Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Listening Process
Receiving
Connected vs not connected Problems
Attending
Selectivity of attention - information overload Strength of attention - energy, effort and desire Sustainment of attention - duration, setting, delivery
We communicate effectively with each other only insofar as we share meanings for the symbols (verbal or nonverbal) that we are using.
Understanding
Verbal symbols - Barrier 1: Same words mean different things
Understanding
Barrier 2: Different words sometimes mean the same thing
Fred has been crestfallen since he fell out of favor with the Fall Festival Committee last fall after he had a falling out with Joe because Joe had fallen in with a new crowd of people rather than falling in love with Freds sister, Fallina.
Understanding
Non-verbal symbols - Barrier 1: Misinterpretation of the action - Barrier 2: Misinterpretation of nonaction symbols - Barrier 3: Misinterpretation of the voice
Responding
Direct verbal responses Responses that seek clarification Responses that paraphrase Nonverbal response
Remembering
If you cant remember it, you werent listening.
Some important differences between listening and spoken language Listening Spoken Language
Receptive skill/ Passive skill? The listener wants to listen to something He/ she is interested in the communicative purpose of what is being said He/ she processes a variety of language
Productive skill/ Active skill? The speaker wants to say something He/ she has some communicative purpose
He/ she selects from his/ her language store
Communicator - encoder. Encoding - formulation of messages in the communicators mind, that is, the communicator not only translates his purpose (ideas, thoughts or information) into a message but also decides on the medium to communicate his planned message. A channel - the vehicle through which a message is carried from the communicator to the receiver.
The receiver - the recipient of the message and must possess the same orientation as the communicator. Decoding - interpretation of the message by the receiver. Feedback - response or acknowledgement of receiver to the communicators message. The exchange is possible only if the receiver responds. Noise - any kind of interruption that can creep in at any point of the communication process and make it ineffective.
Functions speakers do a number of things with language; certain functions go together (Bygate, 1987: routines) Linguistic forms speakers use different words/structures to do things they have to do Automaticity of responses thinking, listening and speaking go on almost simultaneously Social appropriacy highly sensitive to context, degree of formality, politeness Topics speakers speak about something, use words and structures that pertain to the topic
The Functions of Language Transactional function conveying information; message-oriented; Interactional function gives importance to the listener as a person; main purpose to maintain good social relationships
Conventions of Spoken Language Putting words, phrases and sentences together Vocalizing what they want to say pronunciation and intonation Possessing the ability to be reasonably fluent Stretching the language they know to cope with new situations Interaction is more than just putting a message together responding to what other people say Choosing language that is appropriate for the person you are talking to .
Taking turns in a conversation Knowing how to interrupt Knowing how to disagree politely Encouraging others to speak Expressing interest Changing the topic Asking one to repeat or explain what they are saying
Factors Affecting Listening and Speaking Skills TASK: (Pair work) Think of two real-life situations in which you were involved in one in which communication was successful and the other when communication was unsuccessful. Identify the factors that contributed to the success/ failure of the communication that took place
Pronuniciation Suprasegmental features of the language Knowledge of subject matter/topic Language ability grammatical competence Vocabulary Intercultural awareness Role relationship and appropriacy Conventions of speaking Awareness of the varieties of language Discourse competence awareness of the different ways language is used in different situations formal and informal language use
encourage understanding of the many important contributions by people from diverse cultural and linguistic groups, people with disabilities and minority groups motivate children, students and educators to examine their own attitudes and behaviour and to comprehend their duties, responsibilities, rights and privileges as citizens in our society and behaviour and to comprehend their duties, responsibilities, rights and privileges as citizens in our society
THE END