EXTRADITION TREATY WITH THE PHILIPPINES July 30, 1996.--Ordered to be printed Mr.

Helms, from the Committee on Forei n !el"tions, submitted the follo#in REPORT $%o "&&omp"ny %re"ty 'o&. 10(-16) %he Committee on Forei n !el"tions to #hi&h #"s referred the *+tr"dition %re"ty bet#een the ,o-ernment of the .nited /t"tes of 0meri&" "nd the ,o-ernment of the !epubli& of the 1hilippines, si ned "t M"nil" on 2o-ember 13, 199(, h"-in &onsidered the s"me, reports f"-or"bly thereon #ith one pro-iso "nd re&ommends th"t the /en"te i-e its "d-i&e "nd &onsent to the r"tifi&"tion thereof "s set forth in this report "nd the "&&omp"nyin resolution of r"tifi&"tion. I. Purpose Modern e+tr"dition tre"ties 314 identify the offenses for #hi&h e+tr"dition #ill be r"nted, 354 est"blish pro&edures to be follo#ed in presentin e+tr"dition re6uests, 334 enumer"te e+&eptions to the duty to e+tr"dite, 3(4 spe&ify the e-iden&e re6uired to support " findin of " duty to e+tr"dite, "nd 374 set forth "dministr"ti-e pro-isions for be"rin &osts "nd le "l represent"tion. II. Background On 2o-ember 13, 199(, the 1resident si ned "n e+tr"dition tre"ty #ith the 1hilippines. %he %re"ty #"s tr"nsmitted to the /en"te for its "d-i&e "nd &onsent to r"tifi&"tion on /eptember 7, 1997. 8n re&ent ye"rs the 'ep"rtments of /t"te "nd Justi&e h"-e led "n effort to moderni9e ../. bil"ter"l e+tr"dition tre"ties to better &omb"t intern"tion"l &rimin"l "&ti-ity, su&h "s dru tr"ffi&:in , terrorism "nd money l"underin . %he .nited /t"tes is " p"rty to "ppro+im"tely 100 bil"ter"l e+tr"dition tre"ties. 0&&ordin to the Justi&e 'ep"rtment, durin 1997 131 indi-idu"ls #ere e+tr"dited to the .nited /t"tes "nd ;9 indi-idu"ls #ere e+tr"dited from the .nited /t"tes. %he in&re"se in intern"tion"l &rime "lso h"s prompted the ../. o-ernment to be&ome " p"rty to se-er"l multil"ter"l intern"tion"l &on-entions #hi&h, "lthou h not themsel-es e+tr"dition tre"ties, de"l #ith intern"tion"l l"# enfor&ement "nd pro-ide th"t the offenses #hi&h they &o-er sh"ll be e+tr"dit"ble offenses in "ny e+tr"dition tre"ty bet#een the p"rties. %hese in&lude< the Con-ention for the /uppression of .nl"#ful /ei9ure of 0ir&r"ft 3H" ue4, "rt. => the Con-ention to 'is&our" e 0&ts of ?iolen&e 0 "inst Ci-il 0-i"tion 3Montre"l4, "rt => the 1roto&ol 0mendin the /in le Con-ention on 2"r&oti& 'ru s of 1961, "rt. 1( "mendin "rt. 363543b4384 of the /in le Con-ention> the Con-ention to 1re-ent "nd 1unish 0&ts of %errorism %":in the Form of Crimes 0 "inst 1ersons "nd !el"ted *+tortion th"t "re of 8ntern"tion"l /i nifi&"n&e 3Or "ni9"tion of 0meri&"n /t"tes4, "rt. 3> the Con-ention on the 1re-ention "nd 1unishment of Crimes " "inst 8ntern"tion"lly 1rote&ted 1ersons, in&ludin 'iplom"ti& 0 ents, "rt. => the 8ntern"tion"l Con-ention " "inst the %":in of Host" es, "rt. 10> the Con-ention on the 1hysi&"l 1rote&tion of 2u&le"r M"teri"ls, "rt. 11> "nd the .nited 2"tions Con-ention " "inst 8lli&it %r"ffi& in 2"r&oti& 'ru s "nd 1sy&hotropi& /ubst"n&es 3?ienn"4. %hese multil"ter"l intern"tion"l " reements "re in&orpor"ted by referen&e in the .ntied /t"tes@ bil"ter"l e+tr"dition tre"ties. III. Summar

0. ,*2*!0A 0n e+tr"dition tre"ty is "n intern"tion"l " reement in #hi&h the !e6uested /t"te " rees, "t the re6uest of the !e6uestin /t"te "nd under spe&ified &onditions, to turn o-er persons #ho "re #ithin its Burisdi&tion "nd #ho "re &h"r ed #ith &rimes " "inst, or "re fu iti-es from, the !e6uestin /t"te. *+tr"dition tre"ties &"n be bil"ter"l or multil"ter"l, thou h until re&ently the .nited /t"tes sho#ed little interest in ne oti"tin multil"ter"l " reements de"lin #ith e+tr"dition. %he &ontents of re&ent tre"ties follo# " st"nd"rd form"t. 0rti&le 1 sets forth the obli "tion of &ontr"&tin st"tes to e+tr"dite to e"&h other persons &h"r ed by the "uthorities of the !e6uestin /t"te #ith, or &on-i&ted of, "n e+tr"dit"ble offense. 0rti&le 5, sometimes referred to "s " du"l &rimin"lity &l"use, defines e+tr"dit"ble offenses "s offenses punish"ble in both &ontr"&tin st"tes by prison terms of more th"n one ye"r. 0ttempts or &onspir"&ies to &ommit "n e+tr"dit"ble offense "re themsel-es e+tr"dit"ble. /e-er"l of the tre"ties pro-ide th"t neither p"rty sh"ll be re6uired to e+tr"dite its o#n n"tion"ls. %he tre"ties &"r-e out "n e+&eption to e+tr"dit"ble &rimes for politi&"l offenses. %he trend in modern e+tr"dition tre"ties is to n"rro# the politi&"l offense e+&eptions. %he tre"ties in&lude " &l"use "llo#in the !e6uested /t"te to refuse e+tr"dition in &"ses #here the offense is punish"ble by de"th in the !e6uestin /t"te, unless the !e6uestin /t"te pro-ides "ssur"n&es s"tisf"&tory to the !e6uested /t"te th"t the indi-idu"l sou ht #ill not be e+e&uted. 8n "ddition to these subst"nti-e pro-isions, the tre"ties "lso &ont"in st"nd"rd pro&edur"l pro-isions. %hese spe&ify the :inds of inform"tion th"t must be submitted #ith "n e+tr"dition re6uest, the l"n u" e in #hi&h do&uments "re to be submitted, the pro&edures under #hi&h do&uments submitted "re to be re&ei-ed "nd "dmitted into e-iden&e in the !e6uested /t"te, the pro&edures under #hi&h indi-idu"ls sh"ll be surrendered "nd returned to the !e6uestin /t"te, "nd other rel"ted m"tters. C. M0JO! 1!O?8/8O2/ 1. *+tr"dit"ble Offenses< %he du"l &rimin"lity &l"use 0rti&le 5 &ont"ins " st"nd"rd definition of #h"t &onstitutes "n e+tr"dit"ble offense< "n offense is e+tr"dit"ble if it is punish"ble under the l"#s of both p"rties by " prison term of "t le"st one ye"r. 0ttempts "nd &onspir"&ies to &ommit su&h offenses, "nd p"rti&ip"tion in the &ommission of su&h offenses, "re "lso e+tr"dit"ble. 8f the e+tr"dition re6uest in-ol-es " fu iti-e, it sh"ll be r"nted only if the rem"inin senten&e to be ser-ed is more th"n si+ months. %he du"l &rimin"lity &l"use me"ns, for e+"mple, th"t "n offense is not e+tr"dit"ble if in the .nited /t"tes it &onstitutes " &rime punish"ble by imprisonment of more th"n one ye"r, but is not " &rime in the tre"ty p"rtner or is " &rime punish"ble by " prison term of less th"n one ye"r. 8n e"rlier e+tr"dition tre"ties the definition of e+tr"dit"ble offenses &onsisted of " list of spe&ifi& &"te ories of &rimes. %his &"te ori9in of &rimes h"s resulted in problems #hen " spe&ifi& &rime, for e+"mple dru de"lin , is not on the list, "nd is therefore not e+tr"dit"ble. %he result h"s been th"t "s "ddition"l offenses be&ome punish"ble under the l"#s of both tre"ty p"rtners the e+tr"dition tre"ties bet#een them need to be rene oti"ted or supplemented. 0 du"l &rimin"lity &l"use ob-i"tes the need to rene oti"te or supplement " tre"ty #hen it be&omes ne&ess"ry to bro"den the definition of e+tr"dit"ble offenses. 5. *+tr"territori"l offenses

8n order to e+tr"dite indi-idu"ls &h"r ed #ith e+tr"territori"l &rimes 3offenses &ommitted outside the territory of the !e6uestin /t"te4 su&h "s intern"tion"l dru tr"ffi&:ers "nd terrorists, pro-ision must be m"de in e+tr"dition tre"ties. %he 1hilippine %re"ty st"tes th"t the !e6uested /t"te sh"ll r"nt e+tr"dition for "n offense &ommitted outside the !e6uestin /t"te@s territory if the !e6uested /t"te@s l"#s pro-ide th"t "n offense &ommitted outside its territory is punish"ble in simil"r &ir&umst"n&es 3"rt. 53(44. 8f the !e6uested /t"te@s l"#s do not pro-ide th"t "n offense &ommitted outside its territory is punish"ble in simil"r &ir&umst"n&es, the e+e&uti-e br"n&h of the !e6uested /t"te h"s dis&retion"ry "uthority to submit the e+tr"dition re6uest to its &ourts for de&ision 3"rt. 53(b44. 8n the proposed tre"ty "n obli "tion to e+tr"dite depends mostly on #hether the !e6uested /t"te "lso punishes offenses outside its territory DDin simil"r &ir&umst"n&es.@@ %his, in effe&t, "ppe"rs to be " du"l &rimin"lity &l"use "pplied to e+tr"territori"l offenses. %he phr"se DDin simil"r &ir&umst"n&es@@ is undefined in e"&h of the tre"ties th"t h"-e su&h " re6uirement "nd in the Aetters of /ubmitt"l from the 'ep"rtment of /t"te to the 1resident. %he phr"se "ppe"rs to be suffi&iently -" ue to i-e " relu&t"nt !e6uested /t"te DD#i le room@@ to "-oid its possible obli "tion to e+tr"dite indi-idu"ls for &rimes &ommitted outside its territory. 3. 1oliti&"l offense e+&eption 8n re&ent ye"rs the .nited /t"tes h"s been promotin " restri&ti-e -ie# of the politi&"l offense e+&eption in further"n&e of its &"mp"i n " "inst terrorism, dru tr"ffi&:in , "nd money l"underin . %he politi&"l offense e+&eption in the 1hilippine %re"ty is " bro"der pro-ision th"n is &ont"ined in other e+tr"dition tre"ties. %he e+&lusion of &ert"in -iolent &rimes, 3i.e. murder, :idn"ppin , "nd others4 from the politi&"l offense e+&eption h"s be&ome st"nd"rd in m"ny ../. e+tr"dition tre"ties, refle&tin the &on&ern of the .nited /t"tes o-ernment "nd &ert"in other o-ernments #ith intern"tion"l terrorism. %he e+&lusion from the politi&"l offense e+&eption for &rimes &o-ered by multil"ter"l intern"tion"l " reements, "nd the obli "tion to e+tr"dite for su&h &rimes or submit the &"se to prose&ution by the !e6uested /t"te, is no# " st"nd"rd e+&lusion "nd is &ont"ined in the proposed tre"ty. %he in&orpor"tion by referen&e of these multil"ter"l " reements is intended to "ssure th"t the offenses #ith #hi&h they de"l sh"ll be e+tr"dit"ble under "n e+tr"dition tre"ty. Cut, e+tr"dition for su&h offenses is not u"r"nteed. 0 !e6uested /t"te h"s the option either to e+tr"dite or to submit the &"se to its &ompetent "uthorities for prose&ution. For e+"mple, " !e6uested /t"te &ould refuse to e+tr"dite "nd inste"d de&l"re th"t it #ill itself prose&ute the offender. (. %he de"th pen"lty e+&eption %he .nited /t"tes "nd other &ountries "ppe"r to h"-e different -ie#s on &"pit"l punishment. .nder the proposed tre"ties, the !e6uested /t"te m"y refuse e+tr"dition for "n offense punish"ble by the de"th pen"lty in the !e6uestin /t"te if the s"me offense is not punish"ble by the de"th pen"lty in the !e6uested /t"te, unless the !e6uestin /t"te i-es "ssur"n&es s"tisf"&tory to the !e6uested /t"te th"t the de"th pen"lty #ill not be imposed or &"rried out. 7. %he *+tr"dition of n"tion"ls

%he ../. does not obBe&t to e+tr"ditin its o#n n"tion"ls "nd h"s sou ht to ne oti"te tre"ties #ithout n"tion"lity restri&tions. M"ny &ountries, ho#e-er, refuse to e+tr"dite their o#n n"tion"ls. ../. e+tr"dition tre"ties t":e -"ryin positions on the n"tion"lity issue. .nli:e other e+tr"dition tre"ties, %he 1hilippine %re"ty une6ui-o&"lly st"tes th"t " p"rty m"y not refuse e+tr"dition on the round the person sou ht is one of its &iti9ens 3"rt. 64. 6. !etro"&ti-ity %he proposed tre"ty st"tes th"t it sh"ll "pply to offenses &ommitted before "s #ell "s "fter it enters into for&e 3"rt. 194. %hese retro"&ti-ity pro-isions do not -iol"te the Constitution@s prohibition " "inst the en"&tment of e+ post f"&to l"#s #hi&h "pplies only to en"&tments m":in &rimin"l "&ts th"t #ere inno&ent #hen &ommitted, not to the e+tr"dition of " defend"nt for "&ts th"t #ere &rimin"l #hen &ommitted but for #hi&h no e+tr"dition " reement e+isted "t the time. ;. %he rule of spe&i"lity %he rule of spe&i"lity 3or spe&i"lty4, #hi&h prohibits " !e6uestin /t"te from tryin "n e+tr"dited indi-idu"l for "n offense other th"n the one for #hi&h he #"s e+tr"dited, is " st"nd"rd pro-ision in&luded in ../. bil"ter"l e+tr"dition tre"ties, in&ludin the si+ under &onsider"tion. %he M"l"ysi" %re"ty 3"rt. 134 &ont"ins e+&eptions to the rule of spe&i"lty th"t "re desi ned to "llo# " !e6uestin /t"te some l"titude in prose&utin offenders for &rimes other th"n those for #hi&h they h"d been spe&ifi&"lly e+tr"dited. =. A"pse of time %he 1hilippine %re"ty h"s no pro-ision denyin e+tr"dition if b"rred by the st"tute of limit"tions of either the !e6uestin or !e6uested /t"te. I!. En"r In"o #orce and Term$na"$on ". entry into for&e %his %re"ty sh"ll enter into for&e upon the e+&h"n e of instruments of r"tifi&"tion. b. termin"tion %his %re"ty sh"ll termin"te si+ months "fter re&eipt of noti&e th"t one 1"rty intends to termin"te the %re"ty. !. %omm$""ee Ac"$on %he Committee on Forei n !el"tions held " publi& he"rin on the proposed tre"ty on Eednesd"y, July 1;, 1996. %he he"rin #"s &h"ired by /en"tor Helms. %he Committee &onsidered the proposed tre"ty on July 5(, 1996, "nd ordered the proposed tre"ty f"-or"bly reported #ith one pro-iso by -oi&e -ote, #ith the re&ommend"tion th"t the /en"te i-e its "d-i&e "nd &onsent to the r"tifi&"tion of the proposed tre"ty. !I. %omm$""ee %ommen"s

%he Committee on Forei n !el"tions re&ommended f"-or"bly the proposed tre"ty. %he Committee belie-es th"t the proposed tre"ty is in the interest of the .nited /t"tes "nd ur es the /en"te to "&t promptly to i-e its "d-i&e "nd &onsent to r"tifi&"tion. 8n 1996 "nd the ye"rs "he"d, ../. l"# enfor&ement offi&ers in&re"sin ly #ill be en " ed in &rimin"l in-esti "tions th"t tr"-erse intern"tion"l borders. Cert"inly, so-erei n rel"tionships h"-e "l#"ys been import"nt to prose&ution of suspe&ted &rimin"ls. %he first re&orded e+tr"dition tre"ty d"tes "s f"r b"&: "s 15=0 C.C. under !"mses 88, 1h"ro"h of * ypt. %he .nited /t"tes entered into its first e+tr"dition tre"ty in 1;9( #ith ,re"t Crit"in. Ai:e these e"rly tre"ties, the b"si& premise of the tre"ties is to f"&ilit"te, under spe&ified &onditions, the tr"nsfer of persons #ho "re #ithin the Burisdi&tion of one n"tion, "nd #ho "re &h"r ed #ith &rimes " "inst, or "re fu iti-es from, the n"tion re6uestin e+tr"dition. 'espite the lon history of su&h bil"ter"l tre"ties, the Committee belie-es th"t these tre"ties "re more essenti"l th"n e-er to ../. efforts to brin suspe&ted &rimin"ls to Busti&e. 8n 1997, 131 persons #ere e+tr"dited to the ../. for prose&ution for &rimes &ommitted in the ../., "nd the ../. e+tr"dited ;9 indi-idu"ls to other &ountries for prose&ution. 0fter the /en"te r"tified "n e+tr"dition tre"ty #ith Jord"n in 1997, the ../. 0ttorney ,ener"l #"s "ble to t":e into &ustody "n "lle ed p"rti&ip"nt in the bombin of the Eorld %r"de Center. His prose&ution #ould not be possible #ithout "n e+tr"dition tre"ty. Crimes su&h "s terrorism, tr"nshipment of dru s by intern"tion"l &"rtels, "nd intern"tion"l b"n:in fr"ud "re but some of the intern"tion"l &rimes th"t pose serious problems to ../. l"# enfor&ement efforts. %he Committee belie-es th"t modern e+tr"dition tre"ties pro-ide "n import"nt l"# enfor&ement tool for &omb"tin su&h &rimes "nd #ill "d-"n&e the interests of the .nited /t"tes. %he proposed resolution of r"tifi&"tion in&ludes " pro-iso th"t re"ffirms th"t r"tifi&"tion of this tre"ty does not re6uire or "uthori9e le isl"tion th"t is prohibited by the Constitution of the .nited /t"tes. Cil"ter"l e+tr"dition tre"ties rely on rel"tionships bet#een so-erei n &ountries #ith uni6ue le "l systems. 8n "s mu&h "s ../. l"# is b"sed on the Constitution, this tre"ty m"y not re6uire le isl"tion prohibited by the Constitution. !II. E&p'ana"$on o( Proposed Trea" %he follo#in is the %e&hni&"l 0n"lysis of the e+tr"dition %re"ty submitted to the Committee on Forei n !el"tions by the 'ep"rtments of /t"te "nd Justi&e prior to the Committee he"rin to &onsider pendin e+tr"dition tre"ties. te&hni&"l "n"lysis of the e+tr"dition tre"ty bet#een the united st"tes of "meri&" "nd the philippines On 2o-ember 13, 199(, the .nited /t"tes si ned " tre"ty on e+tr"dition #ith the !epubli& of the 1hilippines 3DDthe %re"ty@@4. 8n re&ent ye"rs, the .nited /t"tes h"s si ned simil"r tre"ties #ith m"ny other &ountries "s p"rt of " hi hly su&&essful effort to moderni9e our l"# enfor&ement rel"tions. %he %re"ty, #hi&h #ill be the first e+tr"dition tre"ty to enter into for&e bet#een the .nited /t"tes "nd this import"nt "lly in the Eestern 1"&ifi&,1 represents " m"Bor step for#"rd in .nited /t"tes efforts to #in the &ooper"tion of 0si"n &ountries in &omb"tin or "ni9ed &rime, tr"nsn"tion"l terrorism "nd intern"tion"l dru tr"ffi&:in . 8t is "nti&ip"ted th"t the %re"ty #ill be implemented in the .nited /t"tes pursu"nt to the pro&edur"l fr"me#or: pro-ided by %itle 1=, .nited /t"tes Code, /e&tion 31=( et se6. 2o ne# implementin le isl"tion #ill be needed. %he 1hilippines h"s its o#n intern"l l"# 5 th"t #ill "pply to .nited /t"tes re6uests under the %re"ty. %he follo#in te&hni&"l "n"lysis of the %re"ty #"s prep"red by the .nited /t"tes dele "tion th"t &ondu&ted the ne oti"tions.

Ar"$c'e )--Obligation to extradite %his "rti&le, li:e the first "rti&le in e-ery re&ent .nited /t"tes e+tr"dition tre"ty, form"lly obli "tes e"&h Contr"&tin 1"rty to e+tr"dite to the other Contr"&tin 1"rty persons &h"r ed #ith or &on-i&ted of "n e+tr"dit"ble offense, subBe&t to the pro-isions of the %re"ty. %he "rti&le refers to &h"r es brou ht by "uthorities DDin@@ the !e6uestin /t"te r"ther th"n DDof@@ the !e6uestin /t"te be&"use the 1hilippine obli "tion to e+tr"dite to the .nited /t"tes in-ol-es st"te "nd lo&"l "s #ell "s feder"l &"ses. %he ne oti"tors "lso " reed th"t the term DD&on-i&ted@@ in&ludes inst"n&es in #hi&h the person h"s been found uilty but the senten&e h"s not yet been imposed. 3 %he ne oti"tors intended to m":e it &le"r th"t the %re"ty "pplies to persons #ho h"-e been "dBud ed uilty but h"-e fled prior to senten&in . Ar"$c'e *--Extraditable offenses his "rti&le &ont"ins the b"si& uidelines for determinin #h"t &onstitutes "n e+tr"dit"ble offense. %he %re"ty, simil"r to the re&ent .nited /t"tes e+tr"dition tre"ties #ith J"m"i&", 8t"ly, 8rel"nd, %h"il"nd, /#eden 3/upplement"ry Con-ention4 "nd Cost" !i&", does not list the offenses for #hi&h e+tr"dition m"y be r"nted. 8nste"d, p"r" r"ph 1 permit e+tr"dition for "ny offense punish"ble under the l"#s of both Contr"&tin 1"rties by depri-"tion of liberty 3i.e, imprisonment or other form of detention4 for more th"n one ye"r, or by " more se-ere pen"lty su&h "s &"pit"l punishment. 'efinin e+tr"dit"ble offenses in terms of DDdu"l &rimin"lity@@ r"ther th"n "ttemptin to list e"&h e+tr"dit"ble &rime ob-i"tes the need to rene oti"te the %re"ty or supplement it if both Contr"&tin 1"rties p"ss l"#s de"lin #ith " ne# type of &rimin"l "&ti-ity, or if the list in"d-ertently f"ils to &o-er "n import"nt type of &rimin"l "&ti-ity punish"ble in both &ountries. 'urin the ne oti"tions, the .nited /t"tes dele "tion re&ei-ed "ssur"n&es from the 1hilippine dele "tion th"t m"Bor .nited /t"tes offenses su&h "s oper"tin " &ontinuin &rimin"l enterprise ( "re e+tr"dit"ble under the %re"ty, "nd th"t offenses under the !"&:eteer 8nfluen&ed "nd Corrupt Or "ni9"tions 3DD!8CO@@4 st"tutes 7 "re e+tr"dit"ble if the predi&"te offense is "n e+tr"dit"ble offense. %he 1hilippine dele "tion "lso st"ted th"t the e+tr"dition is possible for offenses su&h "s dru tr"ffi&:in , terrorism, money l"underin , t"+ fr"ud or t"+ e-"sion, &rimes " "inst en-ironment"l l"# "nd "ntitrust -iol"tions punish"ble by both Contr"&tin 1"rties. 1"r" r"ph 5 follo#s the pr"&ti&e of re&ent e+tr"dition tre"ties in pro-idin th"t e+tr"dition be r"nted for "ttemptin or &onspirin to &ommit, "idin or "bettin , &ounselin , &"usin , or pro&urin , or other#ise bein "n "&&essory to "n e+tr"dit"ble offense. 0s &onspir"&y &h"r es "re fre6uently used in .nited /t"tes &rimin"l &"ses, p"rti&ul"rly those in-ol-in &omple+ tr"nsn"tion"l &rimin"l "&ti-ity, it is espe&i"lly import"nt th"t the %re"ty be &le"r on this point. %he 1hilippines h"s no ener"l &onspir"&y st"tute simil"r to %itle 1=, .nited /t"tes Code, /e&tion 3;1. %herefore, p"r" r"ph 5 &re"tes "n e+&eption to the du"l &rimin"lity rule of p"r" r"ph 1 by e+pressly m":in in&ho"te &rimes su&h "s &onspir"&y e+tr"dit"ble offenses if the in&ho"te offense is punish"ble in the !e6uestin /t"te by depri-"tion of liberty for " period of more th"n one ye"r, or by " more se-ere pen"lty, "nd if the obBe&t of the in&ho"te offense is "n e+tr"dit"ble offense pursu"nt to p"r" r"ph 1. 1"r" r"ph 3 refle&ts the intention of the Contr"&tin 1"rties to h"-e the prin&iples of this "rti&le interpreted bro"dly. Jud es in forei n &ountries often "re &onfused by the f"&t th"t m"ny .nited /t"tes feder"l st"tutes re6uire proof of &ert"in elements 3su&h "s use of the m"ils or interst"te tr"nsport"tion4 solely to est"blish Burisdi&tion in .nited /t"tes feder"l &ourts. Ce&"use these Bud es :no# of no simil"r re6uirements in their o#n &rimin"l l"#, they o&&"sion"lly h"-e denied the e+tr"dition of fu iti-es sou ht by the .nited /t"tes on feder"l &h"r es on this b"sis. %his p"r" r"ph re6uires th"t su&h elements be disre "rded in "pplyin the du"l &rimin"lity prin&iple. For e+"mple, it #ill ensure th"t 1hilippine "uthorities tre"t .nited /t"tes m"il fr"ud &h"r es 6 in the s"me m"nner "s

fr"ud &h"r es under st"te l"#s, "nd -ie# the feder"l &rime of interst"te tr"nsport"tion of stolen property ; in the s"me m"nner "s unl"#ful possession of stolen property. %his p"r" r"ph "lso re6uires the !e6uested /t"te to disre "rd differen&es in the &"te ori9"tion of the offense in determinin #hether du"l &rimin"lity e+ists, "nd to o-erloo: mere differen&es in the terminolo y used to define the offense under the l"#s of the Contr"&tin 1"rties. 0 simil"r pro-ision is &ont"ined in "ll re&ent .nited /t"tes e+tr"dition tre"ties. 1"r" r"ph ( de"ls #ith the f"&t th"t feder"l &rimes m"y in-ol-e "&ts &ommitted #holly outside .nited /t"tes territory. Our Burispruden&e re&o ni9es the Burisdi&tion of our &ourts to he"r &rimin"l &"ses in-ol-in offenses &ommitted outside the .nited /t"tes if the &rime #"s intended to, or did, h"-e effe&ts in this &ountry, or if the le isl"ti-e history of the st"tute sho#s &le"r Con ression"l intent to "ssert su&h Burisdi&tion. = 8n the 1hilippines, ho#e-er, the o-ernment@s "bility to prose&ute e+tr"territori"l offenses is mu&h more limited. 9 1"r" r"ph ( refle&ts the 1hilippine o-ernment@s " reement to re&o ni9e .nited /t"tes Burisdi&tion to prose&ute offenses &ommitted outside the .nited /t"tes if 1hilippine l"# #ould permit the 1hilippines to prose&ute simil"r offenses &ommitted "bro"d in &orrespondin &ir&umst"n&es. 8f the !e6uested /t"te@s l"# does not pro-ide for su&h punishment, p"r" r"ph (3b4 permits the e+e&uti-e "uthority of the !e6uested /t"te to de&ide, in its dis&retion, to submit the &"se to its &ourts for the purpose of e+tr"dition. For the .nited /t"tes, this de&ision is m"de by the /e&ret"ry of /t"te, "nd for the 1hilippines, by the Minister of Justi&e. 0 simil"r pro-ision "ppe"rs in se-er"l re&ent .nited /t"tes e+tr"dition tre"ties. 10 1"r" r"ph (3b4 is #orded in terms of the e+e&uti-e "uthority@s de&ision to submit the &"se to the &ourts for "ppro-"l be&"use 1hilippine "uthorities need the "ppro-"l of 1hilippine &ourts to e+tr"dite. 1"r" r"ph 7 st"tes th"t #hen e+tr"dition h"s been r"nted for "n e+tr"dit"ble offense, it sh"ll "lso be r"nted for "ny other offense for #hi&h "ll of the re6uirements for e+tr"dition "re met, e+&ept for the re6uirement th"t the offense be punish"ble by more th"n one ye"r of imprisonment. For e+"mple, if the 1hilippines " rees to e+tr"dite to the .nited /t"tes " fu iti-e #"nted for prose&ution on " felony &h"r e, the .nited /t"tes m"y "lso obt"in e+tr"dition for "ny misdeme"nor offenses th"t h"-e been &h"r ed, "s lon "s those misdeme"nors "re "lso re&o ni9ed "s &rimin"l offenses in the 1hilippines. %hus, the %re"ty in&orpor"tes re&ent .nited /t"tes e+tr"dition pr"&ti&e by permittin e+tr"dition for misdeme"nors &ommitted by " fu iti-e #hen the fu iti-e@s e+tr"dition is r"nted for " more serious e+tr"dit"ble offense. %his pr"&ti&e is ener"lly desir"ble from the st"ndpoint of both the fu iti-e "nd the !e6uestin /t"te in th"t it permits "ll &h"r es to be disposed of more 6ui&:ly, thereby f"&ilit"tin tri"ls #hile e-iden&e is fresh "nd permittin the possibility of &on&urrent senten&es. /imil"r pro-isions "re found in re&ent .nited /t"tes e+tr"dition tre"ties #ith 0ustr"li", 8rel"nd, 8t"ly "nd Cost" !i&". /ome re&ent tre"ties pro-ide th"t persons #ho h"-e been &on-i&ted of "n e+tr"dit"ble offense "nd senten&ed to imprisonment m"y be e+tr"dited only if "t le"st " &ert"in spe&ified portion of the senten&e 3often si+ months4 rem"ins to be ser-ed. %he %re"ty &ont"ins no su&h re6uirement. 1ro-isions of this :ind "re "n "ttempt to limit e+tr"dition to serious &"ses be&"use of the si nifi&"nt &osts "sso&i"ted #ith the pro&ess. Ho#e-er, the ne oti"tors of the %re"ty felt th"t the p"rti&ul"r senten&e imposed or outst"ndin is not ne&ess"rily "n "de6u"te me"sure of the seriousness of the &rime.11 %he Contr"&tin 1"rties &on&luded th"t the %re"ty@s o"ls &"n be better ser-ed by the e+er&ise of dis&retion "nd ood Bud ment in the "dministr"tion of the %re"ty #ithout "rbitr"ry limits imposed in its terms. %his "ppro"&h h"s been t":en in some of our e+tr"dition tre"ties #ith other &ountries, in&ludin 0ustr"li", C"n"d", J"m"i&", 2e# Fe"l"nd "nd the .nited Gin dom. Ar"$c'e +--Political and military offenses 1"r" r"ph 1 prohibits e+tr"dition for politi&"l offenses. %his is st"nd"rd pro-ision in re&ent .nited /t"tes e+tr"dition tre"ties. 1"r" r"ph 5 des&ribes three &"te ories of offenses th"t sh"ll not be

&onsidered politi&"l offenses. First, the politi&"l offense e+&eption does not "pply to murder or other #illful &rimes " "inst the person of " He"d of /t"te of the Contr"&tin 1"rties, or " member of the He"d of /t"te@s f"mily. /e&ond, the politi&"l offense e+&eption does not "pply to offenses for #hi&h both Contr"&tin 1"rties h"-e "n obli "tion pursu"nt to " multil"ter"l intern"tion"l " reement either to e+tr"dite the person sou ht or to submit the &"se to their &ompetent "uthorities for prose&ution. %he &on-entions to #hi&h this &l"use "pplies "t present in&lude the Con-ention on Offenses "nd Cert"in Other 0&ts Committed on Co"rd 0ir&r"ft,15 the Con-ention for the /uppression of .nl"#ful /ei9ure of 0ir&r"ft 3HiB"&:in 4,13 the Con-ention for the /uppression of .nl"#ful 0&ts 0 "inst the /"fety of Ci-il 0-i"tion 3/"bot" e4,1( the Con-ention on the 1re-ention "nd 1unishment of Crimes 0 "inst 8ntern"tion"lly 1rote&ted 1ersons, 8n&ludin 'iplom"ti& 0 ents,17 "nd the 8ntern"tion"l Con-ention 0 "inst the %":in of Host" es.16 8n "ddition, the 1hilippines is e+pe&ted to r"tify the .nited 2"tions Con-ention 0 "inst 8lli&it %r"ffi& in 2"r&oti& 'ru s "nd 1sy&hotropi& /ubst"n&es 1; in the ne"r future. 8n the interim, both the .nited /t"tes "nd the 1hilippines "re p"rties to the /in le Con-ention on 2"r&oti& 'ru s 1= "nd the 0mendin 1roto&ol to the /in le Con-ention> 19 this pro-ision "pplies to those &on-entions "s #ell. 1"r" r"ph 53&4 st"tes th"t the politi&"l offense e+&eption does not "pply to &onspirin or "ttemptin to &ommit, or "idin or "bettin the &ommission or "ttempted &ommission of, "ny of the fore oin offenses. 1"r" r"ph 3 pro-ides th"t e+tr"dition sh"ll not be r"nted if the e+e&uti-e "uthority of the !e6uested /t"te determines th"t the re6uest is politi&"lly moti-"ted. 50 .nited /t"tes l"# "nd pr"&ti&e h"-e been th"t the /e&ret"ry of /t"te h"s the sole dis&retion to determine #hether "n e+tr"dition re6uest is b"sed on improper politi&"l moti-"tion. 51 1"r" r"ph 3 "lso permits deni"l of e+tr"dition if the e+e&uti-e "uthority determines th"t the re6uest rel"tes to " milit"ry offense th"t is not punish"ble under non-milit"ry pen"l le isl"tion. 55 Ar"$c'e ,--Prior prosecution %his "rti&le permits e+tr"dition #hen the person sou ht is &h"r ed by e"&h Contr"&tin 1"rty #ith different offenses "risin out of the s"me b"si& tr"ns"&tion. 1"r" r"ph 1, #hi&h prohibits e+tr"dition if the person sou ht h"s been &on-i&ted or "&6uitted in the !e6uested /t"te for the offense for th"t e+tr"dition is re6uested, is simil"r to l"n u" e present in m"ny .nited /t"tes e+tr"dition tre"ties. %his pro-ision "pplies only #hen the person sou ht h"s been &on-i&ted or "&6uitted in the !e6uested /t"te of e+"&tly the s"me &rime th"t is &h"r ed in the !e6uestin /t"te. 8t is not enou h th"t the s"me f"&ts #ere in-ol-ed. %hus, if the person sou ht is "&&used by one Contr"&tin 1"rty of ille "lly smu lin n"r&oti&s into th"t &ountry, "nd is &h"r ed by the other Contr"&tin 1"rty #ith unl"#fully e+portin the s"me shipment of dru s, "n "&6uitt"l or &on-i&tion in one Contr"&tin 1"rty does not insul"te th"t person from e+tr"dition be&"use different &rimes "re in-ol-ed. 1"r" r"ph 5 m":es it &le"r th"t neither Contr"&tin 1"rty m"y refuse to e+tr"dite " person sou ht on the b"sis th"t the !e6uested /t"te@s "uthorities de&lined to prose&ute the person or instituted "nd l"ter dis&ontinued pro&eedin s " "inst the person. %his pro-ision #"s in&luded be&"use " de&ision of the !e6uested /t"te to fore o prose&ution or to drop &h"r es pre-iously filed m"ny be the result of " f"ilure to obt"in suffi&ient e-iden&e or #itnesses for tri"l, #here"s the !e6uestin /t"te@s prose&ution m"y not suffer from the s"me impediments. %his pro-ision should enh"n&e the "bility of the Contr"&tin 1"rties to e+tr"dite to the Burisdi&tion #ith the better &h"n&e of " su&&essful prose&ution.

Ar"$c'e ---Capital punishment 1"r" r"ph 1 permits the !e6uested /t"te to refuse e+tr"dition #hen the offense for #hi&h e+tr"dition is sou ht is punish"ble by de"th in the !e6uestin /t"te but not in the !e6uested /t"te, unless the !e6uestin /t"te pro-ides "ssur"n&es the !e6uested /t"te &onsiders suffi&ient th"t if the de"th pen"lty is imposed, it #ill not be &"rried out. /imil"r pro-isions "re found in m"ny re&ent .nited /t"tes e+tr"dition tre"ties.53 1"r" r"ph 5 pro-ides th"t #hen the !e6uestin /t"te i-es "ssur"n&es in "&&ord"n&e #ith p"r" r"ph 1, the "ssur"n&es sh"ll be respe&ted, "nd the de"th pen"lty, if imposed, sh"ll not be &"rried out. Ar"$c'e .--Extradition of nationals /ome &ountries refuse to e+tr"dite their o#n n"tion"ls for tri"l "ndHor punishment. %he .nited /t"tes does not deny e+tr"dition on the b"sis of the offenders@ &iti9enship 5( "nd neither does the 1hilippines. 0&&ordin ly, this "rti&le pro-ides th"t e"&h Contr"&tin 1"rty m"y not refuse e+tr"dition on the b"sis th"t the person sou ht is " &iti9en of the !e6uested /t"te. Ar"$c'e /--Extradition procedures and required documents his "rti&le sets forth the do&ument"ry "nd e-identi"ry re6uirements for "n e+tr"dition re6uest. /imil"r "rti&les "re present in most re&ent .nited /t"tes e+tr"dition tre"ties. 1"r" r"ph 1 re6uires th"t e"&h form"l re6uest for e+tr"dition be submitted throu h the diplom"ti& &h"nnel. 0 form"l e+tr"dition re6uest m"y be pre&eded by " re6uest for the pro-ision"l "rrest of the person sou ht pursu"nt to "rti&le 9. 1ro-ision"l "rrest re6uests need not be initi"ted throu h the diplom"ti& &h"nnel pro-ided th"t the re6uirements of "rti&le 9 "re met. 1"r" r"ph 5 outlines the inform"tion th"t must "&&omp"ny e-ery re6uest for e+tr"dition under the %re"ty. 1"r" r"ph 3 des&ribes the "ddition"l inform"tion needed #hen the person is sou ht for tri"l in the !e6uestin /t"te. 1"r" r"ph ( des&ribes the inform"tion needed, in "ddition to the re6uirements of p"r" r"ph 5, #hen the person sou ht h"s "lre"dy been tried "nd found uilty in the !e6uestin /t"te. Most of the items listed in p"r" r"ph 5 en"ble the !e6uested /t"te to determine 6ui&:ly #hether e+tr"dition is "ppropri"te under the %re"ty. For e+"mple, p"r" r"ph 53&4 &"lls for DD" st"tement of the pro-isions of l"# des&ribin the essenti"l elements of the offense for #hi&h e+tr"dition is re6uested,@@ #hi&h en"bles the !e6uested /t"te to determine e"sily #hether " l"&: of du"l &rimin"lity is "n "ppropri"te b"sis for denyin e+tr"dition. /ome of the items listed in p"r" r"ph 5, ho#e-er, "re re6uired stri&tly for inform"tion purposes. %hus, p"r" r"ph 53e4 &"lls for DD" st"tement of the pro-isions of the l"# des&ribin "ny time limit on prose&ution or the e+e&ution of the punishment for the offense,@@ e-en thou h the %re"ty does not permit deni"l of e+tr"dition b"sed on " l"pse of time. %he .nited /t"tes "nd 1hilippine dele "tions " reed th"t p"r" r"ph 53e4 should re6uire this inform"tion so th"t the !e6uested /t"te is fully informed "bout the &h"r es brou ht in the !e6uestin /t"te. 1"r" r"ph 3 re6uires th"t if the fu iti-e h"s not yet been &on-i&ted of the &rime for #hi&h e+tr"dition is re6uested, the !e6uestin /t"te must pro-ide su&h e-iden&e "s #ould pro-ide prob"ble &"use for the "rrest "nd &ommitt"l for tri"l of the person if the offense h"d been &ommitted in the !e6uested

/t"te. %his is &onsistent #ith e+tr"dition l"# in the .nited /t"tes simil"r to l"n u" e in other .nited /t"tes e+tr"dition tre"ties. 5;

57

"nd the 1hilippines,56 "nd is

'urin the ne oti"tions, the .nited /t"tes dele "tion told the 1hilippine dele "tion its &on&ern "bout the f"&t th"t serious &rimin"l &h"r es m"y be filed in the 1hilippines by " &ompl"in"nt #ithout the permission or support of " prose&utor. .nited /t"tes milit"ry personnel h"-e reported th"t in the p"st, &rimin"l &h"r es or the thre"t of &rimin"l &h"r es seem to h"-e been used " "inst .nited /t"tes ser-i&emen st"tioned in the 1hilippines for improper purposes su&h "s e+tortion, h"r"ssment, or to "in improper "d-"nt" e in &i-il liti "tion for debt &olle&tion. %he .nited /t"tes dele "tion noted th"t .nited /t"tes &ourts ener"lly do not "ttempt to e-"lu"te the &redibility of "ffi"nts in e+tr"dition pro&eedin s, but th"t the 'ep"rtment of Justi&e does &"refully &onsider "nd #ei h &redibility in "ssessin e+tr"dition re6uests, #hile the 'ep"rtment of /t"te t":es &redibility into "&&ount in de&idin #hether to issue the surrender #"rr"nt ne&ess"ry to effe&t "n e+tr"dition. 8f it "ppe"rs th"t &ompl"in"nts or :ey #itnesses in-ol-ed in " 1hilippine e+tr"dition re6uest brou ht the &h"r es solely for improper moti-es, their t"inted &redibility &ould -iti"te prob"ble &"use, thereby &ompellin the .nited /t"tes to deny e+tr"dition under p"r" r"ph 3. %he 1hilippine dele "tion "&:no#led ed this possibility. 1"r" r"ph ( lists the inform"tion needed to e+tr"dite " person #ho h"s been &on-i&ted of "n offense in the !e6uestin /t"te. %his p"r" r"ph m":es it &le"r th"t on&e " &on-i&tion h"s been obt"ined, no sho#in of prob"ble &"use is re6uired. 8n essen&e, the f"&t of &on-i&tion spe":s for itself, " position t":en in re&ent .nited /t"tes &ourt de&isions e-en "bsent " spe&ifi& tre"ty pro-ision. 5= /ubse&tion 3d4 st"tes th"t if the person sou ht #"s found uilty in "bsenti", the do&ument"tion re6uired for e+tr"dition in&ludes both proof of &on-i&tion "nd the s"me do&ument"tion re6uired in &"ses in #hi&h no &on-i&tion h"s been obt"ined. %his is &onsistent #ith the lon st"ndin .nited /t"tes poli&y of re6uirin su&h do&ument"tion in the e+tr"dition of persons &on-i&ted in "bsenti". 1"r" r"ph 7 o-erns the "uthenti&"tion pro&edures for do&uments intended for use in e+tr"dition pro&eedin s. 1"r" r"ph 73"4 de"ls #ith e-iden&e intended for use in e+tr"dition pro&eedin s in .nited /t"tes "nd 1hilippine &ourts> &urrent .nited /t"tes "nd 1hilippine "uthenti&"tion re6uirements "re -irtu"lly identi&"l.59 1"r" r"ph 73b4 pro-ides " se&ond method for "uthenti&"tin e-iden&e in "n e+tr"dition pro&eedin by permittin su&h e-iden&e to be "dmitted if it is "uthenti&"ted in "ny m"nner "&&epted by the l"#s of the !e6uested /t"te. %his p"r" r"ph should ensure th"t rele-"nt e-iden&e th"t usu"lly s"tisfies the e-identi"ry rules of the !e6uested /t"te is not e+&luded "t the e+tr"dition he"rin be&"use of "n in"d-ertent error or omission in the "uthenti&"tion pro&ess. Ar"$c'e 0--Language %he 1hilippines h"s t#o offi&i"l l"n u" es, *n lish "nd 1ilipino 3#hi&h is b"sed on %" "lo 4. /e-er"l other l"n u" es su&h "s Cebu"no, Ci&ol, 8lo&"no "nd 1"mp"n o "re #idely used. %his "rti&le re6uires th"t "ll e+tr"dition do&uments be tr"nsl"ted into *n lish. Ar"$c'e 1--Provisional arrest %his "rti&le des&ribes the pro&ess by #hi&h " person in one Contr"&tin 1"rty m"y be "rrested "nd det"ined #hile the form"l e+tr"dition p"pers "re bein prep"red. 1"r" r"ph 1 e+pressly pro-ides th"t " re6uest for pro-ision"l "rrest m"y be m"de throu h the diplom"ti& &h"nnel or dire&tly bet#een the .nited /t"tes 'ep"rtment of Justi&e "nd the 1hilippine 'ep"rtment of Justi&e.30*+perien&e h"s sho#n th"t the "bility to use dire&t &h"nnels in emer en&y situ"tions &"n be &ru&i"l #hen " fu iti-e is poised to flee " Burisdi&tion.

1"r" r"ph 5 sets forth the inform"tion th"t the !e6uestin /t"te must pro-ide in support of su&h " re6uest. 1"r" r"ph 3 st"tes th"t the !e6uestin /t"te must be "d-ised #ithout del"y of the out&ome of the re6uest "nd the re"sons for its deni"l, if "ny. 1"r" r"ph ( pro-ides th"t " person #ho h"s been pro-ision"lly "rrested m"y be rele"sed from detention if the !e6uestin /t"te does not submit " fully do&umented re6uest for e+tr"dition to the e+e&uti-e "uthority of the !e6uested /t"te #ithin 60 d"ys of the pro-ision"l "rrest.31 Ehen the .nited /t"tes is the !e6uested /t"te, the e+e&uti-e "uthority in&ludes the /e&ret"ry of /t"te "nd the .nited /t"tes *mb"ssy in M"nil". 35 1"r" r"ph ( est"blishes th"t the person pro-ision"lly "rrested m"y be rele"sed from &ustody if the form"l e+tr"dition re6uest, in&ludin supportin do&ument"tion, is not re&ei-ed #ithin the 60-d"y period. Ho#e-er, the pro&eedin s " "inst the person need not be dismissed> p"r" r"ph 7 m":es it &le"r th"t the person m"y be t":en into &ustody "nd the e+tr"dition pro&eedin s m"y be &ommen&ed " "in if the form"l re6uest is presented "t " l"ter d"te. Ar"$c'e )2--Decision and surrender %his "rti&le re6uires th"t the !e6uested /t"te promptly notify the !e6uestin /t"te throu h diplom"ti& &h"nnels of its de&ision on the e+tr"dition re6uest. 8f e+tr"dition is denied in #hole or in p"rt, the !e6uested /t"te must pro-ide the re"sons for the deni"l. 8f e+tr"dition is r"nted, this "rti&le re6uires th"t "uthorities of the Contr"&tin 1"rties " ree on " time "nd pl"&e for surrender of the person sou ht. %he !e6uestin /t"te must remo-e the person #ithin the time pres&ribed by the l"# of the !e6uested /t"te or the person m"y be dis&h"r ed from &ustody, "nd the !e6uested /t"te m"y subse6uently refuse to e+tr"dite the person for the s"me offense. .nited /t"tes l"# re6uires th"t surrender o&&ur #ithin t#o &"lend"r months of " findin th"t the person is e+tr"dit"ble, 33 or of the &on&lusion of "ny liti "tion &h"llen in th"t findin ,I3(I #hi&he-er is l"ter. 0&&ordin to the 1hilippine dele "tion, the l"# in the 1hilippines does not spe&ify the time in #hi&h the surrender must t":e pl"&e. Ar"$c'e ))--Temporary and deferred surrender O&&"sion"lly, " person sou ht for e+tr"dition m"y be "lre"dy f"&in prose&ution or ser-in " senten&e on other &h"r es in the !e6uested /t"te. %his "rti&le pro-ides " me"ns for the !e6uested /t"te to defer e+tr"dition in su&h &ir&umst"n&es until the &on&lusion of the pro&eedin s " "inst the person "nd the full e+e&ution of "ny punishment imposed. /imil"r pro-isions "ppe"r in our re&ent e+tr"dition tre"ties #ith &ountries su&h "s the C"h"m"s "nd 0ustr"li". 1"r" r"ph 1 pro-ides for the tempor"ry surrender of " person #"nted for prose&ution in the !e6uestin /t"te #ho is bein prose&uted or is ser-in " senten&e in the !e6uested /t"te. 0 person tempor"rily tr"nsferred pursu"nt to the %re"ty #ill be returned to the !e6uested /t"te "t the &on&lusion of the pro&eedin s in the !e6uestin /t"te. /u&h tempor"ry surrender furthers the interests of Busti&e in th"t it permits tri"l of the person sou ht #hile e-iden&e "nd #itnesses "re more li:ely to be "-"il"ble, thereby in&re"sin the li:elihood of " su&&essful prose&ution. /u&h tr"nsfer m"y "lso be "d-"nt" eous to the person sou ht in th"t< 314 it permits resolution of the &h"r es sooner> 354 it m":es it possible for "ny senten&e to be ser-ed in the !e6uestin /t"te &on&urrently #ith the senten&e in the !e6uested /t"te> "nd 334 it permits defense " "inst the &h"r es #hile f"-or"ble e-iden&e is fresh "nd more li:ely to be "-"il"ble. /imil"r pro-isions "re found in m"ny re&ent e+tr"dition tre"ties. 1"r" r"ph 5 pro-ides th"t the e+e&uti-e "uthority of the !e6uested /t"te m"y postpone the e+tr"dition pro&eedin s " "inst " person #ho is ser-in " senten&e in the !e6uested /t"te until the full e+e&ution of "ny punishment th"t h"s been imposed. 37 %he pro-ision "llo#s the !e6uested /t"te

to postpone the surrender of " person f"&in prose&ution or ser-in " senten&e, "s #ell "s the initi"tion of e+tr"dition pro&eedin s. Ar"$c'e )*--Requests for extradition made by more than one tate %his "rti&le refle&ts the pr"&ti&e of m"ny re&ent .nited /t"tes e+tr"dition tre"ties in listin some of the f"&tors th"t the e+e&uti-e "uthority of the !e6uested /t"te must &onsider #hen re-ie#in re6uests from t#o or more &ountries for the e+tr"dition of the s"me person. For the .nited /t"tes, the /e&ret"ry of /t"te de&ides to #hi&h &ountry the person should be surrendered> 36 for the 1hilippines, the de&ision is m"de by the /e&ret"ry of Forei n 0ff"irs in &onsult"tion #ith the /e&ret"ry of Justi&e.3; Ar"$c'e )+--Rule of specialty %his "rti&le &o-ers the rule of spe&i"lty, " st"nd"rd prin&iple of .nited /t"tes e+tr"dition l"# "nd pr"&ti&e. 'esi ned to ensure th"t " fu iti-e surrendered for one offense is not tried for other &rimes, the rule of spe&i"lty pre-ents " re6uest for e+tr"dition from bein used "s " subterfu e to obt"in &ustody of " person for tri"l or e+e&ution of " senten&e on different &h"r es th"t "re not e+tr"dit"ble or properly do&umented in the re6uest. *+&eptions to the rule h"-e de-eloped o-er the ye"rs. %his "rti&le &odifies the &urrent formul"tion of the rule by pro-idin th"t " person e+tr"dited under the %re"ty m"y only be det"ined, tried, or punished in the !e6uestin /t"te for< 314 the offense for #hi&h e+tr"dition #"s r"nted or " differently denomin"ted offense b"sed on the s"me f"&ts, pro-ided the offense is e+tr"dit"ble or is " lesser in&luded offense> 354 "n offense &ommitted "fter the e+tr"dition> or 334 "n offense for #hi&h the e+e&uti-e "uthority of the !e6uested /t"te &onsents. 3= 1"r" r"ph 13&43ii4 permits the Contr"&tin 1"rty th"t is see:in &onsent to pursue ne# &h"r es to det"in the person e+tr"dited for 90 d"ys or for su&h lon er period "s the !e6uested /t"te m"y "uthori9e #hile the !e6uested /t"te m":es it determin"tion on the "ppli&"tion. 1"r" r"ph 5 prohibits the !e6uestin /t"te from surrenderin the person to " third st"te #ithout the &onsent of the !e6uested /t"te. 1"r" r"ph 3 permits the detention, tri"l or punishment of "n e+tr"dited person for "ddition"l offenses or e+tr"dition to " third st"te if< 314 the e+tr"dited person le"-es the !e6uestin /t"te "fter e+tr"dition "nd -olunt"rily returns to it> or 354 the e+tr"dited person does not le"-e the !e6uestin /t"te #ithin ten d"ys of bein free to do so. Ar"$c'e ),--!oluntary return 1ersons sou ht for e+tr"dition fre6uently ele&t to #"i-er their ri ht to e+tr"dition pro&eedin s in order to e+pedite their return to the !e6uestin /t"te. %his "rti&le pro-ides th"t #hen " fu iti-e &onsents to surrender to the !e6uestin /t"te, the person m"y be returned to the !e6uestin /t"te "s e+peditiously "s possible #ithout further pro&eedin s. %he ne oti"tors "nti&ip"ted th"t in su&h &"ses, there #ill be no need for the form"l do&ument"tion des&ribed in "rti&le ;, or further Budi&i"l or "dministr"ti-e pro&eedin s of "ny :ind. 8f the .nited /t"tes is the !e6uested /t"te "nd the person sou ht ele&ts to return -olunt"rily to the 1hilippines before the .nited /t"tes /e&ret"ry of /t"te si ns " surrender #"rr"nt, the pro&ess is not deemed "n DDe+tr"dition.@@ Aon st"ndin .nited /t"tes poli&y h"s been th"t the rule of spe&i"lty "s des&ribed in "rti&le 13 does not "pply to su&h &"ses.39

Ar"$c'e )--- ei"ure and surrender of property %his "rti&le permits the sei9ure by the !e6uested /t"te of "ll property--"rti&les, do&uments "nd other e-iden&e--&onne&ted #ith the offense to the e+tent permitted by the !e6uested /t"te@s intern"l l"#.(0 0rti&le 17 "lso pro-ides th"t these obBe&ts m"y be surrendered to the !e6uestin /t"te upon the r"ntin of the e+tr"dition or e-en if e+tr"dition &"nnot be effe&ted due to the de"th, dis"ppe"r"n&e or es&"pe of the person sou ht. 1"r" r"ph 5 st"tes th"t the !e6uested /t"te m"y &ondition its surrender of property upon s"tisf"&tory "ssur"n&es th"t the property #ill be returned to the !e6uested /t"tes "s soon "s pr"&ti&"ble. 1"r" r"ph 5 "lso permits the surrender of property to be deferred if it is needed "s e-iden&e in the !e6uested /t"te. /urrender of property under this pro-ision is e+pressly m"de subBe&t to due respe&t for the ri hts of third p"rties in su&h property. Ar"$c'e ).--Transit 1"r" r"ph 1 i-es e"&h Contr"&tin 1"rty the po#er to "uthori9e tr"nsit throu h its territory of persons bein surrendered to the other Contr"&tin 1"rty by " third st"te. 0 person in tr"nsit m"y be det"ined in &ustody durin the tr"nsit period. !e6uests for tr"nsit "re to &ont"in " des&ription of the person #hose tr"nsit is proposed "nd " brief st"tement of the f"&ts of the &"se #ith respe&t to #hi&h tr"nsit is sou ht. %he tr"nsit re6uest m"y be submitted throu h diplom"ti& &h"nnels or dire&tly bet#een the .nited /t"tes "nd 1hilippine 'ep"rtments of Justi&e. %he ne oti"tors " reed th"t diplom"ti& &h"nnels #ill be employed "s fre6uently "s possible for re6uests of this n"ture. 1"r" r"ph 5 des&ribes the pro&edure e"&h Contr"&tin 1"rty should follo# #hen see:in to tr"nsport " person in &ustody throu h the territory of the other. .nder this pro-ision, no "d-"n&e "uthori9"tion is needed if the person in &ustody is in tr"nsit to one of the Contr"&tin 1"rties "nd is tr"-ellin by "ir&r"ft "nd no l"ndin is s&heduled in the territory of the other. /hould "n uns&heduled l"ndin o&&ur, " re6uest for tr"nsit m"y be re6uired "t th"t time, "nd the !e6uested /t"te m"y r"nt the re6uest if, in its dis&retion, it is deemed "ppropri"te to do so. %he %re"ty ensures th"t the person #ill be :ept in &ustody for up to 96 hours until " re6uest for tr"nsit is re&ei-ed "nd there"fter until it is e+e&uted. Ar"$c'e )/--Representation and expenses 1"r" r"ph 1 pro-ides th"t the .nited /t"tes represents the 1hilippines in &onne&tion #ith re6uests from the 1hilippines for e+tr"dition before the &ourts in this &ountry, "nd the 1hilippines /e&ret"ry of Justi&e "rr"n es for the represent"tion of the .nited /t"tes in &onne&tion #ith .nited /t"tes e+tr"dition re6uests to the 1hilippines. 1"r" r"ph 5 re6uires th"t the !e6uested /t"te be"r "ll e+penses of e+tr"dition e+&ept those e+penses rel"tin to the ultim"te tr"nsport"tion of the person surrendered to the !e6uestin /t"te "nd the tr"nsl"tion of do&uments, #hi&h "re to be p"id by the !e6uestin /t"te. C"ses m"y "rise in #hi&h the !e6uestin /t"te m"y #ish to ret"in pri-"te &ounsel to "ssist in the present"tion of the e+tr"dition re6uest. 8t is "nti&ip"ted th"t in su&h &"ses the fees of pri-"te &ounsel ret"ined by the !e6uestin /t"te must be p"id by the !e6uestin /t"te. 1"r" r"ph 3 pro-ides th"t neither Contr"&tin 1"rty sh"ll m":e " pe&uni"ry &l"im " "inst the other in &onne&tion #ith e+tr"dition pro&eedin s, in&ludin "rrest, detention, e+"min"tion "nd surrender of the person sou ht. %his in&ludes "ny &l"im by the person sou ht for d"m" es or reimbursement of le "l fees or other e+penses o&&"sioned by the e+e&ution of the e+tr"dition re6uest. Ar"$c'e )0--Consultation

%his "rti&le pro-ides th"t the .nited /t"tes "nd 1hilippine 'ep"rtments of Justi&e m"y &onsult #ith e"&h other #ith re "rd to "n indi-idu"l e+tr"dition &"se or e+tr"dition pro&edures in ener"l. 0 simil"r pro-ision is found in other re&ent .nited /t"tes e+tr"dition tre"ties. (1 Ar"$c'e )1--#pplication %his %re"ty, li:e most .nited /t"tes e+tr"dition tre"ties ne oti"ted in the p"st t#o de&"des, is e+pressly m"de retro"&ti-e "nd &o-ers offenses th"t o&&urred before "s #ell "s "fter the %re"ty enters into for&e. Ar"$c'e *2--Ratification and entry into force %his "rti&le &ont"ins st"nd"rd tre"ty l"n u" e pro-idin for the e+&h"n e of instruments of r"tifi&"tion "t M"nil". %he %re"ty is to enter into for&e immedi"tely upon the e+&h"n e. Ar"$c'e *)--Termination %his "rti&le &ont"ins st"nd"rd tre"ty l"n u" e des&ribin the pro&edure for termin"tion of the %re"ty by either Contr"&tin 1"rty. %ermin"tion sh"ll be&ome effe&ti-e si+ months "fter noti&e of termin"tion is re&ei-ed. ?888. %e+t of the !esolution of !"tifi&"tion !esol-ed 3t#o-thirds of the /en"tors present &on&urrin therein4, %h"t the /en"te "d-ise "nd &onsent to the r"tifi&"tion of the *+tr"dition %re"ty Cet#een the ,o-ernment of the .nited /t"tes of 0meri&" "nd the ,o-ernment of the !epubli& of the 1hilippines, si ned "t M"nil" on 2o-ember 13, 199(. %he /en"te@s "d-i&e "nd &onsent is subBe&t to the follo#in pro-iso, #hi&h sh"ll not be in&luded in the instrument of r"tifi&"tion to be si ned by the 1resident< 2othin in the %re"ty re6uires or "uthori9es le isl"tion or other "&tion by the .nited /t"tes of 0meri&" th"t is prohibited by the Constitution of the .nited /t"tes "s interpreted by the .nited /t"tes. #oo"no"es 1. %he .nited /t"tes "nd the 1hilippines si ned "n e+tr"dition tre"ty on 2o-ember 5;, 19=1, but th"t tre"ty #"s not r"tified. 5 /ee 1hilippines 1residenti"l 'e&ree 2o. 1069 of J"n. 13, 19;; 3DD1hilippine *+tr"dition A"#@@4. %he :ey se&tions of the l"# th"t "re erm"ne to the interpret"tion "nd implement"tion of the %re"ty "re dis&ussed in more det"il in this te&hni&"l "n"lysis. %he 1hilippine dele "tion st"ted th"t under the 1hilippine Constitution, tre"ties enBoy priority o-er muni&ip"l l"#. %hus, if the terms of the %re"ty &onfli&t #ith the *+tr"dition A"#, the terms of the %re"ty #ill pre-"il. 3. /ee /t"nbroo: "nd /t"nbroo:, DD*+tr"dition< %he A"# "nd 1r"&ti&e@@ 57-56 319;94. (. /ee, e. ., 51 ../.C. /e&. =(=. 7. /ee 1= ../.C. /e&. /e&. 1961-6=.

6. /ee 1= ../.C. /e&. 13(1. ;. /ee 1= ../.C. /e&. 531(. =. !est"tement 3%hird4 of the Forei n !el"tions A"# of the .nited /t"tes /e&. (05 319=;4> Cl":esley, DD.nited /t"tes Jurisdi&tion o-er *+tr"territori"l Crime,@@ ;3 J. Crim. A. J Criminolo y 1109 319=54. 9. 0rti&le 5 of the 1hilippine 1en"l Code st"tes th"t the Code m"y "pply to &rimes &ommitted outside the 1hilippines only if the &rime too: pl"&e "bo"rd " 1hilippine -essel> in-ol-ed for ery or p"ssin of for ed 1hilippine &oin, &urren&y, or obli "tions> #"s &ommitted by " 1hilippine publi& offi&er or employee in the e+er&ise of offi&i"l duties> or #"s " DD&rime " "inst n"tion"l se&urity "nd the l"# of n"tions, "s defined in %itle One Coo: %#o of this Code,@@ i.e., tre"son, espion" e, in&itin #"r, &orrespondin #ith hostile &ountries, "nd pir"&y. %he 1hilippines does not "ppe"r to h"-e e+tr"territori"l Burisdi&tion to prose&ute dru offenses. 0s the 1hilippines &"nnot prose&ute those #ho -iol"te its dru l"#s outside the 1hilippines, it #ould h"-e diffi&ulty e+tr"ditin to the .nited /t"tes dru tr"ffi&:ers #ho "&ted outside the .nited /t"tes. %he 1hilippine dele "tion "ssured the .nited /t"tes th"t it #ould re&ommend th"t its o-ernment &h"n e 1hilippine l"# to remedy this situ"tion. 10. /ee 1roto&ol 0mendin ../.-C"n"d" *+tr"dition %re"ty, J"n. 11, 19==, "rt. 8, %.8.0./. 2o. --> 1roto&ol 0mendin ../.-0ustr"li" *+tr"dition %re"ty, /ept. (, 1990, "rt. 888, %.8.0./. 2o. --. 11. Cf. .nited /t"tes -. Cl"r:, (;0 F. /upp. 9;6 3'. ?t. 19;94 3DDAenien&y in senten&in does not i-e rise to " b"r to e+tr"dition@@4. !eli"n&e on the "mount of the senten&e rem"inin to be ser-ed &"n "lso produ&e "nom"lous results. For inst"n&e, " murderer #ho es&"pes from &ustody #ith less th"n si+ months to ser-e on " senten&e &"n h"rdly resist e+tr"dition on the b"sis th"t murder is not " serious offense. 15. /ept. 1(, 1963, 50 ../.%. 59(1, %.8.0./. 2o. 6;6=, ;0( ..2.%./. 519. 13. 'e&. 16, 19;0, 55 ../.%. 16(1, %.8.0./. 2o. ;195. 1(. /ept. 53, 19;1, 5( ../.%. 76(, %.8.0./. 2o. ;7;0. 17. 'e&. 1(, 19;3, 5= ../.%. 19;7, %.8.0./. 2o. =735, 1037 ..2.%./. 16;. 16. 'e&. 1;, 19;9, %.8.0./. 2o. 110=1. 1;. 'e&. 50, 19==, %.8.0./. 2o. 1=. M"r. 30, 1961, 1= ../.%. 1(0;, %.8.0./. 2o. 659=, 750 ..2.%./. 50(. 19. M"r. 57, 19;5, 56 ../.%. 1(39, %.8.0./. 2o. =11=, 9;6 ..2.%./. 3. 50. %here "re simil"r pro-isions in m"ny re&ent tre"ties. /ee ../.-J"m"i&" *+tr"dition %re"ty, June 1(, 19=3, "rt. 888334, %.8.0./. 2o. > ../.-/p"in *+tr"dition %re"ty, M"y 59, 19;0, "rt. 73(4, 55 ../.%. ;3;, %.8.0./. 2o. ;136, ;96 ..2.%./. 5(7> ../.-2etherl"nds *+tr"dition %re"ty, June 5(, 19=0, "rt. (, %.8.0./. 2o. 10;33> "nd ../.-8rel"nd *+tr"dition %re"ty, July 13, 19=3, "rt. 8?3&4, %.8.0./. 2o. 10=13.

51. /ee *"in -. Eil:es, 6(1 F.5d 70(, 713-71= 3;th Cir.4, &ert. denied, (7( ../. =9( 319=14> Gos:ot"s -. !o&he, ;(0 F. /upp. 90( 3'. M"ss. 19904, "ff@d, 931 F.5d 169 31st Cir. 19914. 55. 0n e+"mple of su&h " &rime is desertion. /ee DDM"tter of the *+tr"dition of /u"re9M"son,@@ 69( F. /upp. 6;6, ;03 32.'. C"l. 19==4. 53. /ee, e. ., ../.-2etherl"nds *+tr"dition %re"ty, June 5(, 19=0, "rt. ;, %.8.0./. 2o. 10;33> ../.-8rel"nd *+tr"dition %re"ty, July 13, 19=3, "rt. 6, %.8.0./. 2o. 10=13. 5(. /ee ener"lly /he"rer, DD*+tr"dition in 8ntern"tion"l A"#@@ 110-1( 319;04> 6 Ehitem"n, DD'i est of 8ntern"tion"l A"#@@ =;1-;6 3196=4. Our poli&y of dr"#in no distin&tion bet#een .nited /t"tes n"tion"ls "nd others in e+tr"dition m"tters is unders&ored by %itle 1=, .nited /t"tes Code, /e&tion 3196, #hi&h "uthori9es the /e&ret"ry of /t"te to e+tr"dite .nited /t"tes &iti9ens pursu"nt to " tre"ty th"t permits but does not e+pressly re6uire surrender of &iti9ens "s lon "s the other re6uirements of the tre"ty h"-e been met. 1= ../.C. /e&. 3196. 57. Courts "pplyin %itle 1=, .nited /t"tes Code, /e&tion 31=( lon h"-e re6uired prob"ble &"use for intern"tion"l e+tr"dition. !est"tement 3%hird4 of the Forei n !el"tions A"# of the .nited /t"tes /e&. (;6 &omment b 319=;4. 56. %he 1hilippine *+tr"dition A"# does not spe&ify the st"nd"rd of proof in intern"tion"l e+tr"dition m"tters> 1hilippine pr"&ti&e is to spe&ify this in the tre"ty itself. %he 1hilippine *+tr"dition A"# pro-ides< DD.pon &on&lusion of the $e+tr"dition) he"rin , the &ourt sh"ll render " de&ision r"ntin e+tr"dition, "nd i-in his re"sons therefor upon sho#in the e+isten&e of " prim" f"&ie &"se. Other#ise, it sh"ll dismiss the petition.@@ 1hilippine *+tr"dition A"# /e&. 10. Ho#e-er, the 1hilippine dele "tion noted th"t the term DDprim" f"&ie &"se@@ merely me"ns th"t "ll re6uirements of the %re"ty "ppe"r to h"-e been met, "nd the %re"ty itself must be &onsulted for the 6u"ntum of e-iden&e needed for surrender. 5;. /ee, e. ., ../.-C"h"m"s *+tr"dition %re"ty, M"r. 9, 1990, "rt. =3343b4, %.8.0./. 2o.. 5=. /ee /p"tol" -. .nited /t"tes, ;(1 F. /upp. 365, 3;( 3*.'.2.K. 19904, "ff@d, 957 F.5d 617 35d Cir. 19914> Cl"r:, (;0 F. /upp. 9;6 59. Comp"re 1hilippine *+tr"dition A"# /e&. 9354 #ith 1= ../.C. /e&. 3190. 30. M"ny re&ent .nited /t"tes e+tr"dition tre"ties pro-ide for tr"nsmission of pro-ision"l "rrest re6uests -i" the 8ntern"tion"l Crimin"l 1oli&e Or "ni9"tion 382%*!1OA4, "s #ell "s throu h diplom"ti& &h"nnels or dire&tly bet#een the Justi&e 'ep"rtments of the t#o Contr"&tin 1"rties. 0t the re6uest of the 1hilippine dele "tion, the %re"ty does not pro-ide " role for 82%*!1OA in the pro-ision"l "rrest pro&ess. 31. .nder /e&tion 50 of the 1hilippine *+tr"dition A"#, pro-ision"l "rrest re6uests "re tr"nsmitted throu h the 2"tion"l Cure"u of 8n-esti "tion, "nd the fu iti-e must be rele"sed from &ustody if the supportin do&ument"tion is not re&ei-ed #ithin 50 d"ys of pro-ision"l "rrest. 1hilippine *+tr"dition A"# /e&. 50. 0rti&le 93(4 of the %re"ty is intended to t":e pre&eden&e o-er this pro-ision. 35. Cl"r:,@@ (;0 F. /upp. 9;6. 33. 1= ../.C. /e&. 31==.

3(. /ee Jimene9 -. ../. 'istri&t Court, =( /. Ct. 1(, 11 A. *d. 5d 30 319634 3de&ided by ,oldber , J., in &h"mbers4> see "lso Aiberto -. *mery, ;5( F.5d 53 35d Cir. 19=34> in re .nited /t"tes, ;13 F.5d 107 37th Cir. 19=34> C"rrett -. .nited /t"tes, 790 F.5d 65( 36th Cir. 19;=4. 37. .nder .nited /t"tes l"# "nd pr"&ti&e, the /e&ret"ry of /t"te m":es this de&ision. Gos:ot"s -. !o&he, ;(0 F. /upp. 90( 3'. M"ss. 19904, "ff@d, 931 F.5d 169 31st Cir. 19914. 36. Chen 2"-Kuet -. Hueston, ;3( F. /upp. 9== 3/.'. Fl". 19904, "ff@d, 935 F.5d 9;; 311th Cir. 19914. 3;. 1hilippine *+tr"dition A"# /e&. 17. 3=. 8n the .nited /t"tes, the /e&ret"ry of /t"te h"s the "uthority to &onsent to " #"i-er of the rule of spe&i"lty. /ee Ceren uer -. ?"n&e, (;3 F. /upp. 1197, 1199 3'.'.C. 19;94. 39. Cf. ../.-2etherl"nds *+tr"dition %re"ty, June 5(, 19=0, "rt. 16, %.8.0./. 2o. 10;33. (0. /ee 1hilippine *+tr"dition A"# /e&. 1=. (1. /ee, e. ., ../.-Cel ium *+tr"dition %re"ty, 0pr. 9, 19=;, "rt. 19, %.8.0./. 2o. --> .././#it9erl"nd *+tr"dition %re"ty, 2o-. 11, 1990, "rt. 5(, %.8.0./. 2o. --> ../.-Hun "ry *+tr"dition %re"ty, 'e&. 1, 199(, "rt. 51, %.8.0./. 2o.