International Journal of Physical Sciences Vol. 7(45), pp.

5954-5964, 30 November, 2012

Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/IJPS
DOI: 10.5897/IJPS12.628
ISSN 1992 - 1950 2012 Academic Journals





Full Length Research Paper

The Dirac equation with position-dependent mass for
the modified Pschl-Teller potential and its solution

Yasuk, F.
1
*

and Bahar, M. K.
1,2


1
Deparment of Physics, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey.
2
Department of Physics, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, 70100, Karaman, Turkey.

Accepted 5 November, 2012

The Dirac-modified Pschl-Teller problem with position dependent mass is investigated within the
framework of the asymptotic iteration method in N dimensions. Any k -state solutions are obtained by
using the exponential approximation for the centrifugal term. The energy eigenvalues and two-
component spinor corresponding eigenfunctions are determined for different o screening parameters
explicitly. The corresponding eigenfunctions obtained in the form of hypergeometric functions are
normalized and plotted for different quantum states. Effects on modified Pschl-Teller potential, bound
state energy eigenvalues and normalized corresponding eigenfunctions of the o screening parameters
are investigated and its results are discussed.

Key words: Dirac equation, position-dependent mass (PDM), Pschl-Teller (PT) potential, asymptotic iteration
method, bound state.


INTRODUCTION

It is known that the solutions of the wave equations are
very important since they contain all necessary
information for quantum systems. In recent years, the
solutions of the wave equations with a position-
dependent mass (PDM) have been investigated more
efficiently. Systems with PDM have been found to be very
useful in studying the physical and electronic properties
of semiconductors, quantum wells and quantum dots,
quantum liquids, Helium clusters (Alhaidari, 2002, 2003),
graded alloys and semiconductor heterostructures. The
analytical solutions of the non-relativistic Schrdinger
equation with PDM for solvable potentials have been
discussed by a number of methods (Plastino et al., 1999;
de Souza and Almeida, 2000; Alhaidari, 2002, 2003; Roy
and Roy, 2002; Ko et al., 2002, 2005; Gnl et al.,
2002a, 2002b; Bagchi et al., 2004; Quesne and Tkachuk,
2004; Quesne, 2006). Moreover, the investigation of
relativistic effects is important in quantum mechanical



*Corresponding author. E-mail: yasuk@erciyes.edu.tr.

PACS numbers: 03.65.-w; 03.65.Ge, 03.65.Pm.
systems such as heavy atoms and heavy ion doping. So,
for these types of materials, the study of the properties
of the Dirac equation with PDM is certainly of great
interest (Panella et al., 2010). In the recent literature,
considerable studies have been done to investigate of the
exact or quasi-exact solutions of the Dirac equation with
PDM and constant mass properties of these solutions for
different potentials and mass distributions (Panella et al.,
2010; Alhaidari, 2007; Alhaidari et al., 2007; Alhaidari,
2004; de Souza and Jia, 2006; Vakarchuk, 2005; Ikhdair
and Sever, 2010; Jia et al., 2009; Jia and de Souza,
2008; Dekar et al., 1998; Peng et al., 2006; Chen et al.,
2012; Esghi and Mehreban, 2012a; Esghi, 2011;
Hamzavi et al., 2012; Esghi and Mehreban, 2012b; Esghi
and Hamzavi, 2012; Agboola, 2012).
The asymptotic iteration method (AIM) of this study is
to solve the PDM Dirac equation with the modified
Pschl-Teller (PT) potential and suitable mass function
by using a different and more practical method, the AIM
(Ciftci et al., 2003; Ciftci et al., 2005; Saad et al., 2006)
within the frame of exponential approximation for
centrifugal term. The PT potential as an important
diatomic molecular potential has received much attention
and considerable interest because of its wide application




in physics and chemical physics. This potential is a short-
range model potential and has been used to describe
bending molecular vibrations. In the work, the basic
equations of the AIM used in our calculations are given
briefly. Then, the Dirac equation in N-dimension is
presented. Approximate solutions of the N-dimensional
Dirac-modified PT problem with PDM are also given.
Finally, a brief conclusion and discussion are presented.


BASIC EQUATIONS OF THE AIM

We briefly outline the AIM here; the details can be found
in Ciftci et al. (2003), Ciftci et al. (2005) and Saad et al.
(2006). The AIM was proposed to solve second-order
differential equations of the form:

'
0 0
'' ( ) ( ) y x y s x y = + (1)

Where
0
( ) 0 x = and
0 0
( ), ( ) s x x are in ( , ) C a b

. The
variables,
0
( ) s x and
0
( ) x , sufficiently differentiable.
The differential Equation 1 has a general solution:

2 1 0
'
' '' '' '' '
( ) exp exp [ ( ) 2 ( )]
x x x
y x dx C C x x dx dx o o
( | |
| |
( |
= + +
|
( |
| \ .
(
\ .
} } }
(2)

If, for sufficiently large n ,

1
1
n n
n n
s s
o

= = , (3)

Where

'
1 1 0 1
'
1 0 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), 1, 2, 3...
n n n n
n n n
x x s x x x
s x s x s x x n

= + +
= + =
(4)

The termination condition of the method together with
Equation 4 can be also be written as follows:

1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0.
n n n n
x x s x x s x o

= = (5)

For a given potential, the idea is to convert the relativistic
wave equation to the form of Equation 1. Then,
0
s and
0
are determined and
n
s and
n
parameters are
calculated. The energy eigenvalues are obtained by the
termination condition given by Equation 5. However, the
exact eigen functions can be derived from the following
wave function generator:

'
2
( ) exp
x
n k
y x C dx o
| |
=
|
\ .
}
. (6)
Yasuk and Bahar 5955



Where n = 0, 1, 2, . . . and k is the iteration step number
and usually greater than n.


THE DIRAC EQUATION IN N-DIMENSIONS

The N-dimensional Dirac equation with a central potential
( ) V r and PDM ( ) r can be written in natural units
1 c = = as (Hall, 2010; Greiner, 1981):

( ) ( )
r
n
H r E r
k
=
where

1
( ) ( )
=
= + +

N
j j
j
H p r V r o |
(7)

Where
r
n
E
k
is the relativistic energy,

j
o and

| are
Dirac matrices, which satisfy anticommutation relations




2 2
2
0
1
j k k j jk
j j
j
o o o o o
o | |o
o |
+ =
+ =
= =
(8)

and

j j
j
p i i
x
c
= c =
c
1s s j N (9)

The orbital angular momentum operators
jk
L , the spinor
operators
jk
S and the total angular momentum operators
jk
J can be defined as follows:


, / 2,
jk jk j k jk kj j k jk jk jk
k j
L L ix ix S S i J L S
x x
o o
c c
= = = = = +
c c
.
2 2 2 2 2 2
, , ,1
< < <
= = = s < s

N N N
jk jk jk
j k j k j k
L L S S J J j k N (10)

For a spherically symmetric potential, total angular
momentum operator
jk
J and the spin-orbit operator

2 2 2
( ( 1) / 2) = + K J L S N | commutate with the
Dirac Hamiltonian. For a given total angular momentum
j , the eigenvalues of

K are

( ( 2) / 2) = + j N k for
unaligned spin
1
2
j = + and ( ( 2) / 2) = + j N k for
unaligned spin
1
2
j = . Also, since ( ) V r is spherically
5956 Int. J. Phys. Sci.



symmetric, the symmetry group of the system is SO(N)
group.
Thus, we can introduce the hyperspherical coordinates

1 1
1 1
1 2
cos
sin ...sin cos ,
sin ...sin sin
N N
x r
x r
x r
o o
u
u u |
u u |

=
=
=
2 1 s s N o

Where the volume element of the configuration space is
given as:

1
1

=
= O
[
N
N
j
j
dx r drd

1
1
1
(sin )

=
O=
[
N
j
j j
j
d d u u
(11)

with 0 , r s < 0 ,
k
u t s s
1, 2,... 2, = k N 0 2 | t s s , such that the spinor wave
functions can be classified according to the hyper radial
quantum number
r
n and the spin-orbit quantum number
k and can be written using the Pauli-Dirac representation

1
2
( ) ( )
( , )
( ) ( )
r
r
r
N
n jm N
n N
n jm N
F r Y
f
r r
g
iG r Y
k
k
k

| | O
| |
|
O = =
|
|
O \ .
\ .

(12)




Where ( )
r
n
F r
k
and ( )
r
n
G r
k
are the radial wave function
of the upper and the lower-spinor components,
respectively, ( ) O

jm N
Y and ( ) O

jm N
Y are the
hyperspherical harmonic functions coupled with the total
angular momentum j . The orbital and the pseudo-orbital
angular momentum quantum numbers for spin symmetry
and pseudospin symmetry

refer to the upper and

lower-component, respectively (Agboola, 2012).
Inserting Equation 12 into the first of Equation 7, and
separating the variables, we obtain the following coupled
radial Dirac equation for the spinor component:

( ) ( ) [ ( ) ( )] ( )
r r r
n n n
d
F r r E V r G r
dr r
k k k
k
+ = +
(13)

( ) ( ) [ ( ) ( )] ( )
r r r
n n n
d
G r r E V r F r
dr r
k k k
k
= +
(14)

Where (2 1) / 2 = + N k . Using Equation 13 as the
upper component and substituting into Equation 14, we
obtain the following second-order differential equations:


2
2 2
( ) ( )
( )( )
( 1)
( ( ) ( ))( ( ) ( )) ( ) 0
( ( ) ( ))
r r r
r
n n n
n
d r dV r d
d
dr dr dr r
r E V r r E V r F r
dr r r E V r
k k k
k
k
k k

(
+
(
+
+ + =
(
+
(

(15)

2
2 2
( ) ( )
( )( )
( 1)
( ( ) ( ))( ( ) ( )) ( ) 0
( ( ) ( ))
r r r
r
n n n
n
d r dV r d
d
dr dr dr r
r E V r r E V r G r
dr r r E V r
k k k
k
k
k k

(
+
(

+ + =
(
+
(

(16)

The energy eigenvalues in these equations depend on
the angular momentum quantum number and N-
dimension. To solve these equations, we used an
approximation for the centrifugal barrier as discussed
later in the work.


APPROXIMATE SOLUTIONS TO THE N-
DIMENSIONAL DIRAC EQUATION WITH POSITION-
DEPENDENT MASS FOR THE MODIFIED PT
POTENTIAL

In this section, with in the framework of the AIM, we
construct the relativistic energy spectrum and
corresponding eigenfunctions of the PDM Dirac equation
with the modified PT potential in N-dimension by using
approximation of the centrifugal term.


Energy eigenvalues of the N-dimensional Dirac
equation with PDM for the modified PT potential

The modified PT potential given by Flgge (1999) can be
expressed in the form:

2 2
2 2
( 1) A
V(r)
2M Cosh ( r) Cosh ( r)
o +
= =
o o

(17)

Where is the screening parameter and is a
dimensionless parameter for the depth of the potential
Yasuk and Bahar 5957





Figure 1. Comparison of 1/r
2
(red line) with
2 2
/ ( ) Sinh r o o for different values of
o screening parameter.



well. Equation 15 cannot be solved analytically because
of the last term in the equation, we use the equality
d (r) dV(r)
0
dr dr

=
to eliminate this term. Thus, using
this equality condition, the mass function is obtained as
the following:

( )
0 2
A
r
Cosh ( r)
= +
o
(18)

Where
0
is the integral constant and corresponds to the
rest mass of the Dirac particle. The mass function (r)
has the same form as the PT potential. The PT potential
and mass function is inserted in Equation 15, then we get

2
0
0 0 2 2 2
2 ( )
( 1)
( )( ) ( ) 0
( )
r
r r r
n
n n n
A E
d
E E F r
dr r Cosh r
k
k k k

k k

o
+ ( +
+ =
(

. (19)

Equation 19 cannot be solved exactly for any of the
k wave case due to the spin-orbit coupling term
2
1/ r .
Therefore, to solve the Dirac equation for a single particle
with PDM in the modified PT potential, we shall use an
approximation as discussed in the following. To obtain
analytical approximate solutions for the modified PT
potential with centrifugal term, we have to use an
approximation in the following form (Wei and Dong, 2009;
Greene and Aldrich, 1976):

2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 4
(1 ) ( )
r
r
e
r e Sinh r
o
o
o o
o

(20)
Greene and Aldrich (1976) proposed a considerable
approximation for the 1/r
2
term in the Dirac equation. By
using this approximation it is possible to find the
approximate bound state solutions of the Dirac equation
for coupling to pure 1/r
2
potentials with any k values for
higher excitation levels with more accuracy. As shown in
Figure 1, 1/r
2
and
2 2
/ ( ) Sinh r o o are consistent with
each other.
The
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 4
(1 ) ( )
r
r
e
r e Sinh r
o
o
o o
o

exponential
approximation is used for the centrifugal term and
defined
2
tanh ( ) z r o = transformation, Equation 19
becomes

( ) ( )
r
2
0 1 2
n 2 2 2
d 1 3z d
F (z) 0
dz 2z(1 z) dz z 1 z z(1 z) z 1 z
k
(

+ =
(

(

(21)

Where
0
( 1)
4
k k+
= ,
r
2 2
0 n
1 2
E
4
k

=
o
and
r
0 n
2 2
2A( E )
4
k
+
=
o
.

In order to solve Equation 21 with the aid of AIM, we
should transform Equation 21 to the form of Equation 1.
The upper spinor component
r
n
F (r) / r
k
has to satisfy the
boundary conditions, that is,
r
n
F (0) 0
k
and
r
n
F ( ) 0
k
. For the bound states, the regularity
conditions are
1
(1 1 16 ) 0
0
4
+ + > and
1
.
5958 Int. J. Phys. Sci.



Therefore, the reasonable physical wave function is
proposed as follows:

( ) ( ) ( )
0
1
r r
1
(1 1 16 )
4
n n
F z z 1 z f z
+ +

k k
= (22)

and if Equation 22 is inserted into Equation 21, the
second-order homogeneous linear differential equations
in the following form are obtained:

( )
( )
r r
0 0 1
'' '
n n
2 1 16 z(4 1 16 4 )
f (z) f (z)
4z 1 z
k k
+ + + + +
=
+


( )
r
0 0 0 1 1 2
n
(1 4 1 16 2(2 1 16 ) 4 4
f (z)
2z 1 z
k
+ + + + + + + +

+
(23)

Where


0 1 1
0
1 (2 1 4 2 ) 2
( )
( 1 )
z
z
z z

+ + + +
=
+
,

0 0 0 1 2
0
1 2 1 4 2(1 1 4 ) 2
( )
2 ( 1 )
s z
z z
+ + + + + +
=
+
.






By means of Equation 4, we may calculate
n
(z) and
n
s (z) . This gives:

0 1 0
1 2
2
0 1 1 2
2 2
0 1 1 2
2 2
2 1 16 ( 4 (5 2 )) 1 16
( )
16 16 ( 1 )
6 (15 4 20 4 4 )
8( 1 )
( 15 4 4 4 4 )
,
8( 1 )
z
z
z z z
z
z z
z
z z

+ + + +
= +
+
+ + +
+
+
+ + +
+
+
(24)

0 1
1 2 2
0 0 1 0 1 1 2
2 2
( 6 ( 1 ) 1 16 4 (3 ))
( )
32 ( 1 )
(1 4 1 16 4 2 1 16 4 4
.
32 ( 1 )
z z
s z
z z
z z


+ + + + +
=
+
+ + + + + + + +
+


etc.
Combining these results obtained by the AIM with
quantization condition given by Equation 5 yields:

0 1 1 0 1,0 0 0 1 0 1 2
1
0 ( 1 4 1 16 4 2 1 16 4 )
4
s s = = + +


1 2 2 1 1,1 0 0 1 0 1 2
1
0 ( 9 4 3 1 16 12 2 1 16 4 )
4
s s = = + +
2 3 3 2 1,2 0 0 1 0 1 2
1
0 ( 33 4 5 1 16 20 2 1 16 4 )
4
s s = = + + (25)

When the above expressions are generalized,
0 1 2
, ,
statements containing the energy eigenvalues turns out
to be

2
1, 0 2 0 1 0 1
1
(4 4 (2 1) 1 16 (8 4) 2 1 16 8 1)
4
n
n n n = + + + + + + + + + +
.

If the above
0 1 2
, , expressions are inserted, the
energy eigenvalues of the PDM Dirac equation for the PT
potential in N-dimension is as follows:

2 2
2 2
0
0
2 2
2 2 2 2
0 0
2
( 1)
( )
1
( ( 1) 1 4 ( 1)(2 1)
4 4
(4 2) 1 4 ( 1) 8 1 0
r
r
r r
n
n
n n
E
E
M
n
E E
n n
k
k
k k
o

k k k k
o o

k k
o o
+
+

+ + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + =

(26)

When the dimension of the system is N = 3, N = 5 and N
= 7 for different o values and quantum states, the
energy eigenvalues are calculated from Equation 25. The
results are shown in Table 1.
As shown Table 1, due to increase values of o
screening parameter,
n
E eigenvalues also decrease. To
understand how to change the modified PT potential for
different values of o screening parameter, we should
also connect to the modified PT potential with o
screening parameter. In this case, the modified PT
potential is shown in Figure 2. As can be seen in Figure
2, as a result of increasing values of o screening
parameter, potential depth increases and more effective
the modified PT potential, which will cause more bound
states into the modified PT potential well.


Eigenfunctions of the N-dimensional Dirac equation
with PDM for the modified PT potential

Also, the corresponding eigenfunctions can be obtained
for PDM Dirac equation with the PT potential by using the
wave function generator given by Equation 6. The first
lowest states are:

0
( ) 1 f z = ,
Yasuk and Bahar 5959



Table 1. The dimension of the system when N = 3, N = 5 and N = 7.

o
=0.1
Energy
o
= 0.4
Energy
o
= 0.8
Energy
, , n l k

, , n l k

, , n l k

N = 3
0, 0,1

-0.993509 0, 0,1

-0.996452 0, 0,1

-0.996743
1, 0,1

-0.978634 1, 0,1

-0.988204 1, 0,1

-0.989157
2,1, 2

-0.935159 2,1, 2

-0.962698 2,1, 2

-0.965506
3, 2, 3

-0.868729 3, 2, 3

-0.922395 3, 2, 3

-0.928001
4, 3, 4

-0.781247 4, 3, 4

-0.867434 4, 3, 4

-0.876702

N = 5
0, 0, 2

-0.987121 0, 0, 2

-0.992916 0, 0, 2

-0.993492
1, 0, 2

-0.968071 1, 0, 2

-0.982316 1, 0, 2

-0.983740
2,1, 3

-0.918600 2,1, 3

-0.953297 2,1, 3

-0.956846
3, 2, 4

-0.846641 3, 2, 4

-0.909509 3, 2, 4

-0.916111
4, 3, 5

-0.754236 4, 3, 5

-0.851108 4, 3, 5

-0.861599

N = 7
0, 0, 3

-0.978634 0, 0, 3

-0.988204 0, 0, 3

-0.989157
1, 0, 3

-0.955463 1, 0, 3

-0.975255 1, 0, 3

-0.977241
2,1, 4

-0.900127 2,1, 4

-0.942730 2,1, 4

-0.947109
3, 2, 5

-0.822812 3, 2, 5

-0.895471 3, 2, 5

-0.903148
4, 3, 6

-0.725687 4, 3, 6

-0.833645 4, 3, 6

-0.845429

The bound state energy levels
n
E
are shown in the case of PDM.
0
1, 0.001, 1, 1 M = = = =
.



0 1
0
1 2
0
1 16 4
( 1)
1 16 2
4
( ) (1 )
4 1 16 2
4
f z C z

+ +
+
+ +
=
+ +
,

0 0
2 2
0 1 0 1 0 1 2
0 0 0
1 16 2 1 16 6
( ) ( )
4 4
2( 1 16 4 6) ( 1 16 4 6)( 1 16 4 12)
(1 ),
1 16 2 ( 1 16 2)( 1 16 6)
f z C
z z



+ + + +
=
+ + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + + + +

5960 Int. J. Phys. Sci.




V

(
r
)


F
2
(
r
)



Figure 2. The variation of the PT potential according to various values of
o
screening parameter. Plot of
probability density for n = 0 quantum state for different
o
screening parameter.



0 0 0
3 2
0 1 0 1
0 1 2
0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 1
0 0 0
1 16 2 1 16 6 1 16 10
( ) ( )( )
4 4 4
1 16 4 1 16 4
3( 3)( 4)
3( 1 16 4 12)
4 4
(1
1 16 2 1 16 2 1 16 2
( 1)
4 4
( 1 16 4 12)( 1 16 4 16)( 1 16 4 20)
( 1 16 2)( 1 16 6)( 1 16 10
f z C
z z






+ + + + + +
=
+ + + +
+ +
+ + +
+
+ + + + + +
+
+ + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + + + +
3
)
)
z
(27)

etc.
Thus, the wave function ( )
n
f z
k
can be written as:

0
0 1 0
2 2 1
0
1 16 2
( )
1 16 4 1 16 2
4
( ) ( 1) ( , , ; )
4 4 1 16 2
( )
4
n
n
n
f z C F n n z
k

+ +
I +
+ + + +
= +
+ +
I
(28)

Hence, we can write the total radial wave function as follows:

0
1
1
(1 1 16 )
0 1 0 ' 2 2
2
2 1
1 16 4 1 16 2
( ) tanh ( )(1 tanh ( )) ( , ; ; tanh ( ))
4 4
r
n
F r N r r F n n r

k
+ + + + + +
= + (29)

In order to normalize the wave functions, we should
determine ( )
r
n
G z
k
. Therefore, if we insert Equation 17
and
( )
0 2
A
r
Cosh ( r)
=
o
into Equation 16, we
obtain that

2
0
2 2
0
2 2 2
2 ( )
( 1)
[ ( ] ( ) 0
( )
r
r r
n
n n
A E
d
E G r
dr r Cosh r
k
k k

k k

o

=
. (30)
When
2
1/ r exponential approximation and defined
2
tanh ( ) z r o =
transformation are used, Equation 30
becomes

2
3 1 4
2 2 2
1 3
[ ] ( ) 0
2 (1 ) (1 ) (1 ) (1 )
r
n
d z d
G z
dz z z dz z z z z z z
k

+ =

(31)

Where
3
( 1)
4
k k

=
,
0
4 2
( )
2
r
n
A E
k

=
. If the
Yasuk and Bahar 5961



processes to find ( )
r
n
F z
k
are repeated, we obtain

1
(1 1 16 )
3
2
1
3 1 3 ' 2 2
2 1
1 16 4 1 16 2
( ) ( )(1 tanh ( )) ( , ; ; tanh ( ))
4 4
r
n
G r N tanh r r F n n r

k

+ +
+ + + +
= + . (32)

The total radial wave functions are obtained in terms of
confluent hypergeometric functions. In this part of our
work, we calculate the normalization constant
'
N in
Equations 29 and 32. Calculation of the normalization
constant is very necessary, which has not been explicitly
worked out in most of the studies. How to compute the
normalization constant is given in some studies (Saad,
2007). To compute the normalization constant
'
N , firstly,
we start with the normalization condition.
2 2 1
0
( ) 1
N
f g r dr

+ =
}
(Greiner, 1981). According to the
transformation of
2
tanh ( ) z r o = , 0 z for 0 r and
1 z for r . Therefore,
1 1 2 2
0 0
( ) ( )
1
2 (1 ) 2 (1 )
F z G z
dz dz
z z z z o o
+ =

} }
. So, we have
by means of the above normalization condition that is:

0
1
3
2 1
1
2
1 16 1
2 1 0 1 0
2
2 1
0
' 2
2
1 16 1
3 1 3
2
2 1
0
1 16 4 1 16 2
(1 ) ( , ; ; )
4 4
( ) 2
1 16 4 1 16 2
(1 ) ( ,1 ; ; )
4 4
z z F n n z dz
N
z z F n n z dz

o

+

+
| |
| |
+ + + +
|
+ |
|
|
\ .
|
=
|
| |
+ + + +
|
+ + |
| |
\ . \ .
}
}
(33)

The series representation of the confluent
hypergeometric function
2 1
F is

1
1 1
0
1
( ) ...( )
( ,.. ; ,.. ; )
( ) ...( ) !
i
i p i
p q p q
i
i q i
a a
s
F a a c c s
c c i

=
=

. (34)

Being Pochhammer symbols
1
( )
i
a ,
1
( )
i
c and a
polynomial of degree n in s, we obtain the normalization
constant in the following:

0 1 0
0
1
0
0 0 1
0 1 0 0 0 1
3 2
' 2
3 1 3
3
1 16 4 1 16 2
( ) ( ) ( )
1 16 2
4 2
(2 , )
2 1 16 2 1 16 4 2
( ) !( )
4 4
1 16 4 1 16 2 1 16 2 1 16 4 2
( , , ; , ;1)
4 2 4 4
( )
1 16 4 1 16 2
( ) ( ) ( )
4 2
1 16 2 1
( ) !(
4
n
i i i
i
i i
i i i
i
n n
B
i
F n n i i
N
n n
i

=
+ + + +
+
+ +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+
+
+ +

3
1
0
3 1
3 1 3 3 3 1
3 2
2
1 16 2
(2 , )
2 16 4 2
)
4
1 16 4 1 16 2 1 16 2 1 16 4 2
( , , ; , ;1)
4 2 4 4
n
i
i
B
F n n i i
o

=
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=
|
|
+ +
|
| + + +
|
|
|
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + +
|
\ .

(35)

In Figure 3, the normalized wave functions and
probability densities for the mass dependent Dirac
equation with the PT potential are plotted when the
dimension of system is N = 3, for n = 0,1 and 2.
If ( )
r
n
F r
k
and ( )
r
n
G r
k
are inserted into Equation 12, it
obtained that the spinor wave functions of the Dirac
equation with PDM for the modified PT potential in N-
dimensions. In case of
0.001, 1 M = =
, the negative
bound states be formed for 0 o > . If further considering
the limit case 0 o , it is found from Equation 26 that
5962 Int. J. Phys. Sci.





Figure 3. The dimension is N=3. The position dependent mass. a) Plot of the normalized wavefunction for n=0 quantum state,
b) Plot of probability density for n=0 quantum state (
0
0.1, 1, 1, 0.01 M o = = = = ), c) Plot of the normalized
wavefunction for n=1 quantum state, d) Plot of probability density for n=1 quantum state
(
0
0.1, 1, 1, 0.01 M o = = = = ), e) Plot of the normalized wavefunction for n=2 quantum state, f) Plot of probability
density for n=2 quantum state(
0
0.1, 1, 1, 0.01 M o = = = = ). g) Plot of the normalized wavefunction for n=3
quantum state, h) Plot of probability density for n=3 quantum state(
0
0.1, 1, 1, 0.01 M o = = = = ).




there are no energy eigenvalues. Because, in the limit
case 0 o , the
1 2
, and
4
statements diverge. The
corresponding upper and lower components approach
zero, that is,
0
lim ( ) 0
r
n
F r
k
o
=
,
0
lim ( ) 0
r
n
G r
k
o
=
.


Conclusions

We have considered approximately analytical bound
state solutions of the Dirac equation with the modified PT
potential and mass function using the AIM by applying an
approximation to the centrifugal like term, which is a
different approach. For arbitrary spin-orbit quantum
number, k state and o parameter, we have obtained
the energy eigenvalues and corresponding radial wave
functions for the case of PDM and approximation on the
spin-orbit coupling term in a systematic way. The
corresponding eigenfunctions have been obtained in
terms of confluent hypergeometric functions. We have
also obtained the normalization constants in the form of
hypergeometric series. Regarding the method presented
in this study, we should point that it is a systematic one
and it is very efficient and practical in solving the within
PDM systems for any k state.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are grateful to the anonymous referees for
their illuminating criticism and suggestions. We also
thank Professor Shi-Hai Dong for many helpful
discussion and suggested improvements to the paper.


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5964 Int. J. Phys. Sci.



APPENDIX

To normalize the wave functions, some of the special
procedures for the beta function are given in the following
form (Arfken and Weber, 1995; Szego, 1939):

i)
(1 )
( 1, ) ( , )
x y
q q
x q q
B x y B x y
x y x y

+ =
+ +


ii)
(1 )
( , ) ( 1, )
x y y
q q
q q
I x y I x y
x y

=
+


2 1
(1 ) (1 )
( 2, )
( 2) ( 2, ) ( 1) ( 1, )
x y x y
q
q q q q
I x y
x B x y x B x y


=



3 2 1
(1 ) (1 ) (1 )
( 3, )
( 3) ( 3, ) ( 2) ( 2, ) ( 1) ( 1, )
x y x y x y
q
q q q q q q
I x y
x B x y x B x y x B x y


=



....... =

1
( , ) (1 )
( ) ( , )
k m
x y
q
k
q
I x m y q q
x k B x k y

=
=

1, 2,... m=

































iii)
1
0
(1 ) (1 )
( , ) ( )
(1 ) 1
x y
k k
q
k
k
y q q q
B x y
x x q

=

=
+

1
2 1
(1 )
(1,1 ;1 ; )
1
x y
q q q
F y x
x q

= +

for
1
( , 0) (0, )
2
qe
and

1
0
(1 ) (1 ) 1
( , ) ( , ) ( )
(1 )
x y
k k
q
k k
x q q q
B x y B x y
y y q

=

=
+

1
2 1
(1 ) 1
( , ) (1,1 ;1 ; )
x y
q q q
B x y F x y
y q

= +


4) ( ) ( ) ( )
i j i j
a a a i
+
= +