Truyn Thng V Tinh

Ph trch: Trn Th[ Hunh Vn

Email: tranthihuynhvan@gmail.com
Khoa i n T Vi n Thng
Mn h c:
Chuong 1
Tng Quan V Thng Tin V Tinh
Ni dung
Gi i thi uchung
Ccqu o oc av tinh
Phnb t ns choccdchv truy nthngv tinh
V tinhIntelSat
V tinhDOMSAT
Cch thngthngtin di o ngv tinh
L[ch s pht trin thng tin v tinh
Cu i th k 19, nhbch cNgaTsiolkowskyoZaracckhi ni mv
tnl ao ydngnhinli ul ng.
NLm1926: Robert Hutchinson Goddard th nghi mthnhcngtnl a
o ydngnhinli ul ng
1957, LinXphngthnhcngv tinhnhnt oSputnik 1
1958: b coi no utinoZ cpht qua v tinhScore c aM
1964: thnhl pt ch cthngtin v tinhqu ct INTELSAT
1965: h th ngTTVT thZngmi o utinINTELSAT-1 (Early Bird)
1971: thnhl pt ch cTTVT qu ct INTERSPUTNIK g mLinX
v9 nZ cXHCN
L[ch s pht trin thng tin v tinh (tt)
1979: thnhl pt ch cthngtin hngh i qu ct qua v tinhINMARSAT
1984: Nh t B noZavos d ngh th ngtruy nhnhtr cti pqua v tinh
1987: th nghi mthnhcngv tinhph cv chothngtin di o ng
1999 nay: cch th ngthngtin di o ngvthngtin bLngr ngtonc u
1980: khnhthnhtr mmt o t Hoasen-1 do LinXt ngtruy nhnhtr c
ti pOlympic 1980
1984: khnhthnhtr mHoasen-2 (TpHCM)
2008: phngVinaSat-1 v tinhoattnho utinc aVi t Nam
2008: phngVinaSat-2: truy npht d li u, d both i ti t, an ninhqu c
phng
Gii thiu chung
Thngtin v tinh(TTVT): phZngti ntruy nthng
ph bi nvoad ng
Ch oantentruy nhnh.
Cch th ngthngtin tonc utruy ncckh i lZ ngs li u
vlZulZ ngtho i l n, ccchZngtrnhtruy nhnh.
M t v tinhcth ph sngm t vngr ngl ntrntri o t
cctr mmt o t t ccvngoalkhcnautrntri o t
cth k t n i v i nhau.
- H th ngccv tinho mb ooZ ngtruy n
thngtin o nccvngxaxi h olnh, thintai .
Cc qu dao v tinh
HEO (High Eliptical Orbit): qu o oelipcao
GSO (Geostationary Orbit) hay GEO (Earth Orbit): qu o o
oattnh
MEO (Medium Earth Orbit): qu o otrungbnh
LEO (Low Earth Orbit): qu o oth p
Phn b tn s cho cc h thng TTVT
Vic phn chia tn s duc tin hnh dui s bao tr cua
T chc Vin thng quc t (ITU).
Vng1: Chuu, ChuPhi, LinXc8vMngC
Vng2: B cM , Nam M vGreenland
Vng3: Chu (tr vng1), cvTyNam Thi BnhDZng
Trong cc vng ny, bng tn duc phn chia cho cc d|ch
v v tinh khc nhau, m}c d mt d|ch v c th duc cp
pht cc bng tn khc nhau o cc vng khc nhau.
Cc d[ch v do v tinh cung cp
Cc d|ch v v tinh c d|nh
FSS (Fixed Satellite Service):
OZ ngtruy nchomngoi ntho i
Tnhi utruy nhnhcp
Cc d|ch v v tinh quang b
BSS (Based Satellite Service):
Qu ngbtr cti po ngiaonh
DBS, DTH (Direct Broadcast
Satellite, Direct To Home)
Cc d[ch v do v tinh cung cp (tt)
D|ch v v tinh di dng MSS
(Mobile Satellite Service):
Di o ngmt o t, di o ngtrnbi nv
di o ngtrnmybay
D|ch v v tinh kh tung
(Meteorological Satellite Service):
Ccdchv tmki mvc uh
D|ch v v tinh d|nh hung
(Navigational Satellite Service)
Onhv tonc u
K hiu cc bng tn thung dng
cho cc d[ch v v tinh
INTELSAT
INTELSAT (International Telecommunications Satellite): thnhl pnLm
1964 g m140 nZ cthnhvin
H th ngv tinhINTELSAT o us d ngqu o ooattnhGEO vph 3
vngchnh:
O i TyDZng(AOR)
nO DZng(IOR)
Thi BnhDZng
Ccv tinhINTELSAT VII/VIIA/VIII oZ cphngtrongkho ngth i gian
1993-1998: cungc p22.500 knhtho i 2 chi uv3 knhTV
Lo t v tinhINTELSAT IX (2001): cungc pccd i dchv d i r ng:
internet, TV o nnh(DTH), VOD, oot o t xa.
DOMSAT
V tinhn i oa(domestic satellite) oZ cs d ngchoccdchv :
tho i, s li u, truy nd nTV trongcng1 nZ c.
Ccv tinhnythu cGEO, chophpch nl accknhtruy nhnh
chomythugiaonh, cungc plZulZ ngthngtin thZngmi l n.
CcDOMSAT cungc pdchv DTH cth ccccngsu t khc
nhautytheonhuc us d ng:
Cngsu t l nchoccdchv qu ngbDBS
Cngsu t trungbnhchoccdchv oi m- oi mv1 ph nDBS
Cngsu t th pchoccdchv oi m- oi m
Thng tin v tinh di dng
Thngtin v tinhdi o ngchuy nsang thngtin di o ngc
nhnv i ccmythupht c mtay.
Ccv tinhcqu o oth pLEO (100km) vqu o otrung
bnh(10000km) oZ cs d ngchodchv nyv i ccchm
bpsngh pchi ux mt o t.
Chuong II: Cc qu do v tinh
Ccv tinhtrnqu o ooZ cphnbi tb i:
D ngc aqu o o
O caoc aqu o oso v i mt o t
O nghingc amt ph ngqu o oso v i mt ph ngxcho o
Ni dung
Cconhlu t Keppler
Ccph nt qu o o
Ccl cnhi ugythayo i v tr v tinh
trnqu o o
Ccqu o onghing
Qu o ooattnh
Cc d[nh lut Keppler
Onhlu t Keppler I: V tinhchuy no ngvngquanhtri o t theomt qu o o
ellip. Oi mxanh t c aqu o oso v i tmtri o t n m phac atiuoi m
th hai, oZ cg i lvi noi mcnoi mg nnh t c aqu o og i lc n
oi m.
Cc d[nh lut Keppler
Onh lu t Keppler II: V tinhchuy no ngtheo mt qu o o v i v nt c thay
o i sao cho oZ ng n i gi atmtri o t v v tinh s qut cc di n tch b ng
nhaukhi v tinhchuy no ngtrongcngmt th i giannhZnhau.
- L clytm:
- Chu k :
Cc d[nh lut Keppler
Onhlu t Keppler III: BnhphZngchuk quay t l l8yth ab cba
v i bntr cl na c aqu o oellip(kho ngcchtrungbnhgi a2
v t th )
n: chuy no ngtrungbnhc av tinh(rad/s)
: h ngs h pd noatmtri o t
Cc qu dao
a. Qu o ooattnhGEO:
v quoi m:
V tinho ngynso v i tri o t thngtin nonh
vlint csu t 24h
Ph sng42.2% b mt tri o t
Doppler nh
vNhZ coi m:
Khngph sngvng
cvt o >81.3%
B omt khngcao
Suyhaocngsu t
trongtruy nsngl n
(200dB)
Th i giantr oZ ng
truy ncao, ch t lZ ng
oZ ngtruy nph thu c
voth i ti t.
Cc qu dao (tt)
Cc qu dao (tt)
vNhZ coi m:
C nr t nhi uv tinho o mb othngtin lint c24h vph sngtonc u
M i tr mph i ct nh t 2 antenvm i antenph i ccc uoi uchnhchmtia
Oi ukhi nh th ngTTVT r t ph ct p
Tu i th v tinhkhngcaokhi bay qu o oLEO do thu cvnhoai ion ha
Cc thut ng cho qu dao v tinh
v Vi noi m(Apogee): oi mxaqu o tnh t. O caovi n
oi mh
a
v C noi m(Perigee): oi mg nqu o tnh t. O caoc n
oi mh
p
v OZ ngn i ccoi mc c(Line of apsides): oZ ngn i c n
oi mvvi noi mqua tmtri o t.
v Ntln(Ascending): oi mc t gi amt ph ngqu o ov
xcho oni v tinhchuy nt Nam sang B c
v Ntxu ng(Descending): oi mc t gi amt ph ngxcho o
ni v tinhchuy nt B csang Nam.
v OZ ngn i ccnt (Line of nodes): oZ ngn i ccnt lnv
ntxu ngqua tmtri o t.
v Gcnghing(Inclination) i: gcgi amt ph ngqu o ov
mtph ngxcho o.
Cc thut ng cho qu dao v tinh (tt)
v Qu o oo nghZ ng(Progradeorbit): qu
o om ov tinhchuy no ngcngv i
chi uquay c atri o t. Gcnghingc a
qu o oo nghZ ngn mtrongd i 0
o

90
o
.H uh t ccv tinho uoZ cphng
voqu o oo nghZ ngti t ki mnLng
lZ ngphng
v Qu o ongZ chZ ng(Retrograde Orbit):
gcnghing90
o
180
o
Cc thut ng cho qu dao v tinh (tt)
v Argument c ac noi m(Argument of Perigee)
e: Gc t nt xu ng o n c n oi m oZ c oo
trong mt ph ng qu o o t i tmtri o t theo
hZ ngchuy no ngc av tinh.
v Gc ln ong c a nt ln (Right Ascension of
ascending node) W: gc oZ c oo trong mt
ph ng xch o o theo hZ ng Ong sang Ty t
oZ ngg sangnt ln
v O d thZ ng trung bnh (Mean anomaly): gi
tr trungbnhv tr gcc av tinhtrnqu o o
v O d thZ ng th t s (True anormaly): gc t
c noi mo nv tinhoZ coot i tmtri o t.
Cc phn t qu dao
v V tinhnhnt ooZ conhnghtab i t p6 ph nt Keppler:
Bntr cchnha
O l chtme
O d thZ ngtrungbnh: v tr c av tinhtrnqu o oc achngt i th i
gianthamchu n
Argument c noi me: s quay c noi mc aqu o oso v i oZ ngccnt
c aqu o o.
Gcnghingi: gcgi amt ph ngqu o ovmt ph ngxcho o.
GclnongW: linh v tr c amt ph ngqu o ov i tri o t
V d 2.1
Tnhbnknhc a bntr cchnha trongcctrZ ngh p:
a. Qu o otrncchuk l1 ngy
b. Cchuy no ngtrungbnh(vng/ngy): 14,23304826
n: chuy no ngtrungbnhc av tinh(rad/s)
: h ngs h pd noatmtri o t
Chu k qu o ooob nggiy:
cao vin dim v cn dim
Kho ngccht tmtri o t o nvi noi mvc noi moZ ctnh
nhZsau:
O caooi mc noi mvoi mvi noi m
V d 2.2: Tnho caovi noi mvc noi mv i a =7192.3km ve
=0.0011501, R =6371km
Cc lc nhiu qu dao
L cli tm: do s chuy no ngc av tinhcnb ngl cht
tri o t.
L cht c amt tr i, mt trLngvkh quy n
L cht mt tr i, mt trLng: tco nglnqu o ooattnh
L ckokh quy n: nhhZ ngccv tinht mth pdZ i
1000km.
Anh huong cua qua dt khng phai hnh cu
Chuy no ngtrungbnhtheoonhlu t Keppler th bachotrZ ng
h ptri o t hnhc uckh i lZ ngo ngo ultZ ng(rad/s):
Tri o t hnhc ud t (xcho ophnhto ravc cth d t):
Chu k qu o o(chuk d thZ ng):
V d 2.3: Tnhbntr cchnha v i: e =0,002; i =0
o
; P =12h;
=3,986005.10
4
.m
3
.sec
-2
Anh huong cua qua dt khng phai hnh cu (tt)
S d t c aqu o t gyra2 s quay c amt ph ngqu o o:
S dchli ccnt oZ ngccoi mnt trongmt ph ngxcho ob quay
xungquanhtri o t. Nt lnW b dch
S quay c aoZ nggi accoi mc ctrongmt ph ngqu o o.
C hai nhhZ ngo uph thu cvochuy no ngtrungbnhn, bntr cchnh
a vo l chtme.
Ccthngs n, a, e nhmchungchoh s K (cngonv v i n)
T co dchli dW vt co quay oZ ngccoi mc c:
Anh huong cua qua dt khng phai hnh cu (tt)
Th i giank nguynlt
0
, W
0
, e
0
t i k nguyn, tacccgitr
W, e m i t i th i oi mt:
V d 2.4: Xconht co dchli vt co quay c aoZ ngn i ccoi m
c cv i: i =98.6328o, e =0.0011501, n =14.23304826 (vng/ngy), a =
7192.3km, K
1
= 66063.1704km
2
V d 2.5 Tnhl i v d 2.4 t i mt chuk sau1 k nguyn(t-t
0
=1/n)
S ko kh quyn
nhhZ ngongk o nccv tinhg ntri o t.
L ckol nnh t t i c noi m, lmgi mt co v tinht i oi mny
v tinhkhngo t cngo caovi noi mt i ccvngti ptheo
Bntr cchnha vo l chtme
Bi uth cg nongchos thayo i bntr cchnh
Bi uth cxconhs thayo i o d thZ ngtrungbnh:
Qu dao d[a tnh
v V tinhph i quay theohZ ngOngv i t co quay b ngt co
quay c aqu o t.
v Qu oaoloZ ngtrn
v Gcnghingc aqu oaob ng0
v Xconhbnknhqu o ovo caoqu o ooattnh(P =23 gi
56 pht 4 giy, R =6378km)
Qu dao d[a tnh
Cc gc nhn ca anten
1. Ccgcnhnc aantenmt o t lgcphZngv (azimuth) vgcnng
(elevation) EL o antencth hZ ngo nv tinh.
2. GcphZngv oZ ctnhtheob ng3.1 (ebook)
Cc gii han tm nhn
v T mnhnt tr mmt o t o ncungqu o ooattnhb gi i h n pha
OngvphaTy.
v Gi i h nnyoZ cthi t l pb ngcct ao (vt o ) c atr mmt o t vgc
nngc aanten.
Bi tp
Ex 3.2, 3.4, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9
Nm k nguyn
UTC (Universal time coordinated) lth i gianchu noZ c
qui onhb i National Bureau of Standards.
Onv cb nchoUTC lngymt tr i trungbnh(mean
solar day).
Mean solar day oZ cchiathnh24 gi , 60 pht v60 giy.
c84,400 giycho1 mean solar day.
Th i giank nguyntheoqu o ov tinhc8ngoZ cqui
onhtheochu nc aUTC
V d : Tnhth i giantheongy, gi , pht giychongyk
nguyn324,95616765
Nm k nguyn (tt)
Solution:
Ngyth 324 c anLm
Gi =24 x 0.95616765 =22.948022
Pht=60 x 0.948022 =56.881344
Giy60 x 0.881344 =52.88064
Gi k nguyn: 22h, 56min, 52.88s vongy324 c a
nLm
Phng v tinh, d[nh v[ v duy tr
v tinh trn qu dao
Phng v tinh ln qu do d|a tinh
v PhZngti n:
Tucon thoi: dngl i oZ cnhi ul n, o tin c ycao, gi
cao. V d : tuColumbia (US)
Tnl ao ynhi ut ng: khngs d ngl i oZ c, gir . V
d : Proton (Nga), Delta (M ), Long March (TrungQu c)
ph thu clo i tnl a, v tr oalbi phng
Quychu nnh tvkinht nh tlphZngphp
phngd atrnqu o oHohmann
Phuong php da trn qu do Hohmann
v GD1: Dngtnl ao ynhi ut ngoZav
tinhlnqu o oLEO (200km,
V=7.784m/s)
v HD2: T i oi mnngc aLEO, dngtn
l ao ynhi ul ntLngt cV=10.234m/s
oZav tinhsang qu o oEllipcvi n
oi mthu cqu o ooattnh
(h=35.786km) vc noi mthu cqu o o
LEO (h=200km) qu o oHohmann
v GD3: T i vi noi mc aqu o o
Hohman, s d ngo ngc o yvi noi m
trongv tinhoZav tinhv qu o ooa
ttnhvvov tr c an.
Dua v tinh vo qu do GEO
v OZav tinhvqu o oxcho o, sauooZavov tr GEO.
vCctrungtmvcctr moi ukhi nt i ccv tr khcnhautrntri
o t oi ukhi nth chi nccch cnLng:
Duy tr v tinh trn qu dao
v Vi c duy tr v tinh trn qu o o bao g m:
Chuong 3
Cc thnh phn cu tao v tinh
nhn tao
Payload
Payload ongvai trchuy nti p(repeater) gi acctr mmt o t
v i ccch cnLng:
Payload (tt)
Payload oZ co ctrZngb i ccthngs k thu t:
B ngun
Series-parallel array of solar cells
Rectangular solar sails
H thng thng tin v tinh
B pht op(transponders):
Mythu(wideband receiver): 500 (C) 1GHz (Ku)
H thng thng tin v tinh (tt)
B phn ghp knh: phnbLngt nc amythuthnhccbLngcon nh mgi m
hi xuynoi uch khi qua ccb khu cho i cngsu t caoHPA (TWTA & SSPA)
Chuong 4
Antennas
H thng antennas trn v tinh
Ch cnLngchnh:
Yuc u:
Cclo i: antench nh t, antenph nx , antendy(arrays)
Ccthngs k thu t: cngsu t b cx EIRP, G/T
Antenas
Chuong 5
Phn cc sng antenna
trong truyn thng v tinh
Phn cc sng
Trongfar field zone c a1 antenpht, sngoi nt
cd ngsngoi nt ngang(TEM).
Far field zone lvngt i kho ngcchl nhn
2D
2
/l, D lkchthZ c1 chi ul nnh t c aanten, l
lbZ csng.
vunggcv i nhauvvunggcv i phZng
truy nsng

H E,

k

k H E , ,
l ccvectot onnt pbntayph i theo
quyt cv nnt chai bntayph i. NhntheophZng
truy nsng , quay s o n .
Sngnys gi nguynthu ctnhhZ ngc at p
bntayph i ngayc khi b ph nx

k

E

H
Phn cc sng (tt)
cc kho ng cch r t xa anten pht, sng TEM oZ c
xem nhZ l ph ng. E, H l cc vecto n m trong m t
ph ng vung gc v i phZng truy n sng k.
E =H.Z
w
, Z
w
= 120p W
PhZng c a oZ ng trZ ng oi n s xc onh phn c c
sng.
TrZ ng oi n E v trZ ng t H l cc hm thay o i theo
th i gian.
TrZ ng t thay o i o ng pha v i trZ ng oi n v bin o
c a n t l v i bin o trZ ng oi n.
C cc d ng phn c c tuy n tnh, phn c c ellip v
phn c c trn
Phn cc tuyn tnh
Phnc ctuy ntnh: PhZngc avectoE t onn1 oZ ng
th ng.
Phnc ctuy ntnhg m2 lo i:
Phnc co ng: trZ ngoi nvunggcv i mt o t
Phnc cngang: trZ ngoi nsong songmt o t
Trongthngtin v tinhccphnc co ngvngangnhZtrn
khnghontonrrng.
Gi thi t phnc co ng:
Phnc cngang
x a

vecto on v theo phZng o ng

vecto on v theo phZng ngang
E
x
, E
y
: o i lZ ng c a trZ ng oi n t
y a

Phn cc tuyn tnh

XttrZ ngh pc 2 trZ ngcmt o ngth i.
Vecto t ngE s h p v i phZng
ngang 1 gc a
Khi ovecto v ncphnc c
tuy ntnhnhZngkhngcnlphn
c cnganghay phnc co ng.

E
Ccvecto v oZ cg i lvectotr cgiao.

y E

y E

Phn cc trn
Xt trZ ng h p 2 trZ ng c bin o b ng nhau v l ch pha 90
o
Khi o: a =et vbin o t ng l E, ta c phn c c trn (hnh a)
HZ ngc a phn c c trn oZ c qui onh b i phZng quay c a vecto oi n E.
Phn c ctrn tay ph i: phn c c quay theo chi u kim o ng h khi nhn
d c phZng truy n sng (hnh b).
Phnc c trn tay tri: phn c c quay ngZ c chi u kim o ng h khi nhn
d c phZng truy n sng (hnh c).
(a) (b) (c)
Phn cc ellip
Phn c c ellip l trZ ng h p t ng qut cho cc phn c c
Trong trZ ngh p ny Ex v Ey khng b ng
nhau, d l gc quay c onh.
T s sng phn c c ellip l t s gi a tr c
chnh v tr c ph c a ellip. Phn c c ellip
tr c giao x y ra khi 1 sng c cng t s phn
c c nhZng phZng quay ngZ c chi u.
Truy nthng v tinh s d ng phn c c tuy n
tnh v phn c c trn. S suy gi m truy n
d n c th lm thay o i thnh phn c c ellip.
Phn cc anten
Phn c c c a anten pht oZ c onh nghta b i s phn c c c a
sng truy n oi.
Anten lZ ng c c ngang (horizontal dipole) s t o sng phn c c
ngang.
Hai anten lZ ng c c ghp o i x ng v i nhau v vung gc v i
nhau s t o sng phn c c trn n u chng c cng bin o v l ch
pha 90
o
Anten thu ph i c phn c c gi ng nhZ phn c c c a sng nh n o
thu nh n oZ c cng su t l n nh t.
Oi n th c m ng trong cc trZ ng h p:

Phn cc ca cc tn hi u v tinh
XttrZ ngh pv tinhqu o ooattnhGEO:
Phnc cngangkhi vectotrZ ngoi nE song songv i mt
ph ngxcho o
Phnc co ngkhi vectoE song songv i tr cc ctri o t
V d 5.1
Bi tp
5.16, 5.17, 5.18
Chuong 4
Thit k dung truyn TTVT
Tn hao dung truyn
Truy n d n trong khng gian t do:
Cng su t thu oZ c t i 1 anten v i h s khu ch o i
Gr:
EIRPlcngsu t b cx c aanteno nghZ ng(dBW)
P
t
lcngsu t pht
G
t
lh s khu cho i c aantenpht
G
r
lh s khu cho i antenthu
L
p
lt nhaooZ ngtruy n
H s khu ch o i c a anten parabol:
T n hao oZ ng truy n trong khng gian t do:
d: kho ng cch gi a anten pht v anten thu
Cng sut thu
Cng su t t i anten thu:
Cng th c dZ i d ng dBW
P
r
=P
t
+G
t
+G
r
FSL =EIRP +G
r
FSL (dBW)
Tn hao do s sai lch phuong anten
(antenna misalignment)
OZ ng truy n v tinh khi thi t l p c n ph i o ng
chnh cc anten v tinh v anten tr m m t o t o
c o khu ch o i cao nh t.
Tn hao do kh quyn v din ly
Tn hi u truy n gi a v tinh v tri o t s b
nh hZ ng b i kh quy n tri o t c8ng
nhZ t ng oi n ly.
a) Suy hao do kh quyn (Atmosphere
losses)
Suy hao do s h p thu nLng lZ ng c a
cc kh (gas) c trong kh quy n
S h p thu thay o i theo t n s v mnh
nh t t i:
T n s 22.3 GHz: do s h p thu c ng
hZ ng trong hi nZ c (H
2
O)
T n s 60 GHz: do s h p thu c ng
hZ ng trong Oxygen (O
2
)
b) Anh huong cua tng din ly (Ionosphere
effects)
Ch y u l do b c x mt tr i
Cc nh hZ ng: s nh p nhy (scintillation),
h p thu, thay o i hZ ng oi c a sng truy n, s
truy n tr , s phn tn, thay o i t n s
Cc nh hZ ng ny gi m khi t n s tLng
c) S suy giam do mua (Rain attenuation)
nh hZ ng b i t c o mZa
Tn hao do kh quyn v in ly (tt)
Phuong trnh tn hao v cng
sut thu dung truyn
T ng t n hao oZ ng truy n khi tr i quang ong:
FSL: t n hao trong khng gian t do
RFL: t n hao t i o u thu do cc b l c filter, couplers, ng
d n sng
AML: t n hao do s l ch phZng anten (dB)
AA: t n hao do s h p thu c a kh quy n (dB)
PL: t n hao do phn c c anten
Cng su t thu:
EIRP: cng su t b c x anten o ng hZ ng (dBW)
Cc ngun nhiu trong h thng TTVT
Cc ngu n nhi u trong h th ng thng tin: Nhi u
do can nhi u t cc h th ng khc gy ra.
Can nhi u do cc h th ng v tuy n oi n chuy n ti p
m t o t c cng bLng t n
Can nhi u t cc h th ng v tinh khc
Nhiu trong h thng TTVT
Cc ngu n nhi u:
Nhi u t cc ngu n t nhin trong khu v c o t anten thu
Nhi u b i cc linh ki n oi n t trong thi t b
Can nhi u t cc my pht khc
Nhiu nhit (Gause trng)
Nhi u nhi t:
Cng su t tn hi u thu trong 1 oZ ng truy n v tinh
thZ ngr t nh (picowat) khu ch o i
Khu ch o i lun c nhi u ban o u +nhi u t b khu ch
o i
Nhi u nhi t gy ra do chuy n o ng nhi t c a cc oi n t
trong cc v t d n.
Nhi u tr ng: m t o ph cng su t nhi u nhi t khng o i
t t c cc t n s th p hn 10
12
Hz.
Cng su t nhi u nhi t:
M t o ph cng su t:
Tap m anten
Cc anten thu oZa t p m vo cc oZ ng truy n v tinh: t n
hao anten v t p m b u tr i (b c x b u tr i)
H s t p m v nhi t o t p m:
H s t p m: NF =SNR
in
/SNR
ou
t
H s t p m v nhi t o t p m:
P
r
: cng su t thu
A: khu ch o i c a mch gy t p m
N
i
: t p m o u vo
Nai: t p m quy o i o u vo c a ph n t gy t p m
Nhit d tap m
Nhi t o t p m c a h th ng
T
A
: nhi t o t p m anten
T
L
: nhi t o t p m c a feeder
T
r
: nhi t o t p m c a b ti n khu ch o i
Ti s tn hiu trn tap m
C 3 thng s onh gi t s tn hi u trn t p m:
Sng mang/t p m: C/N hay P
r/
N
Sng mang/m t o t p m: C/N
0
hay P
r
/N
0
NLng lZ ng bit/m t o ph t p m: E
b
/N
0
M i quan h gi a cc thng s :
P
r
/N
0
=P
r
/N (dB) +10lg (Df)
E
b
/N
0
=P
r
/N (dB) 10lg(R
b
/ Df)
P
r
l cng su t thu sng mang
R
b
l t c o bit
E
b
l nLng lZ ng bit =P
r
/R
b
Df l o r ng bLng t n
C/N
0
v E
b
/N
0
khng ph thu c t n s , thZ ng oZ c s
d ng o so snh hi u su t c a cc h th ng khc nhau
C/N: ph thu c vo o r ng bLng t n c a h th ng