Cluster Bomb Use in the Yugoslavia/Kosovo War

By Virgil Wiebe June 1999

Introduction
In December 1997, Drop Today, Kill Tomorrow, was first published and distr ibuted at the signing conference of the International Landmine Ban treaty. The purpose was to draw attention to the dangers associated with the use of cluster munitions and their practical similarities to landmines. Now, two months into the air campaign by NATO against Serbian genocide in Kosovo, evidence is mounting to support our concerns about the immediate and long term negative effects of cluster bombs on civilians and military personnel alike. Devastating immediate anti-personnel deaths, deaths resulting from unexploded ordnance, the mesmerizing attraction of unexploded ordnance: these are just a few of the predicted effects of cluster munitions. The time has long since passed for a ban on cluster bombs. This is the first in a series of updates which will attempt to give as full an account as possible of cluster bomb use by both sides in the Kosovo conflict. It covers cluster bomb use in the months of March and April 1999, as well as growing opposition to the use of cluster weapons. It closes with consideration of some of NATOs justification for the use of cluster bombs and a brief description of three of the types of cluster bombs currently being used in Kosovo and Serbia. Future updates will review the use of cluster bombs by NATO and Serbian forces in May 1999. It will also consider the possible introduction of Apache attack helicopters and the support role that U.S. artillery firing cluster munitions has in that weapons system. NATO warplanes are dropping new generations of cluster bombs on Kosovo at increasing rates, as the bombing campaign moves from smart bombs to more widespread use of area munitions in an attempt to degrade Serbian forces. The bombing campaign is, of course, being conducted in the context of systematic genocide by Serbian forces against the ethnic Albanian population of Kosovo. By late May 1999, nearly one million Kosovar Albanians had been forced out Kosovo in a well-orchestrated campaign of terror by the Yugoslav army, police and paramilitary forces.i While concerned about the immediate devastating effects of these munitions on both civilian and conscripted armed forces, we are also concerned about the long-term consequences of unexploded ordnance for future generations. The use of cluster bombs has come under increasing criticism as the air war continues to escalate and with it the number of civilian casualties. Cluster munitions have been used by both sides, since very early in their respective campaigns. NATO spokesmen initially dismissed reports of cluster bomb usage in late March 1999, but later attempted to justify the use of the munitions. Serbian authorities criticized the use of cluster bombs by NATO as banned by international law, while at the same time Serbian artillery were dropping cluster bombs into Albanian territory in attempts to destroy Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) base camps.

International Condemnation of Cluster Bomb Use

Unlike during the Gulf War, when there was little awareness of the dangers of cluster bomb failure and creation of de facto mine fields whenever these weapons are used, the outcry against their use has been building internationally. In an op-ed piece in the New York Times in late May, former U.S. President Jimmy Carter decried the use of cluster bombs in Kosovo, noting: The United States insistence on the use of cluster bombs, designed to kill or maim humans, brings discredit on our nation.ii Mary Robinson, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights voiced her concern about NATOs using cluster bombs near civilian areas and the resulting civilian casualties.iii Sister Patricia Pak Poy, the Australian coordinator of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, stated that if and when the war in Yugoslavia ends and the Kosovar Albanians are able to return to their homes, they will face yet another humanitarian crisis as

bomblets continue to exact a heavy toll on the returnees. The long-term impact of these devices on civilians far outweighs the justification of their short-term military use.iv On May 11, Joost Hiltermann, executive director of the Arms Division of Human Rights Watch, sharply criticized the use of cluster bombs in the conflict, stating that the duds that are left inside cluster bombs effec tively turn into landmines... and like antipersonnel landmines, they kill civilians even years after the conflict has ended. v In a similar vein, Rae McGrath, director of Killing Secrets, the UK Campaign for a Transparent and Accountable Arms Trade, charged that the use of cluster weapons in Kosovo ...will be the cause of unnecessary deaths and maimings among the very people whom we sought to help.vi Tom Hayden has criticized the death and injuries inflicted upon civilians when cluster bomb use creates mine fields for civilians to encounter.vii While sharply critical of Milosevic, and going so far as to compare him to Hitler, Ken Livingstone, a Labor member of Parliament in England has condemned the use of cluster bombs and depleted uranium shells.viii

Serbian Use of Cluster Munitions in April 1999

While the Serbs have harshly condemned the NATO use of cluster bombs,ix strong evidence suggests that they have been using cluster bomb artillery shells in attacks over the border into Albania, creating de facto mine fields. x Such shelling occurred in the Tropoja region of Albania. On April 13, 1999, two cluster bombs landed in the small border village of Zogaj, killing five cattle according to the Organization of Cooperation and Security in Europe (OSCE). According to the Albanian police, the town was shelled after KLA guerrillas tried to stage an incursion from the village into Kosovo. This was in the context of heavier shelling.xi On April 15, 1999, five Serbian rocket-fired cluster bombs presumably aimed at a rebel encampment west of Kukes fell on fields four miles from the city near the Albanian Hamlet of Kolsh, injuring a young goatherd. The OSCE identified the bombs as 262 millimeter cluster bombs.xii An Albanian policeman in the area was unable to resist the temptation of picking up one of the cluster bomblets that, according to a reporter, looked like small beer bottles. The act was his last, as he died when the bomblet exploded. xiii On April 21, Russian-made cluster bombs fired into Albania near Krume exploded. xiv Low flying Yugoslav Super-Galebs reportedly also were bombing KLA targets with cluster bombs in mid-April.xv The Serbs escalated attacks on KLA camps at Vllahena and Halshani, near Krume, and at Kolsh, during the last two weeks of April. The 262 mm cluster rockets reportedly were included in those attacks. xvi

NATO Use of Cluster Bombs in March and April 1999

Early reports of cluster bomb use by NATO came both from Serbian news services, as well as from western press accounts of interviews with NATO pilots. Early on, NATO denied use of cluster bombs. March 29: According to Radio Pristina, NATO used cluster bombs against the Serbian villages of Vrbovac, Nogila and Koritiste in Vitina municipality. Civilian casualties were reported, and many houses were damaged. xvii March 31: Serbian press renewed charges of illegal cluster bomb use on March 30 and 31, sta ting that six NATO planes dropped cluster bombs near the village of Lukare in Kosovo. xviii April 1: According to Serb press accounts, two ethnic Albanians from two villages near the southern town of Orahovac in Kosovo were killed in NATO bombings. Six others were injured by cluster bomb fragments, including two children, according to a local doctor.xix

April 2: Agence France Presse reported Serb charges of cluster bombs dropped on civilian and military installations in Stari Trg, near the northern town of Kosovska Mitrovica. xx April 3: A Serbian military spokesman formally charged NATO with using CBU 97 AB cluster bombs, claiming they were banned by international conventions. The bombs were allegedly dropped around the western town of Pec, in the provincial capital Pristina, and in Gracanica, south of Pristina. xxi NATO spokesman Jamie Shea immediately denied the use of cluster bombs.xxii That same night of April 3, B-1 bombers flying out of England dropped cluster bombs and gravity bombs on Kosovo, according to NATO pilots interviewed on their return to base. One pilot said he tried not to think about the human cost of war. He described the adrenaline rush of flight and said that B-1s are fantastic to fly and just right for this kind of mission because you can refuel while airborne. B-1s are so smooth and sleek at fast or low speeds; its like driving a big Cadillac.xxiii April 4: Houses in Vrbovac were reportedly damaged by shrapnel from a cluster bomb. xxiv April 6: According to Tanjug, the Serbian state news agency, two cluster bombs exploded near the Jedinstvo primary school in the village of Verice, 10 km southeast from Istok western Kosovo, and one near a pig farm near Dubrava.xxv Royal Air Force (RAF) Harrier GR7s from the Italian air base of Gioia del Colle launched attacks against Serbian ground forces using RBL755 cluster bombs. Each cluster bomb unit has 147 bomblets, each equipped with individual parachutes.xxvi British press reports indicated that this was the first time cluster bombs had been used in the Kosovo crisis. Serbian media reported 12 civilians killed and 28 injured. NATO Air Commodore David Wilby stated that a NATO bomb may have missed its intended target of a Serb artillery unit in Aleksinac.xxvii On April 6, a column of armored vehicles was decimated by a massive attack that mixed supersonic B-1 bombers dropping tank-piercing cluster bombs with low-altitude strikes by A-10 Warthog jets, built to knock out tanks and armored personnel carriers.xxviii April 7: The Pentagon displayed images of burned-out Serb tanks destroyed by cluster bombs dropped from a B-1 bomber, possibly referring to the same attack.xxix NATO claimed destruction on April 7 of a Serbian tank convoy between Decani to Djakovica in southwestern Kosovo by RAF Harrier GR7s and U.S. A-10 Thunderbolts using cluster bombs.xxx British media reported a cluster bomb attack by Harriers on April 7 on a vehicle compound.xxxi The Serbian news agency Tanjug reported eight people killed in Pristina on April 7. Rescue efforts were hampered by unexploded cluster bombs. xxxii April 8: Harriers based at Gioia del Colle airbase in southern Italy made bombing runs dropping RBL755 cluster bombs on Kosovo targets.xxxiii On April 8, the Russian news agency ITAR-TASS reported that NATO was testing the CBU-97 in Kosovo through the use of B-1B Lancer bombers based at the Fairford, England, air force base. xxxiv Scottish media made a similar prediction the following day.xxxv April 10: Serbian media Tanjug reported that the Slatina airport in Pristina was hit with cluster bombs. xxxvi Tanjug reported that the region southeast of Pristina was also targeted, with cluster bombs dropped in the southern municipality of Lipljani.xxxvii April 11: Orthodox Easter Sunday was torn apart by cluster bombs in Merdare. According to the New York Times, in Merdare, NATO bombs and anti-personnel cluster bombs demolished four houses early Sunday morning, killing five people, including Bozina Tosovic, 30, and his 11-month-old daughter, Bojana. His wife, Marija, six months pregnant, is in the hospital, along with the four members of the Markovic family: Dragan and his wife Natalija and

their two children, daughter Andelija and son Milos.xxxviii The scene described in the report indicates the damage done: loss of life, loss of means of support, lingering danger. Markovics brother, Ljubomir, discovered the family dog, Snoopy, with half his snout blown away. A number of pigs and cows were killed and injured. The extent of the damage was shocking, but predictable: In the fields, there were hundreds of small holes in the earth from detonations, and small green nylon parachutes from what appeared to be NATO anti-personnel cluster bombs, covering an area of about 300 square yards. Large pieces of green painted metal, with yellow stripes, perfectly broken open as if on a seam, lay about the yard. There were large pieces of formed yellow plastic foam and light aluminum containers, with fans like whirligigs, that appeared to have held the small parachutes, with explosives attached.... There was one dead pig and another wounded, and shrapnel everywhere. Trees were broken off and flung 20 yards. A childs pillow with cartoon characters lay in the mud.... Dragan Bubalo was another of the dead, killed in his Ford Sierra, which was blasted off the paved road.xxxix April 12: Serbian media reported that NATO bombarded Podujevo town in northeastern Kosovo with cluster bombs.xl April 14: Civilian vehicles were attacked and ethnic Albanian refugees were killed near Djakovica. Careful reporting by the Los Angeles Times suggested that the bombs used were CBU-97 cluster bombs. This possible conclusion was based on small craters and bomb remnants found at the scene with U.S. markings, the description by an eyewitness of explosions in the air (indicating deployment of bomblets), extensive shrapnel dispersion, and the burned bodies of refugees. Tractors pulling the refugees were destroyed, suggesting that the infrared heat-seeking sensors on the bomblets mistook the tractors for tanks. Cluster bomb remnants, small craters and destroyed tractors were found at two sites, first in Meja, about three miles due west of Djakovica, in southwestern Kosovo, and also about nine miles away, east of Djakovica. NATO pilots were also flying at very high altitudes, making targeting more difficult. NATO claimed that the bomb it dropped was a laser guided 1000 lb bomb. It also suggested that the Serbs may have attacked the refugees.xli U.S. Brigadier General Daniel Leaf made much of a report that suggested that after NATO aircraft attacked military vehicles, Serb jets and helicopters attacked refugees in the rear with cluster bombs and grenades. He denied that NATO used cluster bombs in the attack.xlii When all else fails, the NATO strategy seems to be, obfuscate. Serb media reported that on the night of April 14, cluster bombs were dropped on Mt. Pastrik, west of Prizren, and on the villages on Mt. Cicavica, northwest of Pristina, on two occasions. xliii April 15: Harriers based in Italy continued to cluster bomb Serb targets in Kosovo, the pilots setting aside their personal feelings in the aftermath of the political fall-out from the NATO attack that cost civilian lives, according to NATO spokesmen.xliv April 16 and 17: U.S. and allied pilots dropped laser-guided bombs, cluster bombs and other munitions on 57 major targetsincluding radar sites, anti-aircraft missiles, bridges, fuel and ammunition suppliesacross Yugoslavia..., in addition to armored personnel carriers, troop transport trucks and more than a dozen tanks deployed inside Kosovo.xlv ITAR-TASS and Serb authorities reported that on the night of April 17, missile and bombing strikes were again staged against the Batajnica Air Force Base in Belgrade. A three-year-old girl was killed by fragments of a cluster bomb and five people injured when a school nearby was struck. xlvi NATO did not confirm or deny the report, but did say that Harrier jets had dropped RBL755s in an attempt to destroy Yugoslav tanks. xlvii April 19: NATO air raids targeted a small airport near the southern Kosovo town of Urosevac close to the Macedonian border, damaging the runway, hangars, a guard house and an office building. Cluster bomb remnants were reported.xlviii Serb press reported that cluster bombs were used early in the morning of April 20 in the vicinity of Belacevac, a mining town west of Pristina.xlix

By mid-April, press reports of increased use of dumb bombs, including cluster munitions, as opposed to smart bombs began to surface.l April 22: Harrier GR7s, based in southern Italy, struck at an enemy headquarters north of with RBL755 cluster bombs through cloud cover.li April 24: On April 24, Harriers flew 20 sorties dropping cluster bombs in Kosovo on targets including a road bridge, an army command post and military installations on an air field and a dug-in artillery position.lii Five Albanian Kosovar brothers were killed and at least two other children injured when one of the boys tried to pry open an unexploded cluster bomblet that looked like a toy in Doganovic, about 30 miles south of Pristina. The five Hoxha boys, Edon, 3, Fisnik, 9, Osman, 13, Burim, 14, and Valdet, 15, were buried in the local cemetery within hours. A Los Angeles Times reporter found evidence that the bomb was a CBU-87. Besnik Hoxha, 14, and his brother Ardijen, 2, suffered shrapnel injuries even though they were at least 20 meters (yards) from their five cousins. An hour after the boys were killed, shrapnel killed six-year-old Orta Lugici when small bombs fell on the ethnic Albanian village of Velika Dobranja, about 12 miles south of Pristina. The bombs also destroyed a tractor. liii By late April, the Los Angeles Times and Agence France Presse were reporting on the extensive damage done by cluster bombs in Kosovo. Dr. Rade Grbic, a surgeon and director of the main hospital in Pristina, reported an unprecedented number of amputations as a result of the bombs. Through a translator, he stated that: I have been an orthopedist for 15 years now, working in a crisis region where we often have injuries, but neither I nor my colleagues have ever seen such horrific wounds as those caused by cluster bombs.... They are wounds that lead to disabilities to a great extent. The limbs are so crushed that the only remaining option is amputation. Its awful, awful.... Most people are victims of the time-activated cluster bombs that explode sometime after they fall.... People think its safe , and then they get hurt....There are villages here where large portions of the area cannot be accessed because of a large number of unexploded cluster bombs.... Even when all of this is over, it will be a big problem because no one knows the exact number of unexploded bombs.liv Dr. Grbic reported that Pristinas hospital treated between 300 and 400 people wounded by cluster bombs, roughly half of those victims civilians. He also said that because the number does not include those killed by the bombs, and only covers the area of Pristina, the casualty toll is almost certainly higher. lv April 27: Three cluster bombs were launched near an agricultural school on the outskirts of Pristina. lvi According to NATO, Fifteen Harrier sorties were flown and RBL755 cluster bombs were dropped through cloud in an attack on the Besinje ammunitions storage area.lvii Serbian sources said that several cluster bombs were fired in the vicinity of villages on the slopes of Mt. Cicavica.lviii On April 28, British aircraft were heavily involved in these attacks [in Kosovo and Serbia], with the Royal Air Forces Harrier GR7s flying 11 missions, dropping both laser guided bombs and cluster bombs.lix On April 29, Harrier GR7s were again in action, flying 10 sorties; they dropped a number of RBL755 cluster bombs on a military vehicle compound and a barracks near the border.lx A cluster bomb attack on Golubovci military airport three miles from the center of Podgorica, Montenegro, killed one civilian and injured several others. A 61-year-old woman, Paska Juncaj, died after being hit on the back of the head by a bomblet from a cluster bomb in a village near the airport, according to ey e witnesses. She was running from her village with her son, and just dropped down dead on the spot, said one villager. lxi

NATO Justification for the Use of Cluster Bombs

When reports initially came out of Kosovo that NATO was using cluster bombs, the first response of spokesmen was to deny that they were even being used.

As it became clear that this lie would no longer work, NATO responded the they would never drop cluster bombs anywhere near civilians. When asked by a journalist about the use of wide area munitions and the possibility of civilian casualties, British Air Commander David Wilby stated on April 7, Ive always stressed the meticulous care in which we plan for these attacks. And even though we may use cluster munitions, we take the utmost care to make sure that when we use them, the area that we are using them against is free from that sort of collateral damage that youre talking about.lxii Equivocation by high-ranking NATO commanders concerning cluster bomb use took on the flavor of the U.S. commander in chief discussing private extracurricular activities. On April 14, after concerns raised by Senator Patrick Leahy (D-VT) about the use of the Gator system, some interesting semantic tap dancing took place at a Defense Department briefing: Q: Yeah. Are the allied planes dropping any anti-personnel weapons, or are they strictly unitary bombs? Gen. Charles Wald: NATO is not dropping anywhat would be characterized as anti-personnel weapons that are in the category that arent approved. Every weapon that NATO drops is well within the confines of international law. And all these weapons could be anti-personnel, which are armed VJ or MUP, or anti-equipment, anti-armor. So there isnt anything that is characterized necessarily as anti-personnel. Q: Are you dropping cluster bombs? Gen. Wald: We havent dropped any cluster bombs there. Were well within the confines of international law.... Q: Can I just follow up on one other thing you said? Senator Leahy, in a speech on the Senate floor today, said hed received disturbing reports that U.S. forces were dropping anti -personnel and anti-tank land mines from planes. Can you just clarify that at all when youre talking about types of munitions that were dropped? Gen. Wald: I can unequivocally say that we will not drop any weapons that are illegal. Maybe Mr. Bacon has more to offer there. Mr. Kenneth Bacon: We have not dropped those weapons. We have dropped, as General Wald said, cluster bombs, but we have not dropped the ones that he was talking about, which are a combination of anti-tank and anti-personnel land mines. These are the self-destructing ones called Gator. We have used CBU-87s, which are combined effects munitions, which are basically cluster bombs with bomblets, but we have not used the Gator.lxiii On April 30, British Defense Minister George Robertson, defended the increased use of dumb bombs and area bombing by claiming improvements in targeting technology: [W]e had now, in the circumstances of the weather, started to use bombing through clouds, but we have only done so, and it applies to all of the NATO allies, when we are confident of the accuracy of that ordnance. There are new and increasingly sophisticated techniques to make sure that there is accuracy from all of these bombs and unless we were confident, and those who are responsible for the targeting work were confident, that they were accurate then they would not be being used.lxiv

Weapon Systems Deployed by NATO

Manufacturers and the military are well aware of the high failure rate of cluster bombs to explode as designed. In late April, a senior NATO commander acknowledged that at least 5% dont go off, so [Kosovo] is littered with thousands of these things.lxv Rae McGrath, former Director of the Mines Advisory Group, notes that NATO planes are delivering ordnance from higher than optimum altitudes in order to avoid ground fire. This is certain to result in
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a greater number of bomblets failing to explode and in a much increased footprint from each bombthus widening the potential threat to civilians and returning refugees.lxvi SENSOR FUZED WEAPONS CBU-97/B The Sensor Fuzed Weapon makes its most extensive combat debut in the Kosovar conflict. Also referred to as the CBU-97/B, this cluster bomb destroys armored vehicles like tanks, and can spray a battlefield with metal fragments, making it lethal against people and other soft targets. According to Janes Defense Weekly, which predicted its use in early April 1999 (by which time it had already been used), each sensor fuzed weapon carries forty SKEET warheads that use infrared sensors to home in on armored vehicles. Each warhead is a copper-plated, 1 kg Explosively-Formed Projectile that spins at 1,600 rpm. The SFW can be dropped from 200 to 20,000 feet from B-1, B-2 and B-52 bombers, as well as A-10 ground attack aircraft and F-15 and F-16 fighters. The SFW can cover an area the size of about 12 football fields (or 6 hectares). A B-1B bomber can carry 30 SFWs, or 1200 individual cluster bombs, with a potential to blanket an area equal to 360 football fields. Five B-1B Lancer bombers were deployed on April 1, 1999, at RAF Fairford, England. The A-10 and F-16 can be fitted with four SFWs.lxvii At the beginning of April, only the B-1B had been certified for using the SFW, which suggests that any other aircraft using the weapon would be conducting experiments in combat situations. CBU-87 According to the authoritative Janes Air-Launched Weapons directory, the U.S.-made CBU-87 combined effects munition is a free-fall cluster bomb comprising 202 multi-purpose bomblets. Each bomblet is capable of defeating up to 177 mm (seven inches) of armor, and has fire -starting capabilities as well, Janes said. The bomblet also has a fragmenting case which gives it a good anti-material/personnel capability. RBL755 The British have their own version of the cluster bomb, called the RBL755, which has also seen extensive use over Kosovo. Each RBL 755 weighs 600 lb and breaks up in the air releasing 147 bomblets. About the size of a soft-drink can, each has the explosive power to destroy a tank if it hits it in the right place. Parachutes slow their fall, allowing the Harrier jet fighters to drop them at low level but escape before they detonate. lxviii According to Janes Defense Weekly: The RAF has been allowed to use a special R variant of the Hunting Engineering BL755 cluster bomb on areas deemed to be devoid of civilians. The R BL755 uses a different fuze from the original low-level delivery variant allowing it to be dropped from medium altitude above 10,000 ft (3,305 m) where the threat from hand-held infrared guided surface-to-air missiles and anti-aircraft artillery is less severe. Stocks of the R version, however, are believed to be limited to only a few hundred units.lxix

Endnotes
i. John Kitner, How Serb Forces Purged One Million Albanians, New York Times, May 29, 1999, at A1. ii. Jimmy Carter, New York Times, May 27, 1999. iii. Carlotta Gall, Milosevic Refuses to See Top U.N. Rights Official, New York Times, May 14, 1999, at A12. iv. Landmine Campaigner Attacks Kosovo Air War, AAP Newsfeed, May 3, 1999.
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v. Group Condemns NATO Cluster Bomb Use, Associated Press, May 11,1999. vi. Rae McGrath, Kosovo: A Wasteland Called Peace, discussion paper by Killing Secrets, the UK Campaign for a Transparent and Accountable Arms Trade, PO Box 12, Wigton Delivery Office, Cumbria CA5 3Gd, United Kingdom, E-mail: killsecrets@msn.com vii. Tom Hayden, Commentary: As the Innocent Die, Where Are All the Voices of Protest? Los Angeles Times, May 5, 1999, at B7. viii. Ken Livingstone, Comment: Why We Are Not Wrong to Compare Milosevic to Hitler, London Independent, April 21, 1999, at 4. ix. See, e.g., Two Die, Six Injured in NATO Attack on Southern Kosovo, BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, April 5, 1999. Source: Tanjug news agency, Belgrade, in Serbo-Croat 1117 GMT 2 Apr 99. x. Tony Bacewicz, Albanian Villagers Find War Knows No Border, The Hartford Courant, April 19, 1999, at A1. xi. Liz Sly, Brief Serb Incursion Stirs Fear in Albania, Chicago Tribune, April 14, 1999, at 12. xii. Anthony DePalma, Serbian Bombs Fall Close to City Full of Refugees, New York Times, April 17, 1999, at A9. xiii. Anton Antonowicz, The Shell Thundered into the Hill Yards Away from me: This Is Just Another Day of War for the KLA, The Mirror, April 20, 1999, at 4. xiv. Jamie Macaskill & Shaun Milne, Albanian Army Gets Ready for Another Serb Attack, Scottish Daily Record, April 22, 1999, at 17. xv. Eric Schmitt, Yugoslavia Uncontested at Low Altitude, International Herald Tribune, April 26, 1999, at 5. xvi. James Rupert, Serbs Escalate Cross-Border Attacks Into Albania, Washington Post, May 1, 1999, at A12. xvii. Serbian Radio Says Many Civilian Casualties in Kosovo Air Strike, BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, April 1, 1999. Source: Serbian Radio, Belgrade, in Serbo-Croat 1300 GMT 30 Mar 99. xviii. Yugoslav News Agency Says NATO Missiles Shot Down, Repeats Cluster Bomb Charge, BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, April 2, 1999. Source: Tanjug news agency, Belgrade, in English 0923 GMT 31 Mar 99. xix. NATO Air Strike Kills Two Albanians, Injures Six: Tanjug, Agence France Presse, April 2, 1999. xx. Explosion in the Kosovo Capital Pristina, Agence France Presse, April 2, 1999. This may or may not be the same attack referred to in another report of a cluster bomb attack on an unspecified civilian target in an attack northwest of Pristina on April 2. Paul Watson, Dispatch from Kosovo: Break in Clouds Can Give Allies Clear View of Targets, Los Angeles Times, April 3, 1999, at A9. xxi. NATO Using Forbidden Bombs, Yugoslav Army Says, Agence France Presse, April 03, 1999. xxii. NATO Denies Yugoslav Army Claim it Is Using Cluster Bombs, Agence France Presse, April 03, 1999. xxiii. Morale High Despite Pilots Exhaustion, Birmingham Post, April 5, 1999, at 9. xxiv. Mark Matthews, U.S. Sends Attack Helicopter, Baltimore Sun, April 5, 1999, at 1A.

xxv. Yugoslav Agency Says NATO Drops Bombs near Kosovo Primary School, BBC Monitoring EuropePolitical, April 7, 1999. Source: Tanjug news agency, Belgrade, in Serbo-Croat 1739 GMT 6 Apr 99. xxvi. Patrick McGowan, Harrier Bombs Destroy Ethnic Cleansing Units, London Daily Telegraph, April 6, 1999, at 5. xxvii. Tim Butcher, Conflict in the Balkans: Harriers Go in with Cluster Bomb Raids: Civilians Are Killed as Allies Raise Stakes, Daily Telegraph, April 7, 1999, at 2. xxviii. Bob Deans, Refugees in Path of Attack? Atlanta Constitution & Journal, April 8, 1999, at A1. xxix. Bob Deans, NATO Spurns Cease-fire, Keeps Bombing Yugoslavia, Atlanta Journal, April 7, 1999, at 1A. xxx. Adrian Shaw & Jeremy Armstrong, London Mirror, April 8, 1999, at 4; William Drozdiak, NATO Chief Fears More Exploitation of Kosovo Albanians, Washington Post, April 9, 1999, at A32. xxxi. London Guardian, April 9, 1999, at 2. xxxii. 10 Killed in Pristina, Irish Times, April 8, 1999, at 13. xxxiii. Caroline Davies, Conflict in the Balkans: Harrier Pilots Beat Fatigue in Rolling Attacks, London Daily Telegraph, April 9, 1999, at 12. xxxiv. Nikolai Novichkov, NATO Is Testing its Latest Weapons in Yugoslavia, ITAR-TASS News Agency, April 8, 1999. xxxv. Ian Bruce, Stock of Air-launched Cruise Missiles Dwindles, Glasgow Herald, April 9, 1999. xxxvi. Yugoslav Agency Gives Details of NATO Attack on Pristina, BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, April 13, 1999. Source: Tanjug news agency, Belgrade, in English 1220 GMT 11 Apr 99. xxxvii. George Jahn, Passenger Train Hit: Yugoslavia Seeks Alliance With Russia, Chattanooga Times and Free Press, April 13, 1999, at A1. xxxviii. Steven Erlanger, NATO Bombs Slam Passenger Train, Seattle Post-Intelligencer, April 13, 1999, at A1. xxxix. Ibid. xl. NATO Reportedly Drops Cluster Bombs on Kosovo Town, BBC Worldwide Monitoring, April 13, 1999. Source: Pristina Media Centar web site in English 1145 GMT 13 Apr 99. xli. Paul Watson, Cluster Bombs May Be What Killed Refugees, Los Angeles Times, April 17, 1999, at A1; see also Bernard Shaw & Jim Bitterman, Strike Against Yugoslavia: Clinton Calls Refugee Deaths Regrettable, CNN Broadcast, April 15, 1999. xlii. Joie Chen & Jamie McIntyre, As Serb Force Grows, Limits of Air Attacks Become Apparent, CNN The World Today Broadcast, April 19, 1999; see also, Sarah Chayes, General Daniel Leaf Explains the Refugee Bombings, NPR All Things Considered Broadcast, April 19, 1999. xliii. NATO Reported to Have Dropped Over 10 Cluster Bombs on Southwest Kosovo, BBC Summary of World Broadcasts. Source: Tanjug news agency, Belgrade, in Serbo-Croat 0959 GMT 15 Apr 99. xliv. RAFs Harrier Pilots Set Aside Feelings, Glasgow Herald, April 16, 1999, at 15.

xlv. Bob Deans, Ground Troops One of Three Options, Dayton Daily News, April 17, 1999, at A6. xlvi. Tamara Zamyatina & Nikolay Kalintsev, NATO Planes Continue to Bomb Civilian Facilities, ITAR-TASS News Agency, April 20, 1999 and Veselin Toshkov, Balkans Conflict: Raging Fires Bring Early Dawn as Yugoslavs Take a Pounding, Birmingham Post, April 19, 1999, at 9. xlvii. Steven Thomma & Barry Shlachter, Refugees Forced to Dig Graves, The News and Observer (Raleigh, NC) April 19, 1999. xlviii. NATO Bombs Airport in Southern Kosovo, Agence France Presse, April 19, 1999. xlix. NATO Accused of Dropping Cluster Bombs on Kosovo, BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, April 22, 1999. Source: Pristina Media Centar web site April 20, 1999. l. See, e.g., Fred Kaplan, In Budget, Move to Dumb Bombs, Boston Globe, April 20, 1999, at A17. li. Harriers Use Cluster Bombs on Enemy HQ, Birmingham Post, April 23, 1999, at 8. lii. War BriefingDays 31 & 32, Irish Times, April 26, 1999, at 12. liii. Paul Watson & Elizabeth Shogren, Serb-run Hospitals Hold Fate of Infants Left Behind, Los Angeles Times, at A1 and Paul Watson, Unexploded Weapons Pose Deadly Threat on Ground: Cluster Bombs Turn Parts of Province into a No Mans Land. Number of Amputations in Capital Skyrockets, Los Angeles Times, April 28, 1999, at A1. (hereinafter Watson, Unexploded Weapons) and Aleksandar Mitic, NATO Cluster Bombs Take Their Toll in Kosovo, Agence France Press, April 28, 1999 (hereinafter Mitic, NATO Cluster Bombs Take Their Toll); see also Pristina Media Centar web site, April 24, 1999 (www.mediacentar.org/vesti/april99/apr2499_e.htm). liv. Watson, Unexploded Weapons; see also Mitic, NATO cluster bombs take their toll. lv. Watson, Unexploded Weapons. lvi. War in the Balkans Timetable, London Independent, April 28, 1999, at 4. lvii. Leon Harris, The British Defense Ministry Delivers Daily Briefing on Operation Allied Force, CNN Broadcast, April 28, 1999. lviii. Yugoslav agency says Kosovo bridge damaged in NATO attack, BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, April 29, 1999, Source: Tanjug news agency, Belgrade, 27 Apr 99. lix. Leon Harris, Cook: I Challenge President Milosevic: Allow the Truth To Be Heard, CNN Broadcast, April 29, 1999, 6:30 am. lx. Carol Lin & John Defterios, British Ministry of Defense Delivers its Daily Briefing on Operation Allied Force, CNN Broadcast, April 30, 1999. lxi. Caroline Davies, Conflict in the Balkans: Civilian Dies as Strategic Airport Is Destroyed Montenegro, London Daily Telegraph, April 30, 1999, Friday, at 16. lxii. Leon Harris, Yugoslav Cease-Fire Cannot Simply Wipe the Slate Clean and Take us Back to the Status Quo Ante, CNN Live Event/Special, April 7, 1999. See April 6 attack on Aleksinac described above. lxiii. Defense Department Briefing, Federal News Services, April 14, 1999. lxiv. Carol Lin & John Defterios, British Ministry of Defense Delivers its Daily Briefing on Operation Allied
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Force, CNN Broadcast, April 30, 1999. lxv. Robert Fox, Refugees Wander in Wasteland Littered with Corpses and Bombs, Scotland on Sunday, May 2, 1999, at 7. lxvi. Rae McGrath, Kosovo: A Wasteland Called Peace. lxvii. Bryan Bender, New Anti-armour Weapon Should Debut over Serbia, Janes Defence Weekly, April 7, 1999. lxviii. Patrick McGowan, Harrier Bombs Destroy Ethnic Cleansing Units, London Daily Telegraph, April 6, 1999, at 5. lxix. Nick Cook, NATO Battles Against the Elements, Janes Defence Weekly, April 21, 1999.

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