TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 3(32).

2009

PHNG PHP CHO GI IN CNH TRANH THEO M HNH

GI TH TRNG I VI CC NH MY NHIT IN
A COMPETITIVE BIDDING METHOD IN RESPECT OF THE PRICE BASED
POOL MODEL FOR THERMAL GENERATORS
L Kim Hng
i hc Nng

Thanh Sn
Cng ty CP in lc Khnh Ha

TM TT
Bi bo trnh by phng php cho gi bn in cnh tranh theo m hnh cho gi t
do (PBP- Price Based Pool) nhm p dng cho th trng pht in cnh tranh. C s cho
gi l chi ph bin pht in v gi in c xc nh bng kt qu ca bi ton phn b cng
sut kinh t ti u cho cc t my tng chi ph pht in ton h thng b nht. Cc cng ty
pht in thay i gi cho bng cch iu chnh c tnh chi ph bin v do s lm thay i
c tnh chi ph bin tng hp ca ton h thng. T dn n sn lng in pht ra v gi
bn in thay i theo.
ABSTRACT
This article presents a competitive electrical energy price bidding method in terms of the
price based pool model applied to the competitive electrical generation market. The bidding is
based on a marginal cost and electricity price is determined by the result of the economic
allocation optimization of generators output so that the total generation cost of the whole system
is minimized. Generator companies change their bidding prices by adjusting their marginal cost
factors; therefore, this varies the comprehensive marginal cost factors of the whole system,
which leads to a change in both generators output and electrical energy price.

1. t vn
Trong th trng pht in cnh tranh c 02 kiu cho gi bn in tng ng
vi 02 m hnh th trng l:
Cho gi da trn chi ph p dng cho m hnh th trng gi theo chi ph (CBP
Cost Based Pool)
Cho gi t do p dng cho m hnh th trng gi theo quy lut cung cu (PBP
Price Based Pool)
M hnh CBP gim thiu ri ro do n bo m cho cc nh u t vo ngun
in thu hi vn, nh nc d kim sot v n nh gi in nhng t c tnh cnh tranh.
Ngc li, m hnh PBP c tnh cnh tranh cao hn nhng cng tim n nhiu ri ro
cho cc cng ty pht in, gi in dao ng nhiu nh hng n ngi tiu dng. Vn
t ra l xem xt phng php cho gi, tnh ton xc nh gi bn v sn lng ca
1

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 3(32).2009

tng nh my trong tng gi theo m hnh PBP kim sot c gi in ng thi

to s minh bch cho th trng cnh tranh. gii quyt vn ny, bi bo xut
phng php cho gi bn in da vo chi ph bin pht in. Gi cho bn l mt hm
s tuyn tnh ca sn lng pht. T cc bng cho gi ca cc nh my pht in v
nhu cu ph ti, Cng ty mua in duy nht (SB Single Buyer) tnh ton gi in v
sn lng in mua ca tng cng ty pht in trong tng gi, bo m yu cu cn
bng ph ti v chi ph pht in ton h thng thp nht. Bt k mt cng ty pht in
no trong h thng iu chnh gi cho cng s lm cho kt qu tnh ton gi in v
sn lng ca tt c cc cng ty pht in trong ton h thng thay i. Nh vy, cc
cng ty pht in c th cnh tranh tng li nhun cho mnh bng cch iu chnh gi
cho. Phng php ny cng gip cc c quan thm quyn c c s qun l, kim
sot th trng in, bo m th trng hot ng minh bch.
2. Phng php lun
Chi ph pht in ca mi t my l mt hm s vi cng sut pht, nhiu
nghin cu xem y l mt hm s bc 2 [1,4,5]:
Ci = ai + bi.Pi + ci.Pi2
Trong :

Ci l chi ph pht in ca t my i.

Pi l cng sut pht ca t my i.

ai , bi v ci l cc h s chi ph.

Tng chi ph pht in ton h thng l :

Gi PL l tng nhu cu ph ti, Pi l cng sut kh pht ca t my th i. Trn c
s cn bng ph ti ta c:
chi ph vn hnh h thng thp nht ta phi gii bi ton phn b cng sut
kinh t cho cc nh my nhit in. y l bi ton ti u c th gii bng phng php
h s bt nh Lagrange tm cc cng sut pht Pi ca cc t my vi tng chi ph C
b nht.
Gi l h s bt nh, ta c hm mc tiu:

+ (

iu kin hm mc tiu ti thiu:

Gii h phng trnh ny ta c kt qu phn phi cng sut ti u ca cc t
my:
2

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 3(32).2009

C = a + b.P + c.P2

= C = b + 2.c.P

Hnh 1. c tnh chi ph v chi ph bin ca cc t my

y chnh l chi ph bin ca cc t my. Vy phn phi ti u cng sut

pht ca cc t my t c khi chi ph bin ca mi t my u bng nhau.
Kt hp c tnh chi ph bin ca tng t my (hnh 1), ta to c c tnh chi
ph bin tng ng ca mi t my t hp tt c t my nh l mt t my theo
phng php minh ha bng hnh 2. T c tnh chi ph bin tng hp chng ta hon
ton c th xc nh chnh xc cng sut phn b ti u, chi ph bin ca tng t my v
tng chi ph pht in thp nht ca cc nh my nhit in tng ng vi tng nhu cu
ph ti PL.

6
5
4
3
2

III
I
op

Pmin1 Pmin2
Pmin3

Pmax1

Pmax3

PI

PII

PIII

PL PIV

PV

PVI

Pmax2

Hnh 2. c tnh chi ph bin tng hp ca nhiu t my

i vi cc nh my thy in, nguyn tc phn b cng sut theo biu ph

ti l sau khi tr i phn cng sut pht ti thiu bt buc ca cc t my thy in dng
sng v cc t my phc v ti tiu, tip n s c huy ng ph nh sao cho
phn cn li ca biu l bng phng nht vn hnh ti u cc t my nhit in
trong h thng. [2]
3

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 3(32).2009

Chng ta tha nhn cc cng ty pht in c gi bn in bng vi chi ph bin

[4], s cho bn in bng cch cho hm chi ph ca mnh vi cc gii hn Pmax, Pmin.
Khi iu chnh dc c tnh chi ph bin (thc cht l iu chnh h s c trong hm
chi ph) cc cng ty pht in s c mt chi ph bin/gi cho mi, bi ton s cho mt
kt qu phn b cng sut mi.
PI = Pmin1 ; PII = P1 (2) + Pmin2 ; PIII = P1 (3) + P2 (3) + Pmin3
PIV = Pmax1 + P2 (4) + P3(4) + Pmin4 ; PV = Pmax1 +Pmax2+ P3 (5)
PVI = Pmax1 +Pmax2+ Pmax3
Vi phng php xc nh ny, cc t my c chi ph bin thp s c u tin
huy ng trc, cc t my c chi ph bin cao c th khng c huy ng. Nh vy,
cc cng ty pht in phi c chin lc cho gi hp l. Nu cho gi qu cao, cng
sut huy ng thp c th li nhun s thp, ngc li, cho gi qu thp, cng sut huy
ng cao nhng li nhun cng khng cao. Mt khc, quyt nh cho gi ca mt cng
ty khng nhng ch nh hng n li nhun ca mnh m cn nh hng n li nhun
ca cc cng ty khc, ging nh mt tr chi (game).
op3
op2
op1

3
2

1
op3

op1
PB

PB

PA

PA

PL

PL

PB

Hnh 3. c tnh chi ph bin tng hp ca 2 t my vi cc chin lc khc nhau

Hnh 3 v cc c tnh chi ph bin ca A v B, trong A khng thay i chin

lc nn c tnh c nh (nt lin), B thay i chin lc 1,2,3, vi mi chin lc B
c mt c tnh c dc khc nhau (nt t). Tng ng ta c 3 c tnh tng hp
1,2,3 khc nhau (ng gy khc). Trong chin lc 1 gi thp k<1, k*c<c; chin
lc 2 gi bin k=1, k*c=c; chin lc 3 gi cao k>1, k*c>c.
Vi cng ph ti PL khi B chn chin lc gi cao (c tnh 3) ta c cng sut
huy ng ca A v B l PA, PB v chi ph bin ti u op = op3 , khi B chn chin lc
gi thp ta c cng sut ca A v B l PA, PB v op = op1. Trong PA >PA v PB
<PB, c ngha l khi B tng gi th sn lng bn ca B s gim, ca A tng ln v
ngc li. Mt khc op (chi ph bin ti u) cng l gi bn in cng thay i theo
4

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 3(32).2009

tng chin lc ca B (op3 v op1).

Vi ph ti PL ln nh hnh v (PL>>PL), A lun lun pht cng sut cc i
PA = PAmax, B pht cng sut PB = PL PAmax. Khi B thay i chin lc 1,2,3, cng sut
pht ca A v B khng i nhng chi ph bin ti u op thay i ln lt l op1, op2 v
op3. iu ny c ngha l khi ph ti ln, do cng sut ca A b nn A khng th cnh
tranh vi B. B c th la chn chin lc ty tng li nhun nh gi in (op) tng
m khng b gim sn lng pht. Trong trng hp ny B c th thao tng th
trng y gi in ln cao do khng cn i th cnh tranh.
Phng php lun trnh by trn cho php cc nh my c th cho gi bn in
t do, vic xc nh gi bn in da trn kt qu tnh ton mt cch khoa hc gip cho
th trng cnh tranh minh bch. Phng php ny cng gip cho cc c quan qun l
th trng in d bo c gi in v cc kh nng thao tng th trng c bin
php ngn nga.
3. Tnh ton th nghim v phn tch
Bng 1. Thng s 10 ngun in
Nh my

Cng sut (MW)

H s chi ph

Pmin

Pmax

15

60

750

70

1,53

20

80

1250

75

1,2

30

100

2000

67,5

1,17

25

120

1600

70

1,14

50

150

1450

77

0,63

75

280

3600

67,5

0,39

120

320

5250

69,8

0,2

50

150

5000

66,45

0,42

200

520

2450

63,2

0,42

10

75

200

4100

60,7

0,45

Xt mt h thng c 10 ngun in vi thng s cho bng 1, tng nhu cu ph

ti l PL=1.500 MW. Khi tt c nh
my cho gi bng chi ph bin ta c
c kt qu bng 2 v c tnh chi
ph bin tng hp hnh 4. Nu mt
hoc nhiu nh my thay i chin
lc cho gi, cng sut huy ng v
li nhun ca tng nh my s thay
i. Bng 3 l kt qu khi nh my 6
cho gi cao (k=1.1) v thp (k=0.9),
5

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 3(32).2009

cc nh my cn li cho gi bng chi ph bin. Vi ph ti PL=1500MW, khi nh my

6 thay i chin lc cho gi khc vi chi ph bin, gi bn in, li nhun v s phn
b cng sut s thay i, nu cho gi thp (k=0,9) cng sut huy ng ca n l
239,3641MW, li nhun 14.276,09$/h, trng hp cho gi cao (k=1,1) cng sut huy
ng gim xung cn 205,0979MW nhng li nhun tng ln 16.086,49$/h do gim chi
ph pht in v gi bn tng. bo m cn bng cng sut ngun v ph ti, lng
cng sut gim ca nh my 6 s c phn b cho cc nh my khc nhng vn bo
m chi ph pht in ton h thng thp nht. Nh my 10 phi gnh thm phn cng
sut ca 6 nn mang y ti.
Bng 2. Cng sut huy ng v li nhun ca cc nh my
Tt c nh my u cho gi bng chi ph bin
Nh my

Cng sut
(MW)

n gi op
($/MWh)

Doanh thu
($/h)

Chi ph ($/h)

Li nhun ($/h)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)=(2)*(3)

(5)

(6)=(4)-(5)

55,4026

239.5320

13.270,70

9.324,44

3.946,26

68,5550

239.5320

16.421,12

12.031,37

4.389,75

73,5179

239.5320

17.609,90

13.286,18

4.323,72

74,3561

239.5320

17.810,68

13.107,80

4.702,87

128,9937

239.5320

30.898,11

21.865,31

9.032,80

220,5538

239.5320

52.829,70

37.458,54

15.371,16

320,0000

239.5320

76.650,24

48.066,00

28.584,24

y ti

150,0000

239.5320

35.929,80

24.417,50

11.512,30

y ti

209,9190

239.5320

50.282,33

34.224,61

16.057,72

10

198,7022

239.5320

47.595,54

33.928,38

13.667,16

Cng

1.500,0000

359.298,11

247.710,14

111.587,97

Ghi ch

Bng 3. Cng sut huy ng v li nhun ca cc nh my

Nh
my

NM 6 cho gi cao - Gi in: 243,474($/Mwh)

Cng sut
(MW)

Doanh thu Chi ph ($/h) Li nhun

($/h)
($/h)

NM 6 cho gi thp - Gi in: 235,5336 ($/Mwh)

Cng sut
(MW)

Doanh thu Chi ph ($/h) Li nhun

($/h)
($/h)

56,6908

13.802,75

9.635,55

4.167,19

54,0959

12.741,41

9.014,06

3.727,35

70,1975

17.091,27

12.428,04

4.663,23

66,8890

15.754,61

11.635,64

4.118,97

75,2026

18.309,87

13.693,02

4.616,85

71,8092

16.913,49

12.880,30

4.033,18

76,0851

18.524,74

13.525,35

4.999,39

72,6025

17.100,32

12.691,24

4.409,07

132,1222

32.168,33

22.620,87

9.547,46

125,8203

29.634,91

21.111,54

8.523,37

205,0979

49.936,01

33.849,52

16.086,49

239,3641

56.378,29

42.102,19

14.276,09

320,0000

77.911,68

48.066,00

29.845,68

320,0000

75.370,75

48.066,00

27.304,75

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 3(32).2009

8

150,0000

36.521,10

24.417,50

12.103,60

150,0000

35.330,04

24.417,50

10.912,54

214,6119

52.252,42

35.357,95

16.894,47

205,1590

48.321,85

33.093,95

15.227,90

10

200,0000

48.694,80

34.240,00

14.454,80

194,2596

45.754,65

32.873,10

12.881,55

Cng 1.500,0000 365.212,96

247.710,14

117.502,82

1.500,0000

353.300,32

247.710,14

105.590,18

Bng 4. Gi bn in, cng sut huy ng, li nhun ca cc nh my 1 v 6 khi ti thay i

Cng sut

PL

Gi bn op

700

151,1041

26,5046

750

156,9960

800

Li nhun

Nh my 1 Nh my 6

Nh my 1

Nh my 6

107,1847

324,82

880,54

28,4301

114,7385

486,65

1.534,32

162,8873

30,3553

122,2914

659,81

2.232,52

900

174,6704

34,2060

137,3979

1.040,18

3.762,50

1.000

186,4537

38,0568

152,5047

1.465,93

5.470,50

1.100

199,9020

42,4516

169,7462

2.007,28

7.637,37

1.200

220,7510

49,2650

196,4756

2.963,38

11.455,04

1.450

231,2100

52,6830

209,8846

3.496,51

13.580,11

1.500

239,5320

55,4026

220,5538

3.946,26

15.371,16

1600

260,220

60,0000

247,0769

5.155,20

20.208,33

Ghi ch

1 y ti

Khi ph ti PL thay i, cng sut huy ng, gi bn in v chi ph, li nhun

ca tt c nh my u thay i. Nu PL tng s lm cho gi bn tng v cng sut huy
ng tng, tuy nhin mc cng sut tng thm ca tng nh my s khc nhau ty thuc
vo c tnh chi ph bin v Pmax, Pmin ca n. mc cng sut thp, mt s nh my c
min hoc Pmin cao khng c huy ng, chng hn nh nh my 9 c Pmin qu cao nn
khng c huy ng khi PL<1200MW. Mt s nh my c h s chi ph ln c th b
l khi huy ng mc cng sut thp, chng hn nh cc nh my 2,3,4,8 b l mc
ph ti PL=700MW. Khi PL tng ln 750MW 3,4 c li, 2 v 8 vn cn l.
Bng 5. Cng sut, li nhun ca cc nh my khi ph ti thay i
Pl=750

9 khng vn hnh; 3,8 b l

Pmin

Pmax

15

60

750

70

20

80

1250

75

lamda

D.thu

Chi ph

L.nhun

1.53 156.9960 28.4301

4,463.41

3,976.76

486.65

1.2 156.9960 34.1650

5,363.77

5,213.07

150.70

30.00

100.00 2,000.00 67.50 1.17 156.9960 38.2462

6,004.49

6,293.05

-288.56

25.00

120.00 1,600.00 70.00 1.14 156.9960 38.1561

5,990.36

5,930.65

59.72

50.00

150.00 1,450.00 77.00 0.63 156.9960 63.4889

9,967.50

8,878.07 1,089.43

75.00

280.00 3,600.00 67.50 0.39 156.9960 114.7385 18,013.48 16,479.16 1,534.32

120.00

320.00 5,250.00 69.80 0.20 156.9960 217.9900 34,223.56 29,969.63 4,253.93

7

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 3(32).2009

50.00

150.00 5,000.00 66.45 0.42 156.9960 107.7929 16,923.05 17,042.94 -119.89

200.00

520.00 2,450.00 63.20 0.42 156.9960

10

75.00

200.00 4,100.00 60.70 0.45 156.9960 106.9956 16,797.87 15,746.25 1,051.62

Pl=700

0.0000

0.00

0.00

0.00

9 khng vn hnh; 2,3,4,8 b l

Pmin

Pmax

15

60

750

70

20

80

1250

75

lamda

D. thu

Chi ph

L. nhun

1.53 151.1041 26.5046

4,004.95

3,680.14

324.82

1.2 151.1041 31.7100

4,791.52

4,834.89

-43.37

30.00

100.00 2,000.00 67.50 1.17 151.1041 35.7282

5,398.68

5,905.17

-506.49

25.00

120.00 1,600.00 70.00 1.14 151.1041 35.5720

5,375.07

5,532.55

-157.48

50.00

150.00 1,450.00 77.00 0.63 151.1041 58.8128

8,886.85

8,157.72

729.13

75.00

280.00 3,600.00 67.50 0.39 151.1041 107.1847 16,196.05 15,315.51

880.54

120.00

320.00 5,250.00 69.80 0.20 151.1041 203.2603 30,713.46 27,700.51 3,012.95

50.00

150.00 5,000.00 66.45 0.42 151.1041 100.7787 15,228.07 15,962.41 -734.34

200.00

520.00 2,450.00 63.20 0.42 151.1041

10

75.00

200.00 4,100.00 60.70 0.45 151.1041 100.4490 15,178.26 14,737.76

0.0000

0.00

0.00

0.00
440.50

4. Kt lun
Phng php trnh by trn cho php cc cng ty bn in c cho gi t do,
gi bn ca mi nh my u ging nhau c xc nh bng chi ph bin tng hp.
Tuy nhin cng sut huy ng s khc nhau ph thuc vo gi cho, sn lng bn v
li nhun ca tng cng ty s khc nhau v do vy n c tnh cnh tranh.
Gi cho c tha nhn l mt hm tuyn tnh theo sn lng in pht, cho
gi bn in thc cht l cho c tnh chi ph bin hay ni cch khc l cho hm chi
ph.
Phng php cho gi v xc nh gi in, sn lng in bn ca tng nh
my gii thiu trong bi bo mang tnh hp l v c th p dng cho th trng cho gi
t do. N cng gip cho cc c quan chc nng c c s khoa hc qun l, kim sot
th trng in nhm bo m th trng cnh tranh minh bch. Tuy nhin, y ch
mi gii thiu trng hp n gin minh ha, c kt qu chnh xc hn, ta cn
phi xt n tn tht v cc gii hn truyn ti.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] Trn nh Long, m Xun Hip, ng Quc Thng, Nguyn Minh Thng
(2008), p dng l thuyt tr chi trong cho gi cc nh my in trn th trng
cnh tranh, Tp ch Khoa hc & Cng ngh cc trng i hc K thut, s 632008.
8

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 3(32).2009

[2] Th tng Chnh ph (Q 101/2007/Q-TTg ngy 18/07/2007), n quy hoch

pht trin in lc quc gia giai on 2006 2015 c xt trin vng n nm 2015
(Tng s VI).
[3] Kwang-Ho Lee, Ross Bandick (Vol.18, No.4, November 2003), Solving ThreePlayers Games by the Matrix Approach With Application to an Electric Power
Market, IEEE,.
[4] Mohammad Shahidehpour, Hatim Yamin, Zuyi Li; Market Operations In Electric
Power Systems; IEEE; WILEY- INTERSCIENCE.
[5] Xiliu Wan, Xin Gao (2003), Generation Bidding Strategies for Marginal Price Base
Power Market, IEEE.