c_g Aavq

fZ ivwk Avi Zvi cwigvc

(PhysicalQuantitiesandMeasurement)
AvwKwgwWm

AvwKwgwWm wQjb GKRb wMK MwYZwe`, c`v_wevbx, Bwwbqvi,

AvweviK Ges RvwZwe`| wZwb GKw`K hgb MvjKi
AvqZb, cvBqi gvb, Amxg wmwiRi hvMdj G aibi MvwYwZK
mgmvi mgvavb KiQb, wVK m iKg Abw`K cvwb Dci
Zvjvi Rb z cv, ki hy RvnvR asm Kivi Rb wewP h
wKsev `~i _K Avb awiq `qvi Rb wekl Avqbv Zwi Ki
w`qwQjb| ZuvK meKvji mek GKRb MwYZwe` wnme
weePbv Kiv njI Zuvi ewMZ Rxeb mK Lye ewk Rvbv hvq
bv| Zuvi kni ivgvb mbiv hLb `Lj Ki bq ZLb wZwb GKUv
MvwYwZK mgmv wbq e wQjb| Zuvi Kvbv wZ bv Kivi
wb`k _vKvi ciI GKRb ivgvb mb ZuvK nZv Ki
djwQj|

Archimedes(287BC212BC)

1.1 wevb I c`v_wevb (ScienceandPhysics)

wevb ejZB nqZv Zvgv`i PvL wevbi bvbv hcvwZ, Avwevi, MelYv, jveiUwi
Gmei `k dzU DV wK wevbi Avmj welq wK hcvwZ, MelYv ev jveiUwi bq,
wevbi Avmj welq nQ Zvi `wfx| GB mfZvi mePq eo Ae`vb iLQ wevb Avi
mwU GmQ cw_exi gvbyli evwbK `wfx _K|
Avgv`i Pvicvk cKwZi h inm iqQ wevb Zvi Di LyuR eovQ Kviv Kviv
gb nqZv ck RvMZ cvi Kb GB AKviY KZ~nj? bv Rvbj Kx nq? gvbyl hw`b Zvi
gw eywgv wbq Zvi `yB cvq mvRv nq `uvwoqQ mB w`b _K Zvi wK Avi wcQb wdi
hvevi Dcvq bB, euP _vKvi Rb ZvK RvbZB ne| Rvbvi GB AvMn, GB Zvobv gvbylK mw
RMZi Ab me wKQz _K Avjv`v Ki iLQ|

12fZ ivwk Avi Zvi cwigvc

wevbK Rvbvi wZbwU mywbw` c_ iqQ, c_gwU nQ hyw ZK| GKUv D`vniY `qv
hvK: GKUv fvix wRwbm AviKUv nvjKv wRwbm Dci _K Qo w`j `yUv wK GKmv_ coe
bvwK fvixUv AvM coe? GB cki Di LyuR ei Kivi Rb wK Kvbv evwbK m~iI
cqvRb bB Kvbv RwUj cixv-wbixviI `iKvi bB, Avgiv aygv hyw w`q Gi DiUv
LyuR ei Ki djZ cvie| aiv hvK Avgvi KvQ GKUv fvix Avi GKUv nvjKv wRwbm iqQ|
Gevi c_g ai wbB Dci _K Qo w`j fvix wRwbmUv nvjKv wRwbm _K AvM wbP Gm
co| GLb fvix wRwbmUvi mv_ nvjKv wRwbmUv eua `yUv GKmv_ Qo `qv nj, nvjKv
wRwbmUv hnZy axi axi coe ZvB fvix wRwbmUvK mUv GZ ZvovZvwo coZ `e bv
KvRB eua ivLv `yUv wRwbm GKUz `wi Ki coe| welqUv Avevi Abfve `LZ cvwi, fvix
wRwbmUvi mv_ Aviv GKUv wRwbm eua `qv nqQ ZvB mUv wbqB Aviv fvix nqQ
KvRB Aviv fvix wnme Aviv
ZvovZvwo coe| KvRB `Lv hvQ
Avgiv GKB mv_ Aviv axi wKsev
Aviv ZvovZvwo `yUv DiB cZ
cvwi wK GK cki Zv `yB Di
nIqv me bv! GB RwUjZvi mgvavb
Kiv me ay GKwU Dcvq Avgiv
hw` ai wbB, fvix nvK nvjKv nvK
mewKQz GKmv_ wbP co| Zvi
gvb ay gv hyw ZK w`q Avgiv
wevbi GKUv mgmvi mgvavbUv
LyuR cq Mjvg!
wevbK Rvbvi wZxq
Qwe 1.1: aeZvivK wNi me bjv NyiZ _vK
DcvqwU nQ cheY| Avgiv hw`

AvKvki w`K ZvKvB Avi AvKvki

bjvK gbvhvM w`q cheY Kwi Zvnj `Le me b cye AvKvk DV cwg AvKvk
A hvQ| Avgv`i aviYv nZ cvi AvmjB eywS ZvB NUQ, A_vr wi GKUv cw_exi Pvicvk
bjv NyiQ| wK hw` Aviv fvjv Ki bjvK cheY Kwi Zvnj AevK nq `Le
Di w`K w`M _K Dci GKUv b (aeZviv) KLbv Nyi bv, mUv GK RvqMvq wi nq
_vK, Avi Ab me b Avmj GUvK K` Ki Nyi (Qwe 1.1)! Avgiv ZLb nVvr Ki eySZ
cvwi h Avmj cw_exi AUv wVK GB aeZviv eivei Ges cw_exUvB wbqB GB A NyiQ
ZvB gb nPQ me wKQz eywS aeZvivK K` Ki NyiQ! aygv cheY Ki Avgiv wevbi
GKUv Z_ ei Ki djZ cvwi|
wevbK Rvbvi ZZxq cwZwU nQ cixv-wbixv Kiv| wbDUb mePq my`i Ki GUv
Ki `wLq wevb MelYvi b~Zb GKUv aviv Zwi KiwQjb| m~hi eYnxb Avjv wcRgi
fZi w`q cvwVq mUvK AbKjv isq fvM Ki `wLqwQjb h eYnxb is Avmj bvbv is

fZ ivwk Avi Zvi cwigvc

13

w`q Zwi| ZviciI hw` mUv wbq Kviv gb m`n _vK mUv `~i Kivi Rb wZwb mB bvbv
isqi AvjvK wZxq GKUv wcRgi fZi w`q cvwVq Avevi eYnxb Avjv Zwi Ki
djwQjb! (Qwe 1.2)
GB wZbwU cwZi Ici wfw Ki wevbUv Lye axi axi Mo DVQ| AmsL MelK
wevbx wgj Lye axi axi wevbi wekvj GKUv myig AvwjKv Mo ZyjQb| wevbi GB
Avwevii djvdj bvbv chywZ eenvi Ki Avgiv Avgv`i RxebK mnR Ki ZzjwQ, A_c~Y
Ki ZzjwQ| Avevi KLbv KLbv fqsKi wKQy chyw ei Ki aygv wbR`i Rxeb bq cw_exi
AwZKI wecb Ki ZzjwQ! gb
iLv chywi gvS fvjv chyw
hgb AvQ, wVK m iKg Lvivc
chywI AvQ, wevbi ejvq
wK KD mB K_v ejZ cvie
bv wevb nQ vb, Gi gvS
Kvbv Lvivc bB Gi gvS
Kvbv Af bB!

1.1.1c`v_wevb (Physics)
Avgiv GZb wevb wbq K_v

ejwQ Ges Zvgiv mevB Rvb

Qwe 1.2: wcRgi fZi w`q hvevi mgq Avjvi bvbv isq fvM nq
wevbi AbK kvLv iqQ|
hvIqvi wbDUbi wbRi nvZ AvuKv Qwe
mwZ K_v ejZ Kx AbK welq
hjvK GZw`b wevbi evBi iL GmwQ mjvKI AvRKvj evwbK cwZZ PPv Kiv
nq ej Avgiv Zv`i wevb ej fveZ i KiwQ| gbvwevb ev mgvRwevb Zvi D`vniY|
c`v_wevb wevbi GKUv kvLv Ges ejv hZ cvi GUv nQ cvPxbZg kvLv, Zvi
KviY Ab wevbjv `vbv evavi AbK AvMB wevbxiv c`v_wevbi iZc~Y GKUv kvLv,
RvwZwe`v PPv KiZ i KiwQjb| c`v_wevb GwU GKw`K hgb cvPxbZg kvLv wVK
mfve ejv hZ cvi GUv mePq gwjK (fundamental) kvLv| Gi Ici wfw Ki imvqb
`uvwoqQ, Avevi imvqbi Ici wfw Ki Rxewevb `uvwoqQ Avevi Rxewevbi Ici wfw
Ki Ab AbK welq `uvwoqQ|
mvaviYfve Avgiv ejZ cvwi wevbi h kvLv c`v_ Avi kw Ges G `yBqi gvS h
mK (interation) ZvK evSvi Pv Ki mUv nQ c`v_wevb| Zvgiv wbqB Abygvb
KiZ ciQ GLvb c`v_ ejZ ay Avgv`i Pvicvki `kgvb c`v_ bq, c`v_i MVb AYy
cigvYy _K i Ki BjKUb, cvUb, wbDUb ev KvqvK ws ch hZ cvi| Avevi kw
ejZ Avgv`i cwiwPZ gvavKlY ev we`yr P^Kxq kw QvovI mej wKsev `yej wbDwKqvi
kwI nZ cvi!

14fZ ivwk Avi Zvi cwigvc

c`v_wevb GKw`b Mo IVwb, kZ kZ ermi Mo DVQ| c`v_wevbxiv Zv`i

Pvicvki inmgq RMrK `L c_g Kvbv GKUv m~ w`q mUv evLv Kivi Pv KiQb|
cixv-wbixv Ki mB m~K KLbv MnY Kiv nqQ, KLbv cwieZb Kiv nqQ Avevi KLbv
cwiZvM Kiv nqQ| Gfve Avgiv c`v_i z`Zg KYv _K i Ki gnvweki eng AvKvi
ch evLvv KiZ wkLwQ| GB kLvUv nqZv GLbv c~Yv bq wevbxiv mUvK c~Yv Kivi
Pv Ki hvQb, hb Kvbv GKw`b AZ A wKQz m~ w`q AvcvZ`wZ wfb wfb welqi me
wKQz evLv Kiv me nq hve|

2.1 fZ ivwk Avi Zvi cwigvc (PhysicalQuantitiesandtheirMeasurement)

cvwb Vvv nj mUv eid nq hvq, Mig Kij mUv ev nq hvq GUv Avgiv mevB Rvwb|
gvbyl AbK cvPxb Kvj _KB GUv `L AvmQ| GB vbUzKz wK cyivcywi wevb nZ cvie
bv hZY ch bv Avgiv ejZ cvie Kvb Aevq wVK KZ Zvcgvvq cvwb Rg eid nq wKsev
mUv evwoq Kvb Aevq KZ Zvcgvvq wbq Mj mUv dzUZ _vK, ev cwiYZ nZ i
Ki| Zvi A_ cKZ wevb KiZ nj me wKQzi cwigvc KiZ nq| wevbi mePq iZc~Y
welq nQ GB cwigvc Ki me wKQzK wbLuyZfve evLv Kiv|
Uwej 1.1:SIBDwbU mvZwU wfb wfb fZ ivwk
`N
fi
mgq
e`ywZK cevn
Zvcgvv
c`v_i cwigvY
`xcb ZxeZv

meter
kilogram
second
ampere
kelvin
mole
candela

wgUvi
wKjvMvg
mK
Gwqvi
Kjwfb
gvj
Kvjv

m
kg
s
A
K
mol
cd

GB RMZ hv wKQz Avgiv cwigvc KiZ cvwi ZvK Avgiv ivwk ewj| GB fZ RMZ
AmsL welq iqQ, hv cwigvc Kiv me| D`vniY `qvi Rb ejv hZ cvwi Kvbv wKQzi
`N, c, DPZv, AvqZb, IRb, Zvcgvv, is, KvwVb, Zvi Aevb, eM, Zvi fZiKvi
Dcv`vb, we`yr cwievwnZv, AcwievwnZv, wwZvcKZv, Zvc cwievwnZv AcwievwnZv, NbZ,
AvcwK Zvc, Pvc MjbvsK, zUbvsK BZvw` BZvw` A_vr Avgiv ej kl KiZ cvie bv|
GK K_vq fZ RMZ ivwkgvjvi Kvbv kl bB| Zvgv`i ZvB gb nZ cvi GB AmsL
ivwkgvjv cwigvc Kivi Rb Avgv`i eywS AmsL ivwki msv Avi AmsL GKK Zwi Ki
ivLZ ne! Avmj mwU mwZ bq Zvgiv b LyeB AevK ne (Ges wbqB Lywk ne) h gv
mvZwU ivwki mvZwU GKK wVK Ki wbj mB mvZwU GKK eenvi Ki Avgiv me wKQz ei Ki
djZ cvie| GB mvZwU ivwkK ej gwjK ivwk, hjv nQ `N, fi, mgq, e`ywZK

fZ ivwk Avi Zvi cwigvc

15

cevn, Zvcgvv, c`v_i cwigvY Ges `xcb

Uwej 1.2:AbK eo _K AbK QvU `~iZ
ZxeZv| GB mvZwU gwjK ivwki AvRvwZK
`~iZ
m
fve ^xKZ mvZwU GKKK ej SI GKK, (SI
wbKUZg
Mvjvw
6 10
GmQ d fvlvi Le Systeme
wbKUZg b
4 10
International dUnites _K) Ges
mi RMZi evmva
6 10
mjv 5.1Uwej `Lvbv nqQ|
cw_exi evmva
6 10
GB GKK jvi cwigvc KZ mwU
Gfvii DPZv
9 10
mywbw`fve NvlYv Kiv AvQ| hgb k~b
fvBivmi `N
1 10
vb GK mKi 299,792,458 fvMi
nvBWvRb cigvYyi evmva
5 10
GK fvM mgq Avjv h `~iZ AwZg Ki
cvUbi evmva
1 10
mUv nQ GK wgUvi| GK wKjvMvgi
GKKwU GLbv aiv nq dvi GKUv wbw`
feb ivLv cvwUwbqvg BwiwWqvg w`q Zwi 3.9 cm DPZv Avi evmi wbw` GKUv fi|
(wevbxiv GB fiwUK wKQzw`bi gaB Abfve evLv Kieb hb wbw` `k ivLv wbw`
fii Ici Avi Kviv wbfi KiZ bv nq|) wmwRqvg 133(Cs133) cigvYyi 9,192,631,770 wU
`b mb KiZ h cwigvY mgq bq mUv nQ GK mK| cvwbi a we`y ev wUcj
cqU ZvcgvvK 273.16 w`q fvM w`j h Zvcgvv cvIqv hvq mwU nQ GK Kjwfb|
Avwqvii GKKwU gvUvgywU RwUj cvkvcvwk `yUv Zvii fZi w`q we`yr cevn Kij Zviv
GK AbK AvKlY Ki| h cwigvY we`yr cevn nj 1m `~iZ ivLv `ywU Zvi cwZ wgUvi `N
wbDUb ej ciiK AvKlY Ki
2 10
Uwej 1.3:AbK eo _K AbK QvU fi
mUv nQ 1 Gwqvi| ai bqv nQ ZviwUi

`N Amxg, cQ` evKvi Ges GZ QvU h

fi
kg
mUv Avgiv aZei gvS Avbe bv! (Zvgiv b
Avgv`i Mvjvw
2 10
Lywk ne h GB GKKUvKI Aviv mnRfve
m~h
2 10
evLv Kivi cwiKbv nQ|)
cw_ex
6 10
0.012 wKjvMvg h KqwU Kveb 12 cigvYy
RvnvR
7 10
_vK mB msLK gwjK KYv (AYy, cigvYy ev
nvwZ
5 10
Avqb) Gi mgvb c`v_ nQ GK gvj| GK
gvbyl
6 10
Kvjvi GKKwU meZ evSvi Rb mePq
a~wjKYv
7 10
RwUj: Kvbv Avjvi Drm _K hw` GK
BjKUb
9 10
iwWqvb (Steradian) Nb KvY GK IqvUi

633 fvMi GK fvM wewKiY ZxeZv cuQvq Zvnj

mB Avjvi ZxeZv nQ GK Kvjv| Ze h Kvbv Avjvi Drm eenvi Kiv hve bv mwU
nZ ne mK 540 10 evi KbiZ Kvbv Avjv| (hviv NbKvY Kx Rvbv bv Zvivv
cwiwk-1 `Lv)| `~iZ fi ev mgqi ejvq mjvi AbK QvU _K i Ki AbK eo

16fZ ivwk Avi Zvi cwigvc

nZ cvi| Zvgv`i GKUv aviYv `qvi Rb AbK eo _K i Ki AbK QvU wKQz `~iZ
fi Ges mgqi wKQz D`vniY (Uwej1.2,1.3 Ges 1.4) `qv njv| Zvgiv Uwejjv `Lv
Abyfe Kivi Pv Ki!
mvZwU GKKK AvbyvwbKfve Zvgv`i mv_ cwiPq Kwiq `qv njv KD Avkv Ki
bv GUv Zvgv`i gb _vKe! gb ivLvi cqvRbI bB hw` KLbv Rvbvi cqvRb nq eB LyuR,
BUvibU NuU Avevi Zzwg GUv ei Ki djZ cvie| Ze GK wgUvi ejZ KZUzKz `~iZ
evSvq ev GK KwR fi KZUzKz, GK mK KZ mgq, GK wWwM Kjwfb Zvcgvv KZUzKz D,
GK Avwqvi KviU KZLvwb, GK gvj c`v_ ejZ Kx evSvB ev GK Kvjv KZLvwb Avjv
mUv mK Zvgv`i GKUv eve aviYv _vKv DwPZ! GB ejv Zvgv`i mB eve aviYvUv
`Iqvi Pv Ki `Lv hvK| Zvgv`i ay Rvbj ne bv, LvwbKUv wK AbyfeI KiZ ne|
mvaviYfve ejv hvq:
^vfvweK DPZvi GKRb gvbyli gvwU _K cU ch `~iZUv gvUvgywU GK wgUvi|
GK wjUvi cvwbi evZj wKsev Pvi Mvm h IRbi cvwb _vK Zvi fi nQ GK KwRi
KvQvKvwQ|
GK nvRvi GK ejZ hUzKz mgq jvM mUv gvUvgywU GK mK!
ejv hZ cvi wZbUv gvevBj dvb GKmv_ PvR Kiv nj GK Gwqvi we`yr eenvi
Kiv nq| (gvevBj dvb 5 fvi
KvQvKvwQZ PvR Kiv nq| ZvB GLvb LiP
Uwej 1.4:AbK eo _K AbK QvU mgq
ne 5 IqvU| hw` evmvi jvBU, dvb, wdR
mgq
s
220 fvi wKQzZ GK Gwqvi we`yr
weMevsqi mgq
4 10
eenvi nq ZLb wK LiP ne 220
WvBbvmii asm
2 10
IqvU!)
gvbyli Rb
8 10
nvZ w`q Avgiv hw` Kviv Ri Abyfe
GK w`b
9 10
KiZ cvwi ejv hZ cvi Zvi Zvcgv
gvbyli ``b
1
GK Kjwfb eoQ|
wgDIbi Avqy
2 10
gvjUv Abyfe Kiv GKUz KwVb, ejv hZ
`b Kvj: meyR Avjv
2 10
cvi GKUv eo PvgPi GK PvgP cvwbZ
`b Kvj: GK MeV 4 10
gvUvgywU GK gvj cvwbi AYy _vK| GK
Mvgv i
Kvc cvwbZ `k gvj cvwb _vK|

GKUv gvgevwZi AvjvK gvUvgywU fve

GK Kvjv ejv hvq|
`LZB cvQ Gi KvbvUvB wbLuyZ cwigvc bq wK Abyfe Kivi Rb mnR| hw` GB
cwigvc wbq Af nq hvI Zvnj fwelZ hLb Kvbv GKUv wnmve Kie, ZLb mUv wbq
Zvgv`i GKUv gvvvb _vKe!

fZ ivwk Avi Zvi cwigvc

17

wevb ev c`v_wevb PPv

Kivi Rb Avgv`i bvbv wKQz cwigvc
KiZ nq| KLbv Avgv`i nqZv
deca da 101 deci d 101
Mvjvwi
`N
gvcZ
nq
hecto h 102 centi c
102
3
3
Avevi KLbv GKUv
6 10
kilo
k
10 milli m 10
6
6
wbDwKqvmi evmva gvcZ nq
mega M 10 micro 10
9
9
`~iZi gvS GB
1 10
giga
G 10 nano n 10
12
12
tera
T
10 pico p 10
wekvj cv_K gvcvi Rb me mgqB
15
15
peta
P
10 femto f
10
GKB aibi msLv eenvi Kiv
18
18
exa
E
10
atto a
10
eywgvbi
KvR
bq
ZvB
AvRvwZKfve wKQz SI DcmM
(prefix) Zwi Ki bqv nqQ| GB DcmM _vKvi KviY GKUv QvU DcmM wjL AbK eo
wKsev AbK QvU msLv evSvZ cvie| DcmMjv Uwej 1.5 G `Lvbv nqQ| Avgiv
`bw`b Rxeb wK Gjv me mgq eenvi Kwi| `~iZ evSvbvi Rb GK nvRvi wgUvi bv ej
GK wKjvwgUvi ewj| Kvgivi Qwei mvBR evSvbvi Rb `k j evBU bv ej GK gMvevBU
ewj!

1.2.1 gvv (Dimensions)

Avgiv Rb MwQ h Avgv`i Pvicvk AmsL ivwk _vKjI gv mvZwU GKK w`q GB
ivwkjvK cwigvc Kiv hvq| GKUv ivwk Kvb GKK w`q cKvk Kiv hvq mwU Avgv`i
RvbZB nq, cvq mgqB ivwkwU Kvb Kvb gwjK ivwk (`N L, mgq T, fi M BZvw`) w`q
wKfve Zwi nqQ mUvI Rvbv _vKZ nq| GKUv ivwkZ wewfb gwjK ivwk Kvb m~PK ev
Kvb cvIqvi AvQ mUvK Zvi gvv ej| hgb Avgiv ci `Le ej nQ fi Ges ZiYi
Ydj| ZiY Avevi mgqi mv_ eMi cwieZbi nvi| eM Avevi mgqi mv_ Aevbi
cwieZbi nvi|
Uwej 1.5:SIBDwbU eeZ DcmM

KvRB eM Gi gvv:
ZiYi gvv:

`~iZ
mgq
`~iZ
(mgq)

BZvw`

Avgiv GB eBq hLbB b~Zb GKwU ivwkgvjvi K_v eje mv_ mv_B Zvi gvvwUi K_v ej
`Iqvi Pv Kie| `Le mUv me mgqB ivwkwUK eySZ Abfve mvnvh Kie|

18fZ ivwk Avi Zvi cwigvc

1.3 cwigvci hcvwZ

GK mgq c`v_wevbi wewfb
ivwkgvjv m~fve gvcv Lye Kmva
evcvi wQj| AvaywbK BjKUwb
wbfi hcvwZi KviY GLb KvRwU
Lye mvRv nq MQ| Avgiv GB
Qwe 1.3:g~j Ges bvovbv me fvwbqvi j
eBq h cwigvY c`v_wevb kLvi
Pv Kie Zvi Rb `~iZ, fi, mgq, Zvcgv, we`yrcevn Ges fvR gvcvjB gvUvgywU KvR
Pvwjq wbZ cvie| Gjv gvcvi Rb Avgiv Kvb aibi hcvwZ eenvi Kwi mjv msc
AvjvPbv Kiv hvK :
1.3.1 j
QvULvUv `N gvcvi Rb wgUvi j eenvi Kiv nq Ges Zvgiv mevB wbqB wgUvi j
`LQ| 100cm (mwUwgUvi) ev 1m j^v ej GUvK wgUvi j ej| hnZz GLbv AbK
RvqMvq Bw dzU cPwjZ AvQ (gvwKb hyiv GKwU D`vniY `k!) ZvB wgUvi ji Abcvk
cvq me mgq Bw `vM KvUv _vK| GK Bw mgvb 2.54cm.
GKUv j mePq h m~ `vM _vK Avgiv m ch gvcZ cvwi| wgUvi j
mvaviYZ wgwjwgUvi ch fvM Kiv _vK ZvB wgUvi j eenvi Ki Avgiv Kvbv wKQzi `N
wgwjwgUvi ch gvcZ cvwi| A_vr
Avgiv hw` ewj Kvbv wKQzi `N
0.364 m Zvi A_ `NwU nQ 36
mwUwgUvi Ges 4 wgwjwgUvi| GKUv
wgUvi j eenvi Ki Gi PvBZ m~
fve `N gvcv me bq A_vr mvaviY
j Avgiv KLbvB ejZ cvie bv
GKUv ei `N 0.3643m wK gvS
gvSB Kvbv GKUv AZ m~ KvR
Avgv`i G iKg m~ fve gvcv cqvRb
nq, ZLb fvwbqvi (Vernier) j

bvg GKUv gRvi j eenvi Ki mUv

Qwe 1.4: GK, `yB Ges wZb Ni mi hvIqv fvwbqvi j
Kiv hvq|
aiv hvK Kvbv ei `N wgwjwgUvii 4 Ges 5 `ywU `vMi gvSvgvwS Kv_vI GmQ
A_vr ewUi `N 4 wgwjwgUvi _K ewk wK 5 wgwjwgUvi _K Kg| 4 wgwjwgUvi _K KZ
fMvsk ewk mUv ei KiZ nj fvwbqvi j eenvi Kiv hvq, GB jUv g~j ji cvk

fZ ivwk Avi Zvi cwigvc

19

jvMvbv _vK Ges mvgb cQb mivbv hvq (Qwe 1.3)| Qwei D`vniY `Lvbv nqQ g~j
ji 9 wgwjwgUvi `NK fvwbqvi j `k fvM Kiv nqQ| A_vr fvwbqvi ji cZKUv
fvM nQ
mm, Avmj wgwjwgUvi _K
wgwjwgUvi Kg| hw` fvwbqvi ji iUv

Qwe 1.5:QweZ fvwbqvi j hy vBW Kvwjcvm Ges GKwU zMR `Lvbv nj

Kvbv GKUv wgwjwgUvi `vMi mv_ wgwjq ivLv nq Zvnj Zvi cii `vMwU mwZKvi wgwjwgUvi
_K
wgwjwgUvi mi _vKe, Gi ciiwU
wgwjwgUvi mi _vKe ciiwU
wgwjwgUvi
mi _vKe A_vr KvbvUvB g~j ji wgwjwgUvi `vMi mv_ wgje bv, GKevi `k b^i
`vMwU Avevi Avmj g~j ji bq b^i wgwjwgUvi `vMi mv_ wgje|

Qwe 1.6:Wvqvj Ges wWwRUvj wiWAvDU jvMvbv mvBW Kvwjcvm

eySZB cviQ fvwbqvi jUv hw` Avgiv Ggbfve ivwL h iUv GKUv wgwjwgUvi `vM
_K i bv nq GKUy mi (hgb

mm) i nqQ (Qwe 1.4) Zvnj wVK hZ msLK

mm mi i nqQ fvwbqvi ji ZZ b^i `vMwU g~j ji wgwjwgUvi `vMi mv_ wgj

hve! KvRB fvwbqvi j eenvi Ki `N gvcv Lye mnR, c_g Rb wbZ nq fvwbqvi
ji GKwU fvM Ges g~j ji GKwU fvMi gvS cv_K KZUzKz GUvK ej fvwbqvi aeK
(Vernier Constant msc VC)| g~j ji mePq QvUfvMi 1mm `~iZK
fvwbqvi ji fvMi (10) msLv w`q fvM w`jB GUv ei nq hve| Avgiv h D`vniY
wbqwQ mLvb GUvi gvb:
mm 0.0001m

20fZ ivwk Avi Zvi cwigvc

Kvbv `N gvcvi mgq wgwjwgUvii mekl `vM ch gc fvwbqvi ji w`K ZvKvZ nq

Zvi Kvb `vMwU g~j ji wgwjwgUvi `vMi mv_ wgj
MQ mwU ei Ki ZvK fvwbqvi aeK Y w`Z nq|
g~j j gvcv `Ni mv_ mwU hvM w`jB Avgiv
cKZ `N cq hve| Qwe 1.4 Gi kl j h `N
`Lvbv nqQ Avgv`i GB wbqg mwU ne 1.03cm
ev 0.0103m
fvwbqvi ji cwieZ GKUv zK Nywiq
(Qwe 1.5) jK mvgb wcQb wbqI zMR (screw
gauge) bvg wekl GK aibi j `N gvcv nq|
Qwe 1.7:wWwRUvj IRb gvcvi h
GLvb zqi NvU (thread) AZ m~ ivLv nq Ges
cyiv GKevi Nvivbvi ci j jvMvbv
zwU nqZv 1mm AMmi nq| zqi GB miYK zqi wcP (pitch) ej| h evKvi AskwU
Nywiq jwUK mvgb wcQb bqv nq mwUK mgvb 100 fvM fvM Kiv nj cwZ GK Ni
fvMi GK fvM AMmi nq| A_vr GB j
= 0.01mm
N~Ybi Rb jwU wcPi
ch gvcv me nZ cvi|
AvRKvj fvwbqvi ji cwieZ Wvqvj jvMvbv wKsev wWwRUvj (Qwe 1.6) vBW
Kwjcvm ei nqQ hUv w`q mivmwi wbLuyZfve `N gvcv hvq!
1.3.2 fi gvcvi h
fi mivmwi gvcv hvq bv ZvB
mvaviYZ IRb gc mLvb
_K fiwU ei Kiv nq|
Avgiv hLb ewj Kvbv GKUv
ei IRb 1 gm ev 1 kg
ZLb Avmj evSvB ewUi
fi 1 gm wKsev 1 kg GK
mgq ei fi gvcvi Rb wbw

eenvi Kiv nZv hLvb

Qwe 1.8:mvaviY Ges BjwbK _vgvwgUvi
evULvivi wbw` fii mv_
ei fiK Zzjbv Kiv nZv|
AvRKvj BjKUwbK evji
(Qwe 1.7) eenvi AbK eo MQ| evji Ici wbw` e ivLv njB evji mi
mLvb _K wbLuyZfve IRbwU ei Ki w`Z cvi|

fZ ivwk Avi Zvi cwigvc

21

1.3.3 _vgvwgUvi
Zvcgvv gvcvi Rb _vgvwgUvi eenvi Kiv nq| GjKvnj ev cvi`i _vgvwgUvii cvkvcvwk
AvRKvj BjKUwbK _vgvwgUviiI (Qwe 1.8) cPjb i nqQ| Ri gvcvi Rb h _vgvwgUvi
eenvi Kiv nq Zvi ew Lye Kg KviY gvbyli kixii Zvcgvv Lye ewk evo bv ev Kg bv|
KvRB Ri gvcvi _vgvwgUvi w`q Avmj cKZ Zvcgvv gvcv hvq bv|

Qwe 1.9:c IqvP

1.3.4 c IqvP
mgq gvcvi Rb c IqvP eenvi Kiv nq (Qwe 1.9)| GK mgq
wbLuyZ c IqvP AbK g~jevb mvgMx njI, BKUwbi
AMMwZi KviY Lye A `vgi gvevBj UwjdvbI AvRKvj
AbK m~ c IqvP cvIqv hvq| c IqvP h Kvbv GKwU
gyn~Z _K mgq gvcv i Kiv nq Ges wbw` mgq cvi nIqvi ci
mgq gvcv e Ki KZLvwb mgq AwZv nqQ mwU ei Ki
djv hvq| gRvi evcvi nQ c IqvP hZ wbLuyZ fve mgq
gvcZ cvi Avgiv nvZ w`q KLbvB ZZ wbLuyZ fve GUv i
KiZ cvwi bv ev _vgvZ cvwi bv|

1.3.5 fv wgUvi I AvwgUvi

we`yZi cevn gvcvi Rb AvwgUvi Ges fvR
gvcvi Rb fv wgUvi eenvi Kiv nq| GB `yUv
cwigvc hB mvaviYZ GK RvqMvq _vK Ges
`yUvK wgwjq AbK mgq gvw wgUvi (Qwe 1.10)
ejv nq| gvw wgUvi mvaviYZ GKwU Wvqvj _vK
Ges GB WvqvjwU Nywiq wewfb gvvi fvR wKsev
we`yr cevn ev KviU gvcv hvq| Avgv`i Mnvwj
fvR Gwm nIqvi KviY me gvw wgUviB Gwm
wKsev wWwm fvR Ges KviU gvcv hvq| (hviv
Gwm wKsev wWwm ejZ Kx eySvq Rvbv bv Zviv
cwiwk-1 `Lv|) AvRKvjKvi gvw wgUvi ay
fvR Ges KviU bq Aviv AbK wKQz gvcZ
cvi|

Qwe 1.10:gvw wgUvi

22fZ ivwk Avi Zvi cwigvc

Abykxjbx
ck:
1. hywZK, cixv-wbixv Ges cheY GB wZbwU cwZi KvbwUK Zzwg wevb MelYvi Rb
mePq iZc~Y gb Ki? Kb?
2. Zzwg Kx hyw-ZK w`q `LvZ cvie cvBg msLv Amxg msLK?
3. mvZwU GKKi GKwU Abjv _K GKUz Ab iKg| KvbwU Ges Kb ejZ cvie?
4. hw` nVvr Ki Zvgvi Ges Zvgvi Pvicvki me wKQzi mvBR AaK nq hvq Zzwg Kx eySZ
cvie?
5. Zzwg wK cw_exi evmva gvcZ cvie?

MvwYwZK mgmv:
1. Uwej 1.5 Gi DcmM eenvi Ki wbPi msLvjv cKvk Ki: (a) 10
10

(c)10

(d)10

(e)10

2. GK eQi KZ mK? (gRv Kivi Rb

3. GK AvjvKel KZ wgUvi?
4. GKwU fvwbqvi j GKwU
`i `N gvcvi mgq 1.11
Qwei gZv `Lv MQ| `wUi
`N KZ?
5. kwi gvv
,
BDwbU Gi GKK KZ?

w`q cKvk Ki)

Qwe 1.11: fvwbqvi ji wiwWs

(b)