INDEX

aboriginals see indigenous peoples the absolute, 467, 48 An Account of the Abipones (Dobrizhoffer), 79 Acosta, Joseph de, 79 Acquaviva, General Claudio, 82 Adam and Eve, 489, 81, 82 adaptation, to new ideas, 85, 96 aesthetics, Tillichs view of, 201, 27 African slaves, 87 Agazzi, Evandro, 11 agnosticism, in Brazil, 97, 1034, 107 agriculture, Jesuits and, 74 Alexander, D., 101 alienating production, 32 alignments, celestial, 4, 61, 6370 almanacs, astronomical, 74 altitude, and evolution, 91 Amazonia, naturalists in, 88, 91 American Distempers Cured by American Drugs (Falkner), 78 American Revolution, 43 Ancient History of Mexico (Clavigero), 80 Andes, 91 Anglo-American philosophical discussions, 2 animals, mans biological connection with, 35, 54 animistic entities, worship of, 63 anthropic principle, 11 Anthropogenia (Haeckel), 95 anthropology, 145 and Darwinism, 94 evolutionary, 111 anthropometrics, 89 anti-religious bias, 111

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Aperger, Sigismund, 78 appropriation, of new ideas, 85 Aquinas, Thomas, 2, 125 Araujo de Oliveira, Manfredo, 34 archaeo-astronomical studies, 69 architecture alignment with celestial objects, 4, 61, 6370 Jesuit, 72 and Mesoamerican calendar, 4, 58 Arenchavaleta, Jos, 87 Argentina imperial ambitions, 867 Jesuit missions in, 71, 78 response to Darwinism in, 4, 85, 867, 94, 96 Aristotle, 9, 10, 75, 79, 142, 144 Artigas, Mariano, 3, 718 arts, and dimension of depth, 27 Aspect, A., 139 assimilation, of science and religion, 28, 29 astrology, 112 astronomy, 4, 36, 100 Jesuits and, 725, 83, 84 and Mesoamerican calendar, 4, 5770 astrophysics, 33, 34, 36 atheism in Brazil, 97, 1034, 107 and criticism of religion, 118 Dawkins and, 11617 and evolutionism, 112, 115 auguries, 63 Augustine, St, 132 autopoiesis, 36 Avenue of the Dead (Teotihuacan), 63 The Awakening of the Eagle (Boff ), 36

173

174

Latin American Perspectives on Science and Religion see also creationism; Darwinism; evolution Bizzo, N., 99100 Blondel, Maurice, 32 bloodletting, 74 Bobbio, Norberto, 49 body lived, 128, 129, 130 material, 130 observed, 127 perceived, 130 and perception, 127 phenomenology of, 128 union of soul and, 39, 44, 130 Boethius, 124 Boff, Leonardo, 3, 368, 40, 41 Bohm, D., 139 Bolivia Jesuit missions in, 71 racial inequality in, 89 response to Darwinism in, 4, 85, 8990, 96 war with Chile and Peru, 89 botany medical, 72, 768 research, 91 Boulay, Abbot N., 49 boundary questions, 1112 Bourbon monarchy, surveys and expeditions sponsored by, 79 brain, 125, 126 and the senses, 1267 study of, 127 Branch, G., 99 Brazil conflict between science and religion in, 97, 103, 105 creationism in, 5, 97, 98, 99, 1058, 109 creationist/evolutionist debate in, 10921 imperial sponsorship of science in, 88 integration of native population, 87 and intelligent design, 1005, 109 Jesuit missions in, 71 marital consent in, 51 religious influence on politics, 98 Rescuing Darwin report, 5, 97108

axis of symmetry, 67 Aymaras, 89 Aztec culture, 58, 60, 61, 62, 657 Baggini, Julian, 117 Balthasar, Urs von, 34 Barbour, Ian, 2, 28, 108 Barreda, Gabino, 92, 93 Barret, Justin, 3 Behe, Michael, 1012 being act of, 1456 divine act of, 144 forgetfulness of, 26 metaphysics of, 124, 132 properties of, 123, 131 subjective experience of, 124 Bell, J. S., 139 Benedict XVI, Pope, 47, 53 Benedictines, 82 Bergson, Henri, 8, 32 Berkeley, Robert, 78 the Bible adapted to spread message, 46 different understandings through ages, 44 literal interpretation of, 28, 97, 105, 106 and original sin, 48 writing of, 44 and Young Earth creationism, 105 biblical geology, 86 Big Bang cosmology, 114 and Creation, 2, 11 Big Dipper, 62 biochemistry, 90 bioethics, 50 biology, 34, 38 in Argentina, 86 in Brazil, 88, 99 and determinism/indeterminism, 146 evolutionary, 111, 112, 115, 116 in Mexico, 91, 94 and micro- and macro-evolution, 136, 141 molecular, 141 and reductionism, 8, 141 teaching of, 99, 102, 106, 108

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Index response to Darwinism in, 4, 85, 879, 94, 96, 978, 108 same-sex unions in, 53 as secular state, 98 Brazilian Constitution, 98 Brazilian Creationist Society, 99 Brazilian High Federal Court, 98 Brazilian Institute of Public Opinion and Statistics (IBOPE), 99, 1056 Breathed, Berkeley, 120 A Brief History of Time (Hawking), 33 Brooke, John H., 1, 2, 72, 116 Broun, P., 114 Buenos Aires, 71 Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de, 80, 82, 83 Building E1 (Tehuacalco), 67 Building P (Monte Albn), 69 buildings, alignment of, 4, 61, 6370 Calakmul, 65 calendar, Mesoamerican, 4, 5770 Calendrical Temple of Tlatelolco, 67 Campanella, Tommaso, 71 capitalism, 43 Cardenas, M. L., 99 cardinal directions, 58 Carroll, William E., 143 cartography, 73, 75 Carvalho, Guillerme, 105 Castro Sarmento, Jacob de, 745 catechism, scientific errors in, 49 Catholic Church and creationism, 103 and Darwinism, 923, 956 falling membership in Brazil, 97 and homosexuality, 523 and intelligent design, 103 and marriage, 51 and natural law, 501 opposition to modernity, 44 recognition of diversity in, 55 and science, 49, 95 views on philosophy, 4 and women, 52 Catholic Paraguay (Snchez Labrador), 80 Catholic science movement, 49 Catholics, Brazilian

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and intelligent design, 103, 104 and Young Earth creationism, 107 Caucasian race, superiority of, 89 causality, 135, 142, 143 causation, 135 celestial observations, 5770 cellular life, 94 census data, Brazilian, 97 ceremonies, Mesoamerican religious, 69, 70 Cspedes, Jos Mara, 95 chance, 135, 142 Changeux, Jean-Pierre, 128 chaos, 36, 142 chaos theory, 136, 146 chaotic systems, 137, 138 Chichn Itz, 61, 65 children, womens duty to produce, 51 Chile natural histories, 80 teaching of science in, 99 war with Bolivia and Peru, 89 China, missionaries in, 83 Chom, Ignace, 73 Chomsky, Noam, 112 Chorographic Description of the Great Chaco Gualamba (Lozano), 79, 82 Christ, Jesus as Alpha and Omega, 45, 118 faith rooted in, 41, 47, 53 as greatest story ever told, 118 holiness as life in, 45 and sin of the world, 50 theology reflects experience of, 39, 41 Christendom, dissolution of, 44 Christianity conversion of natives to, 81, 84 faith and metaphysics, 10 Gospel and spreading message of, 46 hegemony of, 44 and historical science, 43 the mature Christian, 535 metaphysical-hierarchical religious reference, 35 modernization of, 55 mystery of, 48, 49, 55 and natural law, 501 need to adapt, 44 relating affirmatively to the present, 4

176

Latin American Perspectives on Science and Religion and natural law, 50 and subjectivity, 51 consciousness, 22, 24, 49, 127, 128, 130, 131 Consilience (Wilson), 11819 constellations, 58, 62 Continental Congress of Latin American Theology, 389 contingency (material cause), 135, 142, 145 contraception, 50 coordinates, geographical, 75, 84 Copn, 67 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 12 Crdoba, University of, 73, 75 Cornish-Bowden, A., 99 Cortina, Jos Antonio, 95 cosmogenesis, 37 cosmology ancient, 44 Boff s view of, 37 and God, 40 modern, 33, 36, 37, 38 cosmos, unitary vision of, 142 Coutinho, F.A., 105 Coyolxauhqui, 60 Cozumel, 61 created causality, 143 creation Biblical, 44 and Big Bang, 2, 11 Catholic teaching on, 49 ecotheological view of, 37 and evolution, 3, 45, 39, 96 goodness of, 36 and Jesuit natural histories, 801 and original sin, 489 and science, 35 and structure of universe, 33 theology, 31, 36 Trigo on, 312 creationism in Brazil, 5, 97, 98, 99 and Darwinism, 11516 and evolutionism, 10921 as pseudoscience, 112 as reaction to criticism of religion, 117 and reality, 121 refutation of, 97 in Rescuing Darwin survey, 100, 1058

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and relativism, 48 world view, 10, 16 Church adaptation of, 46 and cultural diversity, 46 interaction with world, 46 and modernity, 44 social structure of, 46 and state, 44, 93, 98 see also Catholic Church churches, jungle, 712 Churchland, Paul and Patricia, 128 Cipactonal, 57 Citlalicue, 62 civil marriage, 54 civilization, new configuration of, 44 Claro, Francisco, 39 classical determinism, 135, 136 Clavigero, Francisco Javier, 80 Clemente (Christian convert), 77 clockwork world, 135 co-causality, 142 Cocijo, 63, 67 codices, Mesoamerican, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62 cognitive act, 137, 141 cognitive capacity, 138 cognitive dimensions, 141 cognitive pluralism, 5, 1412 cognitive power, 129, 145 cognitive science of religion, 3 Collins, F., 107 Colombo, S., 100, 101, 102, 103, 106 colonization, 45 Colunga, Miguel, 90 comets, 72 common sense, 126, 128 complex sciences, 137 complex systems, 137, 138 Comte, Auguste, 90, 119 concordism, 4, 33, 144 concupiscence, 36, 50 conflict, between science and religion, 28, 108, 110 Congar, Yves, 45, 46 Coninck, Jean Raymond ( Juan Ramn), 72 conscience freedom of, 44 of mature Christian, 545

Index scientific, 111 and scientific storytelling and myth, 11720 and sectarianism, 120 teaching of, 98, 99, 100, 107 Young Earth, 97, 100, 1058 Il cristianesimo felice (Muratori), 81 critical hermeneutics, 345 critical thinking, 37 criticaldialetical method, 21, 22 cross-breeds, 89 Crusades, 45 Cruz, Eduardo Rodrigues da, viii, 356, 37, 40 Cuba, response to Darwinism in, 4, 85, 945, 96 Cultivated Paraguay (Snchez Labrador), 80 culture diversity, 46 ecclesiastical, 24 form and substance, 24 history of, 20 hybrid, 71 as manifestation of religious attitude, 27, 28 Mesoamerican, 57 and relationship between philosophy of religion and theology, 20 and religion, 225 religion as dimension of depth, 28 and religious power, 24 secular, 24 theology of, 20, 235 Tillichs theology of, 20, 235 universal, 24 Curso de Teora del Conocimiento (Polo), 141 curuzuya, 77, 78 Cuvier, George, 86, 93, 95 Cygnus, 62 Dark Ages, 110 Darwin, Charles anniversaries of 2009, 99100 The Descent of Man, 90, 94 myth surrounding, 116 The Origin of Species, 88, 95, 99, 110 purported neutrality of, 116 in science fiction novels, 86

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theological responses to, 2 visit to Brazil, 88, 978 Darwinism acceptance and adaptation to, 85, 108 anxiety and opposition to, 85, 108 associated with idea of progress, 111 difference between evolutionism and, 889 dissemination in Mexico, 92, 94 and positivism, 91, 96 reception in Latin America, 3, 4, 72, 8596 rejection follows different path in Latin America, 96 Rescuing Darwin survey, 5, 97108 social influence of, 90 teaching of, 92, 93 Darwins Black Box (Behe), 1012 dating Mayan, 62 Mesoamerican calendrical systems, 5770 Dawkins, Richard, 104, 112, 115, 11617, 118, 119 dawn see sunrise days, division of, 63 de Pauw, Cornelius, 80 De procuranda indorum salute (Acosta), 79 dead, travels of the, 58 death penalty, 51 deities, Mesoamerican, 57, 60, 612, 70 calendrical names of, 58 Delisle, Joseph-Nicolas, 74 Delumeau, Jean, 49 Dembski, William, 110 democracy, 90 Dennett, Daniel, 117, 128 depth, Tillichs concept of, 27 Descartes, Ren, 75, 126, 128, 130 The Descent of Man (Darwin), 90, 94 A Description of Patagonia (Falkner), 78, 80 determination (formal cause), 142 determinism, 3, 5, 1356, 145 coexistence with indeterminism, 136 different meanings of, 1389 and indeterminism, 1378 development, biology of, 146 dialogue

178

Latin American Perspectives on Science and Religion in the sciences, 113 secular, 100 and teaching of creationism, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 107 and teaching of Darwinism/evolution, 92, 93, 94, 98, 99, 102 Edzn, 65 Ehecatl, 61, 62 El Arroyo (Mitla), 69 El-Hani, C. N., 105 El Tahn, 67 embryology, 90, 94, 102, 114 emergency, 135 empiricism, 15, 16, 22, 34, 111 encomienda, 71 enlargement/extension, 12, 17, 18 Enlightenment, 43, 47, 52, 82, 111 environmentalism, 37 epidemics, 74, 76, 78 epistemological indeterminism, 140 epistemological monism, 16 epistemological presuppositions of science, 1415 epistemology, 40 Epstein, I., 112 equinoxes, 63, 69 Essay on the Natural History of the Great Chaco ( Jols), 80, 823 ethics ethical presuppositions of science, 15, 18 and natural law, 50 reduction of religion to, 27 and relativism and positivism, 48 ethnicity, 89 ethnobiology, 82 ethnography, 80 eugenics, 91 Evangelical Church (Brazil), 97 and creationism, 109 and intelligent design, 103, 104, 109 and Young Earth creationism, 107 evangelization, Jesuit, 72, 79 evening star see Venus evil, 36, 40, 50 evolution associated with idea of progress, 111 biological, 34, 94, 97, 99, 100, 102, 104, 1067, 108

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Earth geocentrism, 44 Young Earth creationism, 97, 105 ecclesiastical law, 54 Ecklund, Elaine, 3 eclipses, 60, 72, 73, 74, 75 El eco de Cuba, 95 Eco, Umberto, 112 ecofeminism, 40 ecological spirituality, 36, 38 ecotheology, 368 education and arguments of authority, 117 and belief in intelligent design, 1045, 11213 and belief in Young Earth creationism, 1068, 11213 in Brazil, 989, 103, 104, 1067, 108, 11213

between science and religion, 28, 29, 108, 117, 121 hindered by tribalism, 118, 119 dimension of depth, 3, 20, 26, 28, 29 divination, 63 divine action, 3, 5, 12 and contemporary science, 142, 143 and indeterminism, 1424 and natural action, 143 in nature, 136 revelation as, 20 divine causality, 76, 143 divine providence, 31, 86, 143 divorce, 50 DNA, 115, 141 Dobrizhoffer, Martin, 767, 7980, 812 doctors, Jesuit, 76, 78 dogmatism, 55 Draper, J. W., 110 Dresden Codex, 60, 61 dualism of feelings, 125, 130 Pelagian, 40 duels, 51 Dugs, Eugenio, 93 Duhem, P., 16 dynamism (efficient cause), 142 Dzibilchaltn, 67

Index and creation, 3, 45, 39, 96 and determinism/indeterminism, 146 Evangelicals and, 97 and intelligent design, 1014 and positivism, 96 progressive, 93 reception in Latin America, 8596 Rescuing Darwin survey, 100 as a secular religion, 11417 teaching of, 98, 99 and the universe, 36 evolutionary humanism, 116 evolutionary naturalism, 91, 114, 115 evolutionism as atheist ideology, 112 and creationism, 10921 definition of, 110 dialogue with religious world views, 118 difference between Darwinism and, 889 popular, 115 portrait of, 11114 and reality, 121 and social behaviour, 89 evolutionist reductionism, 8 existentialism, 3 Exodus, 45 expansionism, 37 extinctions, of indigenous peoples, 94 extra-mental principles, 142, 144 facts, scientific, 111 faith in the absolute, 467 content of, 10 hierarchy of truths of, 54 as incompatible with science, 44 mature, 47 metaphysical, 13 and natural sciences, 18 and reason, 16 rooted in Christ, 41, 47, 53 science and the mystery of, 40 Falkner, Thomas, 78, 80 the fall, 36 the family, 4, 513 changes to structure of, 43 and marriage, 512 models of, 50

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Gabino Barreda Methodphilistic Society, 92 Galilei, Galileo, 44, 100, 126 Gallup polls, 105 Garden of Eden, 81 Gassie, Julin, 95 Gebara, Ivone, 35, 40 gender issues, Catholic Church and, 50 Genesis, 49, 81, 108, 111, 117 genetic manipulation, 32 genetic reductionism, 141

new models of, 523 patriarchal model, 52 same-sex unions, 523 fanaticism, freedom from, 53 fatalism, 135 fear, Church and, 49 feelings bodily or corporeal, 1259 duality in, 125, 130 reduction of religion to, 24, 27 Feijo, Benito, 82 FejrvryMayer Codex, 58, 59 feminist movement, 35 fertility, 60 fertilization, 50 first-person perspective, 123, 125, 127, 128, 131, 132 Flores, Manuel, 92 fMRI, 126 Folha de So Paulo, 100 FORMIGA-MG University Centre, 1001 fossils, 89, 93 Francis, Pope, 45, 55 free will, 130, 135, 145 freedom, 33, 36, 1356 of action, 12930, 145 of conscience and religion, 44, 45 and determinism, 135, 145 of mature Christian, 55 Freire-Maia, N., 106 French positivism, 4, 96 French Revolution, 43 fundamentalism Biblical, 105, 111, 115 dangers of, 29 and Young Earth creationism, 105 Fr Darwin (Mller), 88

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Latin American Perspectives on Science and Religion the greatest story ever told, 118, 119 Greco-Roman culture, 44, 50 Guaran mission towns, 71 literature about, 81 Guaran people, 712 artisans, 72, 73 and epidemics, 76 knowledge of medicine, 77 names for plants and animals, 82 pageants, 81 Guevara, Jos, 79, 81 guilt, Church and, 4950 Gutirrez, Gustavo, 38, 41 Habsburg Empire, 76, 79 Haeckel, Ernst, 88, 90, 95 Haldane, B. S., 114 half-breeds, 89 Hall of Frescoes (Mayapn), 67 Harrison, Peter, 2, 6 Haught, John, 2 Hawking, Stephen, 33 health of missionaries, 84 and the spiritual life, 6 heat, concept of, 129, 130 heaven, Mesoamerican concept of, 58 heavens, observations of, 5770 Hegel, Georg, 24 hegemonic culture, 34 Heidegger, Martin, 40 heliocentrism, 12 herb gathering, 74 herbal medicine, Jesuits and, 72, 768 heresy, and death penalty, 45 hermeneutics, 38, 39, 48 Herrera, Alfonso, 94 hierarchical power structure, trying to change, 40 hieroglyphs, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62 Hin und Her (Paucke), 80 Hire, Philippe de la, 74 Historia natural y moral de las Indias (Acosta), 79 historical science and Christianity, 43, 48 new perspectives of traditional notions through, 4, 4355

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genetics, 90, 91, 95, 102 geocentrism, 44 geography geographical coordinates, 75, 84 Jesuit accounts of, 79, 80, 81, 84 geology, 86, 88, 91, 93, 94, 105, 106 Gilkey, Langdon, 117 Glick, Thomas, 4, 85, 96, 108 glyphs see hieroglyphs gnoseological determinism, 1389, 145 gnoseological indeterminism, 138, 145 gnoseological realism, 8, 14 gnoseological realm, 136, 141, 146 God causal status, 143, 144 and Creation, 31, 33, 39, 40, 49, 96, 102, 105, 106, 114, 144 existence of, 12, 132 in Exodus, 45 glory of, 46 image of, 51 intervention in nature, 96, 143 kenosis of, 334, 40 and the mature Christian, 545 mystery of, 37 nature of, 1312 non-existence of, 112 as personal being, 1312 personal/impersonal, 33 philosophical view of, 131, 132 and relativism, 478 and revelation, 47 scientific study of, 9 theology as scientific knowledge of, 25 transcendence of, 32, 143, 144 The God Delusion (Dawkins), 11617 Gmez de Vidaurre, Felipe, 80 Gospel adaptated to spread message, 46 different understandings in each age, 44 Gospel of John, 50 Gouw, A. M. S., 99100 Grammatici, Nicasius, 74 Great Arch (Structure CA-9a) (Oxkintok), 67 Great Pyramid of Xochitecatl, 67 Great Solar Mask (East Court, Copn), 67 Great Star see Venus

Index as theological locus, 45 History of the Conquest of Paraguay, Tucumn and Ro de la Plata (Lozano), 79, 801 History and Creation in the Process of Liberation (Trigo), 31 History of Paraguay (Guevara), 79, 81 holiness different understandings of, 445 evolution of concept of, 43 Holy Spirit, 53 homosexuality, 523 horizontal dimension, 267 House E of the Palace of Palenque, 65 Howell, F. Clark, 111 Hsu, Jeremy, 118, 119 Hubert, 39 Huei Citlalin, 61 Huitzilopochtli, 65 human action, religion as, 20 human body, 126 human cognitive ability, 14, 18 human rights, 44, 45 human spirit, religion as function of, 27 humanism, 43 evolutionary, 116 naturalistic, 117 and scientific culture, 7, 8 Humboldt, Alexander von, 79 Husserl, E., 130 Huxley, Julian, 116 hypermodernity, 43 I, concept of, 131 idealism, epistemological, 21 idolatry, 467, 120 Ignatius of Loyola, St, 45, 81 Ilhuicatitlan, 61, 67 illness, divine causation of, 76 immanence, 17 immanent realities, 43 incommunicability, 128 independence, of science and religion, 28, 108 indeterminism, 3, 5, 135, 136, 1456 coexistence with determinism, 136 and determinism, 1378 and divine action, 1424

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Jaki, Stanley, 8, 16 Jesuits and astronomy, 725 dissolution of, 83 expulsion of, 72, 76, 78 goals of, 4, 712 and herbal medicine and medicaments, 768 missions, 3, 7184 and natural history, 7983 and science, 4, 7284 Jess Mara, reduction of, 76 Jewelled Temple (Monte Albn), 67, 68 John XXIII, Pope, 45, 46 Jols, Jos, 80, 823 Jovian moons, 73, 74, 75 Judeo-Christian tradition, 44, 50, 51, 52 jungle, building of churches in, 712 Jupiter, satellites of, 73, 74, 75

new interpretation of, 138 indigenous peoples Darwinism applied to, 93 ethnicity, 89 extinction of, 94 knowledge of, 4, 72, 77, 82, 83 and labour, 87 socio-anthropological studies, 94 individual autonomy of the, 43 and persons and their nature, 124 industrialization, 43 the Inquisition, 45, 67 instrumentalist position, 136 instruments, astronomical, 73 integration, of science and religion, 28, 108 intelligent design, 5, 97, 99, 110, 111, 114 as pseudoscience, 112 in Rescuing Darwin survey, 10, 1005 inter-theoretic reductionism, 140 interdisciplinarity, 7, 16, 35, 144 internet, and evolutionism/creationism debate, 113 Is Evolution a Secular Religion? (Ruse), 115 Isla de Fierro, 74 Itauna-MG, University of, 1001 Itzamn, 62 Ixchel, 60, 61

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Latin American Perspectives on Science and Religion ecological, 36 La Libertad, 92, 93 libertarianism, 145 Libro de ciruja, 78 life, meaning and origin of, 6, 267, 97, 107, 114 Lin Chi, 116 lineage, theory of, 93 Linnaeus, Carl, 83 literature, 27 liturgical year, 74 Livingstone, David, 1 loans, interest on, 51 longitude, 734 lost dimension, 258 The Lost Dimension in Religion: Poverty and Hope in Our Time (Tillich), 256 Louis IX, King of France (St Louis), 45 Louisiana, USA, 102 Lozano, Pedro, 79, 801, 82 lunar alignments, 61 lunar calendars, 75 lunar eclipses, 60, 73, 74, 75 Lunario de un siglo, 74 Lyell, Charles, 89

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Laguna, Andrs, 77 laicism, 72 Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 87, 90, 92, 93 Landsburg, Steven, 112 languages, aboriginal, 82 law-likeness, 135, 138 Lewontin, Richard, 115 Libanio, Joao Batista, 35 liberalism, 43, 90, 94 Church and, 44 liberation epistemology, 38 liberation theology, 2, 34, 3141

Kahuil, 62 Kant, Immanuel, 8, 24 Katun Cycle, 63 Kerber, Guillermo, 378 Kin, 60 Kino, Eusebio, 72 Kircher, Athanasius, 72 knowledge aboriginal absorbed into Western, 4, 72, 77, 82, 83 crisis of, 43 cumulative scientific, 111 and determinism, 136 difficulties in dialogue between different kinds of, 7 emancipation of scientific, 13 as expression of life, 17 hierarchical organization of, 12, 16 independence of, 108 integration of, 3, 78, 9, 17, 18 Jesuits and, 7284 the mature Christian and modern, 54 objectification of, 143, 145 organic nature of, 17 philosophy and judgement of all, 10 Polos theory of, 137, 141, 1434, 146 realism of, 14 reductionism, 78 scientific objectifying not only type of, 5 of the sky, 63 social conditions of, 35 specialization of, 7 vital nature of, 16 Kgler, Ignaz, 74 Krauss, Lawrence, 11617

Machado, M. D. C., 98 magic, 778 The Magic of Reality (Dawkins), 119 Main Temple (Tula), 65 male supremacy, 51 Malinalco, 65 Malthusianism, 87 man Biblical origin of, 44 biological connection with animal kingdom, 35, 54 origins of, 86, 89, 92, 94, 100 primitive shapes of, 89 progress in indigenous population, 93 March of Progress, 111, 120 Mariz, C. L., 98 market, growth of the, 43 Markgraf, Georg, 77 marriage, 512, 54 Martini, Cardinal Carlo M., 48 Martins, M. V., 98 Marx, Karl, 32, 35

Index Mascardi, Nicol, 72 Materia medica misionera (Montenegro), 77 mathematical limit, 140 mathematics, Jesuits and, 75 mature Christian concept, 535 Mayan culture, 60, 613 Mayan Long Count, 62 Mayan Short Count, 63 Mayapn, 67 meaning as common point between religion and culture, 23 of life, 6, 267, 97, 107, 114 religion as theoretical and universal function of, 29 unconditional, 26 measles, 76 mechanics, 75 mechanistic determinism, 135, 136, 137 mediating wisdom, philosophy as, 7, 8, 910 medical botany, Jesuits and, 72, 74, 768, 83, 84 medicine Guaran traditional, 77 Jesuits and, 74, 768, 83 in Peru, 91 megaliths, European, 63 mental limit, abandonment of, 143, 144, 146 merchandise criticism, 32 meridians, 74 Merleau-Ponty, M., 128 Mesoamerica, 4, 5770 metalogical method, 22 metaphysical faith, 13 metaphysical principles, 13 metaphysical realism, 8, 10 metaphysics, 8, 9, 10, 12, 133, 144, 145 abandonment by contemporary thought, 50 of being, 124, 132 and contemporary science, 142 and determinism, 135 of the person, 125, 132 regulative character of, 14 and relativism, 47, 48 of substance, 123, 124, 131 Tillichs understanding of, 19, 201 and the unconditional, 21

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metascientific reasons, 12 methodic-thematic pluralism, 141, 144 methodological gap, 11, 15 methodological reductionism, 140 Metropolitan Cathedral (Mexico City), 65 Metzinger, Thomas, 128 Mexican Catholic Society, 92 Mexican Society of Natural History, 912 Mexico, response to Darwinism in, 4, 85, 914, 96 Mexico City, 65 Mxico a travs de los siglos (Palacio), 93 micro- and macro-evolution, 136, 141 Mictlan, 58 Middle Ages determinism in, 135 distinction between science and philosophy in, 10 mechanical world view adopted in, 110 metaphysics in, 8 and origins of modernity, 43 scholastic doctrine of formal objects, 11 Midgley, Mary, 11516 Milky Way, 58, 62 millenarian theology, 116 Minas Gerais, Rescuing Darwin questionnaire in, 1001 mind, reduction of religion to, 24 missions, Jesuit, 7184 Mitla, 69 Mixcoatl, 62 Mixtec culture, 58 Mochoni, Father Antonio, 82 Mocov people, 71 modern synthesis, 95 modernity, 26, 34, 434, 116, 117 and estrangement of science and religion, 110 and faith, 467 and natural law, 53 opposition of Church to, 43, 44 molecular biology, 141 Molina, Juan Ignacio, 80 monism, 146 Monod, J., 141 monogamy, 51 monotheism, 117 Monte Albn, 65, 679

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Latin American Perspectives on Science and Religion in Mexico, 912 natural law, 4, 501, 52, 53 natural life, prospect of end of, 32 natural order, 14, 16, 18 Natural Paraguay (Snchez Labrador), 80, 82 natural philosophy religious justification of, 2 teaching of, 75 natural sciences Artigas on, 11 and faith, 18 French, 95 and Jesuit missions, 4, 7284 and theology, 3, 38, 39 natural selection, 90, 91, 92, 93 natural theology, 9, 12, 111, 136, 142, 144 natural world, determinism/indeterminism debate, 136, 137, 140, 141, 142 naturalistic humanism, 117 naturalists in Brazil, 88 evolutionary, 91 in Mexico, 912 nature aboriginal knowledge of, 72 and determinism/indeterminism, 136, 138, 146 Gods intervention in, 96 goodness of, 36 intrinsic properties of, 145 laws of, 86, 90, 142 philosophy of, 144 science and change in humankinds relation to, 32 science and destruction of, 40 natureproduction dialectic, 32 necessity (causality), 135, 142 neopositivism, 8 Neto, Ladislau, 89 neuroimaging, 126 neuroscience, dialogue between philosophy, religion and, 5, 12333 new ideas, reaction of society to, 85, 96 New World, natural and civil/religious history of, 79 newspapers Brazilian, 100

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Nahuatl, 60, 61 Nahui Ollin, 60 narrative of conflict between science and religion, 110 dialogue in context of, 121 role in human affairs, 5, 109, 118 nation-states, 43, 72 natural action, and divine action, 143 natural causes, 143 natural evil, 36, 40 natural history Jesuits and, 72, 78, 7984

Montenegro, Pedro, 778 Moon alignment of buildings, 63 associations of, 601 eclipses, 60 in Mesoamerica, 58 phases of, 74 moral life and natural law, 501 reassessment over time, 51 shaped by Christianity, 118 More, Thomas, Utopia, 75 morning star see Venus morphology, 95, 141 Morris, Simon Conway, 3 Moses, Laws of, 44 movement, dynamical equation of, 136, 137, 139 Mller, Fritz, 88 murals/frescoes, Mesoamerican, 67, 69, 70 Muratori, Ludovico, 81 mystery, common to reason and faith, 49 myth and ambiguity, 120 association of religion with primitive, 117 of conflict between science and religion, 110 of Darwin, 116 dialogue in context of, 121 and group solidarity, 118 and philosophy, 128 role in human affairs, 5, 109 and science, 118, 11920

Index Mexican, 91, 92 Newton, Isaac, 86 Newtonianism, 745 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 46 nihilism, 47 Noh Ek, 61 non-religious, Brazilian, 97, 1034, 107 Noriega, Pedro, 92 north, associated with death, 58 nuclear holocaust, possibility of, 32 Numbers, Ronald L., 2, 106

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Paran River, reductions, 76 Paraquaria, 71, 73, 74, 77, 82 Parra, Porfirio, 92 particles, predicting evolution of, 137, 138 Pasteur, Louis, 88 Patagonia, 78, 80 patriarchal family model, 52 patterns, 14 Paucke, Florian, 76, 80 Paul, the apostle, 50 Pedro II, Emperor see Peter II, Emperor of Brazil Oaxaca, 63 Pelagius, 40 objectification, 142, 143, 145, 146 Peralta y Barnuevo, Pedro de, 74 objects, doctrine of, 11, 12 perception, 126, 127, 128, 129 objectualism, 11 phenomenology of, 128 offerings, religious, 58 Pereira, H. M. S., 100 Olmec period, 58, 67 persistence, 144 On Some Observations of American Natu- the person ral History (Termeyer), 80, 82 as converging notion, 5, 123 ontological determinism, 138, 145 and dialogue between neuroscience, ontological indeterminism, 136, 140, 143, philosophy and religion, 5, 12333 145 and feelings, 1259 ontological presuppositions of science, 14, metaphysics of, 125, 132 as subject of understanding and free acts, 15 12933 ontological realm, 136, 141, 145, 146 and their nature, 124 ontological reductionism, 140 and unconsciousness, 131 ontology, 142, 144 personhood, 3, 5, 123 order (final cause), 142 Peru organisation, 14 biological diversity, 91 The Origin of Species (Darwin), 88, 95, 99, response to Darwinism, 4, 85, 901, 96 110 war with Chile and Bolivia, 90 original sin, 4850 overlap, between science and religion, 1112 Peschke, Heinrich, 78 PET, 126 Oxkintok, 67 Peter II, Emperor of Brazil, 88, 89, 98 Oxomoco, 57 pharmacies, Jesuit, 76, 78 pagan philosophy, 10 phenomenology, 2, 1234 Palace of the Tomb 105, 65 of the body, 128 Palacio, Vicente Riva, 93, 94 and metaphysics of substance, 123, 131 Palenque, 65 naturalization of, 127, 128 paleontology, 49, 54, 91, 102, 106 and notion of the person, 5, 123, 125 Palo, Leonardo, 5 of perception, 128 paradise, earthly, 49 phenotypes, 141 Paraguay Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Jesuit missions in, 7184 Society, 74, 75 natural histories, 7981 philosophy of action, 32 as paradise in New World, 81, 82

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Latin American Perspectives on Science and Religion population genetics, 95 positivism, 4, 86, 87, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 111, 119 positivist reason, 478 post-industrial society, 43 postmodernity, 26, 43 poverty see the poor power, desire for, 50 pragmatism, 15 praxis reduction of religion to, 24 reflection of Christs, 41 pre-Hispanic era, 3, 4 Mesoamerican calendric principles, 4, 5770 world view, 59 predictability, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 141 presuppositions of science, 1115, 17 as bridges between science and religion, 1516 and feedback from scientific progress, 12, 1718 philosophical nature of, 1516 theological nature of, 16 pride, 36, 50 process theology, 32 processes, necessary and free, 135 production, 32 progress nineteenth-century enthralled by idea of, 11011 Church and, 44 idea of, 43 new conditions for human, 90 science associated with, 111 progressivism, 111 pseudoscience, 112, 116 public and private sectors, separation of, 43 Pyramid of the Feathered Serpents of Xochicalco, 65 Pyramid of the Five-Stories (Edzn), 65 Pyramid of La Venta, 67 Pyramid of the Niches (El Tajn), 67 Pyramid of the Sun (Teotihuacan), 635 pyramids, Mesoamerican, 60, 635, 67 quantum indeterminacies, 145 quantum measurements, 139

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always allows further development, 137 as bridge between scientific and religious discourses, 3, 718, 39, 40, 133 determinism/indeterminism, 136 dialogue between neuroscience, religion and, 5, 12333 and dimension of depth, 27 God beyond explanation by, 32 mediating function of, 7, 8, 910, 133 open to the beneficial influence of science, 13 sapiential nature of, 3, 9, 10, 12, 18 scientific nature of, 9 Philosophy of Religion (Tillich), 3 physical world, observation of, 132, 133 physicians, Jesuit, 76, 78 physics, 33, 38, 133 and determinism/indeterminism, 146 laws of, 139 and micro- and macro-evolution, 136, 141 Newtonian, 75 quantum, 36, 13940 and reductionism, 8, 140 Pi, Salvador, 145 Pierucci, Antnio Flvio, 100, 102, 103 Piso, Willem, 77 Pius IX, Pope, 44 Plato, 71 Pliny, 79 pluralism cognitive, 1412 methodic-thematic, 141, 144 La plus belle histoire du monde (Reeves et al.), 119 poetics, 128 Poey, Felipe, 95 political power, in Mesoamerica, 70 politics, religion in Brazilian, 98 Polkinghorne, John, 2, 28 Polo, Leonardo, 5, 1367, 141, 142, 1435 polygamy, 51 the poor and liberation theology, 31, 41 science and oppression of, 32, 3940 The Poor, the New Cosmology and Liberation (Boff ), 37 Popper, Karl, 13

Index quantum mechanics, 136, 139, 140, 146 quantum physics, 36, 13940 Quatrefages de Brau, Jean Louis Armand, 89 Quechuas, 89 Quetzalcoatl, 57, 61 quincunx, 58, 60 Quiroga, Jos, 73 racial difference, 89 racism, 89, 94 Rahner, Karl, 53, 54, 55 Raimondi, Antonio, 90, 91 randomness, 135, 136 rationalism, 15, 16, 41 and religious beliefs, 114 of science, 111 Ratzinger, Cardinal Joseph, 47, 53 realism, 16 epistemological, 21 realistic objectualism, 11 reality extra-mental, 1412 fundamental ambiguity of, 109, 120 and indeterminism, 135 physical and metaphysical, 146 strata of, 136 reason, 10, 17 Recueil des lois de la Biologie gnrale (Herrera), 94 reductionism, 5, 78, 1401, 142, 146 reductions (reducciones), 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78, 83 Reeves, Hubert, 119 refinement/adjustment, 12, 17, 18 the Reformation, 43 opposition to, 45 relativism fear and support of, 478 healthy, 4, 43, 447, 48, 52, 55 relativity, theory of, 36 religion association with primitive myth, 117 and belief in intelligent design, 1015 in Brazilian education, 98 in Brazilian politics, 98 and culture, 225, 28 and Darwinism, 8596

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dialogue between neuroscience, philosophy and, 5, 12333 different paths in relations with science, 289, 108 evolution as a secular, 11417 as human action, 20 as human condition/spirit, 26, 27 and lost dimension, 258 as mans relation with divine beings, 27 and nationalism, 72 negative influence of, 116 Paul Tillichs philosophy of, 1929 persistence in face of intellectual arguments, 11415 philosophy as bridge between science and, 718 present in all human activities, 3 and reception of Darwinism, 4, 8596 replacement by science, 119 science at service of, 4, 72 science as manifestation of, 28 science as secular, 11516 spurs cultivation of science, 4, 72 as temporary creation of human evolution, 27 theology and philosophy of, 20 and tribalism, 118 unattributable to any particular psychic function, 24 as what concerns us unconditionally, 3, 20, 27, 28, 29 religiosity, changing patterns of, 97 religious heteronomy, 23, 24 religious power confusion with religious activities, 25 and culture, 24 religious wars, 45 remarriage, 50 Renaissance, 43 Rescuing Darwin survey, 5, 97108 British results, 100 and intelligent design, 1015 questions replicated in Brazil, 100 sample in Minas Gerais, 1001 and Young Earth creationism, 1058 responsibility, and the mature Christian, 545 retro-justification, 12, 17

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Latin American Perspectives on Science and Religion and divine action, 142, 143 as goal-directed enterprise, 14 God beyond explanation by, 32 and indeterminism, 136, 146 influence of metaphysics on, 21 and Jesuit missions, 7284 laws of, 136, 145 and liberation theology, 3141 and mans place in the cosmos, 32 and the mature Christian, 54 and metaphysical space, 142 modern, 2, 44 and myth, 118, 11920 objectivity of, 15, 34 open to beneficial influence of philosophy, 13 in Paul Tillichs philosophy and theology, 1929 philosophy as bridge between religion and, 718 popularizers of, 119 power of, 32 presuppositions and implications of, 1216, 17 and process of oppression, 32, 3940 as progressive knowledge, 12 and pseudoscience, 116 as publicly accessible experience, 129 reception of Darwinism, 4, 8596 religion as dimension of depth, 28 religion spurs cultivation of, 4, 72 replacement of religion by, 119 reductionist/anti-reductionist comprehensions of, 136 scientific method, 15, 92, 112 as secular religion, 11516 standard view of, 111 and storytelling, 11819, 120, 121 subjectivity beyond the realm of, 129 teaching of, 92, 93 and tribalism, 118 values of, 14, 15 science fiction, 86 scientific atheism, 115 scientific creationism, 111, 114, 115, 118 scientific determinism, 139, 145 scientific indeterminism, 145 scientific method, 15, 92, 112

revelation, 46, 47, 132 as divine action, 20 Revista Cubana, 95 Ricoeur, Paul, 128 Rio de Janeiro, 98 Ro de la Plata Jesuit missions in, 7184 natural histories, 80 ritual, and group solidarity, 118 River out of Eden (Dawkins), 115 Robertson, 80 Royal Society, 74 rubber, 91 Ruiz de Montoya, Antonio, 81 Ruse, Michael, 115, 116 Russell, Robert, 3 Russian Revolution, 43 Ryle, Gilbert, 128 sacraments, administration of the, 76 sacred and profane, 28 Safina, C., 116 Sagan, Carl, 115, 119 Sahagn, Fray Bernardino de, 60, 67 Saint Hilaire, tienne Geoffroy, 95 same-sex unions, 50, 523 San Cosme, reduction of, 73 San Francisco Javier, Mission of, 76 Snchez Labrador, Jos, 75, 80, 82 sapiential order, 18 Schleiermacher, Friedrich, 24 Schmidt, Martin, 73 scholastic tradition, 11, 125 Schrempp, Gregory A., 11920 science and accomplishment of missionary goals, 834 associated with progress, 111 at service of religion, 4, 72 autonomy of, 13, 23, 43, 44 better education in, 113 and change in humankinds relation to nature, 32 complex, 137 dependence on, 32 and determinism, 1356, 146 different paths in relations with religion, 289, 108

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Index Scientific Perspectives on Divine Action, 142, 143 scientific progress feedback and scientific presuppositions, 12, 1718 implications of, 1618 scientific theories and determinism/indeterminism, 139 and reductionism, 140 scientism, 28, 110 Scott, E. C., 99 sculpture, Mesoamerican, 69, 70 Searle, John, 123 Secret Melody (Thuan), 33 secular religion, 11417, 120 secularism, 86, 98 secularization, 43, 55 of Christian doctrines and beliefs, 116 Segundo, Juan, 3, 31, 334, 40, 41 the self, 128 and the person, 131 self-consciousness, 125, 131 The Selfish Gene (Dawkins), 115 semantic reductionism, 140 sense perception, 126, 127, 129 sensible qualities, 126 Sepp, Anton, 73, 76 Seplveda, C., 105, 107 sexuality, Catholic Church and, 50, 523 shamanism, 77 Shapin, S., 105 Sierra, Justo, 92, 93 sight, sense of, 1267 Silva, F. A. R., 105 Silva, Ignacio, 143 Silva, Sergio, 39 sin, existence of, 50 slavery, 51, 71, 87 in Cuba, 94 smallpox, 76 snakes, 81 social behaviour, laws regulating, 90 social Darwinism, 85, 91, 96 social sciences, 38 society pluralistic, 50 reaction to new ideas, 85, 96 Society of Jesus see Jesuits

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sociology of belief, 3 and Darwinism, 94 sodomy, 52 solar alignments, 61 solar cult, 60 solar eclipses, 60, 73, 74, 75 solar observations, 60 solar year, 57, 64, 65, 67, 69 solstices, 60, 63, 65, 67, 68, 69 SOTER (Sociedade de Teologia e Cincias da Religio), 346 soul, union of body and, 39, 44, 130 space and time, Mesoamerican concepts of, 58 Spanish Inquisition, 67 Spanish rule, encomienda, 71 specialization, 7 species classification of, 90 limited variation of, 93 origin of, 12, 100 variation and altitude, 901 variation and theology, 93 see also Darwinism; evolution Spencer, Herbert, 87, 88, 90, 95 Spencer, N., 101 spirit attitude of, 24 creative functions of, 27 Spiritists, Brazilian, 100 and intelligent design, 103 and Young Earth creationism, 107 Spiritual Conquest (Ruiz de Montoya), 81 Spiritual Exercises (Ignatius of Loyola), 81 Spruce, Richard, 91 standard view of science, 111 standstills, lunar, 63 Stansel, Valentin, 72 stars, 58, 612 state and Church, 44, 93, 98 and evolution, 90 non-denominational, 43 states of affairs, 14, 16 Steifert, Josef, 124 Stenmark, Mikael, 2 storytelling, 109, 11819, 120, 121

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Latin American Perspectives on Science and Religion

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Strawson, Galen, 128 Structure 38 (Dzibilchaltn), 67 Structure A (Tamun), 65 Structure I (Calakmul), 65 Surez, Buenaventura, 735 subject, person as, 12933 subjective connections, 11 subjectivity, 1289, 130, 132 summer solstice, 65, 67, 69 Sun alignment of buildings, 63 eclipses, 60 in Mesoamerica, 58, 60 sundials, 73 sunrise, 63, 67, 68, 69 sunset, 63, 65, 67, 69 supernatural theology, 9 surgeons, Jesuit, 76, 77 survival of the fittest, 90 of the most moral, 90 Susin, L. C., 34 Syllabus of Errors, 44 symbols, and ambiguity, 120 system biology, 146 systematic theology, 19

Tezcatlipoca, 62 thematic dimension, 141 theological method, Tillichs definition of, 21 theology creation, 31, 36 of culture, 20, 235 and determinism/indeterminism, 135 dialogue between neuroscience, philosophy and, 5, 12333 ecotheology, 368 experiential dimension of, 41 and historical science, 45 and natural law, 50 relationship between philosophy of religion and, 20 science and liberation, 2, 34, 3141 space between philosophy and, 19 three ways of approaching science from, 36 see also religion theonomy, 23, 24 thermodynamics, 140 third culture, proposal for, 7 third-person perspective, 127, 128 thirteen, in Mesoamerican calendrical system, 60, 69 Tamun, 65 Thuan, Trinh Xun, 33 tea, healing properties, 78 tides, 74 teachers, Brazilian, 98 Tillich, Paul, 2, 3, 1929 technology time and changes to world view, 43 evolution of physical systems, 139 see also science geological, 106 Tecuhciztecatl, 60 Mayan interest in, 63 Tehuacalco, 67 Mesoamerican tracking of, 70 Teilhard de Chardin, P., 49 Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, 61, 67 telescope, 400th anniversary of, 100 Tlaloc, 58, 65 Temple of the Sun (Malinalco), 65 tolerance, religion as enemy of, 118 temples, alignment of Mesoamerican, 61, tomography, 126 659, 70 Topham, Jonathan, 2 Templo Mayor (Tenochtitlan), 657 touch, sense of, 126 tempora moderna, 43 transcendence, 17, 1456 temporal evolution, 137, 138 transmutation, 92, 93 Tenochtitlan, 61, 657 Tratado Breve de la Medicina (Aperger), 78 Teologa de la Liberacin (Gutirrez), 38 trecena, 57 Teotihuacan, 635 tribalism, 11718, 119 Teotihuacan Embassy (Monte Albn), 67, 68 Trigg, Roger, 15 Trigo, Pedro, 3, 312, 34, 3940 Termeyer, Jos Mara, 80, 823

Index triumphalism, 111 truth, 14 as ethical value, 15 ownership of, 55 Tula, 65 uncertainty, 135, 145 principle of, 36 unconsciousness, and personhood, 131 understanding, person as subject of, 12930 underworld, Mesoamerican concept of, 58 United Kingdom, Young Earth creationism in, 106 United Nations, 45, 100 United States creationism in, 113 intelligent design in, 110 Young Earth creationism in, 105, 106, 114 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 45, 52 universe absence of sense in, 36 Boff s view of, 367 and determinism, 136, 138 and divine action, 144 and evolution, 36 history of, 40 origin of, 11, 114 real principles of, 142 scientific understanding of early, 33 structure of, 33 unpredictability, 145 Upper Building of Tomb 103, 67 Upper Temple of Jaguars (Chichen Itz), 65 Uruguay Jesuit missions in, 71 response to Darwinism in, 4, 85, 87, 96 Uruguay River, 76 utopias/utopianism, 43, 92 Valadier, Paul, 46 values, history of cultural, 23 Vatican Council I, 33 Vatican Council II, 34, 38, 44

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and adaptation of Gospel to spread message, 46 and many voices of our age, 45, 46 and the mature Christian, 54, 55 veintena, 57, 58, 60, 62, 67 Velasco, Juan de, 80 Velzquez Fernndez, Hctor, 72, 97, 108 Venus, 57, 612, 67 Vienna Circle, 34 vitalism, 8, 91 Vocabulary of the Lule and Tonocote Tongues (Machoni), 82 La Voz de Mxico, 923 Walker, Greg, 109 Wallace, Alfred Russel, 88, 91, 978 Wargentin, Pehr W., 74 What Man? What World? What God? (Segundo), 33 White, A. D., 110 Wilson, Edward, 11819 winter solstice, 65, 67, 68 wisdom definition of, 9 supernatural, 9, 10 women Catholic Church and, 52 emancipation of, 44, 52 in Judeo-Christian tradition, 51 world horizontal structure of, 58 vertical structure of, 58 World Health Organization, 52 World War II, 19 Xiuhtecuhtli, 58 Xolotl, 61 Year Bearers, 58 Young Earth creationism, 97, 100, 101, 1058, 114 Yucatec Mayans, 60 Zallinger, Rudolph, 111 Zapotecan culture, 63, 679 zoology, 93

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