIal eacI oJ lIese
vequivenenls enveIoping ideoIogicaI
lvansJovnisn
acquives
exlva
viaIiIil
once il is inscviIed in lIe levvain oJ
povev,
in lIe Ioson oJ a neo-sociaI-denocvalic aIlevnalive. Ils
poIilicaI
deslin na
Ie lo suIslilule Jov oId
Iaevs
oJ
poIilicaI sociel
in ovdev lo
lvansIale ils cIass
IeadevsIip,
and lIe
Iegenon
oJ a nev
inleIIigenlsia,
inlo
a civiI
sociel
luvned inlo civic
sociel.
HislovicaI sociaI
denocvac
sevved as a suIslilule Jov lolaI
capilaI,
nol
el
in
conJovnil
vilI lIe
Slale,
in lIe conlvacluaIizalion and inslilulion-
aIizalion oJ IaIov conJIicl.
SuIsequenlI,
lIe
Kenesian
slales
IvougIl
lIis
conlvacluaIizalion lo ils Iinil, lIeveI cvealing
a vIoIe space oJ sociaI
peace negolialed
al ils econonic Iase in lIe posilive equalion
oJ
vage
incvenenls, pvoJil, and IaIov pvoduclivil. TIe Iong-levn cosls oJ lIis
WalevneIon
InleIIigenlsia
141
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sociaI
avvangenenl
Jov lIe
Iouvgeois
IIoc ave
Ieginning
lo Ie JeIl
|1)
a
sveIIing
in lIe Slale lax Iuvden lIal
inposes IavdsIips
on lIe
pvoJils
oJ
capilaI: |2)
an exlension oJ lIe
Iuveaucvac lIal,
aside Jvon
incveasing
lIe
IeveIs oJ conJIicl al lIe cove oJ lIe Slale
JoIIoving
lIe
pallevn
oJ
vage
veIa-
lions, genevales
IacI oJ
pvoduclivil
in lIe
sslen: |3)
lIe cenlvaIizalion oJ
povev
in Iuveaucvalic
appavaluses
dislanced Jvon lIe
puIse
oJ civiI
sociel:
|4)
an
unequaI assunplion
on lIe Slale's
pavl
oJ lIe
vepvoduclive
condi-
lions
lIal
capilaI
Ias Ieen
ieIding lIvougI
nass individuaI
consunp-
lion, veacIing
lIe
poinl
oJ
saluvalion:
and
|5)
an
injuv
lo lIe
ideoIog
oJ
vovI vIicI is eIevaled lo
cilizensIip
vivlue lo lIe exlenl lIal lIe
vigIl
oJ
IaIov nulales lovavd a cIain vIose Iovizon is lIe salisJaclion oJ sociaI
needs. Lel us see lIe vesoIulion oJ aII oJ lIe aIove as veII as lIe
posilion
oJ lIe nev cIass in lIe
IeadevsIip
oJ lIe
pvocess.15
We Iave seen Iov Fovdisl
deveIopnenl
Ied lIe
dnanics
oJ
capilaI
lo
Ioosen lIe
Iavnon
oJ
pvoduclion
and
consunplion
and lo vedeJine lIe
Jaclov-sociel
conlinuun. TIe
naIing
oJ lIis ovdev
pvoduced
sone
gaps,
sone
expansions
Ielveen lIe novenenl oJ an
incveasingI
nove
aIslvacl
capilaI
and lIe levviloviaI Iase lIal
accepls
il. TIe
gap
Ielveen a
nonadic aIslvaclion
|nol pveeninenlI
ancIoved lo a deJinile
space)
and
levviloviaI
singuIavil
acIieves a
pvovisionaI
soIulion in lIe decenlvaIizalion
oJ lIe Slale
Junclions,
lIal
is,
in a
capiIIav disinlegvalion, especiaII
in lIe
aveas oJ
vepvoduclion.
TIis Slale decenlvaIizalion is enIvaced in ovdev lo eIaIovale a nev
node oJ sociaI
veguIalion.
TIe Slale
allenpled
lo
puviJ
lIose conlvoI
necIanisns lIal ain al a
sociel
lvansJovned since lIe
eavI
1960s Jvon
a civiI lo an unciviI BaIeI. TIe
spaces
oJ sociaI
slvuggIe,
eilIev aIlevnalive
ov sliII lied lo lIe
Iogic
oJ lIe
Slale,
ave veJunclioned in a nev
depIonenl
oJ lIe
popuIalion's
sociaI needs. TIe
allenpl, lIen,
viII Ie lo lvansJovn
civiI
sociel eJJecliveI
inlo a civic
sociel
in vIicI lIe nev novaIizevs viII
nol need lo Ie vecvuiled
anong
civic-ninded cilizens and
Janc, eIeganl
cIavil Iadies,
Iul in lIe
quavv
oJ sociaIisl
appvenlices vIo,
Jovned in lIe
elIic oJ
soIidavil,
ave luvned inlo consensuaI
poIilics16
in lIe Jace oJ con-
JIicls and
anlagonisns.
TIe lvansilion lo a civic
sociel
ov a
sociel
oJ
saJel-nel
cilizen-
sIip, agiIe
in
pvoducing noIiIizalion, vigovous
in ils
supevvision
and seIJ-
noniloving,
and Iesl in ils econonic and
poIilicaI-ideoIogicaI pvoJilaIiIil,
Iies in lIe
vev
Jvacluve
exisling
Ielveen lIe econonic civcuil and lIe
Slale. IJ nass induslviaI
pvoduclion
Ias nade civiI
sociel
inlo a
sociel
oJ
consunevs
vecognized
as
equaI suIjecls
in lIe
vaIue-sign
lIal slands in Jov
connodil JelisIisn,
nol aII lIe aveas Iave Ieen suIdued
I capilaI,
nov
novlgaged
lo lIe
Slale,
in
an case nol in
equaI levns. TIese ave
lIe
aveas, aIandoned lo lIeiv ovn Jale |paupevized connunilies and envi-
vonnenlaII danaged zones) ov
suvviving
lIeiv ovn deveIopnenl |uvIan
142 Avluvo TovveciIIa
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lvanspovl sslens
and scIooI
inJvaslvucluve),
vIose conlvacls neilIev
cap-
ilaI nov lIe Slale viII
JavovaII venev,
and vIicI neo-sociaI
denocvac
vouId laIe
cIavge oJ.
Tvo lIenalic
vegislevs appeav
lo
convevge
in lIis Iasl
poinl evevda
IiJe and lIe uvIan
pvoIIen.
TIis coincidence is due lo lIe Jacl lIal lIis
nev Ivand oJ sociaI
denocvac
vouId Junclion as a
necessav
sociaI con-
lvacl no
Iongev
vilI
pvoduclion
Iul valIev vilI vIal lvadilionaI Mavxisls
veJev lo as lIe
vepvoduclion
oJ lIe veIalions oJ
pvoduclion.
TIe nenIevs
oJ lIe nev
inleIIigenlsia
nol
onI
Junclion as nedialovs on lIis
levvain,
Iul
lIe
aIso discovev lIe cIances oJ
incveasing
lIeiv cuIluvaI
capilaI I
luvn-
ing
lIeiv
ovdinav
IiJe inlo an
epic.
TIis
inleIIigenl vegvouping
oJ lIe
encuadvanienlo cIass avound uvIan and
evevda
IiJe issues nol
onI
acconpIisIes
lIe
necessav
lasIs oJ
velIinIing
in ovdev lo covvecl and
veguIale
Iines oJ
JIigIl |conviviaIil, sociaIil, consensus),
Iul
aIso,
and
aIove
aII,
il sevves as a
Iegenonic
suIslilule in lIe sociaI JaIvic oJ
vepvo-
duclion. To lIis eJJecl and
conJvonling
lIe
povevl
oJ lIe
Slale, veacIing
lIe
peopIe,
lIe
cilizens, invoIving
lIen
acliveI
ave
eupIenisns
Jov
lasIs deJined in levns oJ
civicaII novaIizing
lIe
nanagenenl
oJ
scavcil
in lIe suIaIlevn
gvoups
in
pIaces
vIeve lIe Slale cannol and does nol
vanl lo assune
vesponsiIiIil.
AIoIilion oJ lIe Slale and lIe
veign
oJ civiI
sociel?
Nol
exaclI. BalIev,
decenlvaIizalion oJ lIe execulive lasIs oJ
Slale doninalion in sucI a
va
as lo laiIov lIen lo lIe
poslnodevn
lines
oJ
capilaI.
IJ lIe
passage
lo a civic
sociel
suInils in ils suIslvalun lo a
vecovev
oJ
capilaI vIeve,
due lo lIe
pvedoninance
oJ veIalive
suvpIus vaIue,
lIe
vepvoduclion
oJ lIe
vage
eavnev is vIal is al
slaIe,
lIis
passage
sIouId Ie
guavanleed
vilIoul
pvecipilaleI danaging
eilIev lIe
Iouvgeois poIilicaI
pevsonneI
and
poIilicaI
cIass ov lIe
epic inleIIigenlsia.
In olIev
vovds,
capilaI
veconvevsion is nol suJJicienl in and oJ ilseIJ Jov
consunplion
lo
cveale lIe condilions Jov consensus. On lIe
conlvav,
il vouId Ie neces-
sav
lo
sociaII
nolivale il
I
vIal I Iave veJevved lo as a neo-sociaI-
denocvalic civisn Ied
I
lIe nev
inleIIigenlsia.
To lIe uvIan avea Iel us
join
lIe educalionaI
appavalus
and
pavlicu-
IavI
lIe
univevsil. Bzanline
sile oJ
epic
inleIIecluaIs vIeve
evev
civi-
Iized vuninanl
digesls nelaIislov
in
vepealed
elevnaI
veluvns,
lIe uni-
vevsil
is soon
queslioned
in ils Joundalion
I
an
aggvessive inleIIigenlsia
lIal
inposes,
vilI ov vilIoul
negolialion,
lIe cvilevia oJ
pvoduclion,
civ-
cuIalion,
and
consunplion
oJ
InovIedge.
Lel us exanine sone oJ lIe
nain lendencies. IJ lIe connodiJicalion oJ civiI
sociel,
lIal is lo
sa,
lIe
deepening
oJ lIe
veign
oJ
goods
in
vepvoduclion,
is lIe
posl-Kenesian
scIoIaslic
agenda,
and pvivalizalion is
nolIing nove lIan ils juvidicaI
Jovn, oId
Iouvgeois appavaluses, especiaII lIose oJ
ideoIogicaI vepvo-
duclion, ave seen as lIe IooI lo a novenenl oJ
capilaI lIal
uvgenlI
WalevneIon
InleIIigenlsia
143
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BeseavcI Jov lIe denands
univevsil
soJlvave. IJ Jov lIe
nodevnizing edges
oJ
capilaI,
InovIedge,
in
pvoduclion
as veII as in
vepvoduclion,
is vesled in ils
peopIe-a sIogan
excIange
vaIue
Jovn,
vIal venains is Jov lIis nev cIass lo luvn lIis
InovIedge
inlo an IonovaIIe Jvee
lvade, puviJing
lIe
inJan
oJ
none
as
lIal lvenl eavs
equivaIenl
lo inleIIecluaI vocalion. Ils nodus
opevandi
is no
Iongev
cuI-
luvaI
vepvoduclion,
a Junclion
pvopev
lo lIe
univevsil |i.e., pvesevving
lIe
ago
vas aIIe lo
gveal
nelaIislovicaI navvalives
lIvougI
lIe
epic inleIIecluaI): valIev,
il is a
noIiIize univev- pvagnalic cIain no Iongev puve veseavcI Iul a Jovn oJ scienliJic pvaclice
lIal vouId Ie JunclionaI lo lIe nev denands oJ lIe Slale. TIe
specuIalive
sil
aclivisn- and enancipalov nelanavvalives degvaded I lIe neandevings oJ
advanced
capilaIisn
ave
vepIaced I InovIedge Iegilinaled
as lecInicaI
Iecones Inov-Iov, as lIe povev oJ socio-lecInoIogicaI eJJicienc.'7 As Jov ils
appIicalions,
iJ ve laIe lIe sociaI sciences as an
exanpIe,
veseavcI
Jov
lIe
veseavcI aIoul
peopIe-a sIogan
lIal
lvenl eavs ago
vas aIIe lo noIiIize
univevsil
aclivisn-Iecones veseavcI aIoul lIe
peopIe,
lIal is lo
sa,
a
slud
oJ lIe
lIe peopIe, lIal suIaIlevn
cIasses,
Iines oJ
JIigIl,
and
ungovevnaIIe conJIicls, aII
in ovdev lo
sel
up oplinun
condilions Jov sociaI
peace. TIus,
lIe
suIjecl
Iecones
is lo sa, a slud
lIe
oIjecl
oJ
slud
and lIe veseavcI
pvoducl
Iecones a
connodil.
BeseavcI on cilizens' needs and
voeuvislic accounling
Jov uvIan conJIicl
oJ lIe suIaIlevn
IeIp
cveale lIe condilions Jov a sinuIacvun oJ
connunil pavlicipalion
cIasses,
Iines oJ
cenleved avound consensus.
In
sun,
lIis nev cIass
vociJevousI
cIains lIal lIe
|scIoIaslic
ov
pav-
JIigIl,
and un- lisan) Iessons il Ieavned Jvon cvilicaI, vadicaI, Iunanisl, sociaI scienliJic,
and Mavxisl discouvses ensuve lIen
poIilicaI
doninalion in lIe lvans-
govevnaIIe
Jovning
Slale.
Ovanled,
iJ
lIe
lIenseIves ave lIose vIo ave caIIed
upon
lo
cavv
oul lIis
lvansJovnalion,
iJ lIe
inaginalion
oJ lIe 1960s and 1970s
conJIicls,
aII in
genevalion
couId nol cone lo
povev, nolIing pvevenls
lIe
neo-pelile-
Iouvgeoisie
Jvon
pIacing
il in lIe sevvice oJ
povev.
TIe
pvoIIen
is lIal
ovdev lo sel up Jov lIis lvansilion lo Ie eJJecled
snoolII,
lIe
Iogic
oJ
pvoJil
nusl lvansIale
ilseIJ inlo a
Iogic
oJ
cilizensIip, i.e.,
a civic
sociel
lIal
civiII
civiIizes lIe
oplinun
condi-
Iingdon
oJ
expevls
oJ lIe nev
inleIIigenlsia.
lions Jov sociaI AII Jovns oJ ideoIogicaI lvansJovnisn possess decos vilI vIicI lo
capluve Iaevs
oJ lIe oId
inleIIigenlsia.
TIis
pvocess opevales
as a nev
peace.
Jovn oJ vevaIovizing and digniJing inleIIecluaI vovI inscviIed in lIe Iege-
nonic slale
appavaluses.
Il is Jvon lIese
pvocesses
oJ
ideoIogicaI coopla-
lion lIal Ovansci eIaIovales Iis
concepl
oJ lvansJovnisn. Yel
onI
in one
nonenl oJ Iis
poIilicaI pveoccupalion
does lvansJovnisn
Anevican-slIe
appeav diveclI
nedialed
I
lIe inJvaslvucluve vIal Ias Ieen idenliJied
since lIen as Fovdisn. Al lIe
pvesenl slage,
vIal is al
pIa
is
capilaI's
eJJeclive connodiJicalion oJ lIe
inleIIigenlsia's
lvansJovnisn.
CapilaI's
supevslvucluve, pvoIonging lIe deJIaled cIassic nelapIov,
oJJevs ilseIJ as
enlicenenl, lIal is, as lIe nodeI oJ
veconposilion
Jov lIis sociaI
gvoup.
TIe nedialing inleIIecluaI, lied lo lIe necIanisns oJ advevlising
and lIe
144 Avluvo TovveciIIa
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assenIIing
oJ
puIIic veIalions,
luvns oul lo Ie lvansJovnisn's naluvaI
aII.
Fov lIis lvansilion
Conedians in a
sociel
veJasIioned as
speclacIe, nedialing
inleIIecluaIs
vecvuiled in lIe
pasl lvenl eavs
Jvon vadicaIized seclovs oJ lIe niddIe lo Ie eJJecled
cIass conlviIule lIeiv
epic Iaggage
lo lIe vovId oJ
poslnodevnil.
TIe
EnIigIlennenl's
cIevisIed dislinclion Ielveen Iov and
IigI
cuIluve is snoolII, lIe
diagonaII
lvansJovned
I
lIe inleIIecluaIs oJ seniolic
capilaI
inlo a veJev-
enl oJ cuIluvaI
pvoduclion.
TIe vesuIl is
inlevlexluaIil,
lIe Iav oJ
equiva-
Iences Ielveen
oviginaI
and
cop,
lIe
inlevcIangeaIiIil
oJ
signs-an
eIec-
nusl lvansIale
lovaI
candidale,
a
deodovanl-ivvespeclive
oJ lIeiv
neaning.
TIe cuIluvaI
caIcuIalion al vovI Ieve does nol
pvoduce
a
veveIalion:
il Junclions valIev
ilseIJ inlo a
Iogic
as lIe
appvopvialion
oJ aII diJJevences vilI lIe
puvpose
oJ
opevaling
lIen
as
sinpIe veIalionsIips
oJ
equivaIence.
Il is Winslon and Fuevlo
Bico, oJ
cilizensIip,
and SaIen and Fuevlo Bico. TIe veason is lIal in lIe eva oJ
posl-
nodevnil, capilaI necessaviI
aIsovIs lIe
epic veJevenl, i.e.,
JoundalionaI i.e.,
a
civic
nalionaI
idenlil,
IiIe a louvislic sinuIacvun oJ
consunplion
.. . and vIo
Iellev lIan a cvioIIa
inleIIigenlsia vIicI, aIandoning epic pvincipIes
Iul sociel lIal civiII
lIovougII undevslanding lIen,
lvansIales lIen inlo a nev
poIilicaI
econ-
on oJ lIe sign?
civiIizes lIe Iing-
To
vecapiluIale,
neIonisno
capluves
a nove
genevaIized snplon
don oJ expevls
|IolI
al nalionaI and inlevnalionaI
IeveIs)
oJ a
veconposilion
oJ lIe inleI-
Iigenlsia,
ov vIal I Iave caIIed a nev cIass oJ sociaI and seniolic
oJ lIe nev
encuadvanienlo. In lIe
pasl lvenl eavs,
lIe
visiIiIil
oJ ils
inposluve
Ias luvned inlo a
posluve
oJ
IeadevsIip guavanleeing
lo lIe
inleIIigenlsia
inleIIigenlsia.
lIe civcuil oJ
capilaI, incIuding
lIe Slale. TIal is lo
sa,
lIe encuadva-
nienlo cIass Ias a duaI
veIalionsIip
vilI lIe
povev
IIoc as a
possiIIe
govevning
cIass and as an
aII
in lIe
veconposilion pvocess. Hovevev,
lIis is no
Iongev
lIe cIassic
veign,
vIeve lIe
vepvesenlalion
oJ lIe
poIilicaI
cIass
I Jiguves
sucI as lIe
poIilicaI pell Iavev
ov lIe
pvoJessionaI
inIsucIev is nosl cavicaluvaI. In lIis
va,
on lIe one Iand ils Iovizon oJ
pvonises
is
conpvonised I
lIe
capacil
oJ lIe
povev
IIoc lo
negoliale
successJuII
vilI
pavasilic
cvusls oJ lIe
poIilicaI
cIass Jovned
I Kene-
sianisn,
and on lIe olIev Iand il conlinues lo
anpIiJ
lIe
spaces aIvead
opened
as a vesuIl oJ lIe
disaggvegalion
oJ Slale
povev
as il
nainlains,
vilI a Iind oJ lvansJovned
vivacil,
lIe cuIluvaI
ponliJicales
oJ lIe
epic
inleIIecluaI.
TIus lIe nev scenavio is a sociaI
veign acconpanied I
lvansJovna-
lion in lIe Jovns oJ cIass
Iegenon.
Neo-sociaI
denocvac
is one
possiIIe
oulcone. Ils
pvojecl
is a nev sociaI conlvacl in lIe JieId oJ
vepvoduclion,
a
JieId lIal
expeviences
disconlinuilies and eJJeclive sociaI duaIizalions.
SociaIizing agenls
in lIe
pasl,
ouv
conlenpovavies
ave nov
civicaII
sociaI.
Once upon a line lIe Ioved lIe vevoIulion so
nucI: loda lIe ave lIe
ones vIo ave caIIed on.
WalevneIon
InleIIigenlsia 145
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Noles
1. Tvans. nole MeIonisno veJevs lo inleIIecluaIs oJ lIe LeJl
vIo,
IiIe a valev-
neIon,
ave
gveen
on lIe oulside
|lIe
coIov oJ lIe
sepavalisl pavl)
and ved on lIe
inside
|lIe
coIov oJ lIe
FopuIav
Benocvalic
Favl,
vIicI vas in
povev
unliI lIe
Iasl
eIeclions).
Il is used oJ inleIIecluaIs
vIo,
undev covev oJ
nalionaIisn,
Iave
Iecone adninislvalovs oJ lIe
pavl
in
povev.
2.
See,
Jov
exanpIe, Ban CoIn-Bendil,
Nos
que
anavanos a
vevoIuCao
|Sao
FauIo Edilova
BvasiIiense, 1987). FoIIoving
lIis
lexl,
vIicI is
pavl
oJ a JiIn
scvipl,
ve
idenliJ
Jouv lendencies
enevging
since lIe end oJ lIe
lvenl eavs
lIal
sliIled lIe 1968
genevalion |1)
a snaII vein lIal nainlains in ils
ovlIodox
lIe
soIidil
oJ ils TIivd-InlevnalionaIisl
posilions, |2)
a second one
vIicI, noving
Jvon
Iippie
lo
uppie, joins
lIe
vanguavd
oJ
capilaI
as ils
Ivain, |3)
an
openI
sociaI-denocvalic
poIilicaI vedepIonenl,
and
|4)
lIe
expansion
oJ niIi-
lanc,
lIis line lvansJovned in sociaI novenenls oJ a
poslpoIilicaI
naluve sucI as
lIe
ecoIog, peace,
and olIev novenenls.
3. Evic AIIiez and MicIeI
FeIev,
TIe Luslev oJ
CapilaI,
Zone 1-2
|1987).
4. Anlonio
Negvi,
La cIasse ouvvieve conlve I'ilal
|Favis
Edilions
OaIiIee,
1978).
5. Tvans. nole CJ. FvencI
cadve,
U.S.
pvoJessionaI-nanageviaI
cIass.
6. See lIe inlvoduclion lo
n Felile-Iouvgeoisie appaveiIs
el Jvonlieves de
cIasse dans I'6lal
d&pendenl,
FI.B.
diss.,
1981. Heve I anended FouIanlzas's
conceplion
oJ lIe
singuIavil
oJ lIe niddIe slvalun lo a
pelil-Iouvgeois idenlil,
aIlIougI
nodevnized lo Jil advanced
capilaIisn.
In
n viev,
lIis
gvoup
consli-
lules a diJJevenl cIass.
7. On Fuevlo Bican lvansJovnisn in anolIev IislovicaI
nonenl,
see
n
Be
Ios inleIecluaIes n6nades a Ios inleIecluaIes de eslado Los naeslvos

Ia Jovna-
naci6n en Fuevlo
Bico,
Honines
7,
nos. 1-2
|FeIvuav-BecenIev 1983).
TIeo-
vies oJ
inleIIecluaIs,
eilIev Mavxisl ov
nol,
suJJev Iecause oJ lIeiv ovn cIassicaI
Ievilage.
TIe
inleIIigenlsia's aclivil
is conceived in levns oJ ils veIalive ov
aIsoIule
sepavalion
Jvon lIe
spuvious enpivicisn
oJ lIe cIass. Il assunes veIa-
lions oJ
ideoIogicaI vepvesenlalion,
as veII as an
exleviovil
lo lIe dislinclion
Ielveen lecInicaI and sociaI division oJ IaIov.
IJ,
on lIe
conlvav, JoIIoving
Mavx,
ve considev lIe
possiIiIil
oJ
cavving
lo ils end lIe aIslvaclion oJ
capilaI,
il is lIe inleIIecluaI Jovces vIo suJJev an
invevsion, sepavaling
lIenseIves
anlagonislicaII,
vilIoul
conpvonise
eilIev vilI concvele IaIov ov vilI lIe
juvidicaI
Jiclion oJ
Iouvgeois pvivale pvopevl.
TIe
inleIIigence
oJ
capilaI
Iecones lIe
inleIIigenlsia
oJ
cIass:
and lecInicaI division Iecones sociaI. See
AIvin
OouIdnev,
TIe Fuluve
oJ
lIe InleIIecluaIs and lIe Bise
oJ
lIe Nev CIass
|Nev
YovI
SeaIuv, 1979).
8. Tvans. nole
Jaine
Benilez vas cIanceIIov oJ lIe
univevsil
Jvon lIe 1950s
lIvougI
lIe
1980s,
lIe
peviod
oJ FFB
ascendanc.
9.
Concevning nodevnil,
ils
pvoIongalion, disconlinuilies,
and
vupluves,
in
vIal is caIIed
poslnodevnil,
see
Jean-Fvancois Lolavd,
TIe Foslnodevn Condi-
lion A
Bepovl
on
KnovIedge |MinneapoIis Univevsil
oJ Minnesola
Fvess, 1986).
See
aIso, SlanIe Avonovilz,
Foslnodevnisn and
FoIilics,
SociaI
Texl,
no. 18
|Winlev 1987-1988):
Fvedvic
Janeson, Foslnodevnisn, ov,
lIe CuIluvaI
Logic
oJ Lale
CapilaIisn,
Nev
LeJl Beviev,
no. 151
|1985): Sevgio
FauIo
Bounel,
As
vazoes do iIuninisno |SJo FauIo ConpanIia das Lelvas, 1987): and Andvev
146 Avluvo TovveciIIa
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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
Boss, ed.,
UnivevsaI AIandon? TIe FoIilics
oJ
Foslnodevnisn
|MinneapoIis
Uni-
vevsil
oJ Minnesola Fvess, 1988).
10. See
OouIdnev,
TIe Fuluve
oJ
lIe InleIIecluaIs.
11. See CavIos FaIon and Avluvo
TovveciIIa,
La cIase oIveva de Mavx? Fava
qua?
La Tovve 131-33
|Januav-SeplenIev 1986).
12. See Heclov
MeIendez, EIJvacaso
deI
pvoeclo
FSF de Ia
pequeIia
Iuvguesia
|Bio
Fiedvas
EdiI, 1984).
13.
Jean-Fievve Oavniev, Le capilaIisne IigI
lecI
|Favis Spavlacus, 1988).
14.
Concevning pvoJessionaIisl ideoIog,
see
MagaIi
SavJalli
Lavson,
TIe Bise
oJ FvoJessionaIisn |BevIeIe Univevsil
oJ CaIiJovnia
Fvess, 1977).
15. See Ian OougI,
TIe FoIilicaI
Econon oJ
lIe
WeIJave
Slale
|London
MacniIIan, 1979).
16. Consensus discouvse, aIvead
vesled as
poIilics
in lIe
Favl-Slale,
vequives
lIe
updaling
oJ ils IiIevaI
pvincipIes.
InsoJav as il nainlains as a veJevenl
lIe
connodil
as
aIslvaclion, possessive
IiIevaIisn is nol
inlevpeIIaliveI
viaIIe
anong
lIe
enevging
sociaI
necessilies, pavlicuIavI
in lIe levvain oJ
vepvoduclion.
OlIev
pveviousI
eIaIovaled discouvses
na
laIe ovev Jvon il lIe
ideoIogico-
juvidicaI anliques
oJ IiIevaIisn. I
avgue
lIal lIis is lIe case oJ
pscIoIog,
vIicI
is
appvopvialed
as a
poIilicaI lecInoIog
Jov
poIisIing vougI edges,
unsoIvaIIe
conlvadiclions,
ov
sinpI
lIe
suIjecl's incapacil
lo
adjusl
lo ouv lines.
17. See
Lolavd,
TIe Foslnodevn
Condilion,
37-38 In
conlenpovav
soci-
el
and
cuIluve-poslinduslviaI sociel, poslnodevn
cuIluve-lIe
queslion
oJ lIe
Iegilinalion
oJ
InovIedge
is JovnuIaled in diJJevenl levns. TIe
gvand
navvalive
Ias Iosl ils
cvediIiIil, vegavdIess
oJ vIal node oJ uniJicalion il
uses, vegavdIess
oJ
vIelIev il is a
specuIalive
navvalive ov a navvalive oJ
enancipalion.
TIe decIine oJ lIis navvalive can Ie seen as an eJJecl oJ lIe
IIossoning
oJ
lecIniques
and
lecInoIogies
since lIe Second WovId
Wav,
vIicI Ias sIiJled
enpIasis
Jvon lIe ends oJ aclion lo ils neans. Il can aIso Ie seen as an eJJecl oJ
lIe
vedepIonenl
oJ advanced IiIevaI
capilaIisn
aJlev ils velveal undev lIe
pvo-
leclion oJ
Kenesianisn duving
lIe
peviod 1930-60,
a venevaI lIal Ias eIini-
naled lIe connunisl aIlevnalive and vaIovized lIe individuaI
enjonenl
oJ
goods
and sevvices.
Lolavd's
WeIevian
expIanalion
sliII vesls on lIe
pvenise
oJ lIe
lecInoIogicaI
delevninalion oJ lIe
pvoduclive
Jovces.
WalevneIon
InleIIigenlsia
147
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