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Z
where is the angle of
(Z
r1
- Z) with respect to (Z)
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 45 -
Admittance characteristic
The characteristic is
also defined by
-90
o
< < +90
o
1
| || |cos( ) 0
F r
V I Z V >
1 1 2
| || |cos( ) 0
F r
K V I Z V K =
where is the angle
between Z and Z
r1
-Z
The characteristic can
now be defined by
Multiplying both terms
by I
F
and replacing I
F
Z
with V, we get V and
I
F
Z
r1
-V.
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
5-16
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 46 -
Electromechanical phase comparator
Induction cup
Pole
face
Pole
face
Yoke Yoke
Relay contacts
+
Spol
S
op
+
|
op
|
pol
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 47 -
Solid-state comp
When is greater than -
90
o
as well as less than
+90
o
, the coincidence
between the positive
parts of the waveforms is
for more than one quarter
of the period.
Squaringcircuit
V
Squaringcircuit
Coincidence
90
o
Trip
Integrator
Level detector
I
F
Z
r1
-V
This property of coincidence
provides a means of designing a
suitable phase comparator.
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 48 -
Zero crossings
Phase displacement can also be checked
using a squaring circuit, a zero crossing
circuit, a logic gate and a trigger circuit.
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
5-17
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 49 -
Zero crossings
Squaringcircuit
V
Trip
Integrated
I
F
Z
r1
-V
Level detector
I
F
Z
r1
-V
ZeroCrossingdetector
Output of AND gate
Squaringcircuit
Phaseshifting&
Pulsecircuits
AND
Trigger circuit
V
I
F
Z
r1
-V
Trip
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 50 -
Selecting inputs
Which voltages and currents should be used
for measuring impedance?
For phase fault relays
For ground fault relays
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 51 -
Observation
The considerations so far lead to the
conclusion
positive sequence impedance of the line can
be measured by using the voltage and
current pairs listed in the next slide when
two or three phase faults are experienced
and in the slide that follows when single
phase to ground faults are experienced
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
5-18
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 52 -
Observation
Faulted Phases Voltage Current
A and B V
A
- V
B
I
A
- I
B
B and C V
B
V
C
I
B
I
C
C and A V
C
- V
A
I
C
- I
A
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 53 -
Observation
Faulted Phase Voltage Current
A V
A
I
A
+ 3kI
0
B V
B
I
B
+ 3kI
0
C V
C
I
C
+ 3kI
0
1L
1L 0L
3Z
Z Z
= k
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 54 -
R
jX
Near terminal
of the line
Remote terminal
of the line
Re
I
V
A
I
CB
Z
S
F
Application
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
5-19
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 55 -
Line vs. relay impedance
pb
pr
vt
V
V
N
=
pl
pr
ct
I
I
N
=
pr pb ct
pr pl vt
V V N
I I N
=
ct
sr bF
vt
N
Z Z
N
=
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 56 -
Power flow
R3 R2 R1
I
A
A B
I
A
CB1 CB2 CB3
Z
S
Z
R
E
A
I
B
E
B
I
A
E
A
I
B
E
B
I
B
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 57 -
A
CB
Z
S
CB
CB
Line 3
Line 2
Line 1
R
e
Line-side Faults
F
1
I
1
I
1
V
I
2
I
3
I
S
V
I
1
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
5-20
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 58 -
Bus-side Faults
A
CB
Z
S
CB
CB
Line 3
Line 2
Line 1
R
e
F
1
I
2
I
S
I
3
I
1
I
2
V
V
I
1
V
I
1
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 59 -
Directionality
o
nZ
1L
Bus B
Bus X
Bus A
R
jX Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 60 -
Directionality
o
nZ
1L
Bus B
Bus X
R
jX
Bus A
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
5-21
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 61 -
Zone 1 setting
R
2
R
1
A B
I
2
I
1
CB 2 CB 1
R
jX
Relay at Bus A
n Z
L
Restrain
O
p
e
r
a
t
e Admittance Relay
Characteristic
MSL Z
1
o
Bus B
(a)
R
jX
Relay at Bus B
n Z
L
Restrain
O
p
e
r
a
t
e
Admittance Relay
Characteristic
MSL
Z
1
o
Bus A
(b)
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 62 -
Zone 1 setting
R
2
jX
2
Relay 2
Maximum
sensitivity
line
o
R
1
jX
1
Relay 1
Restrain
Both Relays Operate
Maximum
sensitivity
line o
Relay 1
Operates
Relay 2
Operates
Restrain
Restrain
Restrain
Line impedance locus
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 63 -
Zone 2 setting
R
1
A
CB 1
R
2
B
CB 2
R
6
C
CB 6
R
3
CB 3
R
4
R
5
CB 4
CB 5
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
5-22
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 64 -
Zone 2 setting
R
1
A
CB 1
R2
CB 2
R6
C
CB 6
R3
CB 3
B
T
IM
E
Zone-1 R
1
Zone-2 R
1
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 65 -
Zone 2 setting
R
1
A
CB 1
R2
CB 2
R6
C
CB 6
R3
CB 3
B
Zone-1 R
3
Zone-2 R
3
T
IM
E
Zone-1 R
1
Zone-2 R
1
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 66 -
Zone 3 setting
R
1
A
CB 1
R
2
B
CB 2
R
3
CB 3
R
4
C
CB 4
R
5
CB 5
T
IM
E
Zone-1 R1
Zone-2 R
1
Zone-1 R
3
Zone-2 R
3
Zone-3 R1
Z
o
n
e
-
3
R
3
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
5-23
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 67 -
Zone 3 Setting
R
1
jX
1
Bus A
Restrain
o
jX
3
o
Bus B
R
3
Z
o
n
e
-
1
Z
o
n
e
-
2
Bus C
Zone-1
Zone-2
Zone-3
Z
o
n
e
-
3
Bus D
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 68 -
Zone 1-3 settings
R
4
C
CB 4
R
2
B
CB 2
R
3
CB 3
R
0
A
CB 0
R
1
CB 1
T
IM
E
Zone-1 R
4
Zone-2 R
4
Zone-1 R
2
Zone-2 R
2
Zone-3 R4
Z
o
n
e
-
3
R
2
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 69 -
Zone 1-3 Settings
R
2
jX
2
Bus B
jX
4
o
R
4
Bus C
Z
o
n
e
-
1Z
o
n
e
-
2
Z
o
n
e
-
3
Bus A
o
Zone-1
Zone-2
Zone-3
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
5-24
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 70 -
Why mho relays?
n Z
L
Restrain
Impedance Relay
Characteristic
Directional Relay
Characteristic
Offset Impedance
Relay Characteristic
R
jX
o
Relay Location
Restrain
Operate
mho Relay
Characteristic
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 71 -
Why quadrilateral relays?
Mho relay
Quadrilateral
relay
Line
o
R
jX
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 72 -
Why quadrilateral relays?
Mho relay
Quadrilateral
relay
Line
o
R
jX
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
5-25
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 73 -
Cone type dual blinder
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 74 -
Load encroachment blinder
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
L
in
e
im
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
lo
c
u
s
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 75 -
Load encroachment blinder
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
L
in
e
im
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
lo
c
u
s
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
5-26
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 76 -
Expanding relay characteristic
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 77 -
Group B distance relays
Three types of relays in Group B
Relays for detecting three phase faults
Relays for detecting two phase faults
Relays for detecting single phase to
ground faults
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 78 -
Relays for detecting two phase faults
We will consider two designs
KD relays
Sequence voltage balance relays
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
5-27
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 79 -
Relays for detecting two phase faults
KD relays
These induction cup relays which are applied two voltages
1 A B r1 A B
V (V V ) Z (I I ) =
1 1 2 2
T K V V sin( )-K =
Relay operates when V2 leads V1.
Note that V
1
is the polarizing voltage and the torque
equation is
2 B C r1 B C
V (V V ) Z (I I ) =
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 80 -
A transmission line - fault at z
RB RA
A B
I
B
I
A
CB1 CB2
Z
S
Z
r
y x z
Z
r1
A
B' C'
B
C
I
B
I
C
-I
B
Z
r1
-I
C
Z
r1
V
1
V
2
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 81 -
A transmission line - fault at y
RB RA
A B
I
B
I
A
CB1 CB2
Z
S
Z
r
y x z
Z
r1
A
B' C' B C
I
B
I
C
-I
B
Z
r1
-I
C
Z
r1
V
1
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
5-28
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 82 -
A Transmission Line - Fault at x
RB RA
A B
I
B
I
A
CB1 CB2
Z
S
Z
r
y x z
Z
r1
A
B' C'
B C
IB
IC
-IBZr1 -ICZr1
V
1
V2
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 83 -
A transmission line - fault at y
RB RA
A B
I
B
I
A
CB1 CB2
Z
S
Z
r
y x z
Z
r1
V
2R
V
1R
V
1R
-I
1
Z
r1
V
2R
-I
2
Z
r1
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 84 -
A Transmission Line - Fault at z
RB RA
A B
I
B
I
A
CB1 CB2
Z
S
Z
r
y x z
Z
r1
V
2R
V
1R
V
1R
-I
1
Z
r1
V
2R
-I
2
Z
r1
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
5-29
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 85 -
A transmission line - fault at x
RB RA
A B
I
B
I
A
CB1 CB2
Z
S
Z
r
y x z
Z
r1
V
2R
V
1R
V
1R
-I
1
Z
r1
V
2R
-I
2
Z
r1
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 86 -
Observations
One Group B relay is sufficient to detect
phase A to phase B,
phase B to phase C and
phase C to phase A faults
For this purpose
Induction cup type relay can be used
Symmetrical components amplitude comparators
can be used
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 87 -
Summary
Introduction
Types of faults, Terms often used, SIR and Line
length, Definition of distance relay
Protection systems
Without communication between terminals
Distance protection
Group A relays
Relay characteristics
Inputs to groups A relays
Group B relays
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
5-30
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 88 -
A Transmission System
R3 R2
A B
I
B
I
A
CB1 CB2
Z
S
Z
r
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 89 -
Sequence Networks
Positive Sequence Network
I
1
F
1
N
1
V
1F
Z
1L
V
1R
Z
2L
I
2
N
2
F
2
V
2F
Negative Sequence Network
V
2R
N
0
V
0F
F
0
I
0
Z
0L
Zero Sequence Network
V
0R
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 90 -
Voltages and current during a fault
The sequence voltages at the relay location are
1R 1F 1 1L
V V I Z = +
AR 1R 2R 0R
V V V V = + +
The phase voltages at the relay location are
1 120 a = Z
2R 2F 2 2L
V V I Z = +
0R 0F 0 0L
V V I Z = +
2
BR 1R 2R 0R
V V V V a a = + +
2
CR 1R 2R 0R
V V V V a a = + +
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
5-31
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 91 -
Voltages and current during a fault
and the phase currents at the relay are
AR 1 2 0
I I I I = + +
2
BR 1 2 0
I I I I a a = + +
2
CR 1 2 0
I I I I a a = + +
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 92 -
Voltages and current during a fault
The line voltages at the relay location are
2
AR BR 1R 2R 0R 1R 2R 0R
V V (V V V ) ( V V V ) a a = + + + +
2
1R 2R
(1 )V (1 )V a a = +
2
1F 1 1L 2F 2 2L
(1 )(V I Z ) (1 )(V I Z ) a a = + + +
2 2
BR CR 1F 1 1L 2F 2 2L
V V ( )(V I Z ) ( )(V I Z ) a a a a = + + +
2
CR AR 1F 1 1L 2F 2 2L
V V ( 1)(V I Z ) ( 1)(V I Z ) a a = + + +
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 93 -
Voltages and current during a fault
Similarly, the differences of phase currents
are
2
AR BR 1 2 0 1 2 0
I I (I I I ) ( I I I ) a a = + + + +
2
1 2
(1 )I (1 )I a a = +
2 2
BR CR 1 2
I I ( )I ( )I a a a a = +
2
CR AR 1 2
I I ( 1)I ( 1)I a a = +
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
5-32
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 94 -
Three phase fault
2
AR BR 1 1L
V V (1 )I Z a =
PositiveSequenceNetwork
F
1
N
1
V
1R
Z
1L
V
1F
I
1
2
BR CR 1 1L
V V ( )I Z a a =
CR AR 1 1L
V V ( 1)I Z a =
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 95 -
Three phase fault
AR 1
I I =
2
AR BR 1R
I I (1 )I a =
2
BR 1
I I a =
CR 1
I I a =
2
BR CR 1R
I I ( )I a a =
CR AR 1R
I I ( 1)I a =
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 96 -
Three phase fault
The ratios of line voltages and differences of phase
currents are
2
AR BR 1 1L
2
AR BR 1
V V (1 a )I Z
I I (1 a )I
=
1L
Z =
2
BR CR 1 1L
2
BR CR 1
V V ( )I Z
I I ( )I
a a
a a
=
CR AR
1L
CR AR
V V
Z
I I
1L
Z =
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
5-33
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 97 -
Two phase fault (phase B - phase C)
) Z I V )( ( ) Z I V )( ( V V
2L 2 2F
2
1L 1 1F
2
CR BR
+ + + = a a a a
PositiveSequenceNetwork
I
1
F
1
N
1
V
1R
Z
1L
V
1F
I
2
N
2
F
2
V
2F
NegativeSequenceNetwork
V
2R
Z
2L
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 98 -
Two phase fault (phase B - phase C)
Since V
1F
=V
2F
, this voltage is
2 2
BR CR 1F 1 1L 2F 2 2L
V V ( )(V I Z ) ( )(V I Z ) a a a a = + + +
{ }
2
BR CR 1 2 1L
V V ( )(I I ) Z a a =
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 99 -
Two phase fault (phase B - phase C)
The phase current and the difference of the phase
currents are given by
2
BR 1 2
I ( I I ) a a = +
2 2
BR CR 1 2 1 2
I I ( I I ) ( I I ) a a a a = + +
2 2
1 2
( )I ( )I a a a a = +
2
1 2
( )(I I ) a a =
2
CR 1 2
I ( I I ) a a = +
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
5-34
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 100 -
Two phase fault (phase B - phase C)
The ratio of the line voltage and differences of phase
currents is
2
BR CR 1 2 1L
2
BR CR 1 2
V V ( )(I I )Z
I I ( )(I I )
a a
a a
=
1L
Z =
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 101 -
Phase B - C ground fault
) Z I V )( ( ) Z I V )( ( V V
2L 2 2F
2
1L 1 1F
2
CR BR
+ + + = a a a a
N
0
V
0F
F
0
I
0
Z
0L
ZeroSequenceNetwork
Z
2L
I
2
N
2
F
2
V
2F
NegativeSequenceNetwork PositiveSequenceNetwork
I
1
F
1
N
1
V
1F
Z
1L
2
1 2 1L
( )(I I )Z a a = +
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 102 -
Phase B - C ground fault
The phase current and the difference of the phase
currents are given by
2
BR 1 2 0
I ( I I I ) a a = + +
2 2
BR CR 1 2 0 1 2 0
I I ( I I I ) ( I I I ) a a a a = + + + +
2 2
1 2
( )I ( )I a a a a = +
2
1 2
( )(I I ) a a =
2
CR 1 2 0
I ( I I I ) a a = + +
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
5-35
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 103 -
Phase B - C ground fault
2
BR CR 1 2 1L
2
BR CR 1 2
V V ( )(I I )Z
I I ( )(I I )
a a
a a
=
and the ratio of the line voltage and differences of
phase currents is
1L
Z =
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 104 -
Phase A ground fault
The line voltage V
AR
in terms of the sequence voltages
at the fault and the sequence currents is
) Z I V ( ) Z I V ( ) Z I V ( V
0L 0 0F 2L 2 2F 1L 1 1F AR
+ + + + + =
N
0
V
0F
F
0
I
0
Z
0L
ZeroSequenceNetwork
Z
2L
I
2
N
2
F
2
V
2F
NegativeSequenceNetwork PositiveSequenceNetwork
I
1
F
1
N
1
V
1F
Z
1L
V
2R
V
0R V
1R
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 105 -
Phase A ground fault
Since V
1F
+ V
2F
+V
0F
= 0, this voltage is
AR 1F 1 1L 2F 2 2L 0F 0 0L
V (V I Z ) (V I Z ) (V I Z ) = + + + + +
0 2 1 AR
I I I I + + =
The phase A current is given by
1 2 1L 0 0L
(I I )Z I Z = + +
1 2 0 1L 0 0L 1L
(I I I )Z I (Z Z ) = + + +
0L 1L
1 2 0 0 1L
1L
Z Z
(I I I ) 3I ( ) Z
3Z
= + + +
`
)
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
5-36
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 106 -
Phase A ground fault
Z
1L
can be measured by using the phase A
current plus a compensated zero sequence
current and the phase A voltage. The
compensated current is given by
0L 1L
COMP AR 0
1L
Z Z
I I 3I ( )
3Z
= +
Outline
Introduction
Electrical inputs
Classifications
Group A relays
Application
Group B relays
Summary
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
6-1
Power System Protection
Transmission Line Protection
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S. Sachdev
Ph.D., D.Sc., Life Fellow IEEE, Life Fellow IEI, Fellow EIC
University of Saskatchewan
Saskatoon, SK
CANADA
DISTANCE
RELAYS
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 2-
Outline of the course
Development of the previous century
Background information
Protection of transformers
Protection of transmission lines
Protection of generators
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 3-
Outline this topic
Introduction
Protection systems
Without communication between terminals
Distance protection
Pilot protection
With communication between terminals
Phase comparison
Differential protection
Directional comparison
Outline Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
6-2
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 4-
Outline this session
Protection systems
Without communication between terminals
Distance protection (continued)
Relay performance
Close-in faults; memory action and
polarization
Pilot protection
With communication between terminals
Differential protection
Phase comparison
Directional comparison
Outline Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 5-
Relay performance
Arc resistance
Impact of current fed from the remote terminal
Performance of phase-fault relays for a
Phase B-C fault
Phase A-G fault
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 6-
Performance of phase fault relays
Consider a line with sources at both
terminals
R3 R2
A B
I
B
I
A
CB1 CB2
Z
S
Z
r
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
6-3
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 7-
V
R
1
A
I
1sA
CB
1
Z
S1
R
2
B
I
1sBF
CB
2
Z
S2
I
1sA
F1
R
F
I1sA
F
1
N
1
V1sB
Z1sAF
R1
Positive Sequence Network
I1sF
V1sA
I1sB
RF
Z
1sBF
Performance of phase fault relays
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 8-
Three phase fault
The positive sequence voltages at the relay
location are
1 1 1 1 R R L F F
V I Z I R = +
The phase voltages at the relay location are
1 1 1 AR R L F F
V I Z I R = +
1 120 a = Z
2 2
1 1 1 BR R L F F
V a I Z a I R = +
1 1 1 CR R L F F
V aI Z aI R = +
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 9-
Three phase fault
The line voltages at the relay location are
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 1
1 1
AR BR R L F F
V V a I Z a I R = +
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 1 BR CR R L F F
V V a a I Z a a I R = +
( ) ( )
1 1 1
1 1
CR AR R L F F
V V a I Z a I R = +
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
6-4
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 10 -
Sequence current during a fault
The sequence currents at the relay location
are
( )
2
1
1
AR BR R
I I a I =
2
1
( )
BR CR R
I I a a I =
1
( 1)
CR AR R
I I a I =
2
1 1 1
; ;
AR R BR R CR R
I I I a I I aI = = =
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 11-
Estimated impedance
Recollect
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 1
1 1
AR BR R L F F
V V a I Z a I R = +
( )
2
1
1
AR BR R
I I a I =
Phase A-B relay estimates
1
1
1
AR BR F
L F
AR BR R
V V I
Z R
I I I
= +
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 12 -
Estimated impedance
Similarly the other phase relays estimates
1
1
1
BR CR F
L F
BR CR R
V V I
Z R
I I I
= +
1
1
1
CR AR F
L F
CR AR R
V V I
Z R
I I I
= +
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
6-5
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 13 -
Impact Of Arc Resistance
I
1sA
Z
1sAF
I
1sF
R
F
Z
1sAF +Z
F
I
1sA
R
jX
I
1sB
I
1sF
R
jX
I
1sA
I
1sB
I
1sF
I
1sB
Z
1sBF
I
1sF
R
F
Z
1sBF
+Z
F
F1
R
1
A
I
1sA
CB 1
Z
S1
R
2
B
I
1sB
CB 2
Z
S2
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 14 -
Line Impedance Locus
Re
Im
Line Impedance Locus
including arc resistance
Pre-fault power flowfromthe remote
terminal to the local terminal
Re
Im
Line Impedance Locus
including arc resistance
Pre-fault power flowfromthe local
terminal to the remote terminal
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 15 -
Two phase fault (phase B-C)
2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
( )( ) ( )( )
BR CR F R L F R L
V V a a V I Z a a V I Z = + + +
Positive Sequence Network
I
1
F
1
N
1
V
1R
Z
1L
V
1F
I
2
N
2
F
2
V
2F
Negative Sequence Network
V
2R
Z
2L
R
F
/2 R
F
/2 I
1F
I
2F
( )
1 2 1 2
2
F
F F F F
R
V V I I = +
( )( )
2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2
( ) ( )( )
2
F
BR CR R L R L F F
R
V V a a I Z a a I Z a a I I = + +
1 1 2 2
2 2
F F
F F F F
R R
V I V I =
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
6-6
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 16 -
Two phase fault (phase B-C)
( )( )
2 2 2
1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2
( ) ( )
2
F
R R L R R L F F
R
a I aI Z aI a I Z a a I I = + + +
( )
1
( )
2
F
BR CR L BF CF
R
I I Z I I = +
( )
1
( ) ( ) 2
BF CF BR CR F
L
BR CR BR CR
I I V V R
Z
I I I I
= +
( )( )
2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2
( ) ( )( )
2
F
BR CR R L R L F F
R
V V a a I Z a a I Z a a I I = + +
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
1 2
1 2 2
1 2
2
F F
F
L
R R
a a I a a I
R
Z
a a I a a I
+
= +
+
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 17 -
Two phase fault (phase B-C)
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
1 2
1 2 2
1 2
( ) 2
F F
BR CR F
L
BR CR R R
a a I a a I
V V R
Z
I I a a I a a I
+
= +
+
1 2 1 2
;
F F R R
I I I I =
( )
( )
2
2
1 2
2
2
( ) 2 2
F
BR CR F
L
BR CR R
a a I
V V R
Z
I I a a I
= +
2
1
2
( ) 2
BR CR F F
L
BR CR R
V V I R
Z
I I I
= +
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 18 -
Two phase fault (phase B-C)
( )( ) ( )( )
2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1
AR BR F R L F R L
V V a V I Z a V I Z = + + +
The line voltage (phase A-B) is
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
2
1 1 2 1
2
1 2
1 1
1 1
AR BR R L R L
F F
V V a I Z a I Z
V a V a
= +
+ +
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
1 2 1
2
1 2
1 1
1 1
AR BR R R L
F F
V V a I a I Z
V a V a
( = +
+ +
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
6-7
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 19 -
Two phase fault (phase B-C)
( ) ( )
2
1 2
1 1
AR BR R R
I I a I a I = +
The difference of line currents in phases A and B is
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
1 2
1 2
1 2
2
1 2
2
1 2
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
R R
AR BR
L
AR BR R R
F F
R R
a I a I
V V
Z
I I a I a I
V a V a
a I a I
( +
=
+
+
+
+
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 1
1 1
F F
L
R R
V a V a
Z
a I a I
+
= +
+
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 20 -
Two phase fault (phase B-C)
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
1 2
1 2
3 1
1 1
F F F
AR BR
L
AR BR R R
V a I R
V V
Z
I I a I a I
= +
+
1 2 2 F F F F
V V I R =
1 2 R R
I I
( )
( )
2
2 2
1 2
2
3 1
F R F
L
R
V a I R
Z
a a I
= +
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 21 -
Two phase fault (phase B-C)
( )
( )
2
2 2
1 2
2
3 1
F F F
AR BR
L
AR BR R
V a I R
V V
Z
I I a a I
= +
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2 2 2
1 2 2
2 2
1 3 F F R L S AR BR
L
AR BR R R
a I R I Z Z V V
Z
I I a a I a a I
+
= +
( )
2 2 2 2 F R L s
V I Z Z = +
( )
2
1 2 2
2
3
AR BR F
L L S F
AR BR R
V V I
Z j Z Z a R
I I I
= +
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
6-8
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 22 -
Two phase fault (phase B-C)
( ) ( ) ( )( )
2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1
CR AR F R L F R L
V V a V I Z a V I Z = + + +
The line voltage (phase C-A) is
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
2
1 1 2 1
2
1 2
1 1
1 1
CR AR R L R L
F F
V V a I Z a I Z
V a V a
= +
+ +
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
1 2 1
2
1 2
1 1
1 1
CR AR R R L
F F
V V a I a I Z
V a V a
( = +
+ +
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 23 -
Two phase fault (phase B-C)
( ) ( )
2
1 2
1 1
CR AR R R
I I a I a I = +
The difference of line currents in phases C and A is
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 1
1 1
F F
L
R R
V a V a
Z
a I a I
+
= +
+
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
1 2
1 2
1 2
2
1 2
2
1 2
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
R R
CR AR
L
CR AR R R
F F
R R
a I a I
V V
Z
I I a I a I
V a V a
a I a I
( +
=
+
+
+
+
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 24 -
Two phase fault (phase B-C)
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
1 2
1 2
3 1
1 1
F F F CR AR
L
CR AR R R
V a I R V V
Z
I I a I a I
= +
+
1 2 2 F F F F
V V I R =
1 2 R R
I I
( )
( )
2 2
1 2
2
3 1
F F F
L
R
V a I R
Z
a a I
= +
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
6-9
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 25 -
Two phase fault (phase B-C)
( )
( )
2 2
1 2
2
3 1
F F F CR AR
L
CR AR R
V a I R V V
Z
I I a a I
= +
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2 2 2
1 2 2
2 2
3 1
R L S F F CR AR
L
CR AR R R
I Z Z a I R V V
Z
I I a a I a a I
+
= +
( )
2 2 2 2 F R L s
V I Z Z = +
( )
2 2
1 2 2
2
3
CR AR F
L L S F
CR AR R
V V I
Z j Z Z a R
I I I
= + +
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 26 -
Three two-phase faults
( )
2 2
1 2 2
2
3
CR AR F
L L S F
CR AR R
V V I
Z j Z Z a R
I I I
= + +
( )
2
1 2 2
2
3
AR BR F
L L S F
AR BR R
V V I
Z j Z Z a R
I I I
= +
2
1
2
( ) 2
BR CR F F
L
BR CR R
V V I R
Z
I I I
= +
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 27 -
Impedance diagram
1L
Z
BC
Z
CA
Z
AB
Z
( ) 1 2
3
L S
j Z Z +
( ) 1 2
3
L S
j Z Z +
2
2
2
F F
R
I R
I
2 2
2
F
F
R
I
a R
I
2
2
2
F F
R
I R
a
I
60
o
60
o
R
j X
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
6-10
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 28 -
Range of measurements
Z
ab
j X
Z
ca
Z
bc
Mho Relay
R
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 29 -
Phase A ground fault
The line voltage V
AR
in terms of the
sequence voltages and currents is
AR 1F 1R 1L 2F 2R 2L 0F 0R 0L
V (V I Z ) (V I Z ) (V I Z ) = + + + + +
PositiveSequenceNetwork
N
0
V
0F
F
0
I
0
Z
0L
ZeroSequenceNetwork
Z
2L
I
2
N
2
F
2
V
2F
NegativeSequenceNetwork
I
1
F
1
N
1
V
1F
Z
1L
V
2R
V
0R V
1R
R
F
R
F
R
F
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 30 -
Phase A ground fault
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2 2 0 0 0 AR F R L F R L F R L
V V I Z V I Z V I Z = + + + + +
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 1 1 2 2 2 0 0 0 BR F R L F R L F R L
V a V I Z a V I Z V I Z = + + + + +
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 1 1 2 2 2 0 0 0 CR F R L F R L F R L
V a V I Z a V I Z V I Z = + + + + +
( )( ) ( )( )
2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1
AR BR F R L F R L
V V a V I Z a V I Z = + + +
( )( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2 BR CR F R L F R L
V V a a V I Z a a V I Z = + + +
( )( ) ( )( )
2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1
CR AR F R L F R L
V V a V I Z a V I Z = + + +
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
6-11
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 31 -
Phase A ground fault
( )( ) ( )( )
2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1
AR BR F R L F R L
V V a V I Z a V I Z = + + +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 2 1 1 2
1 1 1 1
AR BR R L R L F F
V V a I Z a I Z a V a V = + + +
1 2 0 0
3
F F F F F
V V V I R = +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 0
2
0
1 1 1
1 3
F
AR BR R R L F F
F
V V a I a I Z a a V a V
a I R
( = + +
+
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 32 -
Phase A ground fault
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
2 2
1 2 1 2 2 2
2 2
0 0 0
1 1
1 1 3
F
AR BR R R L R L S
F S F F
V V a I a I Z a a I Z Z
a I Z a I R
( = + + +
+
( ) ( )
2
1 2
1 1
AR BR R R
I I a I a I = +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 0
2
0
1 1 1
1 3
F
AR BR R R L F F
F
V V a I a I Z a a V a V
a I R
( = + +
+
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 33 -
Phase A ground fault
( )( )( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
1 2
1 2
2
0
0 2
1 2
1 1
1 3
1 1
F
R L S
AR BR
L
AR BR R R
S F
F
R R
a a I Z Z
V V
Z
I I a I a I
a Z R
I
a I a I
= +
+
+
+
+
( )( ) ( )
( )( )
2
2 2 2
1
2
2
0
0
2
3
1 3
3
F
R L S
AR BR
L
AR BR R
S F
F
R
a a I Z Z
V V
Z
I I I
a Z R
I
I
= +
+
+
1 2 R R
I I
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
6-12
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 34 -
Phase A ground fault
( ) ( )
2
1 2 2 0
2
1 1
90 3 30
3 3
F
o o F
L L S S F
R
I
Z Z Z Z R
I
= + + Z + + Z
( )( )( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
1
2
2
0
0
2
3
1 3
3
F
R L S
AR BR
L
AR BR R
S F
F
R
a a I Z Z
V V
Z
I I I
a Z R
I
I
= +
+
+
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 35 -
Phase A ground fault
( )( ) ( )( )
2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2 BR CR F R L F R L
V V a a V I Z a a V I Z = + + +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 1 1 2 BR CR R L R L F F
V V a a I Z a a I Z a a V a a V = + + +
1 2 0 0
3
F F F F F
V V V I R = +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 0
2
0
2
3
F
BR CR R R L F F
F
V V a a I a a I Z a a V a a V
a a I R
( = +
+
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 36 -
Phase A ground fault
( ) ( ) ( )( )( )
( )( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 2 2
2 2
0 0 0
2
3
F
BR CR R R L R L S
F S F F
V V a a I a a I Z a a I Z Z
a a I Z a a I R
( = + + +
+
( ) ( )
2 2
1 2 BR CR R R
I I a a I a a I = +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 0
2
0
2
3
F
BR CR R R L F F
F
V V a a I a a I Z a a V a a V
a a I R
( = +
+
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
6-13
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 37 -
Phase A ground fault
BR CR
BR CR
V V
I I
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
1 2
1 2
2
0
0 2
1 2
2
3
F
R L S
BR CR
L
BR CR R R
S F
F
R R
a a I Z Z
V V
Z
I I a a I I
a a Z R
I
a a I I
=
+
+
1 2 R R
I I
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 38 -
Phase A ground fault
( )( ) ( )( )
2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1
CR AR F R L F R L
V V a V I Z a V I Z = + + +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 2 1 1 2
1 1 1 1
CR AR R L R L F F
V V a I Z a I Z a V a V = + + +
1 2 0 0
3
F F F F F
V V V I R = +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2
1 2 1 2 0
0
1 1 1
1 3
F
CR AR R R L F F
F
V V a I a I Z a a V a V
a I R
( = + +
+
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 39 -
Phase A ground fault
( ) ( ) ( )( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1 2 1 2 2 2
0 0 0
1 1
1 1 3
F
CR AR R R L R L S
F S F F
V V a I a I Z a a I Z Z
a I Z a I R
( = + + +
+
( ) ( )
2
1 2
1 1
CR AR R R
I I a I a I = +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2
1 2 1 2 0
0
1 1 1
1 3
F
CR AR R R L F F
F
V V a I a I Z a a V a V
a I R
( = + +
+
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
6-14
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 40 -
Phase A ground fault
( )( )( )
( )( )
2
2 2 2
1
2
0
0
2
3
1 3
3
F
R L S
CR AR
L
CR AR R
S F
F
R
a a I Z Z
V V
Z
I I I
a Z R
I
I
= +
+
+
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
1 2
1 2
0 0 0
2
1 2
1 1
1 1 3
1 1
F
R L S
CR AR
L
CR AR R R
F S F F
R R
a a I Z Z
V V
Z
I I a I a I
a I Z a I R
a I a I
= +
+
+
+
1 2 R R
I I
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 41 -
Phase A ground fault
( ) ( )
2
1 2 2 0
2
1 1
90 3 30
3 3
F
o o F
L L S S F
R
I
Z Z Z Z R
I
= + + Z + + Z
( )( )( )
( )
2
2 2 2
1
2
0
0
2
3
1 3
3
F
R L S
CR AR
L
CR AR R
S F
F
R
a a I Z Z
V V
Z
I I I
a Z R
I
I
= +
+
+
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 42 -
Impedance diagram
30
o
R
j X
30
o
1L
Z
( ) 2 2
1
3
L S
j Z Z +
2
0
2
1
30
3
o R
S F
F
I
Z
I
Z
2
2
1
30
3
o R
F
F
I
R
I
Z
AB
Z
( ) 2 2
1
3
L S
j Z Z +
2
0
2
1
30
3
o R
S F
F
I
Z
I
Z
2
2
1
30
3
o R
F
F
I
R
I
Z
CA
Z
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
6-15
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 43 -
Range of measurements
Z
CA
Z
AB
Admittance
Relay
R
j X
Outline
Performance
Close-in faults
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 44 -
Distance protection
Close-in faults
When a fault is experienced close to the location
of the relay, the voltage collapses and the
calculated impedance becomes zero. It is not
possible to tell whether the fault is on the line
side of the relay or is on the bus side of the
relay.
The mho relays and other inherently directional
relays loose their ability to distinguish bus side
faults from line side faults
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 45 -
Remedial measures
Two types of remedial measures used are
Use pre-fault voltage (memory action)
Polarize the relays with voltages from un-faulted
phase or phases
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
6-16
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 46 -
Memory action
The concept has been around for a long
time but its implementation has not always
been easy
Because numerical relays save data
concerning the voltage and current
waveforms, using memory action has
become a very viable option
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 47 -
Forms of memory actions
Some forms of memory action used in
distance relays are
Pre-fault voltage or voltages of the faulted phase
or phases
Pre-fault positive sequence voltage appropriately
phase shifted
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 48 -
Use of pre-fault phase voltages
If the voltage at the relay location is less
than (say) 10% of the nominal value
Add a fraction of the pre-fault voltage of the
faulted phase (say 10 %)
This is a valid approach because when a fault
occurs the phase angles of voltages do not
change substantially. Even if they do, the
nature of directionality is correctly determined
The location of the fault is not correctly given by
the impedance calculated in conjunction with the
memory action.
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
6-17
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 49 -
Memory polarized phase-phase relay
Operating voltage Polarizing voltage
( ) ( )
1 A B A B
V V I I Z 1A
jV
( ) ( )
1 B C B C
V V I I Z
1B
jV
( ) ( )
1 C A C A
V V I I Z
1C
jV
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 50 -
Memory polarized phase-phase relay
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
(
V
B
-
V
C
)
-
(
I
B
-
I
C
)
Z
1
(
V
B
-
V
C
)
-
(
I
B
-
I
C
)
Z
1
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 51 -
Memory polarized ground fault relay
Operating voltage Polarizing voltage
( )
0 1
3
A A
I k I Z V +
1A
V
( )
0 1
3
B B
I k I Z V +
1B
V
( )
0 1
3
C C
I k I Z V +
1C
V
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
6-18
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 52 -
Memory polarized phase fault relay
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 53 -
Cross polarized phase-phase relay
Operating voltage Polarizing voltage
( ) ( )
1 A B A B
I I Z V V
C
jV
( ) ( )
1 B C B C
I I Z V V
A
jV
( ) ( )
1 C A C A
I I Z V V
B
jV
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 54 -
Cross polarized phase-phase relay
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
6-19
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 55 -
Cross polarized phase-ground relay
Operating voltage Polarizing voltage
1 A A
I Z V ( )
B C
j V V
1 B B
I Z V ( )
C A
j V V
1 C C
I Z V ( )
A B
j V V
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 56 -
Cross polarized phase-ground relay
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 57 -
Blown VT fuse
A blown VT fuse is another cause of no
voltage to the relay
The measured impedance becomes small
Loss of polarization to the phase comparators
Will have a tendency to operate
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
6-20
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 58 -
Possible remedial measures
A few possible options
Use overcurrent relays to supervise that the
current is more than the maximum expected load
current; if not block the tripping by distance relay
Supervise the negative and zero sequence
voltages and currents; if negative and/or zero
sequence voltages are present but there are no
negative and/or zero sequence currents, block
the tripping by distance relay
Supervise auxiliary contacts of circuit breakers in
the VT circuits
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
Comments
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 59 -
Distance protection
The most popular method for protecting
transmission and subtransmission lines
Some basic issues are
Distance is measured in the form of impedances
or their components from the voltages and
currents observed at the relay location
Impedance is a single frequency parameter
Most of the time, impedances are determined
from fundamental frequency components of
voltages and currents
Comments
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 60 -
A-C wire pilot relaying
Circulating current type
Opposing voltage type
Comments
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
6-21
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 61 -
Wire pilot current balance
1 1 2 2 0 0 c
V K I K I K I = + +
Comments
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 62 -
Wire pilot voltage balance
Comments
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
A-C pilot wire
Communication
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 63 -
Types of communication systems
Short lines
Current differential
Permissive overreaching transfer trip
Phase comparison
Directional comparison blocking
Communication
Comments
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
A-C pilot wire
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
6-22
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 64 -
Types of communication systems
Medium lines
Step distance
Current differential
Permissive overreaching transfer trip
Permissive underreaching transfer trip
Phase comparison
Directional comparison blocking
Communication
Comments
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
A-C pilot wire
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 65 -
Types of communication systems
Long lines
Step distance
Permissive overreaching transfer trip
Permissive overreaching transfer trip with
unblocking on loss of channel
Permissive underreaching transfer trip
Phase comparison
Directional comparison blocking
Communication
Comments
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
A-C pilot wire
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 66 -
Communication media
Leased telephone lines
Power line carrier (PLC)
Microwave
Point-to-point radio
Fiber optic
Communication
Comments
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
A-C pilot wire
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
6-23
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 67 -
Phase comparison arrangement
Communication
Comments
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
A-C pilot wire
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 68 -
Phase comparison
Communication
Comments
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
A-C pilot wire
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 69 -
Phase comparison
Communication
Comments
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
A-C pilot wire
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
6-24
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 70 -
Differential protection
The basic principle is the same as that
discussed for transformer protection
Advantages of using differential protection
include
No voltage signal is needed (CCVT transient
response not a concern)
Possible to detect evolving faults
Possible to detect inter-circuit faults
Immune to power swings
Impedance unbalances
Communication
Comments
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
A-C pilot wire
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 71 -
Differential protection
Disadvantages and concerns include
Need to account for charging current during
normal operation and fault
Cannot compare sample values
Communicating information between terminals
Needed band width of the communication
channel
Time needed for transmitting data between
terminals
Channel delay asymmetry
Communication
Comments
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
A-C pilot wire
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 72 -
A numerical implementation
Calculate the current phasors at the line
terminals
Time tag the calculated values
Send the information to the remote terminal
Time align the phasors received from the
remote terminal with the phasors calculated
locally
Implement percentage differential approach
Communication
Comments
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
A-C pilot wire
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
6-25
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 73 -
A numerical implementation
Time alignment requires
Either the sampling of data be synchronized
Or information transmission delays be
determined and used
The ping-pong technique is often used
A test signal is sent to the remote terminal
from where it is sent right back
The one way transmission time is
assumed to be one-half the two way time
(not necessarily correct)
Communication
Comments
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
A-C pilot wire
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 74 -
Another approach
Consider the relay at terminal A; also consider that the
line is providing load to the system connected at B (I
A
and I
B
are phasors)
Neglecting the charging current, I
B
=I
A
Communication
Comments
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
A-C pilot wire
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 75 -
Another approach
Define
1 0
B
A
I
a jb
I
j
= +
= +
This is also true for external faults.
Consider the ratio for different operating conditions
Communication
Comments
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
A-C pilot wire
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
6-26
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 76 -
Internal and external faults
Communication
Comments
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
A-C pilot wire
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 77 -
Source voltages out of phase
Communication
Comments
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
A-C pilot wire
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 78 -
Channel asymmetry
Channel delay asymmetry can be up to 2
ms
This corresponds to a phase angle of up to 36
o
at 50 Hz
The apparent phase displacement between
I
A
and I
B
during internal faults with infeed
and out-feed can be in the range of 36
o
This is also valid for external faults and load
conditions
Communication
Comments
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
A-C pilot wire
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
6-27
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 79 -
Total relay design concept
Communication
Comments
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
A-C pilot wire
Phase
comparison
Differential
Summary
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 80 -
Directional comparison blocking
Oldest in operation; very versatile and
flexible especially for use in multiterminal
lines
Compares direction of power flow at the
terminals
For internal faults power flows into the line
from all terminals and tripping is permitted
Communication
Comments
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
Summary
A-C pilot wire
Phase
comparison
Differential
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 81 -
Directional comparison system
Communication
Comments
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
Summary
A-C pilot wire
Phase
comparison
Differential
Directional
comparison
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
6-28
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 82 -
Directional comparison system
Communication
Comments
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
Summary
A-C pilot wire
Phase
comparison
Differential
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 83 -
Directional comparison blocking
Uses distance relays for phase faults and
instantaneous overcurrent or directional
relays for ground faults as fault detectors
All fault detectors must reach beyond the
remote end of the line (zone 2 distance
relays are suitable)
Pilot trip is connected in parallel with the
zone 2 delay timer
Carrier is started by phase distance and
directional relays
Communication
Comments
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
Summary
A-C pilot wire
Phase
comparison
Differential
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 84 -
Directional comparison blocking
No communication signal is received at
either terminal when the fault is on the
protected line
Zone 2 distance protection relays operate at both
terminals
Circuit breakers at both terminals trip at high
speed (6 to 16 ms time delay)
Communication
Comments
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
Summary
A-C pilot wire
Phase
comparison
Differential
Directional
comparison
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
6-29
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 85 -
Directional comparison unblocking
Instead of starting transmission of a
communication signal on the occurrence of
a fault, directional comparison unblocking
transmits a blocking frequency (also called
guard) continuously during normal operation
The channel is generally a frequency-shift
(FSK) power line carrier
The channel is monitored continuously to
prevent tripping on loss of a channel
Communication
Comments
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
Summary
A-C pilot wire
Phase
comparison
Differential
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 86 -
Underreaching transfer trip
Communication
Comments
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
Summary
A-C pilot wire
Phase
comparison
Differential
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 87 -
Underreaching transfer trip
If the fault is in the zone common to both
relays, both relays trip
If the fault is in the zone of Relay R
A
, it
operates; sends a trip to the local breaker
(CB 1) and transmits a trip (in the form of an
audio tone) to the relay R
B
provided at the
remote end of the line
This trips the breaker at the terminal B of the
line (CB 2)
Communication
Comments
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
Summary
A-C pilot wire
Phase
comparison
Differential
Directional
comparison
Power System Protection - Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S Sachdev,
University of Saskatchewan
6-30
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 88 -
Permissive underreaching transfer trip
Communication
Comments
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
Summary
A-C pilot wire
Phase
comparison
Differential
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 89 -
Permissive underreaching transfer trip
Communication
Comments
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
Summary
A-C pilot wire
Phase
comparison
Differential
Directional
comparison
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 90 -
Summary
Distance protection
Relay performance
Use of memory action
Polarized distance relays
AC pilot-wire protection
Communication media
Phase comparison protection
Differential protection
Directional comparison systems
Communication
Comments
Outline
Close-in faults
Performance
Summary
A-C pilot wire
Phase
comparison
Differential
Directional
comparison
Power System Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, University of
Saskatchewan
7-1
Power System Protection
Generator Protection
Professor Emeritus Mohindar S. Sachdev
Ph.D., D.Sc., Life Fellow IEEE, Life Fellow IEI, Fellow EIC
University of Saskatchewan
Saskatoon, SK
CANADA
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 2-
Outline of the course
Development of the previous century
Background information
Protection of transformers
Protection of transmission lines
Protection of generators
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 3-
Outline this topic
Introduction
Protection systems
Stator phase fault protection
Stator ground fault protection
Field ground fault protection
Loss of field protection
Out of step protection
Current unbalance protection
Inadvertent energizing
Abnormal frequency protection
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, University of
Saskatchewan
7-2
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 4-
Generator-transformer unit protection
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 5-
Stator phase fault protection
Stator faults are considered seriously
because
The fault currents are high
Stress the winding due to mechanical forces
Stress the mechanical structure due to these
forces
Repair cost and time to repair are exceptionally
large
Cost of replaced energy is usually very high
Therefore, minimize damage
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 6-
Usual actions
For sever faults
disconnect the generator from the system
Use rapid de-excitation system to decay the field
current rapidly
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, University of
Saskatchewan
7-3
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 7-
General comments
Percentage differential relay is often used to
protect from three phase, two phase and
two-phases to ground faults if the neutral is
grounded through a high impedance
Differential relay is also effective if the
generator is solidly grounded
Differential relay does not detect turn-to-turn
faults
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 8-
Percentage differential protection
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 9-
Fixed slope %age differential relay
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, University of
Saskatchewan
7-4
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 10 -
Variable slope %age differential relay
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 11-
High impedance differential relay
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 12 -
Comments
During normal operation and external faults,
the line and neutral side currents are equal
Line side and neutral side CTs must have
the same turns ratio
The characteristics of the line side and
neutral CTs should be matched
The operating elements should be
connected at the zero potential location
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, University of
Saskatchewan
7-5
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 13 -
Delta connected generators
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 14 -
Split phase generator
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 15 -
Another split phase generator
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, University of
Saskatchewan
7-6
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 16 -
Another approach
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 17 -
Split phase protection
Split phase protection is usually used in
addition to differential protection
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 18 -
Stator winding ground fault
The ground fault depends on the manner in
which the generator neutral is connected to
ground
The two extremes of grounding practices
are
Solidly ground the generator
Not grounded at all
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, University of
Saskatchewan
7-7
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 19 -
Stator winding ground fault
Generator solidly ground
Almost never done because the fault currents
would be very large and would cause substantial
damage
Generator not grounded at all
There will be no fault current when a ground fault
is experienced
But the voltages of the un-faulted phases will
increase by a factor of 1.73
Will stress the insulation to higher than
normal levels
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 20 -
Stator winding ground fault
The objective for grounding is to reduce fault
currents and avoid over-voltages
Two types of grounding
Low impedance grounding
High impedance grounding
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 21 -
Low impedance grounding situations
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, University of
Saskatchewan
7-8
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 22 -
Low impedance grounding situations
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 23 -
Low impedance grounding
The resistance / reactance is selected so
that the single phase to ground fault current
is in the range of 200 A and 150% of rated
current
Differential protection provides some
protection for single phase to ground faults
Achieve increased sensitivity by using a
ground differential relay
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 24 -
Ground differential
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, University of
Saskatchewan
7-9
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 25 -
Ground differential
Selected auxiliary CT ratio ensures that
there is definite restraining torque for
external ground fault
The arranged differential relay is quite
sensitive to internal ground faults
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 26 -
High impedance grounding
Many generators are grounded through high
resistances
The resistance is connected across a single
phase distribution transformer connected in
the neutral of the generator
The voltage rating of the distribution
transformer is line to neutral (or higher)
voltage of the generator
The transformer should not saturate at
105% of the rated voltage
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 27 -
High impedance grounding protection
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, University of
Saskatchewan
7-10
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 28 -
High impedance grounding protection
For a fault at the generator terminal full
voltage is impressed on the distribution
transformer primary
The overvoltage relay (59 GN) is sensitive to
the fundamental frequency component of
the voltage and insensitive to the third
harmonic component
The pick up voltage of the relay is usually 5
V.
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 29 -
High impedance grounding protection
This arrangement is usually able to detect
ground faults within 2-5% of the winding
from the neutral end
When a system single phase to ground fault
occurs, zero sequence voltage is induced at
the generator neutral because of capacitive
coupling of the windings of the unit
transformer. This can cause the operation
of the 59 GN relay
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 30 -
100% winding protection techniques
Basically, two types of techniques are used
Third harmonic voltage based techniques
Neutral or residual voltage injection technique
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, University of
Saskatchewan
7-11
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 31 -
Third harmonic voltage techniques
The voltages of most generators contain
third harmonic components
when they are not supplying any power as well
as when they are loaded
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 32 -
Third harmonic voltages
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 33 -
Comments
The pattern of third harmonic component of
generator voltage leads to the following
approaches for detecting stator winding
ground faults
Third harmonic undervoltage technique
Third harmonic residual terminal voltage
Third harmonic comparator
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, University of
Saskatchewan
7-12
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 34 -
Third harmonic undervoltage
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 35 -
Third harmonic undervoltage
Undervoltage relay setting should be well below the
minimum third harmonic during normal operation
59 C supervisory relay is provided to block 27 during
generator shut down
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 36 -
Third harmonic undervoltage
The settings of the undervoltage and overvoltage
relays should overlap for all fault locations near the
neutral (~30% of the winding).
An overlap equal to 1% of rated voltage is usually
adequate
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, University of
Saskatchewan
7-13
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 37 -
Third harmonic undervoltage
If the generator does not develop enough third
harmonic until it is loaded, an overcurrent relay is
used to supervise the third harmonic undervoltage
protection system
The protection system will not be effective during low
load and no load (consider alternatives)
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 38 -
Third harmonic terminal residual
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 39 -
Third harmonic terminal residual
The level of third harmonic voltage at the generator
terminal increases when a ground fault is experienced
near the neutral.
The relay should be set at a level that it does not
operate during normal operation of the generator
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, University of
Saskatchewan
7-14
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 40 -
Third harmonic comparator
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 41 -
Third harmonic comparator
The premise is that the ratio of the third
harmonic components of the voltages at the
generator terminal and neutral is constant
during normal operation but changes if a
fault occurs on the generator neutral or
generator terminals
The scheme works like a differential relay
comparing the third harmonic components
from the two ends of the generator
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 42 -
Third harmonic comparator
This approach detects faults near the
neutral and near the terminals and the 59
GN detects ground faults on about 95 % of
the winding from the terminals. The two
systems together protect 100 % of the
generator winding in the event of ground
faults
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, University of
Saskatchewan
7-15
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 43 -
Voltage injection scheme
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 44 -
Field ground fault
DC field circuit is not grounded and a single
ground does not cause problems. But the
chances of second ground fault increase
and if it happens, it would usually short
some of the field circuit resulting in magnetic
unbalance. If this happens, unbalance
forces exist that would cause vibrations and
further damage of the machine. It is,
therefore necessary to detect field ground
fault.
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 45 -
Field ground fault
There is no established industry practice on
the actions that should be taken if a field
ground fault occurs.
Some utilities trip the generator while others
prefer to sound an alarm
More than 80% generators have field
ground detectors
Only 30% applications trip the generator on
the occurrence of a field ground fault
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, University of
Saskatchewan
7-16
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 46 -
Field ground fault
Causes for nuisance operations of field
ground fault protection systems
The older units were brush type generators and
the field ground fault relays were instantaneous
types
These relays operated frequently during start
up due to intermittent ground caused by
Moisture
Copper and carbon dusting
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 47 -
Using a dc source
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 48 -
Using a voltage divider
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, University of
Saskatchewan
7-17
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 49 -
Brushless machine
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 50 -
Loss of field
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 51 -
Loss of field
Generator draws reactive power from the
system it is connected to; jeopardizing
system operation
If adequate reactive power is available, the
generator run at higher than normal speed
(2-5%) operating as an induction machine.
Induced currents flow in the field faces
causing excessive heating, deformity etc.
Necessary to disconnect the generator from
the system
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, University of
Saskatchewan
7-18
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 52 -
Loss of field
Causes
Filed open circuit
Filed short circuit
Accidental tripping of field circuit breaker
Regulator control system failure
Loss of field to the main exciter
Loss of ac supply to the excitation system
Factors that impact consequences
Size of the generator
Load just before loss of field
Stiffness of the system
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 53 -
Loss of field protection
Should respond to loss of field
Should not respond to
Load changes
System faults
Transients that do not cause instability
Techniques used
Supervising field current
Supervising reactive current (or reactive power)
supplied by the generator
Use an offset mho relay
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 54 -
Load impedance trajectories
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, University of
Saskatchewan
7-19
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 55 -
Loss of field protection
The load impedance locus on loss of field suggest
that the following off-set mho relay would be suitable
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 56 -
Loss of field protection
A time delay of 0.5 to 0.6 s can be used
This approach is appropriate if X
d
is in the 1.0 to 1.2
pu (on machine parameters) range
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 57 -
Loss of field protection
Modern machine have X
d
that ranges from
1.5 to 2.0 pu
With such high setting, there are chances of
the relay operating during underexcited
operation conditions
The diameter of the mho circle is therefore
limited to 1.0 pu
This means that the protection system will
not operate on loss of field if the generator
was lightly loaded
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, University of
Saskatchewan
7-20
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 58 -
Two offset mho units
The deficiency can be removed by using two offset
mho units, one unit of 1.0 pu diameter and the other of
X
d
diameter
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 59 -
Two offset mho units
The unit of 1.0 pu diameter can be set with no time
delay and the unit with X
d
diameter can be set with 0.5
to 0.6 s delay
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 60 -
Another approach
Use two offset mho units, a directional unit
and an undervoltage unit
Both units look into the generator
Offset mho unit 1 trips without any time
delay
Offset mho unit 2 is coordinated with the
minimum excitation limit and the steady
state limit of the generator
During abnormally low excitation, it sounds
an alarm
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, University of
Saskatchewan
7-21
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 61 -
Another approach
Should unit 2 and the undervoltage unit
operate, tripping is initiated; a time delay of
0.25 to 1.0 s is used
Caution
When used with hydro generators that have to
also work as synchronous condensers, this
protection system can operate when the unit is
underexcited to absorb VARS. An undervoltage
relay can be added to prevent operation if the
voltage is more than 90 %
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 62 -
Out of step protection
Consider the system shown in this single line
diagram
The systems on the left of Bus A and the system on the
right of Bus B represent two independent power systems
The relays measure impedances looking in to the line
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 63 -
Swing locus
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System Varanasi 2012 November 22
Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, University of
Saskatchewan
7-22
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 64 -
Swing locus
Electrical centre, sometimes called swing
centre, used to be in the transmission
systems
With the development of EHV systems and
modern generators having large
impedances, the swing centers in many
cases lies in the generator impedance or in
the impedance of the step up transformer
Outline
Other issues
Introduction
Stator phase
fault protection
Stator ground
fault protection
Field ground fault
protection
Loss of field
protection
Out of step
Current
unbalance
Summary
Power System
Protection
2012 November 22 Professor Emeritus M.S. Sachdev, U of S - 65 -
Swing example
Consider a generator
that has the following
parameters
A relay can be provided
at the generator terminals
looking towards the
transformer
The settings should not
reach into the system so
that the generator and the
step up transformer are
not disconnected from the
system for a swing that is
in the power system
'
0.25
0.10
0.25
d
T
S
X
X
X