Universal Journal of Environmental Research and Technology All Rights Reserved Euresian Publications 2011 e !!

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Research Article

Cotton Dyeing with Natural Dye Extracted from Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Peel
!ul"arni #$#$% 'o"hale A$(% *oda"e +$,% Pathade '$R$
1- 2- . & ) -

0e1t of 2iotechnology- !inhgad 3ollege of !cience- Ambegaon- Pune- 4aharashtra- ndia # 0e1t of 2iotechnology- 5ergusson 3ollege- !hiva+inagar- Pune- 4aharashtra- ndia Corresponding author. sayali /01gmail$com

A2stract.
+se of natural dyes has increased se3eral folds in the past few years due to the eco4friendly approach of the people$ 5his paper concerns with the purification of natural dyestuff extracted from an a2undantly occurring plant 6Punica granatum7$ 5he main coloring agent in the pomegranate peel is granatonine which is present in the al"aloid form N4methyl granatonine$ #ol3ent extraction method was used for the extraction of the dye$ 5he pomegranate peel dye was used for dyeing of scoured cotton cloth using two mordants4copper sulphate and ferrous sulphate in the ratios . % .)% ). $ Dyeing along with mordanting techni8ues which included pre4 mordanting% simultaneous mordanting and post mordanting was carried out$ #tudy a2out fastness tests of dyed clothes was underta"en$ 9arge range of shades was o2tained 2ecause of 3arying mordant ratios and com2inations$ 5he production cost of the pomegranate peel dye was estimated$

!eywords. 3olor fastness- costing- granatonine- mordant- natural dye* :ntroduction.

0yeing is an ancient art )hich 1redates )ritten records* t )as 1racticed since 2ron6e Age* The )idely and commercially used synthetic dyes im1art strong colors but causes carcinogenicity and inhibition of benthic 1hotosynthesis 7Adeel et al.200$8* 9ermany )as the first to ta:e initiative to 1ut ban on numerous s1ecific a6o/dyes for their manufacturing and a11lications* "etherlands- ndia and some other countries also follo)ed the ban 7Patel- 20118* 3ertain 1roblems )ith the use of natural dyes in te;tile dyeing are color yieldcom1le;ibility of dyeing 1rocess- re1roducibility results- limited shades- blending 1roblems and inade<uate fastness 1ro1erties 7!achan and =a1oor-200%> !iva-200?8* 2ut these 1roblems can be overcome by using chemicals called as mordants* 4ordants are metal salts )hich 1roduce an affinity bet)een the fabric and the dye 7,an:ar et al.- 200$> !amanta and Agar)al- 200$8* 4etal ions of mordants act as electron acce1tors for electron donors to form co/ordination bonds )ith the dye molecule- ma:ing them insoluble in )ater 74ong:holrattanasit et al.- 20118* Alum- chromestannous chloride- co11er sul1hate- ferrous sul1hate etc* are the commonly used mordants* 7!iva- 200?> 4ahangade etal.- 200$> !amanta and Agar)al-200$8* 3otton te;tile dyeing )as done since the medieval 1eriod using chea1 natural dyes 7"a<vi- 1$@08* "ature has gifted us more than %00 dye/yielding 1lant s1ecies 74ahanta and Ti)ari- 200%8* 3oloring agents of these 1lants are derived from rootsleaves- bar:s- trun:s or fruits 7Adeel et al.-200$> =at6-200#8* All colors of rainbo) are obtained from 1lants 73age8* "atural dyes have better biodegradability and generally have higher com1atibility )ith the environment* They are non/ to;ic- non/allergic to s:in- non/carcinogenic- easily available and rene)able 7Adeel et al.- 200$> Pruthi et al.- 200?> !aha and 0utta> !iva- 200?> 'nal- 1$$&8* 3olor fastness is the resistance of a material to change any of its color characteristics or e;tent of transfer of its colorants to ad+acent )hite materials in touch 7!amanta and Agar)al- 200$8* 9enerally light fastness- )ash fastness and rub fastness are considered for te;tile fibers* Punica granatum is from the family Punicacea* t gro)s in all )arm countries of the )orld and )as originally a native of Persia 79oodar6ian and E:rami-20108* The rind of 1omegranate contains a considerable amount of tannin- about 1$A )ith 1elletierine 7Adeel et al*- 200$> Ti)ari et al.-20108* The main coloring agent in the 1omegranate 1eel is granatonine )hich is 1resent in the al:aloid form "/ methyl granatonine 79oodar6ian and E:rami- 20108* This com1ound gives colour to the dye* ts study )ill enable us to understand the structural chemistry of the coloring com1ound*

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2.2.2 E#traction o Crude $yestu : 100 g of

sam1le )as )eighed and ta:en in a round bottom flas: and %00ml of solvent 7ethanol )ater8 in the ratio #0(&0 )as added to it* The flas: )as heated in a )ater bath at &0H3 for &0mins*The solution )as then filtered to obtain crude dyestuff 7Din and !)e200@> 9oodar6ian and E:rami- 20108* ;ig . #tructure of granatonine

&$< ,aterials and ,ethods. 2.1 Materials: 2.1.1 Source: Pomegranates )ere 1urchased
from 4ar:et Bard- Pune*

2.2.3 Puri ication o Crude $yestu : The crude dyestuff is distilled to get 1I.rd of the solution using the !o;hlet a11aratus at ?0H3 for .hrs* n this 1rocess ethanol is recovered and the concentrated dye is obtained* The solution is :e1t overnight at room tem1erature for 1reci1itation* The 1reci1itation in ethanol )ater is obtained by decanting the solution* The obtained 1articles are dried in the oven overnight at &0H3 7Din and !)e200@> 9oodar6ian and E:rami- 20108* Dater )as added in the so;hlet a11aratus* 2y addition of )aterthe boiling 1oints of the com1ounds are lo)eredallo)ing them to eva1orate at lo)er tem1eratures 73ho)dhari et al..- 200#8* 2.2.4 Scouring o Cotton Cloth: !couring of cotton cloth )as done by )ashing it in a solution containing 0*%gIlit !odium carbonate and 2gIlit non/ ionic detergent 7T)een @08 at %0H3 for 2% mins:ee1ing the material to li<uor ratio at 1(#0*The scoured cotton )as thoroughly )ashed )ith ta1 )ater and dried at room tem1erature* The scoured material )as soa:ed in clean )ater for .0 mins 1rior to dyeing or mordanting* 7!alam and !alam- 200%> Pruthi et al.- 200?> Jothi- 200@> ,an:ar et al.- 200$> Aminoddin and Fa+i- 20108* 2.2.% $yeing and Mordanting: Accurately
)eighed cotton cloth )as treated )ith different metal salts 7mordants used/cu1ric sul1hate and ferrous sul1hate8*Three 1rocesses of mordanting )ere used/1re mordantingsimultaneous mordanting and 1ost mordanting* After dyeing- the dyed material )as )ashed )ith cold )ater and dried at room tem1erature 7Pruthi et al.- 200?> Jothi200@> !uitcharit et al.- 20108* 5a2le . Conditions for Dyeing and ,ordanting 0ye #A o)f 4ordant 2Ao)f 4(C 1(#0 Tem1* @0H3 Time &0mins

;ig &. Pomegranate Peel

2.1.2 Substrate: 100A cotton cloth )as

1urchased from Pra:ash 0e1artmental !tores- Pune 2.1.3 Chemicals: Caboratory grade chemicals/ $%A ethanol- co11er sul1hate and ferrous sul1hate )ere su11lied by Anand Agencies- Pune*

2.1.4 Equipments used in the Present Study:

Deighing balance 73iE6en8
Dater bath 7"eolab D2.##8
!o;hlet a11aratus
Fot air oven 7Thermo lab8
3olorimeter 7Erma Ja1an 3GC8
U, Trans illuminator 72ioera8

2.2 Methods:
!olvent e;traction )as used for e;tracting the dye* 2.2.1 Preparation o !a" Material: The sam1les )ere collected and )ashed thoroughly )ith )ater to remove any im1urities* After drying at room tem1erature- the sam1les )ere ground into 1o)der )ith the hel1 of grinder 7Din and !)e200@8*

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2.2.& 'astness (ests:

The dyed material )as tested for light fastness- )ash fastness and rub fastness* The color fastness is usually rated either by loss of de1th of color in original sam1le or is e;1ressed by staining scale 7!amanta and Agar)al- 200$8* Cight fastness )as analy6ed by e;1osing the dyed materials to direct sunlight for 2#hrs* The dyed clothes )ere :e1t under U, transilluminator for 10mins* The )ash fastness )as carried out by )ashing the dyed fiber )ith non/ ionic soa1 71gIlit8* The rub fastness of the dyed fiber )as carried out by rubbing the fiber and chec:ing for fading of color 7Adeel et al.- 200$> Ra+a- 2010> 4ishra and Patni- 20118*

2.2.) Costing o the Pomegranate Peel $ye:

3ost sheet is a statement- )hich sho)s various com1onents of total cost of a 1roduct* t classifies and analyses the com1onents of cost of a 1roduct* To fi; the selling 1rice of a 1roduct or service- it is essential to 1re1are the cost sheet* t hel1s in fi;ing selling 1rice of a 1roduct or service by 1roviding detailed information of the cost* The costing )as done ta:ing into consideration the direct e;1ensesoverheads and the administration charges*

)$< Results and Discussion:

The yield of dye e;tracted from 1omegranate 1eel )as 1$*2A in this 1rocess* The amount of dye e;tracted from rind of 1omegranate )as 22*%A 79oodar6ian and E:rami- 20108*Bield of the dye can be im1roved by using so1histicated techni<ues* Carge number of 1lants gives yello) color 73age8* The fabrics dyed )ith 1omegranate 1eel gave different shades of yello)- bro)n and blac:* !imilarly- red and blue 1igments )ere obtained from crude indigo e;tract of Indigofera tinctoria 73hanayatht et al.8* 4ordants 1lay very im1ortant role in im1arting color to the fabric* The mordants used in combination in different ratios gave varying shades* 2etter color strength results are de1endent on the metal salt used 7=amel et al.- 200$8* !trong co/ordination tendency of 5e enhances the interaction bet)een the fiber and the dye- resulting in high dye u1ta:e 7Jothi- 200@8* 5errous sul1hate and 3o11er sul1hate have the ability of forming co/ ordination com1le;es 73o/ordination numbers are & and # res1ectively8* 5unctional grou1s such as amino and carbo;ylic acid on the fiber can occu1y the unoccu1ied sites on interaction )ith the fiber* Thusa ternary com1le; is formed by the metal salt on )hich one site is )ith the fiber and the other site is )ith the dye* ;ig$ ). Application of Dye on Cotton Cloth The mordanted cotton cloth )as immediately used for dyeing because some mordants are light sensitive* The chromato1hore of the dye ma:es it resistant to 1hotochemical attac:- but the au;ochrome may alter the fastness 7Jothi- 200@8* 9ood light fastness )as observed in fabrics dyed )ith the dye e;tracted from 1omegranate 1eel* This is due to the formation of com1le; )ith the metal )hich 1rotects the chromato1hore from 1hotolytic degradation* Dash fastness of the dye is influenced by the rate of diffusion of the dye and state of the dye inside the fiber 7Jothi- 200@8* The fiber dyed )ith 1omegranate 1eel dye sho)ed moderate )ash fastness* 9ood rub fastness )as e;hibited by the fibers dyed using the dye e;tracted from the 1omegranate 1eel* 3om1le;ing the fiber )ith mordant- has the effect of insolubili6ing the dyema:ing it color fast* The fabrics dyed )ith 1omegranate rind e;hibit good fastness 1ro1erties 7Adeel et al.- 200$8*

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4ordants give different shades to the fabric* !imilarly- )ide range of soft and light colors )as obtained on sil: using the dye e;tracted from flo)er of Spathadia campanulata 7=umaresan et al. 20118* The natural dye e;tracted from 1omegranate 1eel might be used as a 1ossible substitute for the synthetic dyes having banned aryl/amine moieties 7Adeel et al.- 200$8* 3osting )as done* The 1roduction cost )as estimated to be Rs*1&-.@& 1er :ilogram of the 1omegranate 1eel dye* This included the cost of ra) materials and chemicals usedelectricity consum1tion- 1ac:ing- trans1ortationlabour and administration charges* Fo)ever- ca1ital investment of the laboratory e<ui1ments and glass)are has to be done* Cost #heet for !g of Pomegranate Peel Dye
#r$ No$ ) Particulars Direct ,aterial a8 Peel of Pomegranate 7..:g8 b8 Ethanol 7#0 C8 c8 Dater 7&0 C8 5otal Direct 9a2or (Rs$ /<< for ) days) Direct Expenses 'ven 0istillation UnitDater 2ath and Feating 4antle Prime Cost Add( 'verheads Administrative E;1ensesM 7Travelling and !tationery8 Pac:aging 4aterial 5otal Cost Profit ,argin < @ #elling Price Rupees Rupees

1rocess of 1roduction of 1omegranate 1eel dye )as found to be cost/effective as com1ared to the cost of dyes in local mar:et*

/$< Ac"nowledgement.
Authors are than:ful to 4rs* !uvarna ,aidya- Cab assistant- !inhgad 3ollege of !cience for her hel1 and su11ort in com1letion of this )or:* Authors are also sincerely than:ful to 4r* =urane and 4r* =halad:ar from 0eccan dyes and chemicals Pvt*Ctd- Pune for e;1laining the industrial 1rocedure of costing and to An:ita 3udda1ah for her hel1 in cost estimation*

References.
1* Adeel- !*- Ali- !*- 2hatti- * A* And Jsila- 5* 7200$8( 0yeing 'f 3otton 5abric Using Pomegranate 7Punica 9ranatum8 A<ueous E;tract* Asian . !hem". 217%8( .#$./.#$$* 2* Aminoddin- and Fa+i*720108( 5unctional 0yeing of Dool )ith "atural 0ye E;tracted from 2erberis ,ulgaris Dood and Rume; Fymenose1olus Root As 2iomordant* Iran . !hem. !hem. #ng." 2$7.8* .* 3age !arah* 0yeing 'f Dool and other "atural 5ibers )ith "atural 0yes* Khtt1(II)))*creative/ chemistry*org*u:IactivitiesIdocumentsInaturald yeing*1dfL #* 3hanayatht- A* *- !orasa: C* and !uree P* Pigment E;traction Techni<ues from the Ceaves of Indigofera tinctoria Cinn* and 2a1h:acanthus 3usia 2rem* and 3hemical !tructure Analysis of their 4a+or 3hemical 3om1onents*8 %* 3ho)dhari- A* *- 4olla- A* *- !ar:er- 4*- RanaA*A*- Ray- !*=*- "ur- F*P* And =arim- 4*4* Pre1aration of Edible 9rade 0ye and Pigments from "atural !ource 2i;a 'rellanae Cinn* International . $asic And Applied Sciences- 10 7#8* &* 9oodar6ian- F* and E:rami- E*720108( Dool 0yeing )ith E;tracted 0ye from Pomegranate 7Punica 9ranatum8 Peel* %orld Applied Science ournal- @7118( 1.@?/1.@$* ?* Jothi- 0* 7200@8( E;traction of "atural 0yes from African 4arigold 5lo)er 7Tagates Ereectal8 for Te;tile 3oloration* A&'#( ournal- @728* @* =amel- 4*4*- Felmy- F*4 And Fa)ary- "*!* 7200$8 !ome !tudies on 0yeing Pro1erties of 3otton 5abrics )ith 3rocus !ativus 7!affron8 5lo)ers Using an Ultrasonic 4ethod* A&'#( )esearch ournal- $718* $* =at6- 0* 7200#8 "atural Plant 0yes Khtt1(II)))*chymist*comL*

2-#?%I/ ?-&00I/ 1-%00I/ %/=/ %/<<>4

&)

))

%--/>4 -%/&<>4 2#0I/ 120I/ )0<>4 -%??<>4 %-??>4 0$)0?>4

#8

%8

-$< Conclusion.
The )hole 1rocess of e;traction and dyeing is ecologically safe* The obtained results have sho)n the dyeing 1otential of 1omegranate 1eel as source for cotton dyeing* 9ood fastness e;hibited by the dyed clothes is because of the mordants used* There is need for 1ro1er :no)ledge- documentation and assessment of dye/ yielding 1lants as )ell as the dying techni<ues so as to increase the use of natural dyes* There is a lot of sco1e to use the 1omegranate 1eel dye for obtaining various color shades using safe mordants under eco/friendly te;tile dyeing* The

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Universal Journal of Environmental Research and Technology

10* =umaresan- 4*- Palanisamy- P*"* and =umarP*E* 720118( A11lication of Eco5riendly "atural 0ye 'btained from 5lo)ers of !1athodea 3am1anulata on !il: Using 3ombination of 4ordants* #uropean . Sci )esearch" %27.8( .0&/ .12* 11* 4ahangade- R*R*- ,aradara+an- P*,*- ,erma- J*=* and 2osco- F* 7200$8( "e) 0yeing Techni<ues for Enhancing 3olor !trength and 5astness Pro1erties of 3otton 5abric 0yed )ith "atural 0yes* I +')- .#- 2?$/2@2* 12* 4ahanta- 0* and Ti)ari- !*3* 7200%8( "atural 0ye/Bielding Plants and ndigenous =no)ledge on 0ye Pre1aration in Arunachal Pradesh"orth/East ndia* 3urrent !cience- @@7$8* 1.* 4ishra- P* and Patni- ,* 720118( E;traction and A11lication of 0ye E;tracted from Erio1hyid Ceaf 9alls of Nuercus Ceucotricho1hora/A Fimalayan 2lue+ac: 'a:* African . $iochem )esearch- %7.8$0/$#* 1#* Ti)ari F*3- !ingh P*- 4ishra P*=* and !hrivastava P* 720108( Evaluation of ,arious Techni<ues for E;traction of "atural 3olorants from Pomegranate Rind Ultrasonic and En6yme Assissted E;traction* I +')- .%( 2?2/2?&* 1%* 4ong:holrattanasit- R*- =rystufe:- J*- Diener- J* and ,i:ova- 4* 720118( 0yeing- 5astness and U, Protection Pro1erties of !il: And Dool 5abrics 0yed )ith Eucaly1tus Ceaf E;tract by the E;haustion Process 5ibers and Te;tiles- 1$7.8($#/$$* 1&* "a<vi- F* =* 71$@08( 3olor 4a:ing and 0yeing of 3otton Te;tiles in 4edieval Findustan* Indian . ,istor- of Science- 1%718( %@/?0* 1?* 'nal- A* 71$$&8( E;traction of 0yestuff from 4adder Plant 7)u.ia tinctorum C*8 and 0yeing of Dool- 5eathered/Ceather and 3otton* 'r. . !hem*- 20- 20#/21#* 1@* 'nal A* 71$$&8( E;traction of 0yestuff from 'nion 7Allium cepa C*8 and its A11lication in 0yeing of Dool- 5eathered/Ceather and 3otton* 'r. . !hem*- 20- 1$#/20.* 1$* Pruthi "*- 3ha)la 9* and Badav !* 7200@8( 0yeing of !il: )ith 2arberry 2ar: 0ye Using 4ordant 3ombination* /atural Product )adiance- ?718( #0/##* 20* Ra+a- 0*- Ar1uthara+- A*- Pra:ash- 3*- Ramesh2*and =oushi:- 3*,* 720108( !tudy on 0yeing 2ehaviour of 3ottonI'rganic 3otton =nitted 5abrics* Indian . Sci 'echnol- .7?8* 21* !achan- =*and =a1oor- ,*P* 7200?8( '1timi6ation of E;traction and 0yeing 3onditions for Traditional Turmeric 0ye. I 'K" &728( 2?0/2?@*

22* !aha- P* and 0utta- !* Production of 5loral 0yes from 0ifferent 5lo)ers Available in Dest 2engal for Te;tile and 0ye ndustry* Khtt1(II)))*chemeca200?*comL 2.* !alam- 4*A* and !alam- A* 7200%8( !tudy on 3olor 5astness Pro1erties on to 2leached !ulfonated Jute/3otton 2lended 5abrics )ith 2asic 0yes. 'A'0- #7#8* 2#* !amanta- A* =* and Agar)al- P* 7200$8( A11lication of "atural 0yes on Te;tiles I +') .#.@#/.$$* 2%* Patel- "*= 720118( "atural 0ye 2ased !indoor Cifesciences Ceaflets- 11- .%%/.&1* 2&* !ingh- P- !ingh ,*,* And Daghmare ,*"( "aturally 3olored 3otton Khtt1(II)))*cicr*org*inL 2?* !iva- R* 7200?8( !tatus of "atural 0yes and 0ye/ Bielding Plants in ndia- !urrent Science- $27?8* 2@* !uitcharit- 3*- A)ae 5*- !engmama D* And !ri:ul:it =* 720108( Effect of 3hitosans 4olecular Deights on 4angosteen 0ye 5i;ation on 3otton 5abric* . of 0etals" 0aterials and 0inerals20718(- 2?/.1* 2$* ,an:ar- P* !*- !han:ar- R* and Di+aya1ala- !* 7200$8( 0yeing 3otton- !il: and Dool Barn )ith E;tract of 1arnicia mangostana Pericar1* 'A'0" &718* .0* Jin- 4*D* and 4oe- 4* !*7200@8( Purification of the "atural 0yestuff E;tracted from 4ango 2ar: for the A11lication on Protein 5ibers* %orld Academ- of Sci" #ng and 'echnol" #&*

13* Kulkarni et al.