UNIVERSITI PENDIDIKAN SULTAN IDRIS

TKU 3032: ICT IN CHEMISTRY

ASSIGNMENT: SIMULATION
“CHEMICAL REACTIONS: TEMPERATURE”

PREPARED BY:
1. NOR RAFIAH BINTI HUSSIN (D20081032374)
2. NORLELA BINTI MOHAMMAD (D20081032375)

LECTURER’S NAME:
MADAM ASMAYATI BINTI YAHAYA

CLASS: THURSDAY (1.00P.M UNTIL 4.00P.M)

 CHEMICAL KINETICS
Reaction Rates

Chemical kinetics is the study of the speed with which a chemical reaction occurs and the
factors that affect this speed. This information is especially useful for determining how a
reaction occurs. What is meant by the speed of a reaction? The speed of a reaction is the
rate at which the concentrations of reactants and products change. Consider the following
hypothetical example. The letters A, B, and C represent chemical species (in this context,
the letters do not represent elements). Suppose the following imaginary reaction occurs:

A+2B → 3C

Factor that affect the rate of reaction:

Temperature: Usually conducting a reaction at a higher temperature delivers more

energy into the system and increases the reaction rate by causing more collisions between
particles, as explained by collision theory. However, the main reason that temperature
increases the rate of reaction is that more of the colliding particles will have the necessary
activation energy resulting in more successful collisions (when bonds are formed
between reactants). Usually, an increase in temperature is accompanied by an increase in
the reaction rate. Temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of a system, so higher
temperature implies higher average kinetic energy of molecules and more collisions per
unit time. A general rule of thumb for most (not all) chemical reactions is that the rate at
which the reaction proceeds will approximately double for each 10°C increase in
temperature. Once the temperature reaches a certain point, some of the chemical species
may be altered (e.g., denaturing of proteins) and the chemical reaction will slow or stop.
 ENGAGE
You are given the pictures as shown below:

1. What do you observe from the picture?

2. How does the burning develop?

3. How the temperature effect the rate of the reactions?

 EMPOWER

STEPS

1.Collisions between molecules will be more violent at higher temperatures.

2. The higher temperatures mean higher velocities. This means there will be less time
between collisions.

3. The frequency of collisions will increase. The increased number of collisions and the
greater violence of collisions results in more effective collisions.

4. The rate for the reaction increases. Reaction rates are roughly doubled when the
temperature increases by 10 degrees Kelvin. This means the rate can be quadrupled if the
temperature is raised by 20 degrees Kelvin.

5. By increasing the temperature, it will increase the rate of the reactions and by lowering
the temperature, it will decrease the rate of the temperature.

6. Log on the web side and observe the animation to answer the question.
Questions:

1. If the temperature of a chemical reaction time does what?

2. Is temperature change a good indicator of a chemical reaction and why?

3. Can the temperature change during a chemical reaction?

Answers

1. It depends if the reaction is endothermic (requires heat/energy) or is exothermic

(requires no heat/energy and produces heat/energy). In general, most reactions are
endothermic and require some amount of energy to 'go' and hence, an increase in
temperature will increase the rate of reaction. However, in exothermic reactions,
introducing heat can halt the reaction as well as reverse it, if said reaction is
reversible.

2. Yes. It takes energy to form new chemical bonds. When a reaction involves
breaking bonds than bond making, energy required is often absorbed from the
surroundings, making them cooler. (endothermic) When a reaction involve bond-
making than bond-breaking, the excess energy is released (in form of heat),
making the surroundings hotter (exothermic). No because not all reactions have a
change in enthalpy (heat). The reactions can be either enthalpy driven or entropy
driven, meaning they can be instead drove by entropy(disorder) and also meaning
no change in temperature.

3. Yes. It can change during the chemical reaction due to the another factors that
effect the rate of the chemical reactions.
 ENHANCE

Questions

1. How a temperature effect the rate of chemical reactions?

2. How did high temperature process ultilizing fluid-wall reactors?

Answers:

1. Heat is a very commonly used catalyst that is used to speed up chemical reactions.
When more temperature, or heat, is added to a chemical reaction, then the
chemical reaction would occur much more quickly than had it just been left there
to react on its own. The velocities of the most chemical reactions increases with
the rise of temperature. The temperature affects the number and the energy of
collisions. The influence of the temperature on the number of molecule collisions
could be shown by the model.

2. A high temperature chemical reaction process in which mineral ores or inorganic

compounds are reduced to a lower valence state with hydrogen, carbon, synthesis
gas, or other reducing agent can be conducted in fluid-wall reactors by a process
which includes the steps of

(a) generating an annular envelope of an inert fluid which is substantially

transparent to radiation within a shell of a refractory material which reflects
radiation; the volume enclosed by the shell constituting a black body cavity, the
envelope having substantial axial length and the interior of the envelope defining
a reaction chamber;

(b) passing at least one reactant into the black body cavity and through the
reaction chamber along a predetermined path substantially coincident with the
longitudinal axis of the envelope, the reactants being confined within the reaction
chamber; and

(c) directing high intensity radiant energy into the reaction chamber to coincide
with at least a portion of the predetermined path of the reactants, sufficient radiant
energy being absorbed within the reaction chamber to raise the temperature of the
reactants to a level required to initiate and sustain the desired chemical reaction.