Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A generator is a device that converts mechanical energy (motion) into electrical energy (current voltage).
Basic Generator
The basic generator consists of a loop of wire wound on an armature drum residing within a magnetic field (B) produced by a permanent magnet. Each end of the loop is connected to a slip ring which conducts electricity. Attached to each slip ring are electrical contactors called brushes.
See figures on page 103.
Working of a Generator
As the loop (armature) turns, both ends of the loop start to rotate a circular path. At 0 degrees the loop v is parallel to B and I = 0 At 90 degrees, loop v is perpendicular to B and I reaches its maximum value. At 180 degrees, loop v is parallel to B and I = 0 At 270 degrees, loop v is perpendicular to B and I reaches its minimum value. At 360 degrees, loop is parallel to B and I = 0 At any other angle I = K v B (sin angle v,B)
Single-Phase Generator
A generators with a single source or AC voltage is called a Single-Phase generator.
Two-Phase Generator
Two-Phase Generator is a generator built with two loops at 90 degrees as shown in Figure on page 108.
10
Three-Phase Generator
Three-Phase Generator is a generator built with three loops at 60 degrees as shown in figure on page 109.
See figure on page 109
11
Website
12
13
Magnetism
A permanent magnet has two poles, N and S, and has an electromagnetic field (B), with flux lines traveling from N to S external to the magnet.
14
15
16
Electromagnets
Electromagnets are built with a conductor formed into a coil around an iron core.
17
18
Operation of a DC Motor
When voltage is applied to the loop of wire a current flows, and a magnetic field is created that will interact with the field of the magnet. Repulsion and attraction of the fields will cause the loop to turn. The loop moves away from the strong field toward the weak field. The direction of the rotation can be determined by the right-hand rule.
19
20
Types of DC Motors
DC motors have two types of windings: 1. Field windings (Electromagnets) 2. Armature winding (Loop) Depending on how these windings are connected to the voltage supply, motors are classified in to three types
21
Series DC Motor
Field and armature windings in series. Use left-hand rule to find N and S of magnets. Use right-hand rule to find if motor is turning CW or CCW.
See figure on top of page 114
22
23
24
Shunt DC Motor
Field windings and armature windings are connected in parallel. Use the left-hand rule to draw the electromagnetic fields, and right-hand rule to show that the motor turns CW.
25
26
Reversing a DC Motor
Will the rotation of the motor change if we switch the connections at the voltage source? NO! Because if reverse the polarity, the current will flow in opposite directions in both armature and field windings. Verify this by inspection in the figure of page 115 (shown below). Remember to use the left-hand rule for the fields and the right-hand rule for the motor motion.
See figure on middle of page 115
27
Using left-hand rule for the field and right-hand rule for the rotation, verify that the motor below turns CCW.
28
29
30
REVIEW
Speed of a DC motor depends on ILOOP ILOOP is proportional to emfTotal cemf is directly proportional to motor speed
SPEED REGULATION
If load increases, then motor speed decreases, cemf decreases, emfTotal increases , & ILOOP increases Since ILOOP increases, motor generates more Force
Loop turns faster compensating for any reduction in speed due to mechanical load
31
1 hp = 746 Watts - For residential uses motors < 1 hp - Motors < 1hp are called Fractional Horsepower Motors
* For large industrial applications motors with multiple horsepower ratings are used
32