Chapters11 13to18 - Hayt

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition
Chapter Eleven Solutions
10 March 2006
1.
50 ( j80) 106 = j80 , = 42.40 32.01 j 500 25 50 j80 V = 84.80 32.01 V, I R = 1.696 32.01 A Zc = I c = 1.060057.99 A ps ( / 2ms) = 84.80 cos (45 32.01) 2 cos 45 = 116.85 W pR = 50 1.6962 cos 2 (45 32.01) = 136.55 W pc = 84.80 cos (45 32.01) = 1.060 cos (45 + 57.99) = 19.69 W
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10 March 2006
2. (a)
1 2 1 Li = 4 (4t 4 4t 2 + 1) 2 2 4 2 4 2 wL = 8t 8t + 2 wL (3) wL (1) = 8 3 8 3 + 2 8 1 + 8 1 2 = 576 J 4H : i = 2t 2 1 v = Li = 4 (4t ) = 16t , wL =

1 t 2 2 2 2 (2t 1) dt + 2 = 5 t 3 t + 2 = 5 t 3 t 5 1 + 2 0.2 F : vc = 0.2 1 3 1 3 3 vc (2) = 10 10 61 61 8 10 + 5 + 2 = V Pc (2) = 7 = 142.33 W 3 3 3 3
t
(b)
10 March 2006
3.
vc (0) = 2V, i (0) = 4A, =
R 1 2 = 2, o = = 3, s1,2 = 2 1 = 1, 3 2L LC
(a)
1 i = Ae t + Be3t A + B = 4; i (0+ ) = vL (0+ ) = (4 4 +2) = 14 1 A 38 = 14 B = 5, A = 1, i = e t + 5e 3t A +vc = 3 (e t + 5e3t ) dt 2 = 3(e t 5e 3t ) to 2 = e t 3 5e 3t + 5 2

o t
vc = 3e 5e3t Pc (0+ ) = (3 5) (1 + 5) = 8 W
(b)
Pc (0.2) = (3e 0.2 5e0.6 ) (e0.2 + 5e 0.6 ) = 0.5542 W

Pc (0.4) = (3e 0.4 5e1.2 ) (5e1.2 e0.4 ) = 0.4220 W
(c)
10 March 2006
4.
We assume the circuit has already reached sinusoidal steady state by t = 0. 2.5 k 2.5 k, 1 H j1000 , 4 F -j250 , 10 k 10 k Zeq = j1000 || -j250 || 10000 = 11.10 j333.0 (2030)(11.10 j 333.0) = 2.631 50.54o V 2500 + 11.10 j 333.0 Veq Veq I10k = = 0.2631 - 50.54o mA I1 H = = 2.631 - 140.5o mA j1000 10000 Veq (2030)(2500) I4 F = = 10.52 39.46o mA V2.5k = = 19.7437.55o V j 250 2500 + 11.10 j 333.0
Veq =
Thus,
[19.74 cos 37.55 ] P2.5k =

2500
o 2
=
o
97.97 mW
P1 H = 2.631cos( 50.54 ) 2.631 10-3 cos(140.5o ) = - 3.395 mW
][
[ ][ [2.631cos( 50.54 )] = P2.5k =

o 2
P4 F = 2.631cos( 50.54o ) 10.52 10-3 cos(39.46o ) = 13.58 mW

279.6 W
10000
FREQ IM(V_PRINT1) IP(V_PRINT1) 1.592E+02 7.896E-03 3.755E+01 FREQ VM(R2_5k,$N_0002)VP(R2_5k,$N_0002) 1.592E+02 1.974E+01 3.755E+01 FREQ IM(V_PRINT2) IP(V_PRINT2) 1.592E+02 2.628E-03 -1.405E+02
FREQ VM(L,0) 1.592E+02 2.629E+00
VP(L,0) -5.054E+01
FREQ IM(V_PRINT11) IP(V_PRINT11) 1.592E+02 1.052E-02 3.946E+01 FREQ IM(V_PRINT12) IP(V_PRINT12) 1.592E+02 2.629E-04 -5.054E+01
10 March 2006
5.
is 50 A, C j 4 , Zin = 8 (3 j 4) = = 3.417 33.15 Vs = 17.087 33.15, vs = 17.087 cos (25t 33.15) V Ps ,abs (0.1) = 17.087 cos (2.5rad 33.147) 5cos 2.5rad = 23.51 W 17.087 cos (25t 33.15) 8 i8 (0.1) = 2.136 cos (2.5rad 33.15) = 0.7338 A i8 = P8,abs = 0.73382 8 = 4.307 W; I3 = 17.087 33.15 = 3.41719.98 A 3 j4 40 53.13 11 j 4
i3 (0.1) = 3.417 cos (2.5rad + 19.98) = 3.272 A P3,abc = 3.2722 3 = 32.12 W Vc = j 4 (3.41719.983) = 13.67 70.02, vc (0.1) = 13.670 cos (2.5rad 70.02) = 3.946 V Pc , abc = 3.946 (3.272) = 12.911 W ( = 0)
10 March 2006
6.
For t > 0, i(t) = 8e
R t L
= 8e 2t .
(a) p(0+) = (8)2(1) = 64 W (b) at t = 1 s, i = 8e2 = 1.083 A; p(1) = i2R = 1.723 W. (c) at t = 2 s, i = 8e4 = 146.5 mA; p(2) = i2R = 21.47 mW
10 March 2006
7.
v(t ) = (3)(6000)e
30103
(a) p(0+) = v2(0+)/R = (18103)2 / 6000 = 54 kW (b) p(0.03) = v2(0.03)/R = (18103e1)2 / 6000 = 7.308 kW (c) p(0.09) = v2(0.09)/R = (18103e3)2 / 6000 = 134 W
10 March 2006
8.
(a) p = (30103)2 (1.2103) = 1.080 MW (b) W = (1.080106)(150106) = 162 J
10 March 2006
9.
W=
1 CV 2 . The initial voltage, v(0+), is therefore 2 v(0+ ) = 2W 2(100 103 ) t t = = 2 V and so v(t ) = 2e RC = 2e 0.12 V . 3 C 100 10
The instantaneous power dissipated at t = 120 mS is therefore p(120 ms) = v 2 (120 ms) 2e2 = = 226 mW R 1.2
The energy dissipated over the first second is given by

RC 1 2e v 2 (t ) RC 2 2 RC = 1 100 mJ dt e 0 R 0 R dt = 2 R 2 t
T = Q/mc, where Q = 100 mJ, c = 0.9 kJ/kgK, and m = 103 kg. Thus, the final temperature = 271.15 + 23 + 100 106 kJ = 271.15 + 23 + 0.1111 kJ 3 (10 kG ) 0.9 kg K
= 294.3 K, representing a temperature increase of 0.1111 K.
10 March 2006
10.
(a) p = (276)(130) = 358.8 mW (b) v(t) = 2.76cos1000t V (given); we need to know the I-V relationship for this (nonlinear) device.
10 March 2006
11.
j 5(10 j 5) = 4 + 2.5 + j 5 = 6.5 + j 5 10 100 Is = = 12.194 37.57 A 6.5 + j5 1 Ps , abs = 100 12.194 cos 37.57 = 483.3 W 2 1 P4, abs = (12.194) 2 4 = 297.4 W, 2 Pcabs = 0
Zin = 4 +
100 j5 = 6.09752.43 so 6.5 + j 5 10 1 P10,abs = (6.097) 2 10 = 185.87 W 2 PL = 0 ( = 0)

I10 =
10 March 2006
12.
V = (10 + j10)
4030 = 52.4469.18 V 550 + 8 20
1 P10, gen = 10 52.44 cos 69.18 = 93.19 W 2 1 Pj10, gen = 10 52.44 cos (90 69.18) = 245.1 W 2 P550 abs 1 52.44 = cos (50) = 176.8 W 2 5
2 2
1 52.44 P8 20 abs = cos (20) = 161.5 W 2 8
( gen = abs )
10 March 2006
13.
ZR = 3 +
1 = 3 + 1 + j3 = 4 + j3 0.1 j 0.3 2 + j5 5 29 , IR = 6 + j8 10
Ignore 30 on Vs , I R = 5
2
(a)
P3
1 5 29 = 3 = 10.875 W 2 10 (2 + j 5) (4 + j 3) = 13.46351.94 V 6 + j8
(b)
Vs = 50 Ps , gen =
1 13.463 5cos 51.94 = 20.75 W 2
10 March 2006
14.
Pj10 = P j 5 = 0,
V10 50 V10 V10 j 50 + + =0 10 j5 j10 V10 ( j 0.1 + 0.1 + j 0.2) + j 5 + 10 = 0
V10 = 79.0616.57 V 1 79.062 = 312.5 W; 2 10 79.06161.57 50 I 50 = = 12.7578.69 A j10 1 P50V = 50 12.748cos 78.69 = 62.50 W 2 79.06161.57 j 50 = 15.811 7.57 : I j 50 = j5 1 Pj 50 = 50 15.811cos (90 + 71.57) = 375.0 W 2 P10 =
10 March 2006
15.
Vx 20 Vx Vc + = 2Vc 2 3 and V V Vx 0= c + c j2 3 which simplify to 5Vx 14Vc = 60
[1]
[2]
[1] and
j 2Vx + (3 j 2)Vc = 0 [2] Solving, Vx = 9.233 83.88 V and Vc = 5.122 140.2 V 1 Pgen = 9.233 ( 2 5.122 ) cos (83.88 + 140.2) = 26.22 W 2
10 March 2006
16. (a) (b) X in = 0 Z L = R th + j 0 R L , X L independent Z L = Z th = R th jX th Vth 1 R L Z L = R L jX th R L fixed PL = 2 (R th + R L ) 2 + (X th + X L ) 2

2
(c) (d)
X L fixed, Let X L + Xth = a f =
2PL Vth
2
RL (R th + R L ) 2 + a 2
2 R + R2 df L + a 2R L (R th + R L ) = th =0 2 2 2 dRL a (R R ) + + L th 2 2 2 R th + 2R th R L + R L + a 2R th R L = 2R 2 L = 0 2 R L = R th + a2 = 2 R th + (Xth + X L ) 2
(e)
2 2 X L = 0 R L = R th + X th = Zth
10 March 2006
17.
j10 = 107.3 116.6 V 10 + j 5 j10 (10 + j15) Zth = = 8 j14 10 + j 5 Vth = 120
(a)
ZTH = ( Z L ) = 8 + j14
*
(b)
IL =
ZTH + ( ZTH )
VTH
=
*
107.3 116.6 . 16
( ZTH ) = (107.3 116.6 )(16.12 60.26 ) VL = VTH * 16 ZTH + ( ZTH ) 1 (107.3)(16.12 ) 107.3 PL ,max = cos ( 116.6 60.26 + 116.6 ) =
2 16 10
179.8 W
10 March 2006
18.
R L = Zth R L = 82 + 142 = 16.125 PL = 1 107.332 16.125 = 119.38 W 2 (8 + 16.125) 2 + 142
10 March 2006
19. j 9.6 = 4.8 I x j1.92 I x +4.8I x

9.6 =5 1.92 V = (0.6 5)8 = 24 V Ix = Po = 1 24 1.6 5 = 96 W ( gen) 2
10 March 2006
20. (a)
j 480 80 j 60 80 + j 60 80 j 60 = 28.8 + j 38.4 Z L max = 28.8 j 38.4 Z th = 80 j 60 =
(b)
Vth = 5(28.8 + j38.4) = 144 + j192 V,

IL = 144 + j192 2 28.8 1 1442 + 1922 28.8 = 250 W and PL ,max = 2 4 28.82
10 March 2006
21.
Zeq = (6 j8) || (12 + j9) = 8.321 -19.44o W Veq = (5 -30o) (8.321 -19.44o) = 41.61 -49.44o V
Ptotal = (41.61)(5) cos (-19.44o) = 98.09 W
I6-j8 = Veq / (6 j8) = 4.161 3.69o A I4+j2 = I8+j7 = Veq/ 12+j9 = 2.774 -86.31o A
P6-j8 = (41.61)(4.161) cos (-49.44o 3.69o) = 51.94 W P4+j2 = (2.774)2 (4) = 15.39 W P8+j7 = (2.774)2 (8) = 30.78 W Check: = 98.11 W (okay)
10 March 2006
22.
Vth = 100
j10 (20) j10 = 20 + j 40, Zth = = 4 + j8 20 + j10 20 + j10 1 202 + 402 8.944 = 38.63 W 2 (4 + 8.944) 2 + 64
R L = Zth R L = 8.944 PL ,max =
10 March 2006
23.
We may write a single mesh equation: 170 0o = (30 + j10) I1 (10 j50)(-I1) Solving, 1700 o I1 = 30 + j10 + 10 j 50
1700 o (a) = 0, so I1 = = 5.376 - 18.43 o A and, with the same current flowing 30 + j10 through both resistors in this case, P20 = (5.376)2 (20) = 289.0 W P10 = (5.376)2 (10) = 144.5 W
(b) = 1, so I1 =
1700 o = 3.00545 o A 40 j 40 P20 = (3.005)2 (20) = 90.30 W The current through the 10- resistor is I1 + I1 = 2 I1 = 6.01 45o so
P10 = (6.01)2 (10) = 180.6 W (c)
(a) FREQ IM(V_PRINT3) 6.000E+01 5.375E+00 FREQ IM(V_PRINT4) 6.000E+01 5.375E+00 (b) FREQ IM(V_PRINT3) 6.000E+01 6.011E+00 FREQ IM(V_PRINT4) 6.000E+01 3.006E+00
IP(V_PRINT3) -1.846E+01 IP(V_PRINT4) -1.846E+01
IP(V_PRINT3) 4.499E+01 IP(V_PRINT4) 4.499E+01
10 March 2006
24.
(a) Waveform (a): Iavg =
(10)(1) + (5)(1) + 0(1) = 1.667 A 3 1 (20)(1) + 0(1) 2 = 5A Waveform (b): Iavg = 2
Waveform (c):
1 Iavg = 1 10 3
10 3 0
2t 8sin dt = - 8 10 3 3 4 10
4 10 3 t cos 2 10 3 2
10 3
16
(0 1) =
16
(b)
2 Waveform (a): I avg =
(100)(1) + (25)(1) + (0)(1) = 41.67 A 2 3 Waveform (b): i(t) = -20103 t + 20 i2(t) = 4108 t2 8105 t + 400 10 -3 1 2 (4 108 t 2 - 8 10 5 t + 400) dt I avg = -3 0 2 10 5 4 10 8 2 1 0.1333 3 3 8 10 = ( ) ( = 66.67 A 2 10 10 3 ) + 400(10 3 ) = -3 -3 2 2 10 3 2 10 Waveform (c):
2 I avg
1 = 1 10 3
10 3 0
2t sin 10 3 t 3 t dt = 64sin 2 64 10 4 10 3 2 10 3 2
10 3
10 = 64 10 3 2
sin = 32 A 2 3 2 10
10 March 2006
25.
At = 120, 1 H j377 , and 4 F -j663.1 Define Zeff = j377 || -j663.1 || 10 000 = 870.5 85.01o 2 9 o 2500 V2.5k = = 520.4 - 27.61o V o 2500 + 870.5 85.01 400 2 9 o 870.5 85.01o V10k = = 181.2 57.40 o V o 2500 + 870.5 85.01
(400
)(
Thus, P2.5k = (520.4)2 / 2 500 P10k = (181.2)2 / 10 000 P1H P4F
= = = =
54.16 W 1.642 W 0 0 (A total absorbed power of 55.80 W.)
To check, the average power delivered by the source:
Isource =
400 2 9 o = 0.2081 - 27.61o A 2500 + 870.585.01o
and Psource = ( 400 2 )(0.2081) cos (-9o + 27.61o) = 55.78 W (checks out).
FREQ IM(V_PRINT1) 6.000E+01 2.081E-01
IP(V_PRINT1) -2.760E+01
FREQ VM(L,0) 6.000E+01 1.812E+02 FREQ IM(V_PRINT11) 6.000E+01 2.732E-01 FREQ IM(V_PRINT12) 6.000E+01 1.812E-02
VP(L,0) 5.740E+01 IP(V_PRINT11) 1.474E+02 IP(V_PRINT12) 5.740E+01
FREQ VM(R2_5k,$N_0002) VP(R2_5k,$N_0002) 6.000E+01 5.204E+02 -2.760E+01 FREQ IM(V_PRINT2) 6.000E+01 4.805E-01 IP(V_PRINT2) -3.260E+01
10 March 2006
26.
(a)
1 144 144 = 8.485 (1 + cos 2000t ) dt = 2 T 0 2

1 144 144 = 8.485 (1 cos 2000t ) dt = 2 T 0 2 1 144 144 = 8.485 (1 + cos1000t ) dt = 2 T 0 2 1 144 144 = 8.485 1 + cos 1000t 176o dt = 2 T 0 2
T T T
(b)
(c)
(d)
10 March 2006
27.
(a)
1 4 2 (1 + cos 20t ) dt = = 1.414 T 02 2 1 4 2 (1 cos 20t ) dt = = 1.414 T 02 2 1 4 2 (1 + cos10t ) dt = = 1.414 2 T 02 1 4 2 = 1.414 1 + cos 10t 64o dt = 2 T 02
T T T
(b)
(c)
(d)
10 March 2006
28.
T = 3 s; integrate from 1 to 4 s; need only really integrate from 1 to 3 s as function is zero between t = 3 and t = 4 s.
Vrms 1 100 100(2) (10) 2 dt = = t = = 8.165 V 31 3 1 3
3 3
10 March 2006
29.
T = 3 s; integrate from 2 to 5 s; need only really integrate from 2 to 3 s as function is zero between t = 3 and t = 4 s.
I rms 1 49 49(1) (7) 2 dt = = t = = 4.041 A 32 3 2 3
3 3
10 March 2006
30.
(a) 1 V (b) Vrms = V

2 1eff
+V
2 2eff
1 = 1 + = 1.225 V 2
2
(c) Vrms = V
2 1eff
+V
2 2eff
1 = 1 + = 1.225 V 2
2
10 March 2006
31. (a)
v = 10 + 9 cos100t + 6sin100t 1 1 Veff = 100 + 81 + 36 = 158.5 = 12.590 V 2 2
(b)
Feff =
1 2 (10 + 202 + 102 ) = 150 = 12.247 4
(c)
Favg =
(10)(1) + (20)(1) + (10)(1) 40 = = 10 4 4
10 March 2006
32. (a) g(t) = 2 + 3cos100t + 4cos(100t 120o) 3 0 + 4-120 = 3.606 -73.90 so Geff =
o o
3.606 2 4+ = 3.240 2
h (t ) = 2 + 3cos100t + 4 cos (101t 120)

(b)
1 1 H eff = 22 + 32 + 42 = 16.5 = 4.062 2 2

f (t ) = 100t , 0 < t < 0.1 Feff = = 10 1 106 103 = 33.33 3 3 1 0.1 6 2 10 t dt 0.3 0
(c)
10 March 2006
33. (a)
f (t ) = (2 3cos100t ) 2 f (t ) = 4 12 cos100t + 9 cos 2 100t f (t ) = 4 12 cos100t + 4.5 + 4.5cos 200t Fav = 4 + 4.5 = 8.5
1 1 Feff = 8.52 + 122 + 4.52 = 12.43 2 2
(b)
10 March 2006
34.
(a)
ieff
1 = 102 + (5) 2 + 0 3
= 6.455 A
1
(b) ieff
1 1 = 0 [ 20t + 20] dt + 0 2
1 1 2 8 sin t dt = 0 4 1
1 2
5 = 2.236 A
(c)
ieff
2 t - 8 cos 2 = 2.257 A 0
10 March 2006
35. (a)
A = B = 10V, C = D = 0 100 + 10 45 = 18.48 22.50o P = 1 1 18.482 = 42.68 W 2 4
(b)
A = C = 10V, B = D = 0, vs = 10 cos10t + 10 cos 40t , P= 1 102 1 102 + = 25 W 2 4 2 4
(c)
vs = 10 cos10t 10sin (10t + 45) 10 10 45 = 7.65467.50o 1 7.6542 P = = 7.322 W 2 4
(d)
v = 10 cos10t + 10sin (10t + 45) + 10 cos 40t ; 100 + 10 45 = 18.48 22.50o 1 1 1 1 P = 18.482 + 102 = 55.18 W 2 4 2 4
(e)
102 = 80.18 W // + 10dc Pav = 55.18 + 4
10 March 2006
36.
Zeq = R || j0.3 =
j 0.3R . By voltage division, then, we write: R + j 0.3R
j 0.1 - 0.03 2 + j 0.1R = 1200 V100mH = 1200 j 0.3R 0.03 2 + j 0.4 R j 0.1 + R + j 0.3 j 0.3R j 36 R R + j 0.3 = 1200 V300mH = 1200 j 0.3R 0.032 + j 0.4 R j 0.1 + R + j 0.3 (a) Were interested in the value of R that would lead to equal voltage magnitudes, or j 36 R Thus, 36R = = (120) - 0.03 2 + j 0.1R
12.96 4 + 144 2 R 2 or R = 0.1061
(b) Substituting into the expression for V100mH, we find that V100mH = 73.47 V, independent of frequency. To verify with PSpice, simulate the circuit at 60 Hz, or = 120 rad/s, so R = 40 . We also include a miniscule (1 p) resistor to avoid inductor loop warnings. We see from the simulation results that the two voltage magnitudes are indeed the same.
FREQ VM($N_0002,$N_0003)VP($N_0002,$N_0003) 6.000E+01 7.349E+01 -3.525E+01 FREQ VM($N_0001,$N_0002)VP($N_0001,$N_0002) 6.000E+01 7.347E+01 3.527E+01
10 March 2006
37. (a) Vav ,1 = 30V 1 Vav ,2 = (10 + 30 + 50) = 30V 3 (b)

Veff ,1 = Veff ,2 = 1 3 1 1 (20t ) 2 dt = 400 27 = 1200 = 34.64V 0 3 3 3 1 2 1 (10 + 302 + 502 ) = 3500 = 34.16 V 3 3
(c) PSpice verification for Sawtooth waveform of Fig. 11.40a:
10 March 2006
38.
j106 jR106 Zeff = R || = 3 3R j106
120 3R - j106 1200 ISRC = = 106 R106 j106 3R j106 jR106 j j 3R j106 R I3F = ISRC 106 R j 3
= 1 . This is 106 R j 3 only true when R = ; otherwise, current is shunted through the resistor and the two capacitor currents will be unequal. (b) In this case, the capacitor current is (a) For the two current magnitudes to be equal, we must have 1200 1 106 j j 3 10
6
= j 90 A, or
90 cos(t + 90o ) A
(c) PSpice verification: set f = 60 Hz, simulate a single 0.75-F capacitor, and include a 100-M resistor in parallel with the capacitor to prevent a floating node. This should resit in a rms current amplitude of 33.93 mA, which it does.
FREQ IM(V_PRINT3) 6.000E+01 3.393E-02
IP(V_PRINT3) 9.000E+01
10 March 2006
39. v(t ) = 10t [u (t ) u (t 2)] + 16e 0.5(t 3) [u (t 3) u (t 5)] V Find eff. value separately V1,eff = V2,eff = 1 2 20 8 = 7.303 100t 2 dt = 0 5 3 1 5 256 3 t 5 e (e )3 = 6.654 256e ( t 3) dt = 3 5 5
Veff = 7.3032 + 6.6542 = 9.879 Veff = = =

5 1 2 2 + t dt 100 256e3e t dt 0 3 5
1 100 8 + 256e3 (e 3 e5 ) 5 3 1 800 + 256 (1 e 2 ) = 9.879 V OK 5 3
10 March 2006
40.
The peak instantaneous power is 250 mW. The combination of elements yields
Z = 1000 + j1000 = 1414 45o .

Arbitrarily designate V = Vm 0 , so that I = Vm 0 Vm 45o A. = Z 1414
We may write p(t) = Vm Im cos + Vm Im cos (2t + ) where = the angle of the current (-45o). This function has a maximum value of VmIm cos + VmIm. Thus, 0.250 = VmIm (1 + cos ) = (1414) Im2 (1.707) and Im = 14.39 mA. In terms of rms current, the largest rms current permitted is 14.39 /
2 = 10.18 mA rms.
10 March 2006
41.
I = 435 A rms V = 20I + 8035 Vrms, Ps , gen = 80 10 cos 35 = 655.3 W PR = I R = 16 20 = 320 W

2
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
PLoad = 655.3 320 = 335.3 W APs , gen = 80 10 = 800 VA

APR = PR = 320 VA
I L = 100 435 = 7.104 18.84 A rms

APL = 80 7.104 = 568.3 VA
(g)
PFL = cos L = since I L lags V,
PL 335.3 = = 0.599 APL 568.3 PFL is lagging
10 March 2006
42. (a) 120 = 9.214 26.25 A rms j192 4+ 12 + j16 PFs = cos 26.25 = 0.8969 lag Is = Ps = 120 9.214 0.8969 = 991.7W
j 48 1 = 4+ (192 + j144) 3 + j4 25 11.68 j 5.76 Z L = 11.68 + j 5.76 , YL = 11.682 + 5.762 j 5.76 , C = 90.09 F j120 C = 11.682 + 5.762
(b) (c)
ZL = 4 +
(d)
PSpice verification
FREQ VM($N_0003,0) VP($N_0003,0) 6.000E+01 1.200E+02 0.000E+00 FREQ IM(V_PRINT1) IP(V_PRINT1) 6.000E+01 9.215E+00 -2.625E+01
; (a) and (b) are correct
Next, add a 90.09-F capacitor in parallel with the source:
FREQ IM(V_PRINT1) IP(V_PRINT1) 6.000E+01 8.264E+00 -9.774E-05
;(c) is correct (-9.810-5 degrees is essentially zero, for unity PF).
10 March 2006
43.
Z A = 5 + j 2 , Z B = 20 j10 , Z c = 1030 = 8.660 + j 5 Z D = 10 60 = 5 j8.660

200 20 + j10 0 33.66 j13.660 726522.09 = = 15.113.908 A rms I1 = 25 j8 20 + j10 480.9 26.00 20 + j10 33.66 j13.660 25 j8 200 20 + j10 0 200 (20 j10) = = 9.300 0.5681 A rms I2 = 480.9 26.00 480.920.00 APA = I1 Z A = 15.1082 29 = 1229 VA
2
APB = I1 I 2 APD = I 2
2
Z B = 5.8812 10 5 = 773.5 VA
APC = I 2 2 ZC = 9.32 10 = 86.49 VA
Z1 = 9.32 10 = 864.9 VA
APS = 200 I1 = 200 15.108 = 3022 VA
10 March 2006
44. (a)
Z1 = 3015, Z 2 = 4040 Ztot = 3015 + 4040 = 68.3729.31

PF = cos 29.3 = 0.8719 lag
(b)
V = IZtot = 683.829.31o so S = VI* = 683.829.31o (100 ) = 683829.31o VA .

Thus, the apparent power = S = 6.838 kVA.
(c)
The impedance has a positive angle; it therefore has a net inductive character.
10 March 2006
45.
1 = cos-1(0.92) = 23.07o, 2 = cos-1 (0.8) = 36.87o, 3 = 0 100 23.07o S1 = = 100 + j 42.59 VA 0.92 250 36.87 o S2 = = 250 + j187.5 VA 0.8 500 0o S3 = = 500 VA 1
Stotal = S1 + S2 + S3 = 500 + j230.1 VA = 550.4 24.71o VA

(a) Ieff = Stotal 550.4 = = 4.786 A rms Veff 115
(b) PF of composite load = cos (24.71o) = 0.9084 lagging
10 March 2006
46.
APL = 10, 000 VA, PFL = 0.8lag, I L = 40A rms Let I L = 400 A rms; PL = 10, 000 0.8 = 8000 W 8000 =5 402 cos L = 0.8lag L = cos 1 0.8 = 36.87 Let Z L = R L + jX L R L = X L = 5 tan 36.87 = 3.75 , Z L = 5 + j 3.75, Ztot = 5.2 + j 3.75 Vs = 40 (5.2 + j 3.75) = 256.435.80 V; Ytot = = 0.12651 j 0.09124S, Ynew 0.09124 120 C 0.12651 C = 79.48 F = PFnew = 0.9 lag, new = 25.84 tan 25.84 = 0.4843 1 5.2 + j 3.75 = 0.12651 + j (120 C 0.09124),
10 March 2006
47.
Zeff = j100 + j300 || 200 = 237 54.25o. PF = cos 54.25o = 0.5843 lagging.
(a) Raise PF to 0.92 lagging with series capacitance
Znew = j100 + jXC + j300 || 200 = 138.5 + j(192.3 + XC) 192.3 + X C -1 o tan 1 = cos 0.92 = 23.07 138.5 Solving, we find that XC = -133.3 = -1/C, so that C = 7.501 F
(b) Raise PF to 0.92 lagging with parallel capacitance
Znew = j100 || jXC +
j300 || 200 =
100 X C +138.5 + j92.31 j (100 + X C )
100X C = 138.5 + j 92.31 + 100 + X C 100X C 92.31 + 100 + X C 1 tan = cos-1 0.92 = 23.07o 138.5 Solving, we find that XC = -25 = -1/C, so that C = 40 F
General circuit for simulations. Results agree with hand calculations

With no compensation: With series compensation: With parallel compensation: FREQ 1.592E+02 1.592E+02 1.592E+02 IM(V_PRINT1) 4.853E-01 7.641E-01 7.641E-01 IP(V_PRINT1) -5.825E+01 -2.707E+01 -2.707E+01 54.25o 23.07o 23.07o PF 0.5843 lag 0.9200 lag 0.9200 lag
10 March 2006
48.
Zin = j10 +
20 (1 + j 2) = 10.769 j 3.846 = 11.435+ 19.65 3 + j2 100 Is = = 8.74519.65 11.435 19.654 S s = Vs I s = 100 8.745 19.65 = 823.5 + j 294.1VA 10 + j 20 = 5.42349.40 30 + j 20
I 20 = 8.74519.65
S 20 = 20 5.4322 = 588.2 + j 0 VA
I10 =
20 5.42349.40 = 4.851 14.04 10 + j 20
S10 = 10 4.8512 = 235.3 + j 0 VA S j 20 = j 20 4.8512 = j 470.6 VA, S j10 = j10 8.7452 =

j 764.7 VA, =0
10 March 2006
49.
Vx 100 V V j100 + x + x =0 6 + j4 j10 5

1 100 Vx + j 0.1 + 0.2 = + j 20 6 + j4 6 + j4 Vx = 53.35 42.66 V 100 53.35 42.66 I1 = = 9.806 64.44 A 6 + j4 1 S1. gen = 100 9.80664.44 = 211.5 + j 442.3VA 2 1 S 6, abs = 6 9.8062 = 288.5 + j 0 VA 2 1 S j 4,abs = ( j 4) 9.8062 = 0 + j192.3VA 2 j100 53.35 42.66 = 14.99121.6, I2 = 5 1 S5 abs = 5 14.992 = 561.5 + j 0 VA 2 1 S 2, gen = ( j100)14.99 121.57 = 638.4 j 392.3VA 2 1 53.35 S j10, abs = ( j10) = 0 j142.3VA = 142.3 90 VA 2 10
=0
10 March 2006
50. (a) 500 VA, PF = 0.75 lead
S = 500 cos 1 0.75 = 375 j 330.7 VA

(b)
500 W, PF = 0.75 lead 500 S = 500 sin (cos 1 0.75) = 500 j 441.0 VA j.075
(c)
500 VAR, PF = 0.75(lead) = cos 1 0.75 = 41.41 P 500 / tan 41.41 = 566.9W, S = 566.9 j 500 VA
10 March 2006
51. (a)
S s = 1600 + j 500 VA (gen)

1600 + j 500 = 4 + j1.25 I s = 4 j1.25 400 400 Ic = = j 3.333A rms I L = I s I c = 4 j1.25 j 3.333 j120 I L = 4 j 4.583A rms I s = S L = 400 (4 + j 4.583) = 1600 + j1833 VA
(b) (c)
1833.3 + PFL = cos tan 1 = 0.6575 lag 1600
S s = 1600 + j 500 = 167617.35 VA PFs = cos17.35 = 0.9545 lag
10 March 2006
52. (a)
(cos 1 0.8 = 36.87, cos 1 0.9 = 25.84)

S tot = 120036.87 + 160025.84 + 900 = 960 + j 720 + 1440 + j 697.4 + 900 = 3300 + j1417.4 = 359223.25 VA Is = 3591.5 = 15.62 A rms 230
(b) (c)
PFs = cos 23.245 = 0.9188
S = 3300 + j1417 VA
10 March 2006
53. (a) (b) Ps ,tot = 20 + 25 0.8 + 30 0.75 = 70 kW
20, 000 = 800 A rms 250 I 2 = 25, 000 / 250 = 100 A rms I1 = I 2 = cos 1 0.8 = 36.87 I 2 = 100 36.87 o A rms 30, 000 40, 000 = 40, 000 VA, I 3 = = 160 A rms 0.75 250 I 3 = cos 1 0.75 = 41.41 I 3 = 160 41.41 A rms AP3 = I s = 800 + 100 36.87 + 160 41.41 = 325.4 30.64 A rms APs = 250 325.4 = 81,360 VA
(c)
PF3 =
70, 000 = 0.8604 lag 81,360
10 March 2006
54.
200 kW average power and 280 kVAR reactive result in a power factor of PF = cos (tan-1 (280/200) = 0.5813 lagging, which is pretty low. (a) 0.65 peak = 0.65(200) = 130 kVAR Excess = 280 130 = 150 kVAR, for a cost of (12)(0.22)(150) = $396 / year. (b) Target = S = P + j0.65 P = tan-1(0.65P/P) = 33.02o, so target PF = cos = 0.8385 (c) A single 100-kVAR increment costs $200 to install. The excess kVAR would then be 280 100 130 = 50 kVAR, for an annual penalty of $332. This would result in a first-year savings of $64. A single 200-kVAR increment costs $395 to install, and would remove the entire excess kVAR. The savings would be $1 (wow) in the first year, but $396 each year thereafter. The single 200-kVAR increment is the most economical choice.
10 March 2006
55.
Perhaps the easiest approach is to consider the load and the compensation capacitor separately. The load draws a complex power Sload = P + jQ. The capacitor draws a purely reactive complex power SC = -jQC. load = tan-1(Q/P), or Q = P tan load QC = SC = Vrms Vrms 2 2 = CVrms = CVrms ( j / C)
Stotal = Sload + SC = P + j(Q QC) Q-QC new = ang(Stotal) = tan 1 P , so that Q QC = P tan new
Substituting, we find that QC = P tan load P tan new or 2 = P (tan load tan new) CVrms Thus, noting that old = load,
C =
P ( tan old - tan new )

2 Vrms
10 March 2006
56.
V = 339 -66o V, = 100 rad/ s, connected to Z = 1000 .
339 = 239.7 V rms 2 (b) pmax = 3392 / 1000 = 114.9 W (a) Veff = (c) pmin = 0 W
339 2 Veff 339 2 (d) Apparent power = Veff Ieff = = = 57.46 VA 2 1000 1000
(e) Since the load is purely resistive, it draws zero reactive power. (f) S = 57.46 VA
10 March 2006
57.
V = 339 -66o V, = 100 rad/s to a purely inductive load of 150 mH (j47.12 )
(a) I =
339 - 66o V = = 7.194 - 156o A Z j 47.12 7.194 so Ieff = = 5.087 A rms 2 (b) p(t) = VmIm cos + VmIm cos(2t + ) where = angle of current angle of voltage pmax = VmIm cos + VmIm = (1 + cos(-90o)) (339)(7.194)/ 2 = 1219 W
(c) pmin = VmIm cos - VmIm = -1219 W (d) apparent power = Veff Ieff = 339 (5.087 ) = 1219 VA 2 (e) reactive power = Q = Veff Ieff sin ( ) = 1219 VA (f) complex power = j1219 VA
10 March 2006
58.
1 H j , 4 F j250
Zeff = j || j250 || 104 = 1.004 89.99o V10k =
(50) (1.004 89.99o ) = 2.008 89.97 o mV 2500 + (1.00489.99o ) = (0.002)2 / 10103 = 400 pW
(a) pmax
(b) 0 W (purely resistive elements draw no reactive power) (c) apparent power = VeffIeff = VmIm = (0.002)2 / 10000 = 200 pVA (d) Ssource = 1 50 ( 50 ) 2 25000.02292
=
0.005 -0.02292o VA
10 March 2006
59.
(a) At = 400 rad/s, 1 F -j2500 , 100 mH j40 Define Zeff = -j2500 || (250 + j40) = 256 3.287o 120000 = 43.48 - 3.049o A rms 20 + 2563.287 o Ssource = (12000)(43.48) 3.049o = 521.8 3.049o kVA
IS = S20 = (43.48)2 (20) 0 = 37.81 0 kVA Veff
(120000)(2563.287 o ) = = 11130 0.2381o V rms o 20 + 2563.287
I1F =
Veff = 4.452 90.24o A rms - j 2500 so S1F = (11130)(4.452) -90o = 49.55 -90o kVA
(111300.2381o )( j 40) = 1758 81.15o V rms 250 + j 40
V100mH =
I100mH =
V100mH = 43.96 - 8.852o A rms j 40 so S100 = (1758)(4.43.96) 90o = 77.28 90o kVA
(111300.2381o )(250) = 10990 8.852o V rms 250 + j 40 so S250 = (10990)2 / 250 = 483.1 0o kVA
V250 =
(b) 37.81 0 + 49.55 -90o +77.28 90o + 483.1 0o = 521.6 3.014o kVA, which is within rounding error of the complex power delivered by the source. (c) The apparent power of the source is 521.8 kVA. The apparent powers of the passive elements sum to 37.81 + 49.55 + 77.28 + 483.1 = 647.7 kVA, so NO! Phase angle is important! (d) P = Veff Ieff cos (ang VS ang IS) = (12000)(43.48) cos (3.049o) = 521 kW (e) Q = Veff Ieff sin (ang VS ang IS) = (12000)(43.48) sin (3.049o) = 27.75 kVAR
10 March 2006
60.
(a) Peak current = 28 2 = 39.6 A (b) load = cos-1(0.812) = +35.71o (since lagging PF). Assume ang (V) = 0o.
p(t) =
( 2300 2 ) (39.6) cos (120t ) cos (120t - 35.71 )

o
at t = 2.5 ms, then, p(t) = 71.89 kW (c) P = Veff Ieff cos = (2300)(28) cos (35.71o) = 52.29 kW (d) S = Veff Ieff = 64.4 35.71o kVA (e) apparent power = |S| = 64.4 kVA (f) |Zload| = |V/ I| = 2300/28 = 82.14 . Thus, Zload = 82.14 35.71o (g) Q = Veff Ieff sin = 37.59 kVAR
Chapter Thirteen Solutions
10 March 2006
1.
v2(t) = M21
di1 ( t ) dt
= M 21 (400)(120 ) sin(120 t )
Taking peak values and noting sign is irrelevant, 100 = M21(400)(120). Thus, M21 = 663.1 H
10 March 2006
2. v1 = M 12 i2 = di2 dt therefore
1 1 115 2 v dt = sin 120 t 16o 1 M 12 M 12 120
Equating peak values, M 12 =
1 115 2 = 9.59 mH 45 120
10 March 2006
3.
1 and 3, 2 and 4 1 and 4, 2 and 3 3 and 1, 2 and 4
10 March 2006
4.
(a) v1 = L1
di1 di +M 2 dt dt
Substituting in i1 = 30 sin 80t and i2 = 30 cos 80t, we find that
v1 = 2400 cos 80t 1200 sin 80t
1200 = 24002 + 12002 cos 80t tan 1 2400 = 2683 cos (80t 26.57o) V
(b) v2 = L2
di2 di +M 1 dt dt
Substituting in i1 = 30 sin 80t and i2 = 30 cos 80t, we find that v2 = 7200 sin 80t + 1200 cos 80t =
7200 72002 + 12002 cos 80t tan 1 2400
= 7299 cos (80t 80.54o) V
10 March 2006
5.
di di (a) v1 = L1 1 + M 2 dt dt Substituting in i1 = 3 cos 800t nA and i2 = 2 cos 800t nA,we find that
6 9 6 9 v1 = (22 10 )(3)(800) 10 sin 800t (5 10 )(2)(800) 10 sin 800t
= 60.8 sin 800t pV di di (b) v2 = + L2 2 + M 1 dt dt Substituting in i1 = 3 cos 800t nA and i2 = 2 cos 800t nA,we find that
v1 = (15 106 )(2)(800) 109 sin 800t (5 106 )(3)(800) 109 sin 800t = 36 sin 800t pV
10 March 2006
6.
di1 di + 0.4 2 = 5e t dt dt
[1]
0.4
di1 di + 8 2 = 3e 2t dt dt
[2]
Let i1 = ae t + be2t and i2 = cet + de2t Then from Eq. [1] we have 8a 0.4c = 5 [3] And from Eq. [2] we have 0.4a 8c = 0 [5] and 0.8b 16d = 3 [6] and 16b 0.8d = 0 [4]
Solving, we find that a = 0.6266, b = 0.0094, c = 0.03133, and d = 0.1880
(a)
di1 d 0.6266e t + 0.0094e2t = 0.6266e t 0.0188e2t A/s = dt dt di2 d = 0.0313e t + 0.376e 2t A/s = 0.0313e t 0.1880e2t dt dt
(b)
(c) i1 = 0.6266e t + 0.0094e2t A
10 March 2006
7.
di2 di1 3 t 2 + 1.5 10 = 2e dt dt di1 di2 3t 1.5 + 2 = 4e dt dt [2]
[1]
Let i1 = ae t + be3t and i2 = ce t + de3t Then from Eq. [1] we have 2a 1.5c = 2103 [3] And from Eq. [2] we have 1.5a 2c = 0 [5] and 4.5b 6d = 4103 [6] and 6b 4.5d = 0 [4]
Solving, we find that a = 2286, b = -1143, c = 1714, and d = 1524
(a)
di1 d 2286e t 1143e3t = = 2286e t + 3429e 3t A/s dt dt di2 d 1714e t 1524e3t = = 1714e t + 4572e3t A/s dt dt
(b)
(c) i2 = 1714e t + 4572e3t A
10 March 2006
8. (a)
V2 = j 0.4 10
V2 = j100 0.4 10 = 126 90o V
Thus, v(t) = 126 cos (100t + 90o) V (b) Define V2 across the 2-H inductor with + reference at the dot, and a clockwise currents I1 and I2, respectively, in each mesh. Then,
V = -V2
and we may also write

V2 = jL2 I2 + jMI1
or -V = jL2
V + jM 10
Solving for V,
V=
( j100 )(0.4) 125.7 90o 125.7 - 90o = = 2.000 - 179.1o = 1 + ( j100 )(2 ) 1 + j 62.83 62.8489.09o Thus, v(t) = 2 cos (100t 179.1o) V.
(c)
Define V1 across the left inductor, and V2 across the right inductor, with the + reference at the respective dot; also define two clockwise mesh currents I1 and I2. Then, V1 = jL1 I1 + j M I 2
V2 = jL2 I 2 + j M I1
Now I1 = 10 V1 and Vout = V2 4 V and I 2 = out 10
V 10 V1 V1 = jL1 + jM out EQN 1 4 10 V 10 V1 EQN 2 Vout = jL2 out + jM 10 4
j M jL1 jL1 10 1 4 V 1 10 4 = jL2 Vout jM 10 jM 1 + 4 10 4 j12.6 V1 39.3 j 1 j 39 j 31.4 1 + j 62.8 V = 31.4 j out Solving, we find that Vout (= V) = 1.20 -2.108o V and hence
v(t) = 1.2 cos (100t 2.108o) V.
10 March 2006
9. (a)
100 = (50 + j 200) I1 + j300 I2 , (2000 + j 500) I2 + j 300 I1 = 0 I2 = j3 900 , 100 = 50 + j 200 + I1 20 + j 5 20 + j 5 900 + j 4250 I1 I1 = 0.47451 64.01 A 20 + j 5 1 = 100 0.4745cos 64.01 = 10.399 W 2
2
100 = PS ,abS
(b) (c) (d)
1 1 j3 = 4.769 W P50 = 50 0.47452 = 5.630 W, P2000 = 2000 0.47452 20 + j 5 2 2 0 each 0
10 March 2006
10. (a) (b) (c)
iS 1 = 4t A, iS 2 = 10t A v AG = 20 4 + 4 10 = 120 V vCG = 4 6 = 24 V vBG = 3 10 + 4 4 6 4 = 30 + 16 24 = 22 V
10 March 2006
11. (a)
Vab ,oc =
100 ( j 300) = 145.52 165.96 V 50 + j 200
100 = (50 + j 200) I1 + j 300 I2SC , j 500 I2SC + j 300 I1 = 0 5 5 I1 = I2 SC , 100 = (50 + j 200) + j 300 I2 SC I2 SC = 1.1142158.199 A 3 3 Zth = Vab ,bc / I2 SC = 145.52 165.96 = 130.6035.84 = 105.88 + j 76.47 1.1142158.199
145.52 = 0.6872 A 2 105.88
(b)
Z L = 105.88 j 76.47 IL = PL max =
1 0.68722 105.88 = 25.00 W 2
10 March 2006
12. KVL Loop 1 KVL Loop 2 KVL Loop 3
100 0 = 2(I1 I2) + j3 (I1 I3) + j2 (I2 I3) 2(I2 I1) + 10I2 + j4 (I2 I3) + j2 (I1 I3) = 0 5I3 + j3 (I3 I1) + j2 (I3 I2) + j4 (I3 I2) + j2 (I3 I1) = 0
LINEAR EQUATIONS
2 + j 3 2 + j 2 j 5 I1 1000 2 + j 2 12 + j 4 j 6 I = 0 2 5 2 5 + 11 0 j j j I 3
Since = 2f = 2(50) = 314.2 rad/s, the matrix becomes

2 + j 942.6 2 + j 628.4 j1571 I1 1000 2 + j 628.4 12 + j1257 j1885 I 2 = 0 5 + j 3456 j 628.4 j1571 I 3 0
Solving using a scientific calculator or MATLAB, we find that I1 = 278.5 -89.65o mA, I2 = 39.78 -89.43o mA, I3 = 119.4 -89.58o mA. Returning to the time domain, we thus find that i1(t) = 278.5 cos (100t 89.65o) mA, i2(t) = 39.78 cos (100t 89.43o) mA, and i3(t) = 119.4 cos (100t 89.58o) mA.
10 March 2006
13.
10t 2u (t ) 1000t 2 0.01 i i u (t ) = = S S t 2 + 0.01 t 2 + 0.01 15t 2 1500t 2 vx = 0.015i S = 2 u (t ), 100vx = 2 u (t ) t + 0.01 t + 0.01 d 15t 2 (t 2 + 0.01)2t t 2 2t u (t ) = 15 104 u (t ) iC = 100 106 vx = 104 2 dt t + 0.01 (t 2 + 0.01) 2 vs =
iC = 15 104
0.02t 30t iC (t ) = 2 A, 2 (t + 0.01) (t + 0.01) 2

2
t>0
10 March 2006
14. (a) (b)
v A (t ) = L1i 1 Mi 2, vB (t ) = L1i1 Mi 2 + L 2 i 2 Mi1
V1(j) = jL1 IA + jM(IB + IA) V2(j) = jL2 (IB + IA) + jMIA
10 March 2006
15. (a) 100 = j5 (I1 I2) + j3I2 + 6(I1 I3) [1]
(4 + j4)I2 + j3 (I1 I2) + j2 (I3 I2) + j6 (I2 I3) j2 I2 + j5 (I2 I1) [2] j 3 I2 = 0 6 (I3 I1) + j6 (I3 I2) + j2 I2 + 5 I3 = 0 Collecting terms, (6 + j5) I1 j2 I2 6 I3 = 100 -j2 I1 + (4 + j5) I2 j4 I3 = 0 -6 I1 - j4 I2 + (11 + j6) I3 = 0 (b) For = 2 rad/s, we find (6 + j10) I1 j4 I2 6 I3 = 100 -j4 I1 + (4 + j10) I2 j8 I3 = 0 -6 I1 j8 I2 + (11 + j12) I3 = 0 Solving, I3 = 4.32 -54.30o A [1] [2] [3] [3]
10 March 2006
16. (a)
Va = jL1 I a + jM I b Vb = jL2 I b + jM I a V1 = I1 R1 + Va
I a = I1 Ib = I 2
= I1 R1 + j L1 I a + jM I b = I1 R1 + j L1 I1 jM I 2
V2 = I 2 R2 Vb
= I 2 R2 j L2 I b jM I a = I 2 R2 + j L2 I 2 jM I1 (b) Assuming that the systems connecting the transformer are fully isolated.
Va = jL1 I a + jMI b Vb = jL2 I b + jMI a V1 = I1 R Va I a = I1 Ib = I 2
= I1 R jL1 I a jM I b = I1 R + jL1 I1 + jM I 2
V2 = Vb + I b R2
= I 2 R2 + j L2 I b + jM I a = I 2 R2 j L2 I 2 jM I1
10 March 2006
17. (a)
2 (0.2) 2 Z = 2 + j0.1 + 5 + j 0.5 52 (0.2) 2 j0.5 2 (0.2) 2 = 2 + j 0.1 + 2 2 5 + (0.5) 2 5 + (0.5) 2 = 2+ 0.22 0.022 0.1 + j 25 + 0.252 25 + 0.252
(b)
(c)
Zin(j) at = 50 is equal to 2 + 0.769 + j(50)(0.023) = 2.77 + j1.15 .
10 March 2006
18.
Z in = Z11 +
2 M 2 Z 22 2 M 2 8 + j10 103 2 M 2 8 j10 103 2 M 82 + (10 103 ) 2 82 + (10 103 ) 2
= j50 103 +
Z in = j50 103 +
10 103 2 M 2 2 M 2 8 3 = 2 + j 50 10 2 8 + (10 103 ) 2 8 + (10 103 ) 2
In this circuit the real power delivered by the source is all consumed at the speaker, so 1 2 2 2 V 20 M 28 P = rms 3.2 = 3 2 2 R 2 8 (10 10 ) 2 M 2 8 202 2 = 8 + (10 103 ) 2 2 3.2 = 62.5 W
10 March 2006
19. (a)
iS 1 = 2 cos10t A, iS 2 = 1.2 cos10t A v1 = 0.6(20sin10t ) 0.2(12sin10t ) + 0.5(32sin10t ) + 9.6 cos10t v1 = 9.6 cos10t 25.6sin10t = 27.34 cos (10t + 69.44) V
(b)
v2 = 0.8(12sin10t ) 0.2(20sin10t ) 16sin10t + 9.6 cos10t v2 = 9.6 cos10t 21.6sin10t = 23.64 cos (10t + 66.04) V
(c)
1 1 PS 1 = 27.34 2 cos 69.44 = 9.601 W, PS 2 = 23.64 1.2 cos 66.04 = 5.760 W 2 2
10 March 2006
20.
Va = j8 I a + j4 I b * Vb = j10 I b + j4 I a = j10 I b + j5 I c Vc = j6 I c + j5 I b
Also I = I a = I b = I c Now examine equation *. j10 I j4 I = j10 I + j5 I c the only solution to this circuit is I = and hence
v(t ) = 120 cos t V.
10 March 2006
21.
100 = j10 I1 j15 I2 0 = j 200 I2 j15 I1 j15 IL 0 = (5 + j10) IL j15 I2 I2 = 1+ j2 5 + j10 1+ j2 IL = IL 0 = j 200 j15 IL j15 I1 j15 j3 j3
200 j118.33 + 66.67 400 0 = j j15 + IL IL j15 I1 I1 = 3 j15 3 2 100 = (66.67 + j118.33) 5 j10 IL = (39.44 + j 68.89) IL 3 IL = 1.2597 60.21 A
10 March 2006
22. (a) (b)
is = 2 cos10t A, t = 0 1 1 a b O.C. w(0) = 5 22 + 4 22 = 10 + 8 = 18 J 2 2
1 12 = 3 H 2 j 20 3 = 1.13909.462A i2 = 1.1390 cos (10t + 9.462) A ( j 30 + 5) I2 j10 3 2, I2 = 5 + j 30 1 i2 (0) = 1.1235 w(0) = 10 + 8 3 2 1.1235 + 3 1.12352 = 16.001 J 2 a b S.C. = 10, IS = 20 A, M =
10 March 2006
23. Vs = 120 V rms, = 100 rad/s

12 = (6 + j 20) I1 + j100(0.4K) I2 , (24 + j80) I2 + j 40K I1 = 0 I1 = 12 = 3 + j10 3 + j10 + j 40K I2 I2 12 = (6 + j 20) j 5K j 5K j 60K 18 200 + j 60 + j 60 + 200K 2 I2 I2 = j 5K 182 + 200K 2 + j120 86, 400 K 2 2.16K 2 602 K 2 24 = = W (200K 2 182) 2 + 1202 40, 000K 4 72,800K 2 + 47,524 K 4 1.82K 2 + 1.1881
P24 =
10 March 2006
24.
M 2
M L1 L2
Zin
k=
j10
= 250k rad / s
M = L1 L2 = 2 80 106 = 12.6H
Zin n = Z11 +
2 M 2 R22 jM 2 2 X 22 + 2 2 2 2 R22 + X 22 R22 + X 22 R22 = 2 X 22 = (250 103 ) (80 106 ) = 20
Z11 = j 250 103 2 106
= j 0.5 Thus, Zin = j0.5 + 19.8/404 j198/ 404 = 0.049 + j0.010 .
10 March 2006
25. (a)
= 100 rad/s
K1 j 50, K 2 j 20, 1H j100 100 = j200 I1 j 50 I2 j 20 I3 0 = (10 + j100) I2 j 50 I1 0 = (20 + j100) I3 j 20 I1 I3 = j2 j5 j5 j2 I1 , I2 = I1 10 = j 20 j 5 I1 j2 2 + j10 1 + j10 1 + j10 2 + j10
25 4 10 = j 20 + + I1 I1 = 0.5833 88.92 A, I2 = 0.2902 83.20 A, 1 + j10 2 + j10 I3 = 0.11440 77.61 A P10 = 0.29022 10 = 0.8422 W
(b)
P20 = 0.11442 20 = 0.2617 W Pgen = 100 0.5833cos88.92 = 1.1039 W
(c)
10 March 2006
26. (a)
k=
M L1 L2
M = 0.4 5 1.8 = 1.2H (b)

I1 + I 2 = I 3 I 2 = I 3 I1 = 5 10 4 10
t 5 t 10
(c)
The total energy stored at t = 0.

I1 = 4 A W total = I 2 = 1A
1 1 2 + M 12 I1 I 2 L1 I12 + L2 I 2 2 2 1 1 = 5 16 + 1.8 1 1.2 4 1 2 2 = 40 + 0.9 4.8 = 36.1J
10 March 2006
27. K j1000K L1L 2 , L1 j1000L1 , L 2 j1000L 2

Vs = (2 + j1000L1 ) I1 j1000K L1L 2 I2 0 = j1000K L1L 2 I1 + (40 + j1000L 2 ) I2 = 1000 rad/s I1 = Vs = I2 = 40 + j1000L 2 I2 j1000K L1L 2
(2 + j1000L1 )(40 + j1000L 2 ) + 106 K 2 L1L 2 I2 j1000K L1L 2 j1000K L1L 2 80 + j 40, 000L1 + j 2000L 2 106 L1L 2 (1 K 2 )
j 40, 000K L1L 2 V2 = 6 Vs 80 10 L1L 2 (1 K 2 ) + j (40, 000L1 + 2000L 2 )
(a)
L1 = 103 , L2 = 25 103 , K = 1
V2 j 40 5 j 200 = = = 1.660941.63 Vs 80 0 + j (40 + 50) 80 + j 90
(b)
L1 = 1, L 2 = 25, K = 0.99
V2 j 40, 000 0.99 5 = 6 V3 80 25 10 (1 0.992 ) + j (40, 000 + 50, 000)
V2 j198, 000 = = 0.3917 79.74 VS 80 497,500 + j 90, 000
(c)
L1 = 1, L 2 = 25, K = 1
V2 j 40, 000 5 j 200, 000 = = = 2.2220.05093 Vs 80 0 + j 90, 000 80 + j 90, 000
10 March 2006
28. (a)
L AB ,CDOC = 10 mH, LCD , ABOC = 5 mH L AB ,CDSC = 8 mH L1 = 10 mH, L 2 = 5 mH, 8 = 10 M + M (5 M) (mH) 8 = 10 M + K = M(5 M) , 5M = (10 8)5 + 5M M 2 M = 3.162 mH (= 10) 5
3.162 K = 0.4472 50
(b)
Dots at A and D, i1 = 5 A, wtot = 100 mJ 1 1 2 100 103 = 10 103 25 + 5 103 i2 10 5i2 103 2 2 2 10 40 40 2 2 5 10 i2 i2 2 10 i2 + 10 = 0, i2 = = 10 100 = 125 + 2.5i2 2 i2 = 3.162 A
10 March 2006
29.
Define coil voltages v1 and v2 with the + reference at the respective dot. Also define two clockwise mesh currents i1 and i2. We may then write:
dI1 dI +M 2 dt dt dI dI v2 = L2 2 + M 1 dt dt v1 = L1
M = k L1 L2
= 260 rad / s
or, using phasor notation,

V1 = jL1 I1 + jM I 2 V2 = jL2 I 2 + jM I1
1000 = 50 I1 + jL1 I1 + jM I 2 25 I 2 = jL2 I 2 + jM I1 Rearrange: [50 + jL1 ] I1 + jMI 2 = 1000

jMI1 [25 + jL2 ] I 2 = 0
or
jM I1 1000 50 + jL1 jM = 25 + jL2 I2 0
We can solve for I2 and V2 = 25I2:

V2 =
j1.658 k L1L 2 + 1
10 March 2006
30.
i1 = 2 cos 500t A Wmax at t = 0 1 1 1 wmax = 4 22 + 6 22 + 5 22 + 3 22 2 2 2 = 8 + 12 + 10 + 12 = 42 J
10 March 2006
31.
(a) Reflected impedance =
2M 2
Z 22
Z 22 = 2 + 7320 + j102 where = 100
Thus, the reflected impedance is 4.56 j3.94 n (essentially zero). (b) Zin = Z11 + reflected impedance = 10 + j(20102) + (4.56 j3.94)109 = 10 + j62.84 (essentially Z11 due to small reflected impedance)
10 March 2006
32.
Reflected impedance =
2M 2
Z 22
2M 2 . 3.5 + j ( L2 + X L ) 2106 . 3.5 + j (103 + X L )
We therefore require 1 + j ( 3 103 ) = Thus,
2106 3 = 0.448 + j 3.438 . XL = j j 3.5 10 3 j 1 3 10 +
This is physically impossible; to be built, XL must be a real number.
10 March 2006
33.
M = 5 H. L1 M = 4 H, therefore L1 = 9 H L2 M = 6 H, therefore L2 = 11 H.
10 March 2006
34.
Lz = L1 M = 300 200 = 100 mH Ly = L2 M = 500 200 = 300 mH Lx = M = 200 mH
10 March 2006
35. (a) (b) (c) (d)
All DC: L1 2 = 2 1 = 1 H AB SC: L1 2 = 1 + 2 8 = 0.6 H

BC SC: L1 2 = 2 + ( 1) 9 = 2 9 / 8 = 0.875 H AC SC: L1 2 = (2 1) (1 + 2) = 1 3 = 0.750 H
10 March 2006
36. (a)
IL = VS
1 j 2 (20 + j ) 15 + j 3 + 20 + j 3 j 2 300 11 2 + j145
j 2 20 + j 3
= (b)
vs (t ) = 100u (t ), is (0) = 0, iL (0) = 0, s1,2 = iL = iLf + iLn , iLf = 0, iL = Ae 2.57 t
145 1452 13, 200 = 2.570, 10.612 22 + Be 10.61t , 0 = A + B
100 = 15is + 5is 2iL , 0 = 20iL + 3iL 2is At t = 0 + : 100 = 0 + 5is (0 + ) 2iL (0 + ) and 0 = 0 + 3iL (0+ ) 2is (0+ ) is (0+ ) = 1.5iL (0+ ) 100 = 7.5iL (0+ ) 2iL (0+ ) = 5.5iL (0+ ) iL (0+ ) = 18.182 A/s 18.182 = 2.57A 10.61B = 2.57A + 10.61A = 8.042A A = 2.261, B = 2.261, iL (t ) = 2.261(e 2.57 t e10.612t ) A, t > 0
10 March 2006
37.
(a)
Open-Circuit
TA Z oc = j4 M T B Z oc = j4 M
(b)
Short-Circuit
TA T B Z SS = Z SS = j4 M + j8 j10 M
(c)
If the secondary is connected in parallel with the primary

TA Z in = j4 j10 + j8 M T B Z in = j26 j12 j8 M
10 March 2006
38.
Define three clockwise mesh currents I1, I2, and I3 beginning with the left-most mesh.
Vs = j8 I1 j4 I2 0 = -4j I1 + (5 + j6) I2 j2 I3 0 = -j2 I2 + (3 + j) I3
Solving, I3 = j / (15 + j17). Since Vo = 3 I3,

Vo j 3 = VS 15 + j17
10 March 2006
39.
Leq = 2/ 3 + 1 + 2 + 6/5 = 4.867 H Z(j) = 10 j (4.867)/ (10 + j4.867) = j4.867/ (1 + j0.4867) .
10 March 2006
40. = 100 rad/s Vs = 1000 V rms (a)

Zina b = 20 + j 600 + j 400(10 j 200) 80, 000 + j 4, 000 = 20 + j 600 + 10 + j 200 10 + j 200
= 210.773.48o V and Voc = 0.

(b)
VOC ,cd =
100( j 400) = 39.991.146 V rms 20 + j1000 240, 000 + j8, 000 j 400(20 + j 600) = j 200 + = 40.1985.44 Zincd , VS = 0 = j 200 + 20 + j1000 20 + j1, 000
10 March 2006
41. (a)
L1 = 1 H, L 2 = 4 H, K = 1, = 1000 rad/s
Z L = 1000 Zin = j1000 + 106 1 4 = 24.98 + j 0.6246 j 4000 + 100
(b)
4 106 Z L = j1000 0.1 Zin = j1000 + = j 24.39 j 4000 + j100 ZL = j100 Zin = j1000 + 4 106 = j 25.46 j 4000 j100
(c)
10 March 2006
42.
L1 = 6 H, L 2 = 12 H, M = 5 H #1, LinAB ,CDOC = 6 H #2, LinCD , ABOC = 12 H #3, LinAB ,CDSC = 1 + 7 5 = 3.917 H #4, LinCD , ABSC = 7 + 5 1 = 7.833 H #5, LinAC , BDSC = 7 + 1 = 8 H #6, LinAB , ACSC , BDSC = 7 1 + 5 = 5.875 H #7, LinAD , BCSC = 11 + 17 = 28 H #8, LinAB , ADSC = 5 + 11/17 = 1.6786 H
10 March 2006
43.
Z in = Z11 + 2 M 2 R22 + jX 22
1 1 = 31.83 = = 314 rad / s 31.83 C C ie. a 50Hz system Z in = 20 + j100 103 + Z in = 20 + j100 103 + 2 k 2 L1 L2 2 j 31.83
2 k 2 L1 L2 2 j2 k 2 L1 L2 31.83 22 + 31.832 22 + 31.832 7840 2 493 = 20 + j 31.4 + j k 1020 1020 = 20 + j 31.4 + [0.483 j 7.69]k 2 (a) Z in (k = 0) = 20 + j 31.4 (b) Z in (k = 0.5) = 20.2 + j 27.6 (c) Z in (k = 0.9) = 20.4 + j 24.5 (d) Z (k = 1.0) = 20.5 + j 23.7
in
10 March 2006
44. (a)
L1 125 H, L 2 20 H, K = 1, M = 2500 = 50 H, jM = j 5000 Zina b = 20 + j 7500 + = 20 + j 7500 +
j 5000(10 j 3000) 10 + j 2000
15 106 + j 50, 000 = 82.4990.2170 10 + j 2000
= 82.498 + j 0.3125 VOC = 0 (b)
VOC ,cd =
100( j 5000) = 39.999950.09167 V rms 20 + j12,500 j 5000(20 + j 7500) Zincd , VS = 0 = j 3000 + = 3.19999 + j 0.00512 20 + j12,500
10 March 2006
45.
280 2 = 0.438A 1280 1000 2 = 1.56A Ib = 1280

Ia =
I1 = 1.56A I 2 = 5 1.56 = 7.8A I 3 = 1.5 7.8 A = 11.7A

2 P(1k ) = I a R
= 0.4382 1 103 = 192W P(30) = I12 R = (1.56) 2 30 = 73W P(1) = I R = 7.82 1

2 2
= 60.8W P(4) = I 32 R = 11.7 2 4 = 548W
10 March 2006
46. (a)
R L sees 10 42 = 160 use R L = 160 PL max 100 = 10 = 250 W 20

2
(b)
R L = 100 V2 V1 3V1 = 40 40 I 3V 4V 3V 100 = 10 I1 1 + V1 , 1 = 1 + 1 4 40 100 40 I 2 = I1 / 4, V2 = 4 V1 I X = I1 = 0.46V1 100 = 10(0.46V1 0.075V1 ) + V1 = 4.85 V1 V1 = V2 = 4V1 = 400 82.47 2 = 82.47 V PL = = 68.02 W 4.85 100 100 4.85
10 March 2006
47. V2 V I1 = 2 , V1 = 5V2 8 40 100 = 300(C + 0.025) V2 + 5V2 I2 = V2 = 100 12.5 + 300C 82 C = 0 V2 = 8 V PL = = 8 W 8

100 100 1 C = 0.04 V2 = PL = = 2.082 W (neg. fdbk ) 24.5 24.5 8 C = 0.04 V2 = 100 2002 = 200 V PL = = 5000 W (pos. fdbk ) 0.5 8
2
(a)
(b)
(c)
10 March 2006
48.
Apply Vab = 1 V Ix = 0.05 A, V2 = 4 V 4 1 = 0.05 A 60 I1 = 0.2 A Iin = 0.25 A R th = 4 , Vth = 0 4 = 60 I2 + 20 0.05 I2 =
10 March 2006
49.
Pgen = 1000 W, P100 = 500 W IL = 500 = 5 A, VL = 100 5 V 100 1000 IS = = 10 A V1 = 100 40 = 60 V 100 Now, P25 = 1000 500 102 4 = 100W I X = 100 = 2 A; also 25
Ix = b 5 = 2, b =
2 = 0.8944 5
Around center mesh: 60a = 2 25 + 100 5
1 300 a = =5 0.8944 60
10 March 2006
50. (a)
16 22 22 2 4 16 , +2= , 3 = (3) = 66 3 3 3 3 3 100 = 1.09890 A = I1 66 + 25 = 91 91
(b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
I2 = 3I1 = 3.2970 A 4 I3 = 3.297 = 4.396180 A 3 P25 = 25 1.09892 = 30.19 W P2 = 3.297 2 2 = 21.74 W P3 = 4.3962 3 = 57.96 W
10 March 2006
51. V1 = 2.5 V2 , I1 = 0.4 I2 , I50 = I2 + 0.1 V2

60 = 40(0.4 I2 ) 2.5V2 I2 = 60 + 2.5 V2 16 Also, 60 = 50 ( I2 + 0.1 V2 ) + V2 = 50 I2 + 6V2
60 + 2.5 V2 60 = 50 + 6 V2 = 187.5 + (7.8125 + 6) V2 16 60 187.5 V2 = = 9.231 V 13.8125
10 March 2006
52. 400 = 16 , 16 48 = 12, 12 + 4 = 16 52 16 10 = 4 Is = = 2 A P1 = 4 W 2 2 4 +1 2 = 1 A P4 = 4 W, 10 2 1 = 8 V 2 8 2 = 16 V, 16 4 1 = 12 V, 122 / 48 = 3 W = P48 , 12 5 = 60 V P400 = 602 =9 W 400
10 March 2006
53. I1 = 2I 2 , 2I 2 = I s + I x I x + I s 2I 2 = 0 1 100 = 3I s + (4I 2 + 20I 2 20I x ) 2 10I x 3I s 12I 2 = 100 100 = 3 I s 5I x + 20I 2 20I x 25I x 3I s 20I 2 = 100 0 1 2
100 3 12 IX = 100 3 20 800 0 + 100(26) 100(18) = = = 4.819 A 1 1 2 1(60 36) 10(20 6) + 25(12 6) 166 10 3 12 25 3 20
10 March 2006
54. (a)
50 10 = 25 25 100 V VAB = 1 4 = 3 3 3
2
100 1 1000 P10AB = = = 111.11 W 9 3 10 25 252 VCD = 1 3 = 62.5 W = 25 V, P10CD = 3 10
(b)
Specify 3 A and 4 A in secondaries I AB = I f + 4 25 25 (I f + 4) = (I f 3) 3 3 2I f = 7, I f = 3.5 A ICD = Ib 3 VAB = VCD = P10 AB = P10CD 25 25 (3.5 + 4) = V 3 6 25 1 = = 1.7361 W 6 10
2
10 March 2006
55.
Corrections required to the problem text: both speakers that comprise the load are 4- devices. We desire a circuit that will connect the signal generator (whose Thvenin resistance is 4 ) to the individual speakers such that one speaker receives twice the power delivered to the other. One possible solution of many:
We can see from analysing the above circuit that the voltage across the right-most 1.732 speaker will be or 2 times that across the left speaker. Since power is 1.225 proportional to voltage squared, twice as much power is delivered to the right speaker.
10 March 2006
56.
(a) We assume Vsecondary = 2300o V as a phasor reference. Then,
Iunity PF load = I0.8 PF load =
8000 o 0 = 34.80o A 230
and
15000 cos 1 0.8 = 65.2 36.9o A 230 230 34.80o + 65.2 - 36.9o 2300
Thus, Iprimary =
= 0.1 (86.9 j39.1) = 9.5 -24.3o A (b) The magnitude of the secondary current is limited to 25103/230 = 109 A. If we include a new load operating at 0.95 PF lagging, whose current is
I0.95 PF load = | I0.95 PF load | (-cos-1 0.95) = | I0.95 PF load | -18.2o A,

then the new total secondary current is 86.9 j39.1 + | I0.95 PF load | cos 18.2o j | I0.95 PF load | sin 18.2o A.
Thus, we may equate this to the maximum rated current of the secondary:
109 =
(86.9 + | I
0.95 PF load
| cos 18.2o
(39.1 + | I
0.95 PF load
| sin 18.2o
Solving, we find | I 0.95 PF load |2 = - 189 189 2 + (4)(2800) 2
So, |I0.95 PF load | = 13.8 A (or 203 A, which is nonsense). This transformer, then, can deliver to the additional load a power of 13.80.95230 = 3 kW.
10 March 2006
57.
After careful examination of the circuit diagram, we (fortunately or unfortunately) determine that the meter determines individual IQ based on age alone. A simplified version of the circuit then, is simply a 120 V ac source, a 28.8-k resistor and a (242)RA resistor all connected in series. The IQ result is equal to the power (W) dissipated in resistor RA divided by 1000. 120 P= 28.8 103 + 576R 576R A A 1 120 576 Age Thus, IQ = 3 1000 28.8 10 + 576 Age (a) Implementation of the above equation with a given age will yield the measured IQ. (b) The maximum IQ is achieved when maximum power is delivered to resistor RA, which will occur when 576RA = 28.8103, or the persons age is 50 years. (c) Well, now, this arguably depends on your answer to part (a), and your own sense of ethics. Hopefully youll do the right thing, and simply write to the Better Business Bureau. And watch less television.
2 2
10 March 2006
58.
We require a transformer that converts 240 V ac to 120 V ac, so that a turns ratio of 2:1 is needed. We attach a male european plug to the primary coil, and a female US plug to the secondary coil. Unfortunately, we are not given the current requirements of the CD writer, so that we will have to over-rate the transformer to ensure that it doesnt overheat. Checking specifications on the web for an example CD writer, we find that the power supply provides a dual DC output: 1.2 A at 5 V, and 0.8 A at 12 V. This corresponds to a total DC power delivery of 15.6 W. Assuming a moderately efficient ac to DC converter is being used (e.g. 80% efficient), the unit will draw approximately 15.6/0.8 or 20 W from the wall socket. Thus, the secondary coil should be rated for at least that (lets go for 40 W, corresponding to a peak current draw of about 333 mA). Thus, we include a 300-mA fuse in series with the secondary coil and the US plug for safety.
10 March 2006
59.
You need to purchase (and wire in) a three-phase transformer rated at 3 (208)(10) = 3.6 kVA. The turns ratio for each phase needs to be 400:208 or 1.923.
( )
10 March 2006
60.
(a) The input to the left of the unit will have the shape:
and the output voltage will be:
We need to reduce the magnitude from 115-V (rms) to a peak voltage of 5 V. The corresponding peak voltage at the input will be 115 2 = 162.6 V, so we require a transformer with a turns ratio of 162.6:5 or about 32.5:1, connected as shown:
115 V rms ac
a = 1/ 32.5 (b) If we wish to reduce the ripple in the output voltage, we can connect a capacitor in parallel with the output terminals. The necessary size will depend on the maximum allowable ripple voltage and the minimum anticipated load resistance. When the input voltage swings negative and the output voltage tries to reduce to follow, current will flow out of the capacitor to reduce the amount of voltage drop that would otherwise occur.
Chapter Fourteen Solutions
10 March 2006
1.
(a) s = 0; (b) s = j9 s-1; (c) s = -8 s-1; (d) s = -1000 j1000 s-1; (e) v(t) = 8 + 2 cos t mV cannot be attributed a single complex frequency. In a circuit analysis problem, superposition will need to be invoked, where the original function v(t) is expressed as v(t) = v1(t) + v2(t), with v1(t) = 8 mV and v2(t) = 2 cos t mV. The complex frequency of v1(t) is s = 0, and the complex frequency of v2(t) is s = 2 s-1.
10 March 2006
2.
(a) s = 0 (b) s = j77 s1 (c) s = 5 s1 (d) s = 0.5 s1, 5 j8 s1
10 March 2006
3.
(a) 8et (b) 19 (c) 9 + j7 = 11.437.87o
(d) e jt 10o (e) cos 4t 10o (f) sin 4t 10o (g) 889o
10 March 2006
4.
(a) (6 j)* = 6 + j (b) (9)* = 9 (c) (-j30)* = +j30 (d) (5 e-j6)* = 5 e+j6 24 45o
= 18.44 77.47o = 5.303 94.19o 3.477 - 16.72o
(e) (24 -45o )* =
* 4 j18 4 + j18 (f) 3.33 + j = 3.33 j
* * 5 0.1o 5 0.1o o * (g) = 0.6202 60.36o 4 j7 = 8.062 60.26o = 0.6202 60.36
(h) (4 22 92.5o)* = (4 + 0.9596 j21.98)* = (4.9596 j21.98)* = 4.9596 + j21.98
10 March 2006
5.
Q = 943o C, s = j 20 . Thus, q = 9 cos(20 t + 43o ) C.
(a) At t = 1, q(1) = q (1) = 9 cos(20 + 43o ) C = 6.582 C. (b) Maximum = 9 C (c) NO. The indication would be a negative real part in the complex frequency.
10 March 2006
6.
(a) The missing term is Vx*e( 2 j 60)t = (8 + j100)e( 2 j 60)t . We can tell it is missing since vx(t) is not purely real as written; the complex conjugate term above was omitted. (b) s = 2 j60 s1 (c) This means simply that the sine term amplitude is larger than the cosine term amplitude. (d) This indicates that the source is oscillating more strongly than it is decaying.
10 March 2006
7. (a)
Re { i (t )} = i (t ) . No units provided.
ix (t ) = (4 j 7) e( 3+ j15)t = (8.062 60.26) e3t e j15t = 8.062e3t e j (15t 60.26 ) ix (t ) = Re ix (t ) = 8.062e3t cos(15t 60.26)
(b)
iy (t ) = (4 + j 7)e3t (cos15t j sin15t ) = 8.062e3t e j15t + j 60.26 i y (t ) = 8.062e3t cos(15t 60.26)
(c)
iA (t ) = (5 j8)e( 1.5t + j12)t = 9.434e j 57.99e1.5t e j12t = 9.434e1.5t e j (12557.99) Re iA (0.4) = 9.434e0.6 cos(4.8rad 57.99) = 4.134
(d)
iB (t ) = (5 + j8)e( 1.5+ j12) t = 9.434e j 57.99e 1.5t e j12t = 9.434e1.5t e j (12t 57.99) Re iB (0.4) = 4.134
10 March 2006
8.
(a) = 279 Mrad/s, and = 2 f. Thus, f = /2 = 44.4 MHz (b) If the current i(t) = 2.33 cos (279106 t) fA flows through a precision 1-T resistor, the voltage across the resistor will be 1012 i(t) = 2.33 cos (279106 t) mV. We may write this as 0.5(2.33) cos (279106 t) + j (0.5)2.33 sin (279106 t) + 0.5(2.33) cos (279106 t) - j (0.5)2.33 sin (279106 t) mV = 1.165 e j279106 t + 1.165 e -j279106 t mV
10 March 2006
9.
(a) vs(0.1) = (20 j30) e(-2 + j50)(0.1) = (36.06 -56.31o) e(-0.2 + j5) = 36.06e-0.2 [-56.31o + j5(180)/ ] = 29.52 230.2o V (or 29.52 -129.8o V). (b) Re{ vs } = 36.06 e-2t cos (50t 56.31o) V. (c) Re{ vs(0.1) } = 29.52 cos (230.2o) = -18.89 V. (d) The complex frequency of this waveform is s = -2 + j50 s-1 (e) s* = (-2 + j50)* = -2 j50 s-1
10 March 2006
10.
Let vS forced = 103o est . Let i forced = I m est . di di , so vS forced (t ) = Ri forced + L forced , a superposition of our actual dt dt voltages and currents with corresponding imaginary components. (a) vS (t ) = Ri + L Substituting, 103o est = RIest + Lsest I [1] o o 103 103 or I = = = 0.12.99o R + sL 100 + ( 2 + j10 ) 2 103
Thus, i(t) = Re{Iest} = 0.1e2t cos (10t + 2.99o) A. (b) By Ohms law, v1(t) = 100i(t) = 10 e2t cos (10t + 2.99o) V. We obtain v2(t) by recognising from Eq. [1] that V2 est = Lsest I , or V2 = (2103)(2 + j10) 0.12.99o = 2.04104.3o mV
Thus, v2(t) = 2.04e2t cos (10t + 104.3o) mV
10 March 2006
11.
(a) Let the complex frequency be + j. V = Vm . I = I m RESISTOR

v = Ri Vm e t e j (t + ) = RI m e t e j (t + ) Thus, Vm = RI m or which defines an impedance R.
V = RI
INDUCTOR v(t ) = L
Thus, Vm = ( + j ) LI m
di . Let i = I m est = I m e t e j (t + ) . dt v(t ) = ( + j ) LI m e t e j (t + ) = Vm e t e j (t + )

or V = Z LI
which defines an impedance ZL = sL = ( + j ) L. CAPACITOR i (t ) = C dv . Let v = Vm est = Vm e t e j (t + ) . dt i (t ) = ( + j )CVm e t e j (t + ) = I m e t e j (t + ) or
Thus, I m = ( + j ) C (Vm ) which defines an impedance ZC =
V = ZC I
1 1 = ( + j )C sC
(b) ZR = 100 . ZL = (2 + j10)(0.002) = 20.4 101.3o . (c) Yes. Z R R; Z L j L; ZC 1 jC
10 March 2006
12.
(a) s = 0 + j120 = + j120 (b) We first construct an s-domain voltage V(s) = 179 0o with s given above. The equation for the circuit is di di v(t) = 100 i(t) + L = 100 i(t) + 50010-6 dt dt and we assume a response of the form Iest. Substituting, we write (179 0o) est = 100 Iest + sL Iest Supressing the exponential factor, we may write 1790o 1790o 1790o = = = 1.79 -0.108o A I = -6 -6 o 100 + j120 (500 10 ) 1000.108 100 + s500 10 Converting back to the time domain, we find that
i(t) = 1.79 cos (120t 0.108o) A.
10 March 2006
13. (a)
vs = 10e 2t cos(10t + 30) V s = 2 + j10, Vs = 1030 V 10 5 1 j 5 5 j 25 (25 j125) / 26 = = , Zc 5 = 2 + j10 1 + j 5 26 26 (5 j 25 + 130) / 26 25 j125 1 j 5 Zc 5 = = = j1 Zin = 5 + 0.5(2 + j10) j1 = 4 + j 4 125 j 25 5 j1 1030 (5 j 25) / 26 1030 5 j 25 530 5 j 25 130 1 j5 = = = Ix = 4 + j 4 5 + (5 j 25) / 26 4 + j 4 130 5 j 25 2 + j 2 125 j 25 2 + j 2 5 j1 130 Ix = ( j1) = 0.3536 105 A 2 245 Zc =
(b)
ix (t ) = 0.3536e 2t cos(10t 105) A
10 March 2006
14.
(a) s = 0 + j100 = + j100 (b) We first construct an s-domain voltage V(s) = 339 0o with s given above. The equation for the circuit is dv dv v(t) = 2000 i(t) + vC(t) = 2000 C C + vC(t) = 0.2 C + vC(t) dt dt
and we assume a response of the form VCest. Substituting, we write (339 0o) est = 0.2s VCest + VCest Supressing the exponential factor, we may write
VC =
3390o 3390o 3390o = = 5.395 -89.09o A = o 1 + 0.2s 1 + j100 (0.2) 62.8489.09
Converting back to the time domain, we find that vC(t) = 5.395 cos (100t 89.09o) V. and so the current is i(t) = C dvC = 0.1695 sin(100t 89.09o) A dt
= 169.5 cos (100t + 0.91o) mA.
10 March 2006
15. (a)
iS 1 = 20e 3t cos 4t A, iS 2 = 30e3t sin 4t A

IS 1 = 200, IS 2 = j 30, s = 3 + j 4 10 3 j 4 = 0.4(3 j 4) = 1.2 j1.6, Z L = 6 + j8 3 + j 4 3 j 4 6 + j 8 5(7.2 + j 6.4) (6 + j8)(3.8 j1.6) Vx = 20 j 30 2.2 + j 6.4 7.2 + j 6.4 2.2 + j 6.4 600 + j800 j 30(22.8 + 12.8 + j 30.4 + j 9.6) 600 + j800 j 30(10 + j 40) = = 2.2 + j 6.4 2.2 + j 6.4 600 + 1200 + j1000 600 + j1000 = = = 185.15 47.58 V 2.2 + j 6.4 2.2 + j 6.4 Zc =
(b)
vx (t ) = 185.15 e3t cos(4t 47.58) V
10 March 2006
16.
(a) If v(t) = 240 2 e-2t cos 120t V, then V = 240 2 0o V where s = -2 + j120. 240 2 0o = 113.1 0o kA. Thus, Since R = 3 m, the current is simply I = 3 3 10 i(t) = 113.1e-2t cos 120t kA
(b) Working in the time domain, we may directly compute i(t) = v(t) / 310-3 = (240 2 e-2t cos 120t ) / 310-3 = 113.1e-2t cos 120t kA (c) A 1000-mF capacitor added to this circuit corresponds to an impedance 1 1 1 = = in parallel with the 3-m -3 (-2 + j120 )(1000 10 ) - 2 + j120 sC resistor. However, since the capacitor has been added in parallel (it would have been more interesting if the connection were in series), the same voltage still appears across its terminals, and so i(t) = 113.1e-2t cos 120t kA as before.
10 March 2006
17.
L {K u (t )} =
st st st - Ke u (t )dt = K - e u (t )dt = K e dt = 0 0 0
K st e s
K st K = lim e + lim e st t t 0 s s If the integral is going to converge, then lim (e st ) = 0 (i.e. s must be finite). This leads
t
to the first term dropping out (lHospitals rule assures us of this), and so
L {K u (t )} =
K s
10 March 2006
18.
(a) L {3 u (t )} =
st st st - 3e u (t )dt = 3 - e u (t )dt = 3 e dt = 0 0 0
3 st e s
3 st 3 e + lim e st = lim t s t 0 s
If the integral is going to converge, then lim (e st ) = 0 (i.e. s must be finite). This leads
t
L {3 u (t )} =
3 s
st
(b) L {3 u (t 3)}
3 st = - 3e u (t 3)dt = 3 e dt = e 0 3 s
st
3 st 3 e + e 3s = lim t s s
t
L {3 u (t 3)} =
3 3s e s
= 3 e st dt - 3 - e st dt
3 0
(c)
L {3 u (t 3) 3} =
=
st 0 [3u(t 3) 3]e dt
-
3 st e s
3 st e s
Based on our answers to parts (a) and (b), we may write
L {3 u (t 3) 3} =
(d)
L {3 u (3 t )}
3 3s 3 3 3s = e e -1 s s s
)
3
3 st = 3 - e u (3 t )dt = 3 - e dt = e 0 0 s
st 3 st
0-
3 3s e 1 s
3 1 e 3s s
10 March 2006
19.
(a) L {2 + 3 u (t )} =
st - e [2 + 3u (t )]dt = 0
5e st dt =
5 st e s 0
5 st 5 e + lim e st = lim t s t 0 s
t
L {2 + 3 u (t )} =
(b) L {3 e
-8t
5 s
0
0-
3 e e dt =
- 8t st
0-
3e
(8 + s ) t
3 (8 + s ) t dt = e s+8
3 3 3 ( s + 8) t 3 ( s + 8)t + lim e e = 0+ = = lim t s+8 s+8 s+8 t 0 s + 8 (c) L { u (t )} = (d) L {K } =

st - e u (t )dt = 0
st - e u(t )dt = 0
0-
0-
(0) e st dt =
0-
Ke dt = K - e dt = K
st st 0
K st e dt = e s
st
K K st = lim e + lim e st 0 t t s s
t
L {K } =
K s
10 March 2006
20.
(a) The frequency-domain representation of the voltage across the resistor is (1)I(s) 4 4 where I(s) = L 4e-t u (t ) = A . Thus, the voltage is V. s +1 s +1
(b)
10 March 2006
21.
(a)
L {5 u (t ) 5 u (t 2)} =
0 2
[5 u(t ) 5 u(t 2)] e

0-
st
dt
5 e st dt 5 e st dt
5 st e s
+
0
5 st e s
= lim
t
5 st 5 5 st e + lim e st + lim e t s t 0 s s
t
5 2 s e s
If the integral is going to converge, then lim (e st ) = 0 (i.e. s must be finite). This leads to the first and third terms dropping out (lHospitals rule assures us of this), and so L {5 u (t ) 5 u (t 2)} = 5 1 e 2 s s
(b) The frequency domain current is simply one ohm times the frequency domain voltage, or 5 1 e 2s s
10 March 2006
22. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) f(t) = t + 1 F( s ) = (t + 1) e ( + j)t dt > 0

0
f (t ) = (t + 1) u (t ) F( s ) = (t + 1) e ( + j) t dt > 0
0
f (t ) = e50t u (t ) F( s ) = e50t e ( + j)t dt > 50

0
f (t ) = e50t u (t 5) F( s ) = e50t u (t 5) e ( + j)t dt > 50

0
f (t ) = e 50t u (t 5) F( s ) = e 50t u (t 5) e ( + j)t dt < 50

0
10 March 2006
23. (a)
f (t ) = 8e 2t [u (t + 3) u (t 3)] F( s ) = f (t )e st dt = 8e( 2+s )t dt =
0 0 3
8 [1 e 63s ] 2+s
(b)
f (t ) = 8e 2t [u (t + 3) u (t 3)] F(s) = f (t )e st dt = 8e(2s )t dt
0 0 3
8 8 [e63s 1] = 1 e6 e 3s s2 2s
(c)
f (t ) = 8e
0
2 t
[u (t + 3) u (t 3)]
3 0
F(s) = f (t )e st dt = 8e( 2s )t dt =
8 1 e 63s s+2
10 March 2006
24.
1 1 (a) L L-1 = s s (b) L 1 + u (t ) + [u (t )]2 (c) L {t u (t ) 3} =
1 1 1 + + = s s s
3 s
1 3 s2 s 1 1 + e s e 2s s
(d) L { 1 - (t ) + (t 1) (t 2)} =
10 March 2006
25.
(a) f(t) = e-3t u(t) (b) f(t) = (t) (c) f(t) = t u(t) (d) f(t) = 275 (t) (e) f(t) = u(t)
10 March 2006
26.
L { f1 (t ) + f 2 (t )} = = L { f1 (t )} + L { f 2 (t )}
[ f (t ) +
f 2 (t )]e st dt =
f1 (t )e st dt +
0-
f 2 (t )e st dt
10 March 2006
27. (a)
f (t ) = 2u (t 2) F( s ) = 2 e st dt +
2
2 st e s
=
2
2 2 s e ; s = 1+ j2 s
F(1 + j 2) =
(b)
2 e2 e j 4 = 0.04655+ + j 0.11174 1+ j2
f (t ) = 2 (t 2) F( s ) = 2e 2 s , F (1 + j 2) = 2e 2 e j 4 = 0.17692 + j 0.2048
(c)
f (t ) = e u (t 2) F( s) = e
t 2
( s +1) t
1 dt = e ( s +1)t s + 1
=
2
1 2 s 2 e s +1
F(1 + j 2) =
4 1 e2 e 2 e j = (0.4724 + j 6.458)103 2 + j2
10 March 2006
28.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 sin 5t (t 1) dt
2
= 8 sin 5 1 = - 7.671 =
(t 5) (t 2)dt

(2 5) 2
= 9
4
5e 3000t (t 3.333 10 4 )dt K (t 2)dt = K
= 5e 3000( 3.33310
= 1.840
10 March 2006
29. (a)
f (t ) = [u (5 t )] [u (t 2)] u (t ), F( s ) [u (5 t )] [u (t 2)] u (t ) e st dt
0 5 1 F( s) = e st dt = e st 2 s 5
=
2
1 2 s 5 s (e e ) s
(b) (c)
4 f (t ) = 4u (t 2) F( s ) = 4 e st dt = e 2 s 2 s
f (t ) = 4e3t u (t 2) F( s ) = 4 e ( s +3)t dt =
2
4 ( s +3) t e s+3
F( s) =
4 2 s 6 e s+3
2+ 0 2
(d)
(e)
f (t ) = 4 (t 2) F( s) = 4 (t 2) e st dt = 4 e2 s (t 2) dt = 4e2 s
f (t ) = 5 (t ) sin (10t + 0.2) F( s ) = 5 (t ) [sin 0.2] X 1dt = 5sin 36
0 0+
F( s ) = 2.939
10 March 2006
30.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
cos 500t (t ) dt
5
cos 500 0 = 1 = 32 = 2.5e 0.001(1000 ) = 0.9197
(t ) (t 2)dt

(2) 5
2.5e 0.001t (t 1000)dt K 2 (t c)dt
= - K2
10 March 2006
31. (a) f(t) = 2 u(t 1) u(3 t) u(t3) 3 3 2 F(s) = e st dt = - e st = 1 s 1
2 s ( e - e 3s ) s 2 2 (0 e4 s ) = e4 s s s 3 4 s 8 e s+2
(b) (c) (d) (e)
f (t ) = 2u (t 4) F( s ) = 2 e st dt =
4
f (t ) = 3e2t u (t 4) F( s) = 3 e ( s + 2)t dt =
4
f (t ) = 3 (t 5) F( s ) = 3 (t 5) e st dt = 3e 5 s
0
f (t ) = 4 (t 1) [cos t sin t ] F( s) = 4 (t 1) [cos t sin t ] e st dt F( s) = 4e s

0
10 March 2006
32.
(a) F(s) = 3 + 1/s; (b) F(s) = 3 + 1/s2; (c) F(s) =
f(t) = 3(t) + u(t) f(t) = 3(t) + tu(t)

= 1 1 ; ( s + 3) ( s + 4 )
3t 4 t f(t) = e e u (t )
( s + 3)( s + 4 )
(d) F(s) =
1 1/ 2 1 1/ 2 ; = + ( s + 3)( s + 4 )( s + 5) ( s + 3) ( s + 4 ) ( s + 5 )
1 1 f(t) = e3t e4t + e5t u (t ) 2 2
10 March 2006
33.
(a) G(s) = 90 4.5/s; (b) G(s) = 11 + 2/s; (c) G(s) = 1
g(t) = 90(t) 4.5u(t) g(t) = 11(t) + 2u(t) g(t) = te t u (t )
( s + 1)
(d) G(s) =
1 1/ 2 1 1/ 2 1 1 = + ; g(t) = e t e2t + e3t u (t ) 2 ( s + 1)( s + 2 )( s + 3) ( s + 1) ( s + 2 ) ( s + 3) 2
10 March 2006
34.
(a) f(t) = 5 u(t) 16 (t) + e-4.4t u(t) (b) f(t) = (t) u(t) + t u(t) (c) F(s) = 5 88 a b + + + s+7 s s+6 s +1 17 17 where a = = - 3.4 and b = = 3.4 . s + 1 s = -6 s + 6 s = -1 Thus, f(t) = 5 e-7t u(t) + 88 u(t) 3.4 e-6t u(t) + 3.4 e-t u(t)
Check with MATLAB: EDU T1 = '5/(s+7)'; EDU T2 = '88/s'; EDU T3 = '17/(s^2 + 7*s + 6)'; EDU T = symadd(T1,T2); EDU P = symadd(T,T3); EDU p = ilaplace(P)
p= 5*exp(-7*t)+88-17/5*exp(-6*t)+17/5*exp(-t) EDU pretty(p) 5 exp(-7 t) + 88 - 17/5 exp(-6 t) + 17/5 exp(-t)
10 March 2006
35.
If V(s) =
5 , then v(t) = 5 u(t) V. The voltage at t = 1 ms is then simply 5 V, and the s current through the 2-k resistor at that instant in time is 2.5 mA.
10 March 2006
36.
5 pA, so i(t) = 5 e-10t u(t) pA. The voltage across the 100-M resistor is s + 10 therefore 500 e-10t u(t) V.
I( s) =
(a) The voltage as specified has zero value for t < 0, and a peak value of 500 V.
(b) i(0.1 s) = 1.839 pA, so the power absorbed by the resistor at that instant = i2R = 338.2 aW. (A pretty small number). (c) 500 e-10t1% = 5 Taking the natural log of both sides, we find t1% = 460.5 ms
10 March 2006
37. (a) (b) (c) (d)

F(s) =
s +1 2 1 2 + = 1+ + (t ) + u (t ) + 2e t u (t ) s s +1 s s +1
F(s) = (e s + 1) 2 = e2s + 2e s + 1 (t 2) + 2 (t 1) + (t ) F(s) = 2e (s +1) = 2e 1 e2s 2e1 (t 1) F(s) = 2e-3s cosh 2s = e-3s (e2s + e-2s) = e-s + e-5s (t 1) + (t 5)
10 March 2006
38.
N(s) = 5s.
(a) D(s) = s2 9 so
N(s) 5s 5s a b = 2 = = + (s + 3)(s - 3) (s + 3) (s 3) D(s) s -9
where a =
5s - 15 = = 2.5 and b = (s 3) s = -3 - 6
5s 15 = = 2.5 . Thus, (s + 3) s = 3 6
f(t) = [2.5 e-3t + 2.5 e3t] u(t) (b) D(s) = (s + 3)(s2 + 19s + 90) = (s + 3)(s + 10)(s + 9) so
N(s) 5s a b = = + + (s + 3) (s + 10) D(s) (s + 3)(s + 10)(s + 9)
c (s + 9)
a = c =
5s (s + 10)(s + 9) 5s (s + 3)(s + 10)
=
s = -3
- 15 5s - 50 = - 0.3571, b = = = - 7.143 (s + 3)(s + 9) s = -10 (-7)(-1) (7)(6) - 45 = 7.5. (-6)(1) f(t) = [-0.3571 e-3t - 7.143 e-10t + 7.5 e-9t] u(t)
=
s = -9
(c) D(s) = (4s + 12)(8s2 + 6s + 1) = 32(s + 3)(s + 0.5)(s + 0.25) so

a b N(s) s 5 = + + = (s + 3) (s + 0.5) D(s) 32 (s + 3)(s + 0.5)(s + 0.25) c (s + 0.25)
s 5 a = 32 (s + 0.5)(s + 0.25)
s 5 = 0.06818, b = = 0.125 32 (s + 3)(s + 0.25) s = - 0.5 s = -3
s 5 c = 32 (s + 3)(s + 0.5)
= - 0.05682
s = - -0.25
f(t) = [-0.06818 e-3t + 0.125 e-0.5t 0.05682e-0.25t] u(t) (d) Part (a):
EDU N = [5 0]; EDU D = [1 0 -9]; EDU [r p y] = residue(N,D) r= 2.5000 2.5000 p= 3 -3 y= []
Part (b):
EDU N = [5 0]; EDU D = [1 22 147 270]; EDU [r p y] = residue(N,D) r= -7.1429 7.5000 -0.3571 p= -10.0000 -9.0000 -3.0000 y= []
Part (c):
EDU N = [5 0]; EDU D = [32 120 76 12]; EDU [r p y] = residue(N,D) r= -0.0682 0.1250 -0.0568 p= -3.0000 -0.5000 -0.2500 y= []
10 March 2006
39. (a) (b) (c) (d) F( s) = F( s) = F( s) = F( s ) = 5 5e t u (t ) s +1 5 2 (5e t 2e 4t ) u (t ) s +1 s + 4 18 6 6 = 6 (e t e 4t ) u (t ) ( s + 1) ( s + 4) s + 1 s + 4 18s 6 24 = + 6 (4e4t e t ) u (t ) ( s + 1) ( s + 4) s + 1 s + 4 18s 2 6 96 = 18 + 18 (t ) + 6 (e t 16e4t ) u (t ) s +1 s + 4 ( s + 1) ( s + 4)
(e)
F( s) =
10 March 2006
40.
N(s) = 2s2. (a) D(s) = s2 1 so

2s 2 (s 1)
N(s) 2s 2 2s 2 a b +2 = 2 = = + (s + 1)(s - 1) (s + 1) (s 1) D(s) s -1

= 2 = - 1 and b = -2 2s 2 2 = = 1 . Thus, (s + 1) s = 1 2
where a =
s = -1
f(t) = [2(t) et + et] u(t)

(b) D(s) = (s + 3)(s2 + 19s + 90) = (s + 3)(s + 10)(s + 9) so N(s) 2s 2 a b = = + + (s + 3) (s + 10) D(s) (s + 3)(s + 10)(s + 9) 2s 2 a = (s + 10)(s + 9) c = 2s 2 (s + 3)(s + 10) c (s + 9)
18 2s 2 200 = = 0.4286, b = = = 28.57 (s + 3)(s + 9) s = -10 (-7)(-1) (7)(6) s = -3 =

s = -9
162 = - 27. (-6)(1)
f(t) = [0.4286 e-3t + 28.57 e-10t - 27 e-9t] u(t)
(c) D(s) = (8s + 12)(16s2 + 12s + 2) = 128(s + 1.5)(s + 0.5)(s + 0.25) so N(s) s2 a b 2 = = + + (s + 1.5) (s + 0.5) D(s) 128 (s + 1.5)(s + 0.5)(s + 0.25) c (s + 0.25)
s2 s2 2 2 a= = 0.02813, b = = - 0.01563 128 (s + 0.5)(s + 0.25) s = -1.5 128 (s + 1.5)(s + 0.25) s = - 0.5 s2 2 c = = 0.003125 128 (s + 1.5)(s + 0.5) s = - 0.25
f(t) = 0.02813 e-1.5t 0.01563 e-0.5t + 0.003125e-0.25t] u(t) (d) Part (a):
EDU N = [2 0 0]; EDU D = [1 0 -1]; EDU [r p y] = residue(N,D) r= -1.0000 1.0000 p= -1.0000 1.0000 y= 2
Part (b):
EDU N = [2 0 0]; EDU D = [1 22 147 270]; EDU [r p y] = residue(N,D) r= 28.5714 -27.0000 0.4286 p= -10.0000 -9.0000 -3.0000 y= []
Part (c):
EDU N = [2 0 0]; EDU D = [128 288 160 24]; EDU [r p y] = residue(N,D) r= 0.0281 -0.0156 0.0031 p= -1.5000 -0.5000 -0.2500 y= []
10 March 2006
41. (a) F( s ) = 2 3 so f(t) = 2 u(t) 3 e-t u(t) s s +1 2 s + 10 4 2(t ) + 4e3t u (t ) = 2+ s+3 s+3
(b) (c) (d) (e)
F( s ) =
F( s ) = 3e0.8 s 3 (t 0.8) F( s) = 12 3 3 3(e 2t e6t ) u (t ) = ( s + 2) ( s + 6) s + 2 s + 6
F( s ) =
12 3 A 0.75 = + + 2 2 ( s + 2) ( s + 6) ( s + 2) s + 2 s + 6
12 3 A 0.75 = + + A = 0.75 4 6 4 2 6 3 0.75 0.75 F( s ) = + (3te 2t 0.75e 2t + 0.75e 6t ) u (t ) 2 ( s + 2) s + 2 s + 6 Let s = 0
10 March 2006
42.
F(s)
1 + 3 2 s s + 4s + 5s + 2 1 = 2 + s (s + 2)(s + 1) 2 1 a b c = 2 + + + 2 s (s + 2) (s + 1) (s + 1) = 2 where a =
b =
(s + 1) 2
s = 2
= =
(s + 2) s
= 1
and c =
d 2 ( s + 1) 2 ds + + ( s 2) s 1 ( ) s
=
= 1
d (s + 2) ds
s = 1
= = 2 (s + 2) s = 1
Thus, we may write

f(t) = 2 (t) u(t) + e2t u(t) + tet u(t) et u(t)
10 March 2006
43.
(a) F(s) =
(s + 1)(s + 2) s(s + 3)
=
=
2 3
1+
a s
b (s + 3)
(s + 1)(s + 2) s s = -3 = (-2)(-1) 2 = -3 3
a =
(s + 1)(s + 2) (s + 3) s = 0
and
b =
so 2 2 3t f(t) = (t ) + u (t ) e u (t ) 3 3 (b) F(s) = (s + 2) = s (s 2 + 4)

2
a b c c* + + + 2 s s (s + j 2) (s j 2)
a =
(s + 2) (s 2 + 4)
=
s =0
2 = 0.5 4
b =
d ds
(s 2 + 4) 2s(s + 2) (s + 2) 4 = = 2 = 0.25 2 2 2 (s + 4) (s + 4) s = 0 s = 0 4 (s + 2) s (s j 2)
2
= 0.1768 135o
s = j2
(c* = 0.1768135o)
so
f(t) = 0.5 t u(t) + 0.25 u(t) + 0.1768 ej135 e-j2t u(t) + 0.1768 ej135 ej2t u(t)
The last two terms may be combined so that

f(t) = 0.5 t u(t) + 0.25 u(t) + 0.3536 cos (2t + 135o)
10 March 2006
44.
(a)
G(s) is not a rational function, so first we perform polynomial long division (some intermediate steps are not shown): 12s 36 36 2 3 2 2 s + s + s 3 2 12 ( ) ( s + 3s + 2 ) 36s 24s
36s 2 24s ,
and
84s +72
so G(s) = 12s 36 +
84s + 72 12 96 + = 12s 36 (s + 1)(s + 2) s +1 s + 2
Hence, g(t) = 12
d (t ) 36 (t ) 12e t u (t ) + 96e2t u (t ) dt
(b) G(s) is not a rational function, so first we perform polynomial long division (some intermediate steps are not shown): 12 3 2 3 ( s + 4s + 5s + 2 ) 12s
12s3 + 48s 2 + 60s + 24 48s 2 60s 24 so G(s) = 12
48s 2 + 60s + 24 A B C = 12 + + + 2 2 (s + 2s + 1)(s + 2) ( s + 1) s + 1 s + 2
Where A = 12, B = 48 and C = 96. Hence, g(t) = 12 (t ) 12tet u (t ) + 48e t u (t ) 96e2t u (t ) (c) G(s) is not a rational function, so first we perform polynomial long division on the second term (some intermediate steps are not shown): 12 3 2 3 s + 6s + 11s + 6 12s
12s3 + 72s 2 + 132s + 72 72s 132s 72

2
so G(s) = 3s 12 +
72s 2 + 132s + 72 A B C = 3s 12 + + + (s + 1)(s + 2)(s + 3) s +1 s + 2 s + 3
Where A = 6, B = 96 and C = 162. Hence, g(t) = 3
d (t ) 12 (t ) + 6et u (t ) 96e 2t u (t ) + 162e3t u (t ) dt
10 March 2006
45.
(a) H(s) =
s +1 1 , hence h(t) = (t) e2t u(t) = 1 s+2 s+2

s+3 2 1 t 2 t , hence h(t ) = = 2e e u (t ) ( s + 1)( s + 2 ) s + 1 s + 2
(b) H(s) =
(c) We need to perform long division on the second term prior to applying the method of residues (some intermediate steps are not shown): s5 3 2 4 s + 5s + 7s + 3 s
18s 2 + 32s + 15
Thus, H(s) = 3s s + 5
18s 2 + 32s + 15 A B C + 1 = 2s + 6 + + + 2 2 (s + 1) (s + 3) ( s + 1) s + 1 s + 3
where A = 1/2, B = 9/4, and C = 81/4. Thus, h(t) = 2
d 1 9 81 (t ) + 6 (t ) te t u (t ) + et u (t ) e3t u (t ) dt 2 4 4
10 March 2006
46. (a) 5[sI(s) i(0-)] 7[s2I(s) si(0-) i'(0-)] + 9I(s) = 4 s
(b) m[s2P(s) sp(0-) p'(0-)] + f [sP(s) p(0-)] + kP(s) = 0 (c) [s Np(s) np(0-)] = N p (s ) +
GL s
10 March 2006
47.
15u (t ) 4(t ) = 8 f (t ) + 6 f (t ), f (0) = 3 15 15 4s 15 4 s 4 = 8F( s ) + 6sF( s) + 18 = F( s) (6 s + 8) = 18 + s s s 22s + 15 15 / 8 F( s ) = = f (t ) = (1.875 5.542e 4t / 3 ) u (t ) 6s ( s + 4 / 30) s + 4 / 3
10 March 2006
48. (a) (b) -5 u(t 2) + 10 iL(t) + 5
5 2s e + 10 I L (s) + 5 [sI L (s) - iL (0- )] = 0 s 5 2s e + 5 iL (0- ) e 2s + 5 10-3 s s IL(s) = = 5s + 10 s (s + 2 )

5 10-3 b a IL(s) = e + + s+2 s s + 2 1 1 1 = , and b = where a = s s + 2 s=0 2
2s
diL = 0 dt
(c)
s = -2
1 = - , so that we may write 2
1 2s 1 1 5 10-3 IL(s) = e + s+2 2 s s + 2
Thus,
iL(t) = =
1 u (t 2) e 2(t 2 ) u (t 2) + 5 10-3 e - 2t u (t ) 2 1 1 e 2 (t 2 ) u (t 2) + 5 10-3 e- 2t u (t ) 2
10 March 2006
49. (a) (b) (c) vc (0 ) = 50 V, vc (0+ ) = 50 V

+ 0.2 vc + 0.1(vc 20) = 0 0.1 vc + 0.3 vc = 2, 0.1sVc 5 + 0.3Vc = 0.1 vc Vc (0.1s + 0.3) = 5 + 2 s
2 5s + 2 = s s 5s + 2 20 / 3 130 / 3 20 130 3t e u (t ) V Vc ( s ) = = + vc (t ) = + s (0.1s + 0.3) s s+3 3 3
10 March 2006
50. (a) (b) 5 u(t) 5 u(t 2) + 10 iL(t) + 5 diL = 0 dt
5 5 e 2s + 10 I L (s) + 5 [sI L (s) - iL (0- )] = 0 s s 5 2 s 5 + 5 iL (0- ) e e 2s + 5 103s 1 s = IL(s) = s 5s + 10 s (s + 2) b c d a + + where IL(s) = e 2s + s s+2 s s + 2 1 1 5 103 s 1 1 1 a = = ,b = =- , c = s s = -2 2 s+2 s + 2 s=0 2 d =
5 10 s 1 s
3
(c)
=
s =0
1 , and 2
=
s = 2
10 10 1 = 0.505 , 2
so that we may write 1 1 0.505 1 1 1 IL(s) = e 2s + s+2 2 s s + 2 2s Thus, iL(t) = 1 1 u (t 2) e 2( t 2) u (t 2) + 0.505e-2t u (t ) u (t ) 2 2
10 March 2006
51. 12 = 20sF2 20 (2) + 3F2 s 12 12 + 40 s 2s + 0.6 + 40 = (20s + 3) F2 = F2 ( s ) = s s s ( s + 0.15) 4 2 F2 ( s ) = (4 2e 0.15t ) u (t ) s s + 0.15 12 u (t ) = 20 f 2 (t ) + 3 f 2 (0 ) = 2
10 March 2006
52.
(a) f(t) = 2 u(t) - 4(t) (b) f(t) = cos (c) F(s) =
99 t
)
= a b + - 5 s3 s2
b = 1 s3 = -1
s=2
1 - 5 s + 5s + 6
2
where a = Thus,
1 s2
= 1 and
s=3
f(t) = e-3t u(t) e-2t u(t) 5(t) (a doublet)
(d) f(t) = '(t) (e) f(t) = '"(t)
10 March 2006
53.
x + y = 2u (t ), y 2 x + 3 y = 8u (t ), x(0 ) = 5, y (0 ) = 8 2 8 1 2 2 5 Y sX 5 + Y = , sY 8 2X + 3Y = X = + 5 Y = 2 + s s s s ss s sY + 3Y 4 10 2Y 8 2 4 18 + = 8+ Ys + 3+ = 2 + +8 2 s s s s s s s s 2 + 3s + 2 4 + 18s + 8s 2 0 8s 2 + 18s + 4 2 6 + = + = + Y , Y( ) s 2 s s s ( s + 1) ( s + 2) s s + 1 s + 2 1 1 [ y + 3 y 8u (t )] = y + 1.5 y 4u (t ) 2 2
y (t ) = (2 + 6e t ) u (t ); x(t ) = x(t ) =
1 [6e t u (t )] + 1.5 [2 + 6e t ] u (t ) 4u (t ) 2 x(t ) = 6e t u (t ) u (t ) = (6e t 1) u (t )
10 March 2006
54.
8 (a) F(s) = 8s + 8 + , with f(0-) = 0. Thus, we may write: s f(t) = 8 (t) + 8 u(t) + 8 ' (t) (b) F(s) =
s2 -s + 2. (s + 2)
f(t) = ' (t) - 2(t) + 4e-2t u(t) - ' (t) + 2(t) = 4e-2t u(t)
10 March 2006
55. (a) (b) (c) ic (0 ) = 0, vc (0) = 100 V, ic (0+ ) = 40 = 100 ic + 50 ic dt + 100

0
40 100 = 0.6 A 100
60 50 = 100 Ic ( s ) + Ic ( s) s s 6 0.6 6 10 s + 5 = Ic = ic (t ) = 0.6e 0.5t u (t ) , Ic ( s) = s s 10 s + 5 s + 0.5
10 March 2006
56.
(a) 4 cos 100t
4s s + 1002
2
(b) 2 sin 103t 3 cos 100t
2 103 3s - 2 2 6 s + 1002 s + 10 14s 2 sin 8o s 2 + 64 s 6 s + 36

2
(c) 14 cos 8t - 2 sin 8o (d) (t) + [sin 6t ]u(t) 1 +
(e) cos 5t sin 3t
= sin 8t + sin (-2t) = (sin 8t sin 2t)
4 1 - 2 s + 64 s + 4
2
10 March 2006
57. (a) (b)
is = 100e 5t u (t ) A; is = v + 4v + 3 vdt
0
is =
v 1 t 1 1 + Cv + vdt ; R = , C = 1F, L = H R L 0 4 3
100 3 = sV( s ) + 4V( s ) + V( s ) s+5 s 3 100s s 2 + 4 s + 3 100 V( s ) s + 4 + = V( s ) = , V( s ) = 4 ( s + 1) ( s + 3) ( s + 5) s s+5 V( s ) = 12.5 75 62.5 , v(t ) = (75e 3t 12.5e t 62.5e5t ) u (t ) V + s +1 s + 3 s + 5
10 March 2006
58. (a) V(s) = 7 e 2 s + V s s e 2s V s +1
(b) V(s) =
(c) V(s) = 48e-s V
10 March 2006
59. 4 u (t ) + ic + 10 ic dt + 4 [ic 0.5 (t )] = 0

0
4 10 4 2s 4 10 + Ic + Ic + 4Ic = 2, Ic 5 + = 2 + s s s s s 2s 4 1.6 Ic = = 0.4 5s + 10 s+2 ic (t ) + 0.4 (t ) 1.6e 2t u (t ) A
10 March 2006
60. v + 6v + 9 v( z ) dz = 24 (t 2) u (t 2), v(0) = 0

0 t
sV( s ) 0 + 6 V( s ) + V( s ) = 24e 2 s
9 1 s 2 + 6s + 9 ( s + 3) 2 = V( s ) V( s) = 24e 2 s 2 = V( s ) s s s s 1/ 9 1/ 9 1 s 1/ 3 = 24e 2 s 2 2 s ( s + 3) s + 3 ( s + 3) 2 s
8 / 3 8 8 8 V( s) = e 2 s [u (t 2) e 3( t 2) u (t 2)] 2 s + 3 ( s + 3) 3 s 8 8 8(t 2) e 3(t 2) u (t 2) v(t ) = e3( t 2) 8(t 2) e3(t 2) u (t 2) 3 3
10 March 2006
61.
(a) All coefficients of the denominator are positive and non-zero, so we may apply the Routh test: 1 13 44.308 35 47 35 0
[(13)(47) 35]/13 [35(44.308) 0]/44.308
No sign changes, so STABLE. (b) All coefficients of the denominator are positive and non-zero, so we may apply the Routh test: 1 13 1.69 1 35 0
[13 35]/13
No need to proceed further: we see a sign change, so UNSTABLE.
10 March 2006
62.
(a) All coefficients of the denominator are positive and non-zero, so we may apply the Routh test: 1 3 8 8 0 [(3)(8) 0]/3
No sign changes, so STABLE. 3 3 3 Verification: roots of D(s) = 8 = 2 2 2 parts, so the function is indeed stable.
2
23 2 j , which have negative real 4
(b) All coefficients of the denominator are positive and non-zero, so we may apply the Routh test: 1 2 1 1 0 [(2)(1) 0]/2
No sign changes, so STABLE. Verification: roots of D(s) = 1, 1, which have negative real parts, so the function is indeed stable.
10 March 2006
63.
(a) All coefficients of the denominator are positive and non-zero, so we may apply the Routh test: 1 3 2 1.5 3 3 1 1 0 [(3)(3) 3]/3 [6 3]/2
No sign changes, so STABLE. (b) All coefficients of the denominator are positive and non-zero, so we may apply the Routh test: 1 3 No sign changes, so STABLE.
10 March 2006
64.
(a) v(t ) = 7u (t ) + 8e 3t u (t ) Therefore
V (s) =
7 8 15s + 21 . + = s s + 3 s(s + 3) 15 +
21 15s + 21 s = 15 V = lim lim sV (s) = lim s s s 3 s+3 1+ s (b) v(0) = 7 + 8 = 15 V (verified)
10 March 2006
65.
(a) v(t ) = 7u (t ) + 8e 3t u (t ) Therefore
V (s) =
7 8 15s + 21 . + = s s + 3 s(s + 3) 15s + 21 = 7V s 0 s+3
lim sV (s) = lim

s0
(b) v() = 7 + 0 = 7 V (verified)
10 March 2006
66. (a)
lim 5s ( s 2 + 1) 5( s 2 + 1) + F( s) = 3 f (0 ) = =5 s ( s + 1) s3 + 1
5s ( s 2 + 1) , but 1 pole in RHP indeterminate f ( ) = s 0 s3 + 1

lim
(b)
F( s) =
lim 5s ( s 2 + 1) 5( s 2 + 1) + f = =0 (0 ) s s 4 + 16 s 3 + 16 f () is indeterminate since poles on j axis lim s ( s + 1) (1 + e 4 s ) ( s + 1) (1 + e4 s ) + f = =1 (0 ) s s2 + 2 s2 + 2 f () is indeterminate since poles on j axis
(c)
F( s) =
10 March 2006
67.
2s 2 + 6 = 2 (a) f(0+) = lim[s F(s)] = lim s s s 2 + 5s + 2 2s 2 + 6 6 f() = lim[s F(s)] = lim = = 3 2 s 0 s 0 s + 5s + 2 2 2se s = 0 (b) f(0+) = lim[s F(s)] = lim s s s + 3 2se s = 0 f() = lim[s F(s)] = lim s 0 s 0 s + 3 s(s 2 + 1) (c) f(0+) = lim[s F(s)] = lim 2 = s s s +5
f() : This function has poles on the j axis, so we may not apply the final value theorem to determine f().
10 March 2006
68. (a)
F( s ) =
lim 5s ( s 2 + 1) 5( s 2 + 1) + f (0 ) = =5 s ( s + 1)3 ( s + 1)3
5(s 2 + 1) f () = lim s = 0 (pole OK) s0 (s + 1)3
(b)
F( s ) =
5( s 2 + 1) 5( s 2 + 1) + l (0 ) f = im =0 s ( s + 1)3 s ( s + 1)3 5( s 2 + 1) = 5 (pole OK) s0 ( s + 1)3
f () = lim (c)
F(s ) =
(1 e 3 s ) 1 e 3s + = =0 f (0 ) im l s s2 s 1 e 3s f ( ) = l im = (using L'Hospital's rule) l im ( 3e 3 s ) = 3 s 0 s 0 s
10 March 2006
69. 1 f (t ) = (eat e bt ) u (t ) t (a) Now, 1 f (t ) t
F( s) ds e at u (t )
1 1 , e bt u (t ) s+a s+b
1 (e at e bt u (t ) t (b)
lim
s+a 1 1 ds = ln s+b s+a s+b
s+a = ln s+b
= ln
s
s+b s+a
lim 1 at + ... 1 + bt 1 at bt ( e e ) u ( t ) = =ba t 0+ t t 0+ t lim s + b lim ln ( s + b) ln ( s + a) sln = s s + a s 1/ s lim 1/( s + b) 1/( s + a) lim 2 ( a b) Use l Hospital. sF( s) = = s =ba 2 s s 1/ s ( s + b) ( s + a )
10 March 2006
70. (a)
F( s) =
lim s (8s 2) 8s 2 f (0+ ) = =8 s s 2 + 6 s + 10 s + 6s + 10 lim s (8s 2) 6 36 40 poles: , LHP, OK f ( ) = = 0 s = 2 s 0 s + 6 s + 10 2

2
(b)
F( s) =
lim 2 s 3 s 2 3s 5 2 s 3 s 2 3s 5 + (0 ) f = = s s 3 + 6 s 2 + 10s s 2 + 6 s + 10 lim 2 s 3 s 2 3s 5 f ( ) = = 0.5 (poles OK) s 0 s 2 + 6 s + 10
(c)
F( s) =
lim s (8s 2) 8s 2 f (0+ ) = =8 s s 2 6 s + 10 s 6 s + 10

2
f ( ) =
s (8s 2) 6 36 40 , s= RHP indeterminate s 0 s 6 s + 10 2

lim
2
(d)
8s 2 2 F(s) = f (0+ ) = lim sF(s) = 0 2 2 s (s + 2) (s + 1) (s + 6s + 10)

s (8s 2 2) f ( ) = lim = 0 (pole OK) s0 (s + 2) 2 (s + 1) (s 2 + 6s + 10)
Chapter Fifteen Solutions
10 March 2006
1.
Note that iL(0+) = 12 mA. We have two choices for inductor model:
= 0.032s 0.032s = 384 V
12 mA s
10 March 2006
2.
iL(0-) = 0, vC(0+) = 7.2 V (+ reference on left). There are two possible circuits, since the inductor is modeled simply as an impedance:
1 0.002s
73
1 0.002s
7.2 V s
0.03s
73
+ V(s) -
14.4 mA 0.03s
+ V(s) -
10 March 2006
3. (a)
Z m (s) = 2s 2000 / s 20s 1000 + = + 20 + 0.1s 2 + 1000 / s s + 200 s + 500 20s 2 + 11, 000s + 200, 000 s 2 + 700s + 100, 000
20s 2 + 10, 000s + 1000s + 200, 000 = = s 2 + 700s + 100, 000
(b) (c)
Zin(-80) = - 10.95 Zin ( j80) =

YRL =
128, 000 + j880, 000 + 200, 000 = 8.09554.43 6400 + j 56, 000 + 100, 000
(d)
1 10 s + 200 + = 20 s 20s
(e)
YRC =
1 s + 500 + 0.001s = 2 1000
(f)
s + 200 + 0.5 + 0.001s YRL + YRC s + 200 + 10s + 0.02s 2 = 20s = (s + 200) YRL YRC 0.001s 2 + 0.7s + 100 (0.001s + 0.5) 20s 20s 2 + 11, 000s + 200, 000 = = Z(s) s 2 + 700s + 100, 000
10 March 2006
4.
1 2 103 s
1 2 103 s
1 1 Zin = 20 + = (20 + 500s-1) || (40 + 500s-1) || 40 + 3 3 2 10 2 10 s s
80s 2 + 3000s +25000 6s 2 + 100s
10 March 2006
5.
(a)
Zin =
50 16(0.2s) 50 16s 16s 2 + 50s + 4000 + = + = s 16 + 0.2s s s + 80 s 2 + 80s

1024 + 4000 + j 400 = 0.15842 j 4.666 64 + j 640
(b)
Zin ( j8) =
(c) (d)
Zin (2 + j 6) = Zin =
16(4 36 j 24) 100 + j 300 + 4000 = 6.850 114.3 32 j 24 160 + j 480
0.2 sR 50 0.2Rs 2 + 10s + 50R , + = s R + 0.2s 0.2s 2 + Rs 5R 50 + 50 R Zin (5) = 55R = 50, R = 0.9091 5 5R
R = 1
(e)
10 March 2006
6.
2 mF
1 , 1 mH 0.001s , 2 103 s
Zin = (55 + 500/ s) || (100 + s/ 1000) = s 500 55 + 100 + 55s 2 + 5.5005 106 s + 5 107 s 1000 = s 500 s 2 + 5 105 s + 1.55 105 155 + + s 1000
10 March 2006
7.
We convert the circuit to the s-domain: 1/sC
V 1/sC V
r R B and r + R B + r R BC s ZL = RC || RL = RCRL/ (RC + RL), we next connect a 1-A source to the input and write two nodal equations:
Defining Z = RB || r || (1/sC) =
1 Solving, V =
= V/ Z + (V VL)C s
[1] [2]
-gmV = VL/ ZL + (VL V)C s

r R B (1 + Z L C s )
Z L r R BC C s 2 + (g m Z L r R BC + r R BC + r R BC + Z L r C +Z L R BC )s + r + R B
Since we used a 1-A test source, this is the input impedance. Setting both capacitors to zero results in r || RB as expected.
10 March 2006
8. 0.115s
460 V
2 s
I V
2 + 460 106 2.162 9400 s + = V(s) = 4700 0.115s + 4700 s (0.115s + 4700) 4700 + 0.115s
18.8 81740 18.8 a b + = + + s + 40870 s (s + 40870) s + 40870 s s + 40870
where a =
81740 s + 40870
= 2 and b =
s =0
81740 s
= -2
s = -40870
Thus, V(s) =
18.8 2 2 . Taking the inverse transform of each term, + s + 40870 s s + 40870
v(t) = [16.8 e-40870t + 2] u(t) V
10 March 2006
9.
v(0-) = 4 V
303030 s 9 s I( s)
4 V s
9 4 5 4.545 10-6 s s = = I(s) = 303030 s +0.2755 1.1 106 + 303030 + 1.1 106 s Taking the inverse transform, we find that i(t) = 4.545 e-0.2755t u(t) A
10 March 2006
10.
From the information provided, we assume no initial energy stored in the inductor. (a) Replace the 100 mH inductor with a 0.1s- impedance, and the current source with a 25 106 A source. s 0.1s 25 s V
(b) V(s) =
25 106 2 (0.1s) 5 10-6 5 10-5 = = V 2 + 0.1s 0.1s + 2 s s + 20 Taking the inverse transform,
v(t) = 50 e-20t mV
The power absorbed in the resistor R is then p(t) = 0.5 v2(t) = 1.25 e-40t nW
10 March 2006
11.
We transform the circuit into the s-domain, noting the initial condition of the capacitor: V1
2/s 4/s
V2
6/s
2/s V
Writing our nodal equations,

V1 2 s + V1 V2 + 1 1 2 V1 + 2 4 s s =0
[1]
V2 V1 V2 + =6 1 1 2
We may solve to obtain and
V1 = V1 =
[2]
6 ( s 12 ) s ( 3s + 20 ) 2 ( s + 44 )
= =
3.6 5.6 + s + 6.67 s 3.73 4.4 + s + 6.67 s
s ( 3s + 20 )
Taking the inverse transforms, and
v1(t) = 5.6e6.67t + 3.6 V, t 0 v2(t) = 3.73e6.67t + 4.4 V, t 0
10 March 2006
12.
We transform the circuit into the s-domain, noting the initial condition of the inductor:
V1 (a) Writing our nodal equations,

4V1 3V2 = 2 s
2/s
V2
9s 36 V 4/s A
[1]
and
3V1 + 3V2 + or
V2 + 36 4 = 9s s
[2]
1 3V1 + 3 + V2 = 0 9s
We may solve to obtain
and
3 1 1 1 V1 = = + s ( 27s + 4 ) 2 s + 4 2 s 27 54 2 = V2 = 27s + 4 s + 4 27
2 ( 27s + 1)
v1(t) = 1.50.1481t + 0.5 V, t 0 v2(t) = 2e0.1481t V, t 0
Taking the inverse transforms, and
(b)
10 March 2006
13.
(a) We transform the circuit into the s-domain, noting the initial condition of the capacitor:
1/s 12/s
I1
I2
9/s V
Writing the two required mesh equations:

1 1 3 6 + I1 I 2 = s s s 1 1 9 I1 + 12 + I 2 = s s s
[1] [2]
1 2 ( 3s + 1) 2 1 Solving yields I1 = = 1 3 4 + 1 3 6 s s s ( ) + s 4 1 1 ( 9s + 2 ) 2 1 and I 2 = = + 3 s+ 1 s ( 4s + 1) 3s 12 4 Thus, taking the inverse Laplace transform, we obtain
i1 (t ) =
2 1 t4 e A, t 0 3 6
and
i2 (t ) =
2 1 t4 + e A, t 0 3 12
(b)
10 March 2006
14.
(a) We transform the circuit into the s-domain, noting the initial condition of the inductor: I1 I2
9/s
8V
Writing the two required mesh equations:
( 2 + s ) I1 sI 2 =
9 +8 s sI1 + (10 + s ) I 2 = 8
[1] [2]
1 ( 89s + 90 ) 35 1 + 4.5 Solving yields I1 = = 12 s s + 5 12 s + 5 s 3 3 7 1 7 1 and I 2 = = 12 s + 5 12 s + 5 3 3
Thus, taking the inverse Laplace transform, we obtain

i1 (t ) =
35 1.667 t e + 4.5 A, t 0 12
and
i2 (t ) =
7 1.667 t A, t 0 e 12
(b)
10 March 2006
15.
v(t) = 10e-2t cos (10t + 30o) V
scos30o -10sin30o 0.866s - 5 cos (10t + 30 ) = 2 2 s +100 s + 100 -at L {f(t)e } F(s + a), so
o
V(s) = 10
0.866 ( s + 2 ) - 5
(s + 2)
+ 100
8.66s - 16.34 s + 100
The voltage across the 5- resistor may be found by simple voltage division. We first 50 . Thus, note that Zeff = (10/s) || 5 = 5s + 10 50 Vs 50 Vs 50 Vs 5s + 10 = = V5 = 2 50 ( 0.5s + 5) ( 5s + 10 ) + 50 2.5s + 30s + 100 0.5s + 5 + 5s + 10 V 0.866s - 3.268 34.64s - 130.7 = (a) Ix = eff = 40 2 2 5 ( s + 2 ) + 100 s 2 + 12s + 40 ( s + 2 ) + 100 ( s + 6 )2 + 100
(b) Taking the inverse transform using MATLAB, we find that

ix(t) = e-6t [0.0915cos 2t - 1.5245 sin 2t] - e-2t [0.0915 cos10t - 0.3415 sin 10t] A
10 March 2006
16. V1 3 s
2 V2 s 5 s
VC1
8s
5 V s
Node 1: Node 2:
0 = 0.2 (V1 3/ s) + 0.2 V1 s + 0.5 (V1 V2) s 0 = 0.5 (V2 V1) s + 0.125 V2 s + 0.1 (V2 + 5/ s) [1] [2]
Rewriting, (3.5 s 2 + s) V1 + 2.5 s 2 V2 = 3 -4 s 2 V1 + (4 s 2 + 0.8 s + 1) V2 = -4 Solving using MATLAB or substitution, we find that
V1 (s) =
20s 2 + 16s + 20 40s 4 + 68s3 + 43s 2 + 10s 20s 2 + 16s + 20 1 = 40 s ( s + 0.5457 - j 0.3361)( s + 0.5457 + j 0.3361)( s + 0.6086 )
which can be expanded: a b b* c V1 (s) = + + + s s + 0.5457 - j 0.3361 s + 0.5457 + j 0.3361 s + 0.6086 Using the method of residues, we find that a = 2, b = 2.511 101.5o, b* = 2.511-101.5o and c = -1.003. Thus,taking the inverse transform,
v1(t) = [2 1.003 e-0.6086t + 5.022 e-0.5457t cos (0.3361t 101.5o)] u(t) V
10 March 2006
17.
With zero initial energy, we may draw the following circuit:

2 s-1
3 V s
5 s-1
8s
5 V s
Define three clockwise mesh currents I1, I2, and I3 in the left, centre and right meshes, respectively. Mesh 1: -3/s + 5I1 + (5/s)I1 (5/s)I2 = 0 Mesh 2: -(5/s)I1 + (8s + 7/s)I2 8s I3 = 0 Mesh 3: -8sI2 + (8s + 10)I3 5/s = 0 Rewriting, (5s + 5) I1 5 I2 -5 I1 + (8s2 +7) I2 8s2 I3 - 8s2 I2 + (8s2 + 10s) I3 Solving, we find that I2(s) = =
1 20s + 32s + 15 20s 2 + 32s + 15 = 2 40s + 68s + 43s + 10 40 ( s + 0.6086 )( s + 0.5457 - j 0.3361)( s + 0.5457 + j 0.3361)
3
= 3 = 0 = 5
[1] [2] [3]

2
a b b* + + ( s + 0.6086 ) ( s + 0.5457 - j 0.3361) ( s + 0.5457 + j 0.3361)
where a = 0.6269, b = 0.3953-99.25o, and b* = 0.3955+99.25o Taking the inverse tranform, we find that o o i2(t) = [0.6271e-0.6086t + 0.3953e-j99.25 e(-0.5457 + j0.3361)t + 0.3953ej99.25 e(-0.5457 - j0.3361)t ]u(t) = [0.6271e-0.6086t + 0.7906 e-0.5457t cos(0.3361t + 99.25o)] u(t)
10 March 2006
18.
We choose to represent the initial energy stored in the capacitor with a current source: V1 3 V s
2 s
V2 5 V s
5 s
1.8 A
8s
Node 1:
Node 2: Rewriting,
3 s + s V + s (V - V ) 1.8 = 1 1 2 5 5 2 5 V2 + 1 s s 0 = (V2 - V1 ) + V2 + 2 8s 10 V1 (5s2 + 4s) V1 5s2 V2 = 18s + 6 -4s2 V1 + (4s2 + 0.8s + 1)V2 = -4 [1] [2]
Solving, we find that V1(s) =
360s3 + 92s 2 + 114s + 30 s(40s3 + 68s 2 + 43s + 10)
a b c c* + + + = s s + 0.6086 s + 0.5457 - j 0.3361 s + 0.5457 + j 0.3361 where a = 3, b = 30.37, c = 16.84 136.3o and c* = 16.84 -136.3o
Taking the inverse transform, we find that o v1(t) = [3 + 30.37e-0.6086t + 16.84 ej136.3 e-0.5457t ej0.3361t o + 16.84 e-j136.3 e-0.5457t e-j0.3361t ]u(t) V = [3 + 30.37e-0.6086t + 33.68e-0.5457t cos (0.3361t + 136.3o]u(t) V
10 March 2006
19.
We begin by assuming no initial energy in the circuit and transforming to the s-domain: V1 20 s+3 A (s + 3) 2 + 16 10 s 2s Vx 30 4 A (s + 3)2 + 16
(a) via nodal analysis, we write: V 20s + 60 s = ( V1 - Vx ) + 1 2 (s + 3) + 16 10 5 V 120 s = x + ( Vx V1 ) 2 (s + 3) + 16 2s 10 Collecting terms and solving for Vx(s), we find that Vx(s) =
= 200s(s 2 + 9s + 12) 2s 4 + 17s3 + 90s 2 + 185s + 250
[1] and [2]
200s(s 2 + 9s + 12) ( s + 3 - j 4 )( s + 3 + j 4 )( s + 1.25 - j1.854 )( s + 1.25 + j1.854 )
(b) Using the method of residues, this function may be rewritten as

a a* b b* + + + ( s + 3 - j 4 ) ( s + 3 + j 4 ) ( s + 1.25 - j1.854 ) ( s + 1.25 + j1.854 )
with a = 92.57 -47.58o, a* = 92.57 47.58o, b = 43.14 106.8o, b* = 43.14 -106.8o Taking the inverse transform, then, yields
vx(t) = [92.57 e-j47.58 e-3t ej4t + 92.57 ej47.58 e-3t e-j4t o o + 43.14ej106.8 e-1.25t ej1.854t + 43.14e-j106.8 e-1.25t e-j1.854t] u(t)
o o
= [185.1 e-3t cos (4t - 47.58o) + 86.28 e-1.25t cos (1.854t + 106.8o)] u(t)
10 March 2006
20.
We model the initial energy in the capacitor as a 75-A independent current source:
0.005s 162.6s V s 2 + 4 2 106 s V

75 A
First, define Zeff = 106/s || 0.005s || 20 =
s 10 s + 0.005s + 200
-6 2
Then, writing a single KCL equation, 75 10-6 = which may be solved for V(s): V(s) = =
75s ( s 2 + 1.084 105s + 39.48 )
V (s) 1 162.6s + V (s) - 2 Zeff 20 s + 4 2
s 4 + 5.5 104s3 + 2 108s 2 + 2.171 106s + 7.896 109 75s s 2 + 1.084 105s + 12.57
( s + 51085)( s + 3915)( s - j 6.283)( s + j 6.283)
(NOTE: factored with higher-precision denominator coefficients using MATLAB to obtain accurate complex poles: otherwise, numerical error led to an exponentially growing pole i.e. real part of the pole was positive) a b c c* = + + + ( s + 51085 ) ( s + 3915 ) ( s - j 2 ) ( s + j 2 ) where a = -91.13, b = 166.1, c = 0.127789.91o and c* = 0.1277-89.91o. Thus, consolidating the complex exponential terms (the imaginary components cancel), v(t) = [-91.13e-51085t + 166.1e-3915t + 0.2554 cos (2t + 89.91o)] u(t) V (b) The steady-state voltage across the capacitor is V = [255.4 cos(2t + 89.91o)] mV This can be written in phasor notation as 0.2554 89.91o V. The impedance across which this appears is Zeff = [jC + 1/jL + 1/20]-1 = 0.03142 89.91o , so Isource = V/ Zeff = 8.129-89.91o A. Thus, isource = 8.129 cos 2t A. (c) By phasor analysis, we can use simple voltage division to find the voltage division to find the capacitor voltage: (162.60 ) ( 0.0314289.91o ) VC(j) = = 0.255489.92o V which agrees with 20 + 0.0314289.91o our answer to (a), assuming steady state. Dividing by 0.03142 89.91o , we find isource = 8.129 cos 2t A.
10 March 2006
21.
Only the inductor appears to have initial energy, so we model that with a voltage source:
I1
I2 1 mV 1333/s I1
I4 0.001s
5.846s + 2.699 V s2 + 4
1000/s I3
6s V s +4
2
Mesh 1: Mesh 2: Mesh 3: Mesh 4:
5.846s + 2.699 1333 1333 = 2 + I 2 - 2I 3 I1 2 s +4 s s 0 = 0.005I1 0.001 + (0.001s + 1333/s) I2 (1333/s)I1 0.001sI4 6s 0 = (2 + 1000/s)I3 2I1 (1000/s)I4 + 2 s +4 0 = (0.001s + 1000/s) I4 - 0.001sI2 (1000/s)I3 + 0.001
Solving, we find that I1 = 0.2
154s 2699 and s2 + 4 154s 4 - 7.378 107 s3 - 1.912 1010s 2 - 4.07 1013s + 7.196 1014 I2 = 0.001 2333s 4 + 6.665 105s3 + 1.333 109s 2 + 5.332 109 0.4328 166.6o 0.4328 + 166.6o = + s + 142.8 + j 742 s + 142.8 - j 742
135.9 96.51o 135.9 + 96.51o + + 6.6 10-5 s - j2 s + j2 Taking the inverse transform of each, + i1(t) = 271.7 cos (2t 96.51o) A and i2(t) = 0.8656 e-142.8t cos (742.3t + 166.6o) + 271.8 cos (2t 96.51o) + 6.610-5 (t) A Verifying via phasor analysis, we again write four mesh equations: 6-13o = (2 j666.7)I1 + j667I2 2I3 0 = (0.005 + j666.7)I1 + (j2x10-3 j666.7)I2 j210-3I4 -60 = -2I1 + (2 j500)I3 + j500I4 0 = -j210-3I2 + j500I3 + (j210-3 j500)I4 Solving, we find I1 = 271.7-96.5o A and I2 = 272-96.5o A. From the Laplace analysis, we see that this agrees with our expression for i1(t), and as t , our expression for i2(t) 272 cos (2t 96.5o) in agreement with the phasor analysis.
10 March 2006
22.
With no initial energy storage, we simply convert the circuit to the s-domain:
V2
I2
V2 1667/s
-2
2000/s V2 I3 0.002s
I1
Writing a supermesh equation, 1 1 2000 2000 = 100I1 + I1 + I 3 + 0.002sI 3 I2 2 4 6 10 s s s s we next note that I2 = -5V2 = -5(0.002s)I3 = -0.01sI3 and I3 I1 = 3V2 = 0.006sI3, or I1 = (1 0.006s)I3, we may write
I3 = 1 0.598s + 110s 2 + 3666s
3 4
V2(s) = I3/ 0.002s =
1 0.0012s + 0.22s3 + 7.332s 2 7.645 105 4.167 103 4.091103 0.1364 + = + s 212.8 s + 28.82 s s2 Taking the inverse transform, v2(t) = -7.64510-5 e212.8t + 4.16710-3 e-28.82t 4.09110-3 + 0.1364 t] u(t) V
(a) v2(1 ms) = (b) v2(100 ms) = (c) v2(10 s) =
-5.5810-7 V -1.334105 V -1.15410920 V. This is pretty big- best to start running.
10 March 2006
23.
We need to write three mesh equations: Mesh 1: Mesh 3: Mesh 4: Solving, I1 = 0.001s
5.846s + 2.699 1333 = 2 + I1 - 2I 3 2 s +4 s
0 = (2 + 1000/s)I3 2I1 (1000/s)I4 +
6s s +4 0 = (0.001s + 1000/s) I4 (1000/s)I3 + 10-6

2
(154s
- 2.925 106s 2 + 1.527 108s - 2.699 109 )
2333s 4 + 6.665 105s3 + 1.333 109s 2 + 2.666 106s + 5.332 109
0.650712.54o 0.6507 12.54o = + s + 142.8 j 742.3 s + 142.8 + j 742.3 0.00101 6.538o 0.001016.538o 6.601 10-5 + + s j2 s + j2 which corresponds to i1(t) = 1.301 e-142.8t cos (742.3t + 12.54o) + 0.00202 cos (2t 6.538o) 6.60110-5 (t) A and I3 =
(154s 0.001
=
+ 3.997 106s3 + 1.547 108s 2 + 3.996 1012s - 2.667 106
(s
+ 4 2333s + 6.665 10 s + 1.333 10

2 5
)(
0.7821 33.56o 0.782133.56o + s + 142.8 j 742.3 s + 142.8 + j 742.3 +
1.499179.9o 1.499 179.9o + s j2 s + j2 which corresponds to i3(t) = 1.564 e-142.8t cos (742.3t 33.56o) + 2.998 cos (2t + 179.9o) A The power absorbed by the 2- resistor, then, is 2 i1 (t ) i3 (t ) or p(t) = 2[1.301 e-142.8t cos (742.3t + 12.54o) + 0.00202 cos (2t 6.538o) 6.60110-5 (t) - 1.564 e-142.8t cos (742.3t 33.56o) - 2.998 cos (2t + 179.9o)]2 W
2
10 March 2006
24.
(a) We first define Zeff = RB || r || (1/sC) = equations, then, we obtain: and
r R B . Writing two nodal r + R B + r R B C s
0 = (V VS)/ RS + V (r + RB + r RBCs)/rRB + (V Vo)C s -gmV = Vo(RC + RL)/RCRL + (Vo Vp) C s
Solving using MATLAB, we find that

Vo = r R B R C R L (-g m + C s) [R s r R B R C R L C C s 2 + (R s r R B R C C + R s r R B R C C Vs + R s r R B R L C + R s r R B R L C + r R B R C R L C + R s r R C R L C + R s R B R C R L C + g m R s r R B R C R L C )s + r R B R C + R s r R C + R s R B R C + r R B R L + R s r R L + R s R B R L ]1
(b) Since we have only two energy storage elements in the circuit, the maximum number of poles would be two. The capacitors cannot be combined (either series or in parallel), so we expect a second-order denominator polynomial, which is what we found in part (a).
10 March 2006
25. (a) I 3/s

0.001s
IC 500/s
(b) ZTH = (5 + 0.001s) || (500/ s) =
2500s + 0.5 0.001s 2 + 5s + 500
VTH = (3/ s)ZTH
7.5 106s + 1500 = V s s 2 + 5000s + 5 105
(c) V1 = VTH
7.5 106s + 1500 2500s + 0.5 s ( s 2 + 505000 ) 1 + 2 0.001 s + 5 s + 500 o o 2.988 10.53-89.92 10.53+89.92 = + + 6 s + 2.505 10 s + j 710.6 s j 710.6 1 = 1 + Z TH
+ 2.956 2.967 10-3 + s + 0.1998 s
6
Thus, i1 = v1(t) = [-2.988 e-2.50510 t + 2.956 e-0.1998t + 2.96710-3 + 21.06 cos(710.6t + 89.92o)] u(t)
10 March 2006
26. (a) I 20/s

0.001s
IC 500/s
(b) ZTH = 0, VTH = 20/ s V so IN = 20 s (c) IC = = 0.04 A . Taking the inverse transform, we obtain a delta function: 500 s iC(t) = 40(t) mA. This unphysical solution arises from the circuit above attempting to force the voltage across the capacitor to change in zero time.
10 March 2006
27.
VTH
1 3 + ||10s 1 70 s 7 s = V = 2 s 3 + 3 + 1 ||10s 3 + 1 60s + 19s + 3 s s 1 9 + 60s 30s 9 + 60s s 3 + 10s 1 = || 3 + = = 2 1 9 60 + s + 3 + 10s 60 19 3 + s s s + s 3 + 10s 9 + 60s 420s 4 + 133s3 + 21s 2 + 60s + 9 2 +7 s = 60s 2 + 19s + 3 60s 2 + 19s + 3
ZTH
ZTotal = Thus,
70 60s 2 + 19s + 3 I (s) = A 2 4 3 2 60s + 19s + 3 420s + 133s + 21s + 60s + 9 70 = A 4 3 420s + 133s + 21s 2 + 60s + 9
10 March 2006
28.
We begin by noting that the source is not really a dependent source its value is not based on a voltage or current parameter. Therefore, we should treat it as an independent source. 2 (2s + 10) 2 2s + 10 s Zth = || (2s + 10) = = 2 2 s + (2s + 10) s + 5s + 1 s 2 9 90 s (10) = 2 V Vth = 2 s s ( s + 5 s + 1) 10 + 2s + s
10 March 2006
29.
Beginning with the source on the left (10/s V) we write two nodal equations:
V1 V2 s 10 1 V1 + + = 0 V1 s 47000 30303 56 + 336 10-6s
V2 V2 V1 s V2 + + = 0 47000 10870 56 + 336 10-6s Solving, 303030(0.3197 1013 + 0.1645 1011s + 98700s 2 ) V1 = s(0.4639 1010s3 + 0.7732 1015s 2 + 0.56911018s + 0.1936 1018 )
V2 =
0.9676 1018 s(0.4639 1010s3 + 0.7732 1015s 2 + 0.56911018s + 0.1936 1018 )
Shorting out the left source and activating the right-hand source (5 3/s) V: V1 V2 1 s V1 + V1 + = 0 47000 30303 56 + 336 10-6s V2 - 5 + 47000 Solving, 3 s + V2 V1 s V2 + = 0 10870 56 + 336 10-6s
V1 = V2 =
0.9676 1017 (5s 3) s(0.4639 1010s3 + 0.7732 1015s 2 + 0.56911018s + 0.1936 1018 )
7609(705000s3 + 0.1175 1012s 2 + 0.6359 1014s - 0.3819 1014 ) s(0.4639 1010s3 + 0.7732 1015s 2 + 0.56911018s + 0.1936 1018 ) Adding, we find that 30303(0.2239 1013 + 0.1613 1013s + 98700s 2 ) V1 = s(0.4639 1010s3 + 0.7732 1015s 2 + 0.56911018s + 0.1936 1018 ) V2 = 7609(705000s3 + 0.1175 1012s 2 + 0.6359 1014s + 0.8897 1014 ) s(0.4639 1010s3 + 0.7732 1015s 2 + 0.56911018s + 0.1936 1018 )
(b) Using the ilaplace() routine in MATLAB, we take the inverse transform of each:
v1(t) = [3.504 + 0.380510-2 e-165928t 0.8618 e-739t 2.646 e-0.3404t] u(t) V v2(t) = [3.496 0.136510-2 e-165928t + 0.309 e-739t 2.647 e-0.3404t] u(t) V
10 March 2006
30.
(10/ s)(1/47000) = 2.12810-4/ s A (5 3/s)/ 47000 = (1.064 0.6383/ s)10-4 A 1.424 109 47000s + 30303 5.109 108 ZR = 47000 || (10870/ s) = 47000s + 10870 ZL = 47000 || (30303/ s) = Convert these back to voltage sources, one on the left (VL) and one on the right (VR): 1.424 109 3.0303 105 -4 VL = (2.12810 / s ) V = 47000s + 30303 s ( 47000s + 30303)
5.109 108 VR = (1.064 0.6383/ s)10-4 47000s + 10870 54360 32611 = 47000s + 10870 s ( 47000s + 10870 )
Then, I56 =
VL VR Z L + Z R + 336 10-6s +56 2.555 109s 2 - 1.413 1010s - 4.282 109 s 4.639 109 s3 + 7.732 1014s 2 + 5.691 1017s + 1.936 1017
= 6250 =
0.208 0.0210 1.533 10 5 s + 1.659 10 s + 739 s + 0.6447 2.658 10-5 2.755 1018 1.382 104 + + + s + 0.3404 s + 0.2313 s
18
Thus, i56(t) = [0.208 exp(-1.659105t) 0.0210 exp(-739t) 1.53310-18 exp(-.06447t) + 2.65810-5 exp(-0.3404t) + 2.75510-18 exp(-0.2313t) + 1.38210-4] u(t) A. The power absorbed in the 56- resistor is simply 56 [i56(t)]2 or 56 [0.208 exp(-1.659105t) 0.0210 exp(-739t) 1.53310-18 exp(-.06447t) + 2.65810-5 exp(-0.3404t) + 2.75510-18 exp(-0.2313t) + 1.38210-4]2 W
10 March 2006
31.
(a) Begin by finding ZTH = ZN: ZTH = 47000 + (30303/ s) || [33610-6 s + 56 + (10870/ s) || 47000] = 4.639 109s3 + 7.732 1014s 2 + 5.6911017s + 1.936 1017 98700s3 + 1.645 1010s 2 + 1.211013s + 2.059 1012
To find the Norton source value, define three clockwise mesh currents I1, I2 and I3 in the left, centre and right hand meshes, such that IN(s) = -I1(s) and the 10/s source is replaced by a short circuit. (47000 + 30303/ s) I1 - (30303/ s) I2 (10870/ s + 56 + 33610-6 s + 30303/ s) I2 - (30303/ s) I1 (10870/ s)I3 (47000 + 10870/ s) I3 - (10870/ s)I2 = -5 + 3/ s Solving, 2.059 1012 (5s - 3) IN = -I1 = s(4.639 109s3 + 7.732 1014s 2 + 5.6911017s + 1.936 1017 ) (b) Isource = (10/ s) (1/ ZTH) - IN(s)
= 0.001(0.4579 1013s6 + 0.1526 1019s5 + 0.1283 10 24s 4 + 0.1792 1027s3 + 0.6306 1029s 2 + 0.3667 1029s + 0.5183 1028 )[s(4639s3 + 0.7732 109s 2 + 0.56911012s + 0.1936 1012 )(0.4639 1010s3 +0.7732 1015s 2 + 0.5691 1018s + 0.1936 1018 )]-1 Taking the inverse transform using the MATLAB ilaplace() routine, we find that isource(t) = 0.138210-3 + 0.860710-8 exp(-165930t) + 0.872310-7exp(-739t) + 0.106310-3 exp(-0.3403t) 0.809610-7 exp(-165930t) + 0.182010-4 exp(-739t) 0.510-4 exp(-0.3404t)
=0 =0
isource(1.5 ms) = 2.005510-4 A = 200.6 A
10 March 2006
32.
5s . s +4 (a) Define four clockwise mesh currents I1, I2, I3 and Ix in the top left, top right, bottom left and bottom right meshes, respectively. Then,
We begin by shorting the 7 cos 4t source, and replacing the 5 cos 2t source with
5s s +4 0 0 0 V1
2
= (12 + 1/2s) I3 7 I1 (1/ 2s) Ix = = = = -4 Ix + (9.5 + s) I1 s I2 7 I3 (3 + s + 2/ s) I2 s I1 3 Ix (4 + 3s + 1/2s) Ix 3 I2 (1/2s) I3 (I3 Ix) (2s)
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]
Solving all five equations simultaneously using MATLAB, we find that V1 = 20s3 (75s3 + 199s 2 + 187s + 152) 1212s6 + 3311s5 + 7875s 4 + 15780s3 + 12408s 2 + 10148s + 1200
2
7s . s + 16 Define four clockwise mesh currents I1, I2, I3 and Ix in the bottom left, top left, top right and bottom right meshes, respectively (note order changed from above). Then,
Next we short the 5 cos 2t source, and replace the 7 cos 4t source with
0 = (12 + 1/2s) I1 7 I2 (1/ 2s) Ix 0 = -4 Ix + (9.5 + s) I2 s I3 7 I1
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]
7s = (3 + s + 2/ s) I3 s I2 3 Ix s + 16 0 = (4 + 3s + 1/2s) Ix 3 I3 (1/2s) I1 V1 = (I1 Ix) (2s)

2
Solving all five equations simultaneously using MATLAB, we find that

V1 =
-56s 4 (21s 2 - 8s - 111) 1212s 6 + 3311s5 + 22420s 4 + 55513s3 + 48730s 2 + 40590s + 4800
The next step is to form the sum V1(s) = V1 + V1 , which is accomplished in MATLAB using the function symadd(): V1 = symadd(V1prime, V1doubleprime); V1(s) =
4s3 (81s5 + 1107s 4 + 7313s3 + 17130s 2 + 21180s + 12160) s 2 + 4 1212s 6 + 3311s5 + 22420s 4 + 55513s 3 + 48730s 2 + 40590s + 4800
)(
(b) Using the ilaplace() routine from MATLAB, we find that

v1(t) = [0.2673 (t) + 6.90310-3 cos 2t 2.403 sin 2t 0.1167 e-1.971t 0.1948 e-0.3315t cos 0.903t + 0.1611 e-0.3115t sin 0.903t 0.82310-3 e-0.1376t + 3.229 cos 4t + 3.626 sin 4t] u(t) V
10 March 2006
33.
(a) We can combine the two sinusoidal sources in the time domain as they have the same frequency. Thus, there is really no need to invoke source transformation as such to find the current. 65 cos 103t
65s , and 13 mH 0.013s s + 106
2
We may therefore write 1 5000s 65s I(s) = 2 = 2 6 s + 10 83 + 0.013s ( s + 106 ) ( s + 6385 ) =

0.7643 0.3869 8.907 o 0.38698.907o + + ( s + 6385) s - j103 s + j103
(b) Taking the inverse transform,

i(t) = [-0.7643 e-6385t + 0.7738 cos (103t 8.907o)] u(t) A
(c) The steady-state value of i(t) is simply 0.7738 cos (103t 8.907o) A.
10 March 2006
34.
(a)
7s 7 = 2 2 s 3s 9s + 4 3 s 3s + 4
3 3 11 3 11 s + s 12 2 12 2
Poles at
3 11 , double zero at . 2 12
( s + 1)( s 1) s2 1 (b) 2 = ( s + 2s + 4 )( s2 + 1) s + 1 + j 3 s + 1 j 3 ( s + j )(s j )
)(
Zeroes at s = 1, + 1, Poles at 1 + j 3, 1 j 3, j
10 March 2006
35.
(a)
3s 2 3s = 2 s s + 4 ( s 1) ( s + j 2 )( s j 2 )( s 1)
Poles at j 2, 1 ; zeroes at s = 0, . s 2 + 2s 1 = (b) 2 s 4s 2 + 2s + 1 s 2 1
)(
(s + 1 + 2 )(s + 1 2 )
1 3 1 3 s2 s + + j s + j ( s + 1)( s 1) 4 4 4 4
1 3 Poles at s = 1, j , double at s = 0 4 4
Zeroes at 1 j 2,
10 March 2006
36. (a)
5 5 + (2 + 5s) (5s + 5)(2 + 5s) 25s 2 + 35s + 10 s Z in = = = 5s + 7 + 5 / s 5s 2 + 7s + 5 5s 2 + 7s + 5 5s 2 + 7s + 5 Yin (s) = 25s 2 + 35s + 10
(b)
Poles: s 2 + 1.4s + 0.2 = 0, s =
1.4 1.96 1.6 = 1, 0.4s 1 2 1.4 1.96 4 Zeros: s 2 + 1.4s + 1 = 0, s = = 0.7 j 0.7141s 1 2
(c) (d)
Poles: same; s = -1, -0.4 s-1 Zeros: same; s = 0.7 j 0.7141 s 1
10 March 2006
37.
(a) Regarding the circuit of Fig. 15.45, we replace each 2-mF capacitor with a 500/ s impedance. Then, 500 500 20 + 40 + (s + 25)(s + 12.5) s s Zin(s) = = 13.33 100 s(s + 1.667) 60 + s Reading from the transfer function, we have zeros at s = -25 and -12.5 s-1, and poles at s = 0 and s = -1.667 s-1. (b) Regarding the circuit of Fig. 15.47, we replace the 2-mF capacitor with a 500/ s impedance and the 1-mH inductor with a 0.001s- impedance. Then, 500 500 (s + )(s + 105 ) 55 + (100 + 0.001s ) s 55 = 55 Zin(s) = 500 s + 1.55 105 ) (s + 3.226) ( 155 + + 0.001s s Reading from the transfer function, we have zeros at s = -9.091 and -105 s-1, and 5 poles at s = -1.5510 and s = -3.226 s-1.
10 March 2006
38. (a)
Y(s) : zeros at s = 0; 10;

Y (s) = Y (s) =
poles at s = 5, 20 s 1 ; Y(s) 12 S as s
Ks(s + 10) , K = 12 (s + 5)(s + 20)
12s(s + 10) 12s 2 + 120s = 2 (s + 5)(s + 20) s + 25s + 100 1200 + j1200 Y ( j10) = = 4.800 + j 4.800 = 6.78845 S 100 + j 250 + 100
(b) (c) (d)
Y ( j10) = 6.788 45 S
Y(15) =
12(15)(5) = 18 S (10)5
245 2452 68(500) 12s 2 + 120s 17s 2 + 245s + 500 = , s = (s + 5)(s + 20) 34 s 2 + 25s + 100
5 + Y (s) = 5 +
Zeros: s = 2.461 and 11.951 s -1 ; Poles: s = 5, 20 s -1
10 March 2006
39. (a) (b) Yin =
1 1 0.2(6s + 9) 5(s + 1)(s + 4) + = Zin = 4 + s 5 + 5s (4 + s)(1 + s) 6(s + 1.5)
Poles: s = 1.5, ; Zeros: s = -1, -4 s-1
10 March 2006
40.
H(s) =
s+2 (s + 5)(s 2 + 6s + 25) s+2 (s + 5)(s 2 + 6s + 25) s+2 (s + 4)(s + 5)(s 2 + 6s + 25)
(a) (t) 1, so the output is
(b) e-4t u(t) 1 / (s + 4), so the output is
(c) 2 cos 15t u(t)
2s ( s + 2 ) 2s , so the output is 2 (s + 225)(s + 5)(s 2 + 6s + 25) s + 225

2
(d) t e-t u(t) 1/ (s + 1), so the output is
s+2 (s + 1)(s + 5)(s 2 + 6s + 25)
(e) poles and zeros of each: (a): zero at s = -2, poles at s = -5, -3 j4 (b): zero at s = -2, poles at s = -4, -5, -3 j4 (c): zeros at s = 0, -2, poles at s = j15, -5, -3 j4 (d): zero at s = -2, poles at s = -1, -5, -3 j4
10 March 2006
41.
h(t) = 5 [u(t) u(t 1)] sin t y(t) =
x(t) = 2[u(t) u(t 2)]
h( ) x ( t ) d
t < 0: y(t) = 0 0 < t < 1: y(t) = 1 < t < 2: y(t) = 2 < t < 3: y(t) =
10sin d
0
= =
10
cos
0
10
(1 cos t )
10sin d
0
20
10
1
t 2
10sin d = -
cos
t 2
= -
10
[ 1 cos( t 2 )]
= (10/ ) (1 + cos t) t > 3: y(t) = 0
10 March 2006
42.
f1(t) = e-5t u(t), f2(t) = (1 e-2t) u(t) (a) f1 * f2 =
0-
f1 ( ) f 2 ( t ) d
t < 0: f1 * f2 = 0 t > 0: f1 * f2 =
t
-
e 5 1 e2 2t d =
t
(e
t 0-
e2t e3 d
1 = e5 5
1 + e2t e3 3
1 1 2 = + e5t e 2t u (t ) 3 5 15
(b) F1(s) = 1/ (s + 5), F2(s) = 1/s 1/ (s + 2) 1 1 a b c = + + F1(s) F2(s) = s ( s + 5) s s+2 s+5 ( s + 5)( s + 2 ) Where a = 0.2, b = -1/3, and c = -1/5 + 1/3 = 2/15.
1 1 2 Taking the inverse transform, we find that f1 * f2 = + e 5t e 2t u (t ) 3 5 15
10 March 2006
43.
The impulse response is vo(t) = 4u(t) 4u(t 2) V, so we know that h(t) = 4u(t) 4u(t 2). vi(t) = 2u(t - 1), and vo(t) = h(t) * vi(t). Thus, vo(t) = or vo(t) =
For > 2, this integral is zero. Also, the second step function results in a zero value for the integral except when t 1 > 0, or < t 1. With a lower limit of = 0, this means that t > 1. When t > 3, however, we do not must be careful to constrain to less than 2, so we split the integration into two parts: 1 < t < 3: vo = t > 3: vo =
h( )v ( t ) d = 8 [u( ) u( 2)] u ( t 1) d 8 [1 u ( 2)] u ( t 1) d . [1]

0 0 i 0
t 1 0
8 d = 8t 8 V
vo (V) 16
2 0
8 d = 16 V
and, of course, for t < 1, the output is zero.
t (s)
10 March 2006
44.
h(t) = 2e-3t u(t), x(t) = u(t) (t) (a) y(t) =
h( ) x(t )d
t < 0 : y (t ) = 0
t 1 t t > 0 : y (t ) = 2 e 3 [1 (t ) ] d = 2 - e 3 u (t ) 0 0 3 2 2 8 = (1 e 3t )u (t ) 2e3t u (t ) = e3t u (t ) 3 3 3
- e3t u (t )
(b)
H (s) =
2 s+3
X(s) = s ( s + 3) 2 (1 - s )
thus, Y(s) =
1 -1 s 2 1 8 1 = - 3s 3 s + 3
2 8 3 t u (t ) e u (t ) 3 3
Taking the inverse transform, we find that y(t) =
10 March 2006
45.
h(t) = 5 u(t) - 5 u(t 2), so H(s) = (a) vin(t) = 3(t), so Vin(s) = 3 Vout(s) = Vin(s) H(s) =
5 - 5e-2s s
15 - 15e-2s . vout(t) = L-1{Vout(s)} = 15 u(t) 15 u(t - 2) s 3 s
(b) vin(t) = 3u(t), so Vin(s) =
3 5 15 15 -2s Vout(s) = Vin(s) H(s) = - 5e-2s = 2 e . s s s s vout(t) = L-1{Vout(s)} = 15 t u(t) 15 u2(t - 2) = 15 t u(t) 15 u (t - 2)
(c) vin(t) = 3u(t) 3u(t 2), so Vin(s) =
3 - 3e-2s s
3 5 15 30 -2s Vout(s) = Vin(s) H(s) = - 3e -2s - 5e-2s = 2 e + 15e 4s . s s s s -1 2 2 vout(t) = L {Vout(s)} = 15 t u(t) 30 u (t - 2) + 15 u (t 4) = 15 t u(t) 30 u (t - 2) + 15 u(t)
(d) vin(t) = 3 cos 3t, so Vin(s) = Vout(s) = Vin(s) H(s) =
3s s +9
2
15 15s -2s - 2 e . s +9 s +9 vout(t) = L-1{Vout(s)} = 5 sin 3t u(t) 15 cos [3(t 2)] u(t - 2)
2
10 March 2006
46.
(a) Since vo(t) = vin(t), H(s) = 1. Thus, h(t) = (t). (b) vo (t ) = vin ( x)h(t x)dx = vin ( x) (t x)dx = vin (t ) = 8u (t ) V

10 March 2006
47.
(a) Since vo(t) = vin(t), H(s) = 1. Thus, h(t) = (t). (b) vo (t ) = vin ( x)h(t x)dx = vin ( x) (t x)dx = vin (t ) = 8et u (t ) V

10 March 2006
48.
10 10 + 20 20 20 + s s Vin Vin 40s 2 + s V = = = in 10 40s + 20 40s 2 + 60s + 10 40s 2 + 60s + 10 + s 4s + 1 4s 2 + s 20 2s 2s 2 ; I top = I in = I in = Vin 10 4s + 1 40s 2 + 60s + 10 40 + s 4s + 1 10 4s 2 Vout = I in + 20I top = Vin 2 + 2 s s s s 4 6 1 4 s + 6 1 + + + H (s) = Vout 4s 2 + 4s + 1 s 2 + s + 0.25 (s + 0.5) 2 = 2 = 2 = Vin 4s + 6s + 1 s + 1.5s + 0.25 (s + 0.19098)(s + 1.3090)
I in =
Vin
Vin 10 20(20 + 10 / s) + s 40 + 10 / s
zeros: s = 0.5, s = 0.5; poles: s = 1.3090, 0.19098
10 March 2006
49. (a)
H (s) = V2 (s) / V1 (s), H(0) = 1 H(s) = 1= 2 K(s + 2) K(s + 2) = 2 (s + 1 + j 4)(s + 1 j 4) s + 2s + 17
K , so K=8.5 17 8.5(s + 2) Thus, H(s) = 2 s + 2s + 17 8.5( + 2) Let = 0 H () = 2 + 2 + 17

H ( j ) = 8.5 2 + 4 (17 2 ) 2 + 42
(b)
(c)
By trial & error: H ( j ) max = 4.729 at = 4.07 rad/s
10 March 2006
50. (a) pole-zero constellation j X (2 zeros) O -1 X

3 2 3 2
(b) elastic-sheet model
( s + 1)
3 3 s + 0.5 + j s + 0.5 - j (c) H(s) = 2 2 s 2 + 2s + 1 s = 2 =1+ 2 s + s+1 s + s+1
( s + 1)
s2 + s + 1
We can implement this with a 1- resistor in series with a network having the impedance given by the second term. There are two energy storage elements in that network (the denominator is order 2). That network impedance can be rewritten as s 1 , which can be seen to be equal to the parallel combination of a 1- = 2 s + s + 1 s +1+ 1 s resistor, a 1-H inductor, and a 1-F capacitor.
1 1 1H 1F
10 March 2006
51. (a)
H (s) = (10s 2 + 55s + 75) /(s 2 + 16)
H (s) = 10
(s + 3)(s + 2.5) . Critical frequencies: zeros at 3, -2.5; poles at j4. ( s + j 4 )( s j 4 )

j X 4
OO 3 2 1 X -4
(b) (c)
H (0) =
75 = 4.688, H ( ) = 10 16
H (0) = 4.679 K = 3, so K = 0.64 H ( j 3) = 0.64 90 + 75 + j165 0.64 = 15 + j165 = 15.15 cm 7 7
(d)
10 March 2006
52.
( s + 0.5 + j 0.3873)( s + 0.5 - j 0.3873) 5s 2 + 5s + 2 (a) Y (s) = = 2 5s + 15s + 2 ( s + 2.86 )( s + 0.1399 )

Zeros: s = -0.5 j0.3873 Poles: s = -2.86, s = -0.1399 j
+1 O X -3 X -2 -1 O -1
(b) elastic sheet model
(c) lattitude 5o52, longitude 5o152 puts it a little off the coast of Timbuktu.
10 March 2006
53. (a)
H(s) =
I0 ; H(2) = 6 IM
(s 1)(s + 1)(s + 3) (s + 3 + j 2)(s + 3 j 2) (3)(1)K 3K = K = 10, H (2) = 6 = (1 + j 2)(1 j 2) 5 H (s) = K Thus, H (s) = 10 (s 2 1)(s + 3) 10s3 + 30s 2 10s 30 = s 2 + 6s + 13 s 2 + 6s + 13
(b) (c)
H (0) =
30 = 2.308, H ( ) = 13
1: ( s 1) = ( j 2 1) = 2.236116.57 1: ( s + 1) = ( j 2 + 1) = 2.23663.43 3 : ( s + 3) = j 2 + 3 = 3.60633.69 3 j 2 : j 2 + 3 + j 2 = 5.00053.13 3 + j 2 : j 2 + 3 j 2 = 30
10 March 2006
54.
Z A : zero at s = 10 + j 0; Z A + 20 : zero at s = 3.6 + j 0 R/sC R 1/ C 5s + 5 / RC + 1/ C = 5+ = 5+ = sCR + 1 s + 1/ RC s + 1/ RC R + 1/ SC 5(s + 1/ RC + 1/ 5C) ZA = s + 1/ RC 1 1 + = 10 Thus, using the fact that Z A = 0 at s = -10, we may write RC 5C 25 1 25 s + 1 + 1 + 25s + 1/ C RC 25C RC C = = Also, Z B = 25 + 1 s + 1/ RC s + 1/ RC s+ RC 1 1 4 + = 3.6 or = 6.4, RC 25C 25C 1 C= = 25 mF, 40 40 40 40 + = 10, = 2, so R = 20 R 5 R ZA = 5 +
10 March 2006
55. (a)
H (s) = 100(s + 2) /(s 2 + 2s + 5) zero at s = -2, poles at s =

2 4 20 = 1 j 2 2
X O 3 2 1 X
j2
-j2
(b)
H ( j ) =
100(2 + j ) (5 2 ) + j 2
(c) (d)
H( j ) = 100
2 + 4 4 62 + 25
(e)
d H ( j ) 2 + 4 (4 62 + 25)2 (2 + 4)(43 12) = 4 = , 10 000 d etc 62 + 25 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 6 + 25 = ( + 4)(2 6), 6 + 25 = 2 + 22 24, 4 + 82 49 = 0 2 = 8 64 + 196 = 4.062 mar = 2.016 rad/s, H( j 2.016) = 68.61 2
H ( j )
10 March 2006
56. (a)
Z in (s) =
5s + 20 s+2
vab (0) = 25 V; Zin (s) = H (s) =
5(s + 4) , Vab = Zin I in s+2
5(s + 4) , single pole at s = 2 vab (t ) = 25e 2t V, t > 0 s+2
(b)
iab (0) = 3A I ab =
Vs I s+2 1 H (s) = ab = = single pole at s = 4 Zin Vin Zin 5(s + 4)
iab (t ) = 3e4t A, t > 0
10 March 2006
57. (a)
Z in (s) = 5(s 2 + 4s + 20) /(s + 1)
vab = 160e6t V Vab = 160 V, s = 6 Ia = Vab 160(s + 1) 32(5) = = = 5 A ia (t ) = 5e6t A (all t ) 2 Zin 5(s + 4s + 20) 3b 24 + 20
Ia 1 s +1 = = 2 Vs Zin 5(s + 4s + 20)
(b)
vab = 160e6t u (t ), ia (0) = 0, ia (0) = 32 A/s H (s) = s=
4 16 80 = 2 j 4 ia (t ) = 5e 6t + e2t (A cos 4t + Bsin 4t ) 0 = 5 + A, A = 5 2
ia (0) = 32 = 30 10 + 4B B = 3 ia (t ) = [5e 6t + e2t (5cos 4t + 3sin 4t )] u (t ) A
10 March 2006
58. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)

H (s) = I c / I s = s=
0.5 250s = 2 0.5 + 0.002s + 500 / s s + 250s + 25 000
1 (250 62 500 106 ) = 125 j 484.1s 1 2 R 0.5 = = 125 s -1 , o = 106 /4= 500 s -1 , d = 25104 -15,625 = 484.1 s -1 2L 0.004
I s = 1, s = 0 I c = 0 icf = 0
ic ,n = e125t ( A cos 484t + Bsin 484t )

iL (0) = 0 ic (0+ ) = 0, vc (0) = 0 1 1 = 2 103 i (0+ ) + 0 i (0+ ) = 250 A/s 2
A = 0, 484B = 250, B = 0.5164 ic (t ) = (0.5164e 125t sin 484.1t ) u (t ) A
10 March 2006
59. (a)
H (s) = I in / Vin =
1 1 10s + 20 = = 2 Zin 50 + 6s(4s + 20) 24s + 620s + 1000 10s + 20
s = (b)
1 (620 6202 96, 000) = 1.729 and 24.10 s-1 48
Note that the element labeled 6 H should be an inductor, as is suggested by the context of the text (i.e. initial condition provided). Convert to s-domain and define a clockwise mesh current I2 in the right-hand mesh. Iin
500 V s
6s
4s
-30 V
-8 V
Mesh 1: 0 = -500/ s + (50 + 6s) Iin 30 - 6s I2 Mesh 2: 0 = 30 + (20 + 10s) I2 6s Iin 8 Solving, we find that
I in = =
[1] [2]
42s 2 + 1400s + 2500 7s 2 + 233.3s + 416.7 = s ( s + 24.10 )( s + 1.729 ) s 6s 2 + 155s + 250
a b c + + s ( s + 24.10 ) ( s + 1.729 )
where a = 10, b = -2.115 and c = -0.8855. Thus, we may write iin(t) = [10 2.115 e-24.10t 0.885 e-1.729t] u(t) A
10 March 2006
60. (a) (b) Is = a= 2 2000 a b 2 1000 = + so V (s) = = s s ( s + 20 ) s s + 20 s ( s + 20 )

H (s) = V 50(1000 / s) 1000 = = I s 50 + (1000 / s) s + 20
2000 2000 = 100; b = a = = 100 ( s + 20 ) s=0 ( s ) s=20 100 100 and v (t ) = 100 1 - e-20t u (t ) V s s + 20
Thus, V (s) = (c)
This function as written is technically valid for all time (although that cant be possible physically). Therefore, we cant use the one-sided Laplace technique weve been studying. We can, however, use simple s-domain/ complex frequency analysis:
is = 4e 10t A I s = 4 A, s = 10 V = 4H (10) = 4 v(t ) = 400e 10t V (all t ) 1000 = 400 V 10
(d)
4e-10t u(t)
a b 4 4 1000 , so V(s) = + = s + 10 s + 20 s + 10 s + 10 s + 20
a = 400 and b = -400, so v(t) = 400 [e-10t e-20t] u(t) V
10 March 2006
61. (a)
100 25 100 20 + V (20s + 100)25 s s s / 50 + H (s) = c 2 = 125 Vs 20 + 100 s(20s + 125) 20 + s s 2500 s(20s + 125) H (s) = 2 s(20s + 125) 1000s + 6250s + 500s + 2500 2.5 H (s) = 2 s + 6.75s + 2.5 1 No initial energy stored in either capacitor. With vs = u(t), Vs(s) = , so s 2.5 a b c = + VC2 = + s ( s + 6.357 )( s + 0.3933) s s + 6.357 s + 0.3933 Where a = 1, b = 0.06594 and c = -1.066. Thus,
(b)
vC2(t) = [1 + 0.06594 e-6.357t 1.066 e-0.3933t ] u(t) V
10 March 2006
62. Zin (s) = 1 0.1 + 0.025s + 1 0.05s 0.1 + 0.025s + 20 + (80 / s) s+4 40(s + 4) 40(s + 4) s+4 = = 2 = 2 0.025s + 0.25s + 0.4 s + 10s + 16 (s + 2)(s + 8)
20 b c 20 40(s + 4) a = + , so Vin(s) = + s+2 s+8 s s (s + 2)(s + 8) s
20u(t)
a = 200, b = -133.3 and c = -66.67, so vin(t) = [200 133.3 e-2t 66.67 e-8t] u(t) V
10 March 2006
63. H (s) = (a) Zf Z1
108 5000 5000s , Z f = 5000 H(s) = = 8 s 1000 + (10 / s) 1000s + 108 5s H( s) = s + 105 Z1 = 103 + Z1 = 5000, Z f = 103 + 108 / s H(s) = 103 + 108 / s 1000s + 108 R + 105 = = 5000 5000s 5s 104 + 108 / s 104 s + 108 10s + 105 = = 1000 + 108 / s 1000s + 108 s + 105
(b)
(c)
Z1 = 103 + 108 / s, Z f = 104 + 108 / s H(s) =
10 March 2006
64.
R f = 20 k, H (s) = Vout 1 = R f C1 s + R1C1 Vin
1 H (s) = 2 104 C1 s + R1C1
(a) (b)
2 104 H (s) = 50 C1 = 0, = 50, R1 = 400 R1

1 4 3 H (s) = 103 (s + 104 ) = 2 104 C1 s + 2 10 C1 = 10 R1C1 1 C1 = 50 nF; = 104 , so R1 = 2 k 9 50 10 R1
(c)
1 4 4 H (s) = 104 (s + 1000) = 2 104 C1 s + 2 10 C1 =10 , C1 = 5 nF R1C1 1 1 = 103 R 1 = = 200 k -9 R1C1 5 10 103
)( )
(d)
Stage 1:
Need a simple inverting amplifier with gain of 1, so select C1 = 0, and R1 = Rf = 20 k. -103 = -2104C1 \ C1 = 103 = 50 mF 2 104
Stage 2:
1 = 105 R1C1
R1 =
1 50 10-3 105
)( )
= 200
10 March 2006
65. (a)
H (s) = H (s) =
Vout Vin
= 50, , R f = 20 k Rf R1 R1 = 20 103 = 400 50
1/ R1C f s + 1/ R f C f
set C f = 0 50 =
(b)
H (s) = Cf =
1/ R1C f 1000 1 = 10 000 = 20 000 C f s + 10 000 s + 1/ 20 000 C f
1 1 = 5 nF We may then find R1 : 1000 = R1 = 200 k 8 2 10 5 109 R1 1/ R1C f 10 000 1 C f = 50 nF = 1000 = 20 000 C f s + 1000 s + 1/ 20 000 C f
(c)
H (s) =
1 = 1000, R1 = 200 k 5 109 R1
(d)
H (s) =
Vout 100 = Vin s + 105 1 R1A CfA s+ 1 R fA CfA - R fB R1B
1 R1A CfA = s+ 1 R fA CfA
1 R1B CfB = s + 1 R fB CfB R fB = 100 We may therefore set R1B R1A CfA R fA CfA
and 1
= 105. Arbitrarily choosing R fA = 1 k, we find that CfA = 10 nF.
Arbitrarily selecting R fB = 100 , we may complete the design by choosing R1B = R1A = 10 k
10 March 2006
66. 104 s(s + 100) [K A s][ K B (s + 100)] = H (s) = KC s + 1000 s + 1000 Let H A (s) = K A s . Choose inverting op amp with parallel RC network at inverting input. 0= V -Vi (1+ sC1A ) - o R1A Rf a R fA
H A (s) =
R1 A
(1 + sR1 A C1 A ) =
R fA
R1 A
sR fA C1 A = K A s. Set R1A = . Then
R fA C1 A s = 104 C1 A s Same configuration for H B (s) H B (s) = K B (s + 100) = R fB
R1B
(1 + sR1B C1B )
For the last stage, choose an inverting op amp circuit with a parallel RC circuit in the feedback loop. R fC 1 1 = Let H C (s) = K C R1C (1 + sR FC C FC ) s + 1000 Cascading these three tranfer functions, we find that
R fB R fC HA HB HC = s s R C R C + fA A 1 fB 1B R 1B R 1C 1 R fc Cfc s + 1
Choosing all remaining resistors to be 10 k, we compare this to our desired transfer function. (Rfc Cfc)-1 = 1000 so Cfc = 100 nF R fB = 100 so C1B = 1 F. Next, R1B R fB C1B Finally, RfAC1ARfBC1BRfC (R1CRfCCfC) = 10-4, so C1A = 1 nF
Rfa R1a R1b R1c Rfb Rfc Cfc
C1a
C1b
10 March 2006
67.
Design a Wien-bridge oscillator for operation at 1 kHz, using only standard resistor values. One possible solution:
= 2f = 1/RC, so set (2RC)-1 = 1000

If we use a 1-F capacitor, then R = 159 . To construct this using standard resistor values, connect a 100-, 56- and 3- in series. To complete the design, select Rf = 2 k and R1 = 1 k. PSpice verification:
The feedback resistor was set to 2.05 k to initiate oscillations in the simulation. The output waveform shown below exhibits a frequency of 1 kHz as desired.
10 March 2006
68.
Design a Wien-bridge oscillator for operation at 60 Hz. One possible solution:
= 2f = 1/RC, so set (2RC)-1 = 60

If we use 10-nF capacitors, then R = 265.3 k. To complete the design, select Rf = 200 k and R1 = 100 k. PSpice verification:
The simulated output of the circuit shows a sinusoidal waveform having period 54.3 ms 37.67 ms = 0.01663 ms, which corresponds to a frequency of 60.13 Hz, as desired.
10 March 2006
69.
Design a Wien-bridge oscillator for operation at 440 Hz, using only standard resistor values. One possible solution:
= 2f = 1/RC, so set (2RC)-1 = 440

If we use 100-nF capacitors, then R = 3.167 k. To construct this using standard resistor values, connect a 3.6-k, 16- and 1- in series. (May not need the 1-, as were using 5% tolerance resistors!). This circuit will produce the musical note, A. To complete the design, select Rf = 2 k and R1 = 1 k. PSpice verification:
Simulation results show a sinusoidal output having a period of approximately 5.128 2.864 = 2.264 ms, or a frequency of approximately 442 Hz. The error is likely to uncertainty in cursor placement; a higher-resolution time simulation would enable greater precision.
10 March 2006
70.
Design a Wien-bridge oscillator for 440 Hz: = 2f = 1/RC, so set (2RC)-1 = 440 If we use 100-nF capacitors, then R = 3.167 k. Design a Wien-bridge oscillator for 220 Hz: = 2f = 1/RC, so set (2RC)-1 = 220 If we use 100-nF capacitors, then R = 7.234 k. Using a summing stage to add the two waveforms together:
Chapter Sixteen Solutions
10 March 2006
1.
We have a parallel RLC with R = 1 k, C = 47 F and L = 11 mH. (a) Qo = R(C/L) = 65.37 (b) fo = o/ 2 = (LC)- / 2 = 221.3 Hz
(c) The circuit is excited by a steady-state 1-mA sinusoidal source:
10-30o A
jL
-j/ C
The admittance Y(s) facing the source is Y(s) = 1/R + 1/sL + sC = C(s2 + s/RC + 1/LC)/ s so Z(s) = (s/C) / (s2 + s/RC + 1/LC) and Z(j) = (1/C) (j) / (1/LC 2 + j/RC). Since V = 10-3 Z, we note that |V| > 0 as 0 and also as .
10 March 2006
2.
(a) R = 1000 and C = 1 F. Qo = R(C/L) = 200 so L = C(R/ Qo)2 = (b) L = 12 fH and C = 2.4 nF R = Qo (L/ C) 447.2 m
25 H
(c) R = 121.7 k and L = 100 pH C = (Qo / R)2 L =
270 aF
10 March 2006
3.
We take the approximate expression for Q of a varactor to be Q CjRp/ (1 + 2 Cj2 Rp Rs) (a) Cj = 3.77 pF, Rp = 1.5 M, Rs = 2.8
(b) dQ/d = [(1 + 2 Cj2 Rp Rs)(Cj Rp) - CjRp(2Cj2 Rp Rs)]/ (1 + 2 Cj2 RpRs) Setting this equal to zero, we may subsequently write CjRp (1 + 2 Cj2 Rp Rs) - CjRp(2Cj2 Rp Rs) = 0 Or 1 2 Cj2 Rp Rs = 0. Thus, o = (Cj2 RpRs) = 129.4 Mrad/s = 21.00 MHz
Qo = Q( = o) = 366.0
10 March 2006
4.
Determine Q for (dropping onto a smooth concrete floor): (a) A ping pong ball: Dropped twice from 121.1 cm (arbitrarily chosen). Both times, it bounced to a height of 61.65 cm. Q = 2h1/ (h1 h2) = 12.82 (b) A quarter (25 ). Dropped three times from 121.1 cm. Trial 1: bounced to 13.18 cm Trial 2: bounced to 32.70 cm Trial 3: bounced to 16.03 cm. Quite a bit of variation, depending on how it struck. Average bounce height = 20.64 cm, so Qavg = 2h1/ (h1 h2) = 7.574 (c) Textbook. Dropped once from 121.1 cm. Didnt bounce much at all- only 2.223 cm. Since the book bounced differently depending on angle of incidence, only one trial was performed. Q = 2h1/ (h1 h2) = 6.4 All three items were dropped from the same height for comparison purposes. An interesting experiment would be to repeat the above, but from several different heights, preferrably ranging several orders of magnitude (e.g. 1 cm, 10 cm, 100 cm, 1000 cm).
10 March 2006
5.
= 80Np/s, d = 1200 rad/s, Z(2 + j d ) = 400 o = 12002 + 802 = 1202.66 rad/s Qo =

Now, Y( s ) = C
( s + j d )( s + + j d ) ( )( + j 2 d ) Y(2 + j d ) = C s 2 + j d 80(80 + j 2400) 1 1 + j 30 Y(160 + j1200) = = 80C 160 + j1200 400 2 + j15
o = 7.517 2
Y(160 + j1200) = C C =
1 229 1 1 = 15.775 F; L = 2 = 43.88 mH; R = = 396.7 o C 32, 000 901 2 C
10 March 2006
6. Yin = = 1 1 2 j 0.1 j + 0.2 + = + 0.2 + 2 2 + j 0.1 1 + 1000 / j 4 + 0.01 1000 + j10
2 j 0.1 2 + j1000 1000 0.1 0.2 + + + 2 =0 2 6 2 2 4 + 0.1 10 + 4 + 0.01 + 106 0.1 3 + 105 = 4000 + 10 3 9.9 2 = 96, 000 = 98.47 rad/s
10 March 2006
7.
Parallel: R = 106 , L = 1, C = 106 , Is = 100 A
(a) (b)
o =
1 = 1000 rad/s; Qo = o RC = 103+ 66 = 1000 LC
1 I 1000 Y = 106 + j 106 , V = = 105 /103 103 + j Y 1000
V =
102 102 , V = 2 1000 1000 6 0.001 + j 10 + 1000 1000
995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 999.5 1000.5
V 0.993 1.238 1.642 2.423 4.47 10.0 4.47 2.428 1.646 1.243 0.997 7.070 7.072
10 March 2006
8. (a)
5(100 / j ) j 0.1 +2+ 5 + (100 / j ) 10 + j 0.01 500 100 100(20 j ) j10 j10 j10 (1000 j ) = +2+ = +2+ = +2+ 2 + 400 2 + 106 100 + j 5 1000 + j 20 + j 1000 + j Zin = 104 100 + = 0 2 + 106 = 100 2 + 40, 000, 99 2 = 960, 000 2 2 6 + 400 + 10 o = 960, 000 / 99 = 98.47 rad/s
(b)
Zin ( o ) =
2 10 o 2000 2 + + = 2.294 2 2 o o + 400 + 106
10 March 2006
9. (a)
2 2 = 50 s 1 , d = 1000 s 1 o = 2 + d = 1, 002,500 o = 1001.249
1 106 1 106 + L= 2 = = 0.9975 H; R = = = 10 k 2 C 100 o C 1, 002,500

(b)
1 1 Y = 104 + j 106 , = 1000 Z = = 99971.4321 0.9975 Y
10 March 2006
10.
f min = 535 kHz, f max = 1605 kHz, Qo = 45 at one end and Qo 45 for 535 f 1605 kHz
f o = 1/ 2 LC 535 103 =
1 1 ,1605 103 = 2 L max C 2 L min C

2
1 L max / L min = 3; L max C = = 8.8498 1014 3 2 535 10
o RC 45,535 103
o 1605 103. Use o max 2
2 1605 103 20 103 C = 45 C = 223.1pF L max = 8.8498 1014 L = 397.6 H, L min = max = 44.08 H 12 223.1 10 9
10 March 2006
11. (a) Apply 1V. IR = 104 A 1 + 104 + (1 [105 (104 )])108 s 4.4 103 s 1000 48.4 108 s 2 + 4.4 104 s + 1000 4 8 Yin = + 10 + 11 10 s = 4.4 s 4.4 s 8 2 4 1000 48.4 10 + j 4.4 10 Yin ( j ) = j 4.4 Yin = Iin = (b)
2 At = o , 1000 = 48.4 108 o , o = 45.45 krad/s
j 4.4 104 o Zin ( j o ) = = 10 k j 4.4 o
10 March 2006
12.
0 =
1 = 24 = 4.9 rad/s or f0 = 0 = 780 mHz 2 LC
10 March 2006
13.
0 =
1 = LC
1 1 25 106 1.01
= 200 rad/s or f0 =
0 = 31.99 Hz 2
10 March 2006
14.
(a) =
1 2 RC
R=
1 103 = =5 2 C 200
0 =
1 1 = = 1000 rad/s or f0 = 0 = 159.2 Hz 2 LC 106
Zin(0) = R = 5
(b) We see from the simulation result that the ratio of the test source voltage to its current is 5 at the resonant frequency; the small error is due to the series resistance PSpice required.
10 March 2006
15.
(a) =
1 2 2 = 5000 rad/s = 50 s -1 and d = 0 2 RC
Zin(0) = R so find R.
1
2 L d + 2 1 1 = = 250 C= 2 = 2 = 40 F . R = 2 C 2(50) 0 L d + 2 L
1 = 5000 rad/s or f 0 = 795.8 Hz . LC We see from the simulation result that the ratio of the test source voltage to its current is 250 at the resonant frequency; the small error is due to the series resistance PSpice required. (b) The resonant frequency is
10 March 2006
16. (a) (b)
o = 1000 rad/s, Qo = 80, C = 0.2 F

1 106 80 = 5 H, Qo = o RC R = 3 = 400 k L= 2 = 6 o C 0.2 10 10 0.2 106
B = o / Q o = 1000 / 80 = 12.5 1 B = 6.25 rad/s 2 o Z = R / 1+ j = 400 10 / 1 + B/2 6.25
3
10 March 2006
17.
1 = 103rad/s, 2 = 118,
Z( j105) = 10
o2 = 1 2 = 103 118
110.245+ o = 110.245 , B = 118 103 = 15 rad/s, Qo = = = 7.350 B 15 7.350 1 1 7.350 = o RC RC = = 66.67 103 , LC = 2 = + 110.2451 o 12,154
+
1 1 12,154 + j 105C C = 18.456 C = 15C + j 105C R 105L 105 0.1 1 1 C = = 5.418 mF, R = C = 12.304 , L = = 15.185 mH 18.456 15 12,154C Y( j105) = 0.1 =
10 March 2006
18. (a)
o = 30 krad/s, Qo = 10, R = 600 ,

B= N=
o
Qo
= 3 krad/s = 28 30 = 1.3333 1.5

1
(b) (c) (d)
o
B/ 2
Zin(j28 000) = 600 / (1 j1.333) = 360 53.13o
Q 1 10 1 Zin ( j 28, 000) = ,C = o = + j 28, 000C j 28, 000L o R 30, 000 600 600 R 600 1 30, 000 10 1 28 10 30 10 L= , = = Zin = + j 600 o Qo 30, 000 10 L 30 600 28 600 600 600 = 351.90654.0903 Zin = 28 30 1 + j10 30 28
1
(e)
approx-true 360 351.906 = 100% = 2.300% true 351.906 53.1301 54.0903 = 1.7752% angle: 100% 54.0903 magnitude: 100%
10 March 2006
19. (a)
f o = 400 Hz, Qo = 8, R = 500 , IS = 2 103 A B = 50 Hz

V = 2 103 500 / 1 + N 2 = 0.5 1 + N 2 = 4, N = 3 = f = 400 25 3 = 443.3 and 356.7 Hz f 400 50 / 2
(b)
IR =
v R
1 1+ N
2
1 = 0.5 103 1 + N 2 = 4, N 2 = 15, N = 15 500
f = 400 25 15 = 496.8 and 303.2 Hz
10 March 2006
20. (a) (b)
o = 106 , Qo = 10, R = 5 103 , p.r.

Qo = R 5 103 = 0.5 mH L = o L 10 106
2
Approx: 2 = 5 / 1 + N
N = 2.291 =
106
106 / 20
= 1.1146 Mrad/S
2 o 1 1 Exact: Y = 1 + jQo 0.5 = 0.2 1 + 100 ( in Mrad/S) R o 1 1 6.25 = 1 + 100( 2 2 + 1/ 2 ), 2 2 + 2 = 0.0525, 2 + 2 = 2.0525
4 2.0525 2 + 1 = 0, 2 =
(c)
1 2.0525 + 2.05252 4 = 1.2569, = 1.1211 Mrad/s 2
Approx: Y = 30 tan 1 N = 30, N = 0.5774 = Exact: Y = 1
1
1/ 20
, = 1.0289 Mrad/s
1 1 1 1 + j10 (in Mrad/s) tan 30 = 0.5774 = 10 5000 0.05774 + 0.057742 + 4 = 1.0293 Mrad/s 2
= 0.05774, 2 0.05774 1 = 0, =
10 March 2006
21. (a) (b) C = 3 + 7 = 10 nF o = 1 10 10

4 8
= 106 rad/s
Q o = o CR = 1061085 5 103 = 50 B = o / Q o = 20 krad/s Parallel current source is 10 = j 3 109 At o , I s = j106 9 3 Z3
V1,0 = j 3 103 5 103 = 1590 V
(c)
o = 15 103 N =
15 103 1590 = 1.5 V1 = = 8.32133.69 V 3 10 10 1 + j1.5
10 March 2006
22. (a)
(5 + 0.01s )(5 + 106 / s ) (5 + 0.01s )(5s + 106 ) = 10 + 0.01s + 106 / s 0.01s 2 + 10 s + 106 0.05s 2 + 25s + 104 s + 5 106 Zin ( s ) = 0.01s 2 + 10 s + 106 5 106 0.05 2 + j10, 025 Zin ( j ) = 106 0.01 2 + j10 10, 025 o 10 o 2 2 At = o , = 6 , 10.025 109 100.25 o = 5 107 0.5 o 6 2 2 5 10 0.05 o 10 0.01 o Zin ( s ) =
2 99.75 o = 9.975 109 , o = 10, 000 rad/s
(b)
Zin ( j o ) = (5 + j100) (5 j100) =
25 + 10, 000 = 1002.5 10
10 March 2006
23. (a)
, f o = 1000 Hz, Qo = 40, Zin ( j o ) = 2k B = 25 Hz

Zin(j) =
2000 f 1000 , N= , f = 1010, N = 0.8 1 + jN 12.5
Zin = 2000 / (1 + j0.8) = 1562 -38.66o
(b)
0.9 f o < f < 1.1 f o 900 < f < 1100 Hz
10 March 2006
24.
Taking 2 = 0.7, we read from Fig. 16.48a: 1.7 kHz 0.6 kHz = 1.1 kHz Fig. 16.48b: 2107 Hz 900 Hz = 20 MHz
10 March 2006
25.
Bandwidth = 2 f 0 = 2 106 = 2 1 , where 1 = 2 ( 5.5 )103 . (a) 2 = 1 + B , therefore f2 = 5.5 + 103 kHz = 1.0055 MHz (b) f 0 = (c) Q0 =
f1 f 2 =
( 5.5 )(1005.5) =
74.37 kHz
f 0 74.37 103 = = 0.074 106 B
10 March 2006
26.
Bandwidth = 109 Hz = f 2 f1 , where f1 = 75.3 106 Hz.

(a) f 2 = f1 + B , therefore f2 = 1.0753 GHz (b) f 0 = (c) Q0 =
f1 f 2 =
( 75.3 10 )(1.0753 10 ) =
6 9
284.6 MHz
f 0 284.6 106 = = 0.2846 109 B
10 March 2006
27.
(a) To complete the sketch, we need to first find 0, which we obtain in part (b).
(b) 0 = 12 = 2000 rad/s or f 0 = 318.3 Hz (c) B = 2 1 = 3000 rad/s or (d) Q = 477.5 Hz
2 1
2000 = 0.667 3000
10 March 2006
28.
(a) We begin by labelling the series string with the capacitor as string 1, and the other as string 2. We next find the parallel equivalent of each, and determine the frequency where Xp1 + Xp2 = 0.
2 2 R12 + X 12 R2 + X2 , and similarly X p2 = . Then X p1 = X1 X2 2 2 R12 + X 12 R2 + X2 + =0 X1 X2
For X p1 + X p2 = 0 we have
[1]
1 At 0, X 1 = 0C
R12 + X 12 = X1
52 +
1024
02 ( 330 )
1012 3300
At 0, X 2 = 0 L
2 2 2 52 + 104 0 R2 + X2 = . 102 0 X2
Enforcing Eq. [1], then, leads to 0 =

or f0 = 87.61 kHz.
1022 ( 25 ) (330)1012 (330)108 25(33) 2
= 550.5 krad/s
(b) We see the simulation result agrees reasonably, with a resonant frequency of 87.6 kHz
10 March 2006
29.
(a) We design for a bandwidth of 5.5 kHz, a low-frequency cut-off of 500 Hz, and a resonant impedance of 1 k (no value was specified). Thus, we need to specify values for R, L, and C.
f 2 = f1 + B = 6 kHz f0 = f1 f 2 =
( 0.5 ) (6) =
3 kHz
f0 3 103 Q0 = = B 5.5 103

Q0 = 0 RC so C = Q0 1 = = 28.9 nF 3 0 R 5.5 10 ( 2 )103
L=
5.5 103 103 1 = = 292 mH 02C 2 3 106
and, of course, R = 1 k
(b) From the simulation, we observe a bandwidth of 5.5 kHz, a lower frequency cutoff of approximately 500 Hz, and a peak impedance of 1000 , as desired.
10 March 2006
30.
(a) f 0 =
1 2
1 1 = LC 2
400 106 3.3 106
)(
= 4.38 kHz
(b) Q0 =
0 L
R
1 L 1 400 = = 1.10 LC R 10 3.3
(c) Z at resonance = R = 10 (d) Z at 0.438 kHz = 1 10 + j 2 ( 438 ) 400 106 2 ( 438 ) 3.3 106
= 10 j109.01
(e) Z at 43.8 kHz = 1 10 + j 2 ( 438 ) 400 104 2 ( 438 ) 3.3 104
= 10 j108.98
10 March 2006
31.
Bandwidth = 3 MHz, f1 = 17 kHz. (a) f 2 = f1 + B = (b) f 0 = (c) Q0 = f1 f 2 = 3.017 MHz 226.5 kHz
f0 = 0.0755 B
10 March 2006
32.
(a) Z0 = 1 by definition
(b) 0 =
1 103 = = 707 rad/s LC 2
= 112.5 Hz
(c) PSpice simulation verifies an impedance of 1 at f = 112.6 Hz.
10 March 2006
33.
(a) Z0 = 1 k by definition
(b) 0 =
1 106 = = 707 krad/s LC 2
= 112.5 kHz
(c) PSpice simulation verifies an impedance of 1 k at f = 112.8 kHz.
10 March 2006
34. (a) 20A 6, 3 6 = 2, 40 V in series with 2 + 1 = 3
o =
1 L 60 = 10 rad/s, Qo = o = = 20 R 3 LC 10 1 B= = 0.5, B = 0.25, Vout ( j o ) = 40Qo = 800 V 20 2

2
10 Vout ( j ) = 800 / 1 + 0.25
(b)
= 9 rad/s
800 = 194.03V 17 40 600 Exact: Vout = 3 + j (6 600 / ) j 24, 000 Vout ( j 9) = = 204.86 13.325 V 9[3 + j (54 66.67)] (Approx: Vout ( j 9) =
10 March 2006
35. (a) (b)
Series: R = 50 , L = 4 mH, C = 107
o = 1/ 4 1037 = 50 krad/s
f o = 50 103 / 2 = 7.958 kHz Qo =
(c) (d) (e)

(f) (g) (h)
o L
R
50 103 4 103 =4 50
B = o / Qo = 50 103 / 4 = 12.5 krad/s

1 = o 1 + (1/ 2Qo ) 2 1/ 2Qo = 50 1 + 1/ 64 1/ 8 = 44.14 krad/s 2 = 50 65 / 64 + 1/ 8 = 56.64 krad/s Zin ( j 45, 000) = 50 + j (180 107 3 / 45) = 50 j 42.22 = 65.44 40.18
Zc / Z R = 107 / j 45, 000 50 = 4.444
45,000
10 March 2006
36. (a)
Apply 1 A, in at top. VR = 10 V Vin = Zin = 103 s + 10 + 108 1.2 108 (0.5 10 + 1) = 103 s + 10 + s 5s 8 8 3 3 Zin ( j ) = 10 + j (10 1.2 10 / ) 10 o = 1.2 10 / o
2 o = 1.2 1011 , o = 346.4 krad/s
(b)
Qo =
o L
R
346.4 1033 = 34.64 10
10 March 2006
37.
Find the Thvenin equivalent seen by the inductor-capacitor combination:
V SC : 1.5 = V1 + 10 1 0.105 V1 V1 = 50 V 125 50 ISC = = 0.4 A 125 1.5 = 3.75 OC :V1 = 0 VOC = 1.5 V R th = 0.4 1000 4 o = 1/ 4 0.25 106 = 1000, Qo = = 1066.7 3.75 1000 1 = 0.9375, B = 0.4688 rad/s B = o / Qo = 1066.7 2 VC max = Qo Vth = 1066.7 1.5 = 1600 V Therefore, keep your hands off!
j C j C
To generate a plot of |VC| vs. frequency, note that VC(j) = 1.5
3.75 + jL
10 March 2006
38. (a)
Series, f o = 500 Hz, Qo = 10, X L ,0 = 500
500 = o L = 2 (500)L L = 0.15915+ H, C = Qo = 10 = X L ,0 R = 500 R = 50 R
1 2 = = 0.6366 F 2 o L (2 500) 2
(b)
1 106 0.5 250, 000 1 = I 50 + j 2 f j = I 50 + j f j f 2 2 f 6 10 0.5 I = 1/ 50 + j ( f 250, 000 / f ), Vc = I j 2 f j 250, 000 / f Vc (2 450) = 4.757 V VC = 50 + j ( f 250, 000 / f ) Vc (2 500) = 10, 000 V Vc (2 550) = 4.218 V
10 March 2006
39. X : s = 0, , 0 : s = 20, 000 j80, 000 s 1 , Zin (104 ) = 20 + j 0 SERIES
= 20, 000, d = 80, 000 o = (64 + 4)108 = 82, 462 rad/s,
1 2 = o = 68 108 LC
R R 1 L 68 108 1 = = 20, 000 = 40, 000, = = 170, 000; Z( ) = R + L + 2L L1 LC R 40, 000 C 1 170, 000 1 =R R R R = 1.2308 4 10, 000 10, 000C 1 1.2308 L = = 30.77 H, C = = 4.779 F 170, 000 1.2308 40, 000 20 = R 10, 000L
10 March 2006
40.
o 1/ 10 Qc =
5 7 3 7
1053 = 10 rad/s, Q L = = 100, R PL = 10, 000 1

5
1 = 500, R PC = 5002 0.2 = 50, 000 10 0.2 50 10 = 8.333 k Q o = o CR = 1057 8333 = 83.33 100, 000 = 1200 rad/s, Zin ( jo ) = 8333 83.33 (99 100)103 8.333 = 99, 000 N = = 1.6667, Zin ( j 99, 000) = 600 1 j1.667 = 4.287 59.04o k B=
10 March 2006
41.
Req = Qo/ o C = 50 / 105-7 = 5000 . Thus, we may write 1/5000 = 1/8333 + 1/Rx so that Rx = 12.5 k.
10 March 2006
42. 3mH 1.5 mH = 1mH, 2 F + 8 F = 10 F, o = Q= 1 1035 = 10 krad/s
3 103 104 = 100, R p = 1002 0.3 = 3 k 0.3 1.5 103 104 Q= = 60, R p = 60 0.25 = 900 0.25 692.3 900 3000 = 692.3 Q L = 43 = 69.23 10 692.3 R LS = = 0.14444 69.232 106 Q= 4 = 125, R pc = 1252 0.1 = 1562.5 10 F 10 0.1 8 1562.5 Qc = 104 105 15625 = 156.25 R SC = = 0.064 (156.25) 2 R S ,tot = 0.14444 + 0.064 = 0.2084 = Zin
min
, o = 10 krad/s
10 March 2006
43. (a) o 1/ 2 0.2 103 = 50 rad/s QleftL = 50 2.5 / 2 = 62.5, 2 62.52 = 7812.5 50 10 = 50, 10 502 = 25 k 10 1000 Qc = = 100, 1002 1 = 10 k , R p = 7.8125 25 10 = 3731 50 0.2 1 50 1 Qo = 50 3731 0.2 10 3 = 37.31; B = = 1.3400, B = 0.6700 37.31 2 3 V o = 10 3731 = 3.731V Q rightL =
3.731 V
|V| (volts)
2.638 V
1.34 rad/s
50
(rad/s)
(b)
V = 103 [(2 + j125) (10 + j500) (1 j100)] = 103 = 3.7321 0.3950+ V 1 1 1 + + 2 + j125 10 + j 500 1 j100
10 March 2006
44. (a)
1000 = 2000 rad/s, Qc = 2000 2 106 25 103 = 100 0.25 R 20 104 R C , S = 25, 000 /1002 = 2.5 ; Q L = = = 40 o L 2000 0.25 o 20, 000 = 12.5 R tot = 12.5 + 2.5 = 15 1600 2000 0.25 1 Qo = = 33.33 Vx = 1 33.33 = 16.667 V 15 2 R L,S =
(b)
20, 000 j 500 = 12, 4922 + j 499.688 20, 000 + j 500 25, 000( j 250) = 2.4998 j 249.975 25, 000 j 250 = 25, 000 j 250 20, 000 j 500 = Zin = 12.4922 + 2.4998 + j 499.688 j 250 j 249.975 = 14.9920 j 0.2870 I = 1/ 14.9920 j 0.2870 = 66.6902 mA Vx = 250 66.6902 103 = 16.6726 V
10 March 2006
45.
Q = CR, RS =
RP Q2 X P X , and = S 1 + Q2 1 + Q2
XS =
1 1 1 + Q2 , XP = CS = C P Q2 CS CP
(a) = 103 rad/s, Q = 5 Therefore, RS = 5/26 = 192 , CS = 26/25 F = 1.06 F (b) = 104 rad/s, Q = 50 Therefore, RS = 5/2501 = 2 , CS = 2501/2500 F = 1.0004 F (c) = 105 rad/s, Q = 500 Therefore, RS = 5000/250001 = 20 m, CS = 250001/250000 F = 1.0 F
10 March 2006
46.
RP = RS 1 + Q 2 , and X P = X S
C P = CS Q2 1 + Q2
1 + Q2 Q2
(a) = 103 rad/s, Q = 0.2 Therefore, RP = 5(1 + 0.04) = 5.2 k, CP = 38.5 nF (b) = 104 rad/s, Q = 50 Therefore, RP = 5(1 + 0.0004) = 5.002 k, CP = 400 pF (c) = 105 rad/s, Q = 500 Therefore, RP = 5(1 + 4106) = 5 k, CP = 4 pF
10 March 2006
47.
Q=
RP Q2 X P R Q2 X L L , RS = , and = . = S S P 1 + Q2 L 1 + Q2 1 + Q2
(a) = 103 rad/s, Q = 142.4103 Therefore, RS = 470/(1 + Q2) = 23.2 n, LS = 3.3 H (b) = 104 rad/s, Q = 14.24103 Therefore, RS = 470/(1 + Q2) = 23.2 , LS = 3.3 H (c) = 105 rad/s, Q = 1.424103 Therefore, RS = 470/(1 + Q2) = 232 , LS = 3.3 H
10 March 2006
48.
1 + Q2 RP = RS 1 + Q 2 , and X P = X S 2 Q 1 + Q2 LP = LS 2 Q
(a) = 103 rad/s, Q = 7.02106 Therefore, RP = 470(1 + Q2) = 470 , LP = 67 mF (b) = 104 rad/s, Q = 50 Therefore, RP = 470(1 + Q2) = 470 , LP = 670 F (c) = 105 rad/s, Q = 500 Therefore, RP = 470(1 + Q2) = 470 , LP = 6.70 F
10 March 2006
49.
R 470 7 6 = 47 . Since Q > 5, the series L 10 10 equivalent is a 10/47 resistor in series with 1 H. (a) For the left parallel circuit, Q = For the right parallel circuit, Q = CR 107108 ( 200 ) = 20 . Again, Q > 5, so the series equivalent is a 10/20 = 500 m resistor in series with 10 nF. We may therefore approximate the network as a 700 m resistor in series with a 10 nF capacitor, in series with a 1 H inductor, in series with the 10 H inductor of interest.
At the resonant frequency the network connected in series with the inductor has an impedance of 700 m. The inductor present an impedance of 100 . Thus, |Vx| = 1 V.
(b) ZL =
( 470 ) ( j107106 )
470 + j10
1 jC2 = 0.213 + j9.995 . Z L = = 0.499 j9.975 1 R2 + jC2 R2
Z3 = j100 .
Thus, Vx =
Z3 j100 = 0.99745 + j 0.0071 V (10 ) = 0.714 + j 0.02 Z1 + Z L + Z3
So that |Vx| = 0.99977 V . Our approximation was pretty accurate, at least at this frequency.
10 March 2006
50. (a)
50 20 103 = 0.5 K f = = 0.02 100 106 1 0.5 9.82 H 0.5 9.82 = 24.55 H, 31.8 H 31.8 = 795 H 0.02 0.02 2.57 = 257 nF 2.57 nF 0.5 0.02 Km =
(b)
same ordinate; divide numbers on abscissa by 50
10 March 2006
51. (a) Apply 1 V I1 = 10A 0.5 I1 = 5A ; 5A 0.2 can be replaced by 1 V in series with 0.2 Iin = 10 + s + 10 1 (1) 2s 4s + 20 20( s + 5) = 10 + = = Zin ( s) = 20( s + 5) s + 10 0.2 + 2 / s 0.2s + 2 0.2s + 2 2( s / 5 + 10) 0.1( s + 50) = 20( s / 5 + 5) s + 25
(b) (c)
K m = 2, K f = 5 Zin ( s )
0.1 0.2 , 0.2 0.4 , 0.5F 0.05 F, 0.5 I1 0.5 I1
10 March 2006
52. (a)
o 1/ (2 + 8)103106 = 104 rad/s Q L ,8 = 10 / 8 10 10 = 125 R L , S
4 4 3
104 = = 0.64 1252
2 + 8 = 10 mH Q L =
104 10 103 = 156.25 0.64

4
1 = 100, R C , P = 1002 1 = 10 k 10 106 R P = 20 15.625 10 = 4.673 k Qo = 104 106 4.673 103 = 46.73 R L , P = 0.64 156.252 = 15.625 k ; QC =
(b) (c)
K f = 106 /104 = 100, K m = 1 R s stay the same; 2 mH 20 H, 8mH 80 H,1F 10 nF

o = 106 rad/s, Qo stays the same, B = 106 = 21.40 krad/s 46.73
10 March 2006
53. (a)
K m = 250, K f = 400 0.1F 5 1250 , 2H 0.1 = 1F 250 400
2 250 = 1.25 H, 4 Ix 103 Ix 400
1.25 H
1 F
1250
103
(b)
= 103. Apply 1 V I x = 106 s, I1250 =

3
1 1250
1 103 s 1000 I x = 10 s I L = 1.25s 1 0.8 0.8 (1 103 s ) = 106 s + ; s = j103 Iin = 106 s + + 1250 s s 3 0.8 10 1 1000 Iin = j103 + = j 0.2 103 Zth = = = j 5 k Voc = 0 Iin j j 0.2
10 March 2006
54. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Is = 20 A, = 50 Vout = 6025 V Is = 240 A, = 50 Vout = 6065 V Is = 240 A, = 200, OTSK K m = 30, IS = 240 A, = 50 Vout = 180065 V
K m = 30, K f = 4, Is = 240 A, = 200 Vout = 180065 V
10 March 2006
55. (a) (b) (c) H /( s) = 0.2 H dB = 20 log 0.2 = 13.979 dB H( s ) = 50 H dB = 20 log 50 = 33.98dB
H( j10) =
12 26 6 13 292 + j 380 + H dB = 20 log + = 20 log = 6.451dB 2 + j10 20 + j10 1 + j 5 10 + j 5 60 + j 220
(d) (e) (f)
H dB = 37.6 dB H( s) = 1037.6 / 20 = 75.86 H dB = 8dB H( s ) = 108/ 20 = 0.3981
H dB = 0.01dB H( s ) = 100.01/ 20 = 1.0012
10 March 2006
56. (a)
(d)
MATLAB verification- shown adjacent to Bode plots below. 20( s + 1) 0.2(1 + s ) H( s ) = = , 0.2 14 dB s + 100 1 + s /100
10
100
(b)
H( s ) =
2000( s + 1) s 0.2 s(1 + s) = , 0.2 14 dB 2 ( s + 100) (1 + s /100) 2
(c)
200 s 2 + 45s + 200 ( s + 5)( s + 40) 200(1 + s / 5)(1 + s / 40) H( s ) = s + 45 + = = = , 200 46 dB s s s s
10 March 2006
57.
H( s ) = = VC (20 + 2 s)(182 + 200 / s) 200 / s = IR 202 + 2 s + 200 / s 182 + 200 / s
400( s + 10) 200(10 + s ) = 2 2( s + 101s + 100) (1 + s)(100 + s ) 20(1 + s /10) H( s ) = , 20 26 dB (1 + s )(1 + s /100)
10 March 2006
58. (a)
H( s ) = 5 108 s ( s + 100) 2.5s (1 + s /100) = , 2.5 8dB 3 ( s + 20)( s + 1000) (1 + s / 20)(1 + s /1000)3
(b)
Corners: = 20, 34 dB; = 100, 34 dB; = 1000, 54 dB Intercepts: 0 dB, 2.5 = 1, = 0.4 2.5 ( /100) 2.52 (20)109 = 1, 8dB; 0 dB, = = 1 = 22,360 rad/s ( / 20)( /1000)3 1003
(c)
Corners: = 20, 31.13dB = 100, 36.69 dB H dB = 20 log 2.5 = 1000, 44.99 dB 1 + ( /100) 2 [1 + ( / 20) 2 ][1 + ( /1000) 2 ]3
10 March 2006
59. (a)
H( s ) = 5 108 s ( s + 100) 2.5s (1 + s /100) = , 3 ( s + 20)( s + 1000) (1 + s / 20)(1 + s /1000)3
(b)
= 2 : = 90 = 10 : = 90 45 + 45 log
10 = 58.5 20
= 100 : = 90 45 + 45 log
100 100 + 45 + 45 log = 58.5 20 100 200 200 = 200 : = 90 90 + 45 + 45 log 3 45 + 45 log = 17.9 100 100 1000 = 45 1000 = 10, 000 : = 90 90 + 90 3 90 = 180
= 1000 : = 90 90 + 90 3 45 + 45 log
(c)
= 2 : = 90 + tan 1 0.02 tan 1 0.1 3 tan 1 0.002 = 85.09 = 10 : = 90 + tan 1 0.1 tan 1 0.5 3 tan 1 0.01 = 67.43 = 100 : = 90 + tan 1 1 tan 1 5 3 tan 1 0.1 = 39.18 = 200 : = 90 + tan 1 2 tan 1 10 3 tan 1 0.2 = 35.22 = 1000 : = 90 + tan 1 10 tan 1 50 3 tan 1 1 = 49.56 = 10, 000 : = 90 + tan 1 100 tan 1 500 3 tan 1 10 = 163.33
10 March 2006
60. (a)
20 400 s 2 + 20 s + 400 + 2 = s s s2 1 + 2 0.5( s / 20) + ( s / 20) 2 = 400 s2 o = 20, = 0.5 H( s ) = 1 + 20 log 400 = 52dB Correction at o is 20 log 2 = 0 dB
Hdb
(b)
= 5 : H dB = 52 2 20 log 5 = 24.0 dB (plot)

H dB = 20 log 1 16 + j 4 = 23.8dB (exact)
= 100 : H dB = 0 dB (plot)
H dB = 20 log 1 0.04 + j 0.2 = 0.170 dB (exact)
(c)
10 March 2006
61. (a)
H( s ) = VR 25 25s = = = 2 V5 10 s + 25 + 1000 / s 10 s + 25s + 1000 0.025s 1 s s 1 + 2 + 8 10 10
2
(b)
1 o = 10, = 1/ 8 correction = 20 log 2 = 12 dB 8 0.025 32 dB

HdB ang(H)
(c)
= 20, H( j 20) =
j 0.5 H dB = 15.68 dB H( j 20) = 80.54 1 4 + j 0.5
10 March 2006
62.
1st two stages, H1 ( s ) = H 2 ( s ) = 10; H 3 ( s ) = 20 400 H( s ) = (10)(10) = s + 5 1+ s / 5 400 52 dB 1/(50 103 106 ) 20 = 3 6 s + 1/(200 10 10 ) s + 5
10 March 2006
63. (a)
1st stage: C1 A = 1 F, R1 A = , R fA = 105 H A (S) = R fA C1 A s = 0.1 s 2nd stage: R 1B = 105 , R fB = 105 , C fB = 1 F H B ( s ) = H B (s) = 1/(105 106 ) 10 = 5 6 s + 1/(10 10 ) s + 10 3rd stage: same as 2nd 1/ R1B C fB s + 1/ R fB C fB
0.1s 10 10 H( s ) = (0.1s ) = (1 + s /10) 2 s + 10 s + 10
20log10(0.1) = -20 dB (b) (c)
10 March 2006
64.
An amplifier that rejects high-frequency signals is required. There is some ambiguity in the requirements, as social conversations may include frequencies up to 50 kHz, and echolocation sounds, which we are asked to filter out, may begin below this value. Without further information, we decide to set the filter cutoff frequency at 50 kHz to ensure we do not lose information. However, we note that this decision is not necessarily the only correct one. Our input source is a microphone modeled as a sinusoidal voltage source having a peak amplitude of 15 mV in series with a 1- resistor. Our output device is an earphone modeled as a 1-k resistor. A voltage of 15 mV from the microphone should correspond to about 1 V at the earphone according to the specifications, requiring a gain of 1000/15 = 66.7. Rf = 66.7 - 1 = 65.7 If we select a non-inverting op amp topology, we then need R1 Arbitrarily choosing R1 = 1 k, we then need Rf = 65.7 k. This completes the amplification part. Next, we need to filter out frequencies greater than 50 kHz. Placing a capacitor across the microphone terminals will short out high frequencies. 1 We design for c = 2fc = 2(50103) = . Since Rmic = 1 , we require Rmic C filter Cfilter = 3.183 F.
10 March 2006
65.
We choose a simple series RLC circuit. It was shown in the text that the gain of the RC . circuit with the output taken across the resistor is AV = 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 - LC + R C This results in a bandpass filter with corner frequencies at
[(
c =
L
-RC + R 2 C 2 + 4 LC 2 LC
and
c =
H
RC + R 2 C 2 + 4 LC 2 LC
If we take our output across the inductor-capacitor combination instead, we obtain the opposite curve- i.e. a bandstop filter with the same cutoff frequencies. Thus, we want
-RC + R 2 C 2 + 4 LC 2(20) = and 2(20103) = 2 LC RC + R 2 C 2 + 4 LC 2 LC
Noting that cH cL = R/L = 125.5 krad/s, we arbitrarily select R = 1 k, so that L = 7.966 mH. Returning to either cutoff frequency expression, we then find C = 7.950 F PSpice verification. The circuit performs as required, with a lower corner frequency of about 20 Hz and an upper corner frequency of about 20 kHz.
10 March 2006
66.
We choose a simple RC filter topology:
Where
Vout 1 . We desire a cutoff = 2 Vin 1 + (RC ) frequency of 1 kHz, and note that this circuit does indeed act as a low-pass filter (higher frequency signals lead to the capacitor appearing more and more as a short circuit). Thus, 1 1 = = where c = 2fc = 2000 rad/s. 2 2 1 + ( c RC )
Vout 1 = Vin 1 + jRC
and
hence
A small amount of algebra yields 1 + [2(1000)RC]2 = 2 or 2000RC = 1. Arbitrarily setting R = 1 k, we then find that C = 159.2 nF. The operation of the filter is verified in the PSpice simulation below:
10 March 2006
67.
We are not provided with the actual spectral shape of the noise signal, although the reduction to 1% of its peak value (a drop of 40 dB) by 1 kHz is useful to know. If we place a simple high-pass RC filter at the input of an op amp stage, designing for a pole at 2.5 kHz should ensure an essentially flat response above 25 kHz, and a 3 dB reduction at 2.5 kHz. If greater tolerance is required, the 40 dB reduction at 1 kHz allows the pole to be moved to a frequency even closer to 1 kHz. The PSpice simulation below shows a 1 filter with R = 1 k (arbitrarily chosen) and C = = 63.66 nF . 2 (2.5 10 3 )(1000) At a frequency of 25 kHz, the filter shows minimal gain reduction, but at 1 kHz any signal is reduced by more than 8 dB.
We therefore design a simple non-inverting op amp circuit such as the one below, which with Rf = 100 k and R1 = 1 k, has a gain of 100 V/V. In simulating the circuit, a gain of approximately 40 dB at 25 kHz was noted, although the gain dropped at higher frequencies, reaching 37 dB around 80 kHz. Thus, to completely assess the suitability of design, more information regarding the frequency spectrum of the failure signals would be required.
10 March 2006
68.
We select a simple series RLC circuit with the output taken across the resistor to serve as a bandpass filter with 500 Hz and 5000 Hz cutoff frequencies. From Example 16.12, we know that R 1 c L = + R 2C 2 + 4LC = 2 (500) 2L 2LC and R 1 cH = + R 2C 2 + 4LC = 2 (5000) 2L 2LC
With cH - cL = 2p(5000 500) = R/L, we (arbitrarily) select R = 1 k, so that L = 35.37 mH. Substituting these two values into the equation for the high-frequency cutoff, we find that C = 286.3 nF. We complete the design by selecting R1 = 1 k and Rf = 1 k for a gain of 2 (no value of gain was specified). As seen in the PSpice simulation results shown below, the circuit performs as specified at maximum gain (6 dB or 2 V/V), with cutoff frequencies of approximately 500 and 5000 KHz and a peak gain of 6 dB.
10 March 2006
69.
For this circuit, we simply need to connect a low-pass filter to the input of a noninverting op amp having Rf/R1 = 9 (for a gain of 10). If we use a simple RC filter, the cutoff frequency is 1 c = = 2 (3000) RC Selecting (arbitrarily) R = 1 k, we find C = 53.05 nF. The PSpice simulation below shows that our design does indeed have a bandwidth of 3 kHz and a peak gain of 10 V/V (20 dB).
10 March 2006
70.
We require four filter stages, and choose to implement the circuit using op amps to isolate each filter subcircuit. Selecting a bandwidth of 1 rad/s (no specification was given) and a simple RLC filter as suggested in the problem statement, a resistance value of 1 leads to an inductor value of 1 H (bandwidth for this type of filter = H L = R/L). The capacitance is found by designing each filters respective resonant frequency ( 1 LC ) at the desired notch frequency. Thus, we require CF1 = 10.13 F, CF2 = 2.533 F, CF3 = 1.126 F and CF4 = 633.3 nF. The Student Version of PSpice will not permit more than 64 nodes, so that the total solution must be simulated in two parts. The half with the filters for notching out 50 and 100 Hz components is shown below; an additional two op amp stages are required to complete the design.
10 March 2006
71.
Using the series RLC circuit suggested, we decide to design for a bandwidth of 1 rad/ s (as no specification was provided). With H L = R/ L, we arbitrarily select R = 1 so that L = 1 H. The capacitance required is obtained by setting the resonant frequency of the circuit ( 1 LC ) equal to 60 Hz (120 rad/s). This yields C = 7.04 F.
vin
1 1H
vout
7.04 F
Chapter Seventeen Solutions
10 March 2006
1.
4 8 9 I1 12 (a) 5 0 7 I 2 = 4 7 3 1 I3 0
4 8 9 7 = 4(21) + 8(5 + 49) + 9(15) = 651 1
(b) z = 5 7 (c) 11 =
0 3
0 7 = 21 3 1 12 8 9 4 0 7 0 3 1 z 4 8 12 5 0 4 7 3 0 z
(d) I1 =
(12)(21) + 8(4) + 9(12) = 0.602 A 651
(e) I1 =
4(12) + 8(28) + 12(15) = 0.141 A 651
10 March 2006
2.
17 8 3 Z = 8 17 4 = 17(273) + 8(148) 3(83) = 3208 3 3 4 17
(a)
Z 3208 1002 Zin1 = = = 11.751 P1 = = 851.0 W 11 273 11.751 Zin 2 = Z 3208 1002 = = 11.457 P2 = = 872.8 W 22 280 11.457
(b)
(c)
Zin 3
Z 3208 1002 = = = 14.258 P3 = = 701.4 33 225 14.258
10 March 2006
3.
0.35 0.1 0.2 Y = 0.1 0.5 0.15 = 0.35(0.3525) + 0.1(0.105) 0.2(0.115) = 0.089875 S3 0.2 0.15 0.75
(a)
Y 0.089875 102 Yin1 = = = 0.254965 P1 = = 392.2 W 11 0.3525 0.254965 Yin 2 = Y 0.089875 102 = = 0.403933 P2 = = 247.6 W 22 0.2225 0.403933
(b)
(c)
Yin 3 =
0.089875 100 = 0.544697 S P3 = = 183.59 W 0.165 0.544697
10 March 2006
4. 3 1 2 1 4 1 [R] = 2 2 5 0 3 2 0 4 1 3 1 2 0 1 2 0 3 () = 3 2 5 2 + 1 2 5 2 2 4 1 3 2 3 2 6 3 2 6 3 2 6 6 = 3[4(34) 2(12) 3(13)] + [1(34) 2(12) 3(4)] = 2[1(12) 4(12) 3(6)] 161 = 3(73) + (22) 2(18) = 161 4 R in = R = = 2.205+ 11 73
10 March 2006
5.
Define a counter-clockwise current I2 in the left-most mesh, and a counter-clockwise current I1 flowing in the right-most mesh. Then,
V1 = 4 I2 0.2V1 = 0.8 I2 Vin = I1s + 5( I1 + 0.8 I2 I2 ) = ( s + 5) I1 I2 Also, I2 (2 s + 4) 5( I1 + 0.8 I2 I2 ) = 0 or 0 = 5 I1 + (5 + 2 s) I2 Z = ( s + 5)(5 + 2 s ) 5 = 2 s 2 + 15s + 20, 11 = 5 + 2s Zth = 2s 2 + 15s + 20 2s + 5
10 March 2006
6.
Define a clockwise mesh current I1 flowing in the bottom left mesh, a clockwise mesh current I2 flowing in the top mesh, and a clockwise mesh current I3 flowing in the bottom right mesh. Then, Vin = 10( I1 I2 ) 0.6 8 I2 = 10 I1 14.8 I2 0 = 50 I2 10 I1 12 I3 = 10 I1 + 50 I2 12 I3 0 = 4.8 I2 + 17 I3 12 I2 = 7.2 I2 + 17 I3 10 14.8 0 5120 Z = 10 12 = 10(763.6) + 10(251.6) = 5120 Zin = = 6.705+ 50 763.6 7.2 17 0
(a)
(b)
V1 V2 V1 0.6Vx = 0.13571 V1 0.03571V2 0.06Vx + 28 10 V V1 V2 0.6Vx V2 0= 2 + + = 0.03571V1 + 0.31905V2 0.05Vx 28 12 5 V V Vx V1 0= x + 2 = 0.05V1 + 0.05V2 0.175Vx 8 20 0.13571 0.03571 0.06 y = 0.03571 0.31905 0.05 = 0.13571(0.05583 + 0.0025) + 0.03571(0.00625 + 0.003) 0.05 0.05 0.175 Iin = 0.05(0.00179 + 0.01914) = 0.00724 y = 0.007954, 11 = 0.05333 Ym = Zin = 1 = 6.705+ 0.14926 y 11 = 0.007954 = 0.14926 S 0.05333
10 March 2006
7.
Vx sVx s + 0.1 + (Vx 1) = 0 2 10 5 Vx (0.5 + 0.3s ) = 0.1 + 0.2s 0.2s + 0.1 0.3s + 0.5 s 0.2s + 0.1 0.1s + 0.4 I = (1 Vx ) = 1 0.2 s = 0.2 s 5 0.3s + 0.5 0.3s + 0.5 s (0.1s + 0.4) 1.5s + 2.5 15s + 25 Yout = I = = , Zout = s (0.1s + 0.4) s ( s + 4) 1.5s + 2.5 Vx =
10 March 2006
8. Vin = 1 V, Vi = 0 Vx + Vin = 0, Vx = 1 V Ix = Vx 1 = ; 2 104 Iin + 2 104 I x = 0 Rx Rx 1 R in = Vin / Iin = Rx Rx
Iin = I x =
10 March 2006
9. (a) Assume 1 V at input. Since Vi = 0 at each op-amp input, 1 V is present between R2 and R3, and also C and R4. V4 = I3 = 1 1 1 R4 + = 1+ j C j CR 4 R4
1 1 1 1 1 = j CR 4 j CR 3 R 4 R3 1 R2 V12 = 1 + R 2 I2 = 1 j CR 3 R 4 j CR 3 R 4
I2 = I3 = I1 =
RRR 1 V12 R2 1 = j C 1 3 4 = = Iin Zin = j CR1R 3R 4 R1 Iin R2
(b)
R 1 = 4 103 , R 2 = 10 103 , R 3 = 10 103 , R 4 = 103 , C = 2 1010 Zin = j 2 1010 4 10 1 106 = j 0.8 103 (Lin = 0.8 mH) 10
10 March 2006
10.
(a)
[ y ] = 0.3
0.01
[I ] = [ y ][ V ]
0.3 , V= 0.02
9 3.5
I2 = (0.3)(9) + (0.02)(3.5) = 2.77 A (b) V = [ y ]

1
[I ]
[I ] = 0.02
0.001
[ y ] = 0.15
0.1 0.15 and 0.8

0.001 0.15
Thus, V1 =
0.02 0.8 0.0008 0.003 = 0.0215 V = 0.1 0.15 0.08 0.0225 0.15 0.8
10 March 2006
11.
Define a clockwise mesh current I1 in the left-most mesh, a clockwise mesh current Ix in the center mesh, and a counter-clockwise mesh current I2 in the right-most mesh. Then,
V1 = 13I1 10 I2 V1 0 V2 10 0 35 20 20 22
0 = 10 I1 + 35 Ix + 20 I2 I1 =
13 10 0 10 35 20 0 20 22
V2 = 20 Ix + 22 I2 V1 (370) + V2 (200) 37 20 V1 = V2 13(370) + 10(220) 261 261 37 20 y11 = = 141.76 mS, y12 = = 76.63 mS 261 261 I1 =
10 March 2006
12.
10 5 [ y] = (mS) I1 = 0.01V1 0.005V2 , 50 20 I2 = 0.05V1 + 0.02V2 , 100 = 25 I1 + V1 , V2 = 100 I2 100 = 0.25V1 0.125V2 + V1 = 1.25V1 0.125V2 I2 = 0.01V2 = 0.05V1 + 0.02V2 0.03V2 = 0.05V1 V2 = 100 = 1.25V1 + 5 V1 3
0.625 4.375 300 5 V1 = V1 V1 = = 68.57 V, V2 = V1 = 114.29 V 3 2 4.375 3
10 March 2006
13. V1 V2 = 0.04V1 0.04V2 25 V I2 = 2I1 + 2 I1 = I1 + 0.01V2 = 0.04V1 0.03V2 100 y11 = 0.04S, y12 = 0.04S, y21 = 0.04S, y22 = 0.03 S I1 =
10 March 2006
14. V1 = 100( I1 0.5 I1 ) = 50 I I1 = 0.02 V1
V2 = 300 I2 + 200( I2 + 0.5 I1 ) = 100 I1 + 500 I2 V2 = 2V1 + 500 I2 , I2 = 0.004V1 + 0.002V2 0 0.02 [ y ] = (S) 0.004 0.002
10 March 2006
15. 0.1 0.0025 [ y] = (S) 0.05 8 (a) I1 = 0.1V1 0.0025V2 , I2 = 8V1 + 0.05V2 1 = 2 I1 + V, V2 = 5 I2 I2 = 0.2V2 = 8V1 + 0.05V2 0.25V2 = 8V1 , V2 / V1 = 32 I2 = 8V1 + 0.05 32V1 , I1 = 0.1V1 0.0025 32V1 I2 = 6.4V1 , I1 = 0.02V1 I2 / I1 = (b) 6.4 = 320, V1 / I1 = 50 0.02
V1 = 2 I1 , I1 = 0.1V1 0.0025V2 , I2 = 8V1 + 0.05V2 I1 = 0.5V1 = 0.1V1 0.0025V2 0.6V1 = 0.0025V2 V1 = V2 / 240, I2 = 8 V2 / 240 + V2 = 60 I2 1 1 V2 = V2 20 60
10 March 2006
16. (a)
10 5 [y] = (mS) 20 2
I1 = 0.01V1 0.005V2 , I2 = 0.02V1 + 0.002V2 V1 = 100 I1 + V1 V1 = V1 100 I1 I1 = 0.01V1 I1 0.005V2 I1 = 0.005V1 0.0025V2 I2 = 0.02V1 + 2 I1 + 0.002V2 = 0.02V1 + 0.01V1 0.005V2 + 0.002V2 = 0.01V1 0.003V2 0.005 0.0025 [ y ]new = (S) 0.01 0.003
(b)
V2 = 100 I2 + V2 , V2 = V2 100 I2 I2 = 0.02V1 + 0.002V2 0.2 I2 1.2 I2 = 0.02V1 + 0.002V2 I2 = 1 1 V1 + V2 60 600
1 1 I1 = 0.01V1 0.005(V2 100 I2 ) = 0.01V1 0.005V2 + 0.5 V1 + V2 600 60 1 1 1 1 1 1 I1 = V1 V2 V1 V2 = 600 240 100 120 200 1200 1/ 600 1/ 240 [ y ]new = (S) 1/ 60 1/ 600
10 March 2006
17.
VS 1
Exp #1 Exp #2 Exp #3 Exp #4 Exp #5
I1 = y11V1 + y12 V2 I2 = y21V1 + y22 V2
VS 2
50 V 110 0 -22.22 -55.56
I1 5A -20 4 5 5
I2 -32.5 A -5 -8 0 15
100 V 50 20 -8.333 -58.33
Use 1st 2 rows to find y's 5 = 100 y11 + 50 y12 , 32.5 = 100 y21 + 50 y22 20 = 50 y11 + 100 y12, 5 = 50 y21 + 100 y22 10 = 100 y21 + 200 y22 40 = 100 y11 + 200 y12 Substracting, 150 y12 = 45 y12 = 0.3 S 5 = 100 y11 15 y11 = 0.2 S Subtracting 22.5 = 150 y22 0.2 0.3 y22 = 0.15 S 32.5 = 100 y21 + 7.5 y21 = 0.4 S [ y ] = (S) 0.4 0.15 Completing row 3: I1 = 0.2 20 = 4 A, I2 = 0.4 20 = 8 A Completing row 4: 5 = 0.2VS 1 0.3VS 2 , 0 = 0.4VS 1 + 0.15VS 2 VS 2 = 5 = 0.2VS 1 0.8VS 1 = 0.6VS 1 VS 1 = 8 VS 1 3
50 = 8.333 V, VS 2 = 22.22 V 6 Completing row 5: 5 = 0.2VS 1 0.3VS 2 , 15 = 0.4VS 1 + 0.15VS 2 0.3 0.2 5 0.15 0.4 15 0.75 + 4.5 5.25 = 55.56 V = = = 58.33 V, VS 2 = 0.3 0.03 0.12 0.09 0.09 0.15
5 15 VS 1 = 0.2 0.4
10 March 2006
18.
103 j 0.01 1243o (a) [ I ] = [ y ][ V ] = o j 0.01 j 0.005 20
I 2 = ( j 0.01)(1243o ) ( j 0.005)(20) = 0.0818 + j 0.0778 (b) [ V ] = [ y ]

1
[I ]
10 12030o and I = o j10 8845
j5 [ y] = 4
j 5 12030o ( j 5) 8845o 48030o 4 8845o = = 10 j 55.13 V V2 = j 5 10 50 40 j10 4
10 March 2006
19.
(a) Input is applied between g-s and output taken from d-s. (b) Ig = yisVgs + yrsVds Id = yfsVgs + yosVds
yis = Ig Vgs Ig Vds
Vgs = 0 Vds = 0
= j ( C gs + C gd )
yrs =
= jC gd
y fs =
Id Vgs Id Vds
= g m jC gd
Vds = 0
yos =
=
Vgs = 0
1 + j ( Cgs + C gd ) rd
(c)
yis = j (3.4 + 1.4) 1012 = j 4.8 pS yrs = j (1.4) 1012 = j1.4 pS

y fs = 4.7 103 j (1.4) 1012 S
yos = 104 + j (0.4 + 1.4) 1012 S
10 March 2006
20.
R = 7.9 k
R1 = 4.7/7.9 = 595 R2 = 2.2/7.9 = 278 R3 = (4.7)(2.2)/7.9 = 1.309 k
10 March 2006
21.
RR
i
= (470)(100) + (470)(220) + (100)(220)

= 172400
RA = 172400 / 220 = 783.6 RB = 172400 / 100 = 1.724 k RC = 172400 / 470 = 366.8
10 March 2006
22.
6 1 63 3 1 = 0.6, = 1.8, = 0.3 10 10 10 5 1 1 4 5 4 2 : 5 + 1 + 4 = 10 = 0.5, = 0.4, =2 10 10 10 1.8 + 2 + 0.5 = 4.3 , 0.3 + 0.6 + 0.4 = 1.3 1 :1 + 6 + 3 = 10 1.3 4.3 = 0.99821, 0.9982 + 0.6 + 2 = 3.598 3.598 6 = 2.249
10 March 2006
23.
6 2 + 2 3 + 3 6 = 36 2 36 / 6 = 6, 36 / 2 = 18, 36 / 3 = 12 12 4 = 3, 6 12 = 4 4 + 3 + 18 = 25 43 = 0.48 25 9.48 2.16 + 9.48 2.88 + 2.88 2.16 = 54 2 54 54 54 = 18.75, = 25, = 5.6962, 75 18.75 = 15, 100 25 = 20 2.88 2.16 9.48 (15 + 20) 5.696 = 4.899 R in = 5 + 4.899 = 9.899 3 18 / 25 = 2.16, 4 18 / 25 = 2.88,
10 March 2006
24. : j 6 + j 4 + j 3 = j1 12 24 18 = j 24, = j12, = j18, j18 j18 = 0 (S.C) j1 j1 j1 ignore j12, j 6 j 24 + j12 = j12
j12 j12 = Zin =
10 March 2006
25. (a)
0.4 0.002 [y] = (S) 0.04 5
I1 = 0.4V1 0.002V2 , I2 = 5V1 + 0.04V2 , V2 = 20 I2 , VS = V1 + 2 I1 I2 = 0.05V2 = 5V1 + 0.4V2 0.09V2 = 5V1 GV = V2 / V1 = 500 = 55.56 9
(b)
I1 = 0.4(0.018)V2 0.002V2 = 0.0052V2 G I = I2 / I1 =

G p = GV G I = 55.56 9.615+ = 534.2
0.05V2 = 9.615+ 0.0052V2
(c) (d) (e)
I1 = 0.0052V2 = 0.0052 55.56V1 Zin = V1 / I1 =
1 = 3.462 0.0052 55.56 0.002 V2 0.9
V1 = 2 I1 , VS = 0 I1 = 0.5V1 = 0.4V1 0.002V2 V1 =
0.002 I2 = 5 V2 + 0.04V2 = 0.02889V2 Zout = V2 / I2 = 34.62 0.9
10 March 2006
26. (a)
0.1 0.05 [y] = (S) 0.5 0.2 I1 = 0.1V1 0.05V2 I2 = 0.5V1 + 0.2V2 , 1 = 10 I1 + V1 , I2 = 0.2V2 0.2V2 = 0.5V1 + 0.2V2 GV = V2 / V1 = 1.25
(b) (c) (d) (e)
G I = I2 / I1 =
(0.5 + 0.2 1.25)V1 = 6.667 (0.1 0.005 1.25)V1
G P = 1.25 6.667 = 8.333
I1 = (0.1 0.05 1.25)V1 Zin = V1 / I1 = 26.67
VS = 0, V1 = 10 I1 I1 = 0.1V1 = 0.1V1 0.05V2 V1 = 0.25V2 , I2 = 0.05(0.25V2 ) + 0.2V2 = 0.075V2 Zout = V2 / I2 + 13.333
(f) (g)
GV , rev = V1 / V2 = 0.25
With 2 port: 1 = 10 I1 + 26.67I1 1 = 36.67 I1 , I1 = 1/ 36.67 I2 =

2
6.667 1 2 = 0.15182 PL = I2 2 5 = 2.5(0.15182) = 0.08264 W 36.67 2
1 1 0.08264 Without 2 port: PL = 5 = 0.011111 W G ins = = 7.438 2 15 0.011111
10 March 2006
27. (a)
(b)
2 in :
10 March 2006
28. (a)
I1 = 1/ R 2 V1 V2 V V1 , I2 = 2 [ y ]a = R2 R2 1/ R 2 1/ R 2 1/ R 2
(b)
0 1/ R1 I1 = V1 / R1 , I2 = V2 / R 3 [ y ]B = 1/ R 3 0
(c)
I1 = I2 =
1/ R 2 1/ R1 + 1/ R 2 V1 V1 V2 + [ y ] = 1/ R 3 + 1/ R 2 R1 R2 1/ R 2 1/ R 2 1/ R1 + 1/ R 2 V2 V2 V1 , [ y ]a + [ y ]b = + 1/ R 3 + 1/ R 2 R3 R2 1/ R 2
10 March 2006
29.
(a) [ V ] = [ z ][ I ] where
[ z ] = 2.2
4.7 2.2 1.5 k and [ I ] = mA 3.3 2.5
Thus, V1 = (4.7)(1.5) (2.2)(2.5) = 1.55 V (b) [ I ] = [ z ]

1
[V]
where
[ z ] = 15
10 15 1 k and [ V ] = V 6 2
10 1 15 2 20 15 = = 17.54 A Thus, I2 = 10 15 60 225 15 6
10 March 2006
30.
j 220o 5 (a) [ V ] = [ z ][ I ] = o j j 2 2 0
Thus, V2 = j 220o j 2(20) = 0.684 j 2.121 V (b) [ I ] = [ z ]

1
[V ]
where
[ z] = 4
2 13730o k and V = V [ ] o j 4 10545
13730o
o
j 4 13730o 21045o 10545 j4 Thus, I1 = = = 105.6 j81.52 A j 2 48 4 j4
10 March 2006
31. V1 = 8 I1 + 0.1V2 V2 = 10V1 80 I1 I2 = V2 /12 + 0.05V1 I2 = 1 (10V1 80 I1 ) + 0.05V1 12 20 53 20 V1 I1 = V1 I1 3 60 3
5 1 I2 = + 6 20 60 20 60 4000 600 400 V1 = I1 + I2 = I1 + I2 V2 = I1 + I2 80 I1 53 3 53 53 53 53 V2 = 7.547 1.1321 240 600 I2 [ z ] = I1 + () 53 53 4.528 11.321
10 March 2006
32. (a)
I1 = 0.02V2 + 0.2V1 + 0.5V1 0.5V2 I1 = 0.7V1 0.52V2 I2 = 0.1V1 + 0.125V2 + 0.5V2 0.5V1 I2 = 0.4V1 + 0.625V2 I1 I V1 = 2 0.7 0.4 V2 = 0.52 0.7 I1 0.4 I2 0.625 0.625 I1 + 0.52 I2 = = 2.723I1 + 2.266 I2 , V2 = 0.52 0.2295 0.2295 0.625
2.723 2.266 0.4 I1 + 0.7 I2 = 1.7429 I1 + 3.050 I2 [ z ] = ( ) 0.2295 1.7429 3.050

V2 1.7429 + 3.050 = = 0.9607 V1 2.723 + 2.266
(b)
I1 = I2 = 1 A
10 March 2006
33.
4 1.5 [z ] = (), R S = 5, R L = 2 10 3 V1 = 4 I1 + 1.5 I2 , V2 = 10 I1 + 3I2 , V2 = 2 I2 = 10 I + 3I2 G1 = I2 / I1 = 2

G v = V2 / V1 = 10I1 6 I1 =4 4 I 3I1
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
G p = GV G I = 8 V1 = 4 I1 3I1 = I1 Zin = V1 =1 I1
(e)
V1 = 5 I1 = 4 I1 + 1.5 I2 I1 =
1 10 8 I2 V2 = I2 + 3I2 = I2 Zout = 1.3333 6 6 6
10 March 2006
34. (a)
1000 100 [z ] = () 2000 400
V1 = 1000 I1 + 100 I2 , V2 = 2000 I1 + 400 I2 , 10 = 200 I1 + V1 , V2 = 500 I2 500 I2 = 2000 I1 + 400 I2 , I2 = I1 = 7.031 mA, I2 = 20 2000 I1 ; 10 = 200 I1 + 1000 I1 + I1 9 9
20 I1 = 15.625 mA P200 = 7.0312 200 106 = 9.888 mW 9
(b) (c)
P500 = 15.6252 500 106 = 122.07 mW
PS = 10I1 = 70.31 mW(gen) P2 port = PS P200 P500 = 70.31 9.89 122.07 P2 port = 61.65 mW
10 March 2006
35. = 108 , I1 = 105 V1 + j 5 104 V1 + j104 (V1 V2 ) I1 = (105 + j 6 104 ) V1 j104 V2 I2 = 104 V2 + 0.01V1 + j104 (V2 V1 ) I2 = (0.01 j104 ) V1 + (104 + j104 )V2 I1 j104 I2 104 + j104 105 + j 6 104 j104 102 j104 104 + 104 (104 + j104 ) I1 + j104 I2 z11 = 133.15 47.64 = 1.0621 106 92.640 z12 = 94.15+ 2.642
V1 =
105 + j 6 104 I1 102 j104 I2 z21 = 941686.78 V2 = 1.0621 106 92.64 z22 = 565.0 3.60
10 March 2006
36.
20 2 [z ] = (), VS = 1000 V, R S = 5 , R L = 25 40 10 100 = 5 I1 + V1 , V1 = 20 I1 + 2 I2 100 = 25 I1 + 2 I2 1 1 25 25 V2 I2 100 = V2 I2 + 2 I2 40 4 40 4 5 17 8 17 I2 V2 = 160 + I2 = 160 + 6.8 I2 100 = V2 8 4 5 4 Vth = 160 V, R th = 6.8 V2 = 40 I1 + 10 I2 I1 =
10 March 2006
37. (a)
9 2 [h ] = 20 0.2 S V1 = 9I1 2V2 , I2 = 20 I1 + 0.2V2 , V1 = 1I1 + V1 Eliminate V1 10 2 V1 = V1 I1 V1 I1 = 9 I1 2V2 , V1 = 10 I 2V2 [h ]new = 20 0.2 S
(b)
V1 = 9 I1 2V2 , I2 = 20 I1 + 0.2V2 , V2 = 1I2 + V2 Eliminate V2 V2 = V2 I2 V1 = 9 I1 2V2 + 2 I2 , I2 = 20 I1 + 0.2V2 0.2 I2 1.2 I2 = 20 I1 + 0.2V2 I2 = 16.667 I1 + 0.16667V2 V1 = 9 I1 2V2 + 2(16.667 I1 + 0.1667 V2 ) 42.33 1.6667 V1 = 42.38 I1 1.6667V2 [h]new = 16.667 0.16667 S
10 March 2006
38. 100 0.01 R S = 100 , R L = 500 [h ] = 20 1 mS Zin : V1 = 100 I1 + 0.01V2 , I2 = 20 I1 + 0.001V2 = 20 I1 0.5 I2 1.5 I2 = 20 I1 V1 = 100 I1 + 0.01(500) 20 I1 = 33.33I1 Zin = 33.33 1.5 0.01 Zout : V1 = 100 I1 = 100 I1 + 0.01V2 I1 = V2 200 0.01 I2 = 20 V2 + 0.001 I2 = 0 Zout = 200
10 March 2006
39. (a)
h12 = V1 / V2 |I1 =0 Let V2 = 1 V I10 = 0.1 A, I1 = 0 I4 = 0.2 I2 0.1 = I2 0.2 I2 = 0.8 I2 , I2 = 0.125 A V1 = 0.3 4(0.2)(0.125) + 1 = 1.2 V h12 = 1.2
z12 = V1 I2 From above, z12 =
I1 = 0
(b)
1.2 = 9.6 0.125
(c)
y12 = I1 / V2 V =0 SC input Let V2 = 1 V

1
1.3 1.3 = 0.425 A, I1 = 0.2(0.425) 4 4 I1 = 0.24 A y12 = 0.24 S I2 = 0.1 +
10 March 2006
40. (a)
1 1000 [h ] = 500 S 4 100 = 200 I1 + 1000 I1 V2 = 1200 I1 V2 I2 = 4 I1 + 5 104 V2 = 103 V2 4 I1 = 1.5 103 V2 V2 = P200 4000 4000 I1 100 = 1200 I1 + I1 I1 = 25.86 mA 1.5 1.5 = 25.862 106 200 = 133.77 mW
(b) (c)
V2 =
4000 68.97 2 25.86 103 = 68.97 V P1K = = 4.756 W 1.5 1000
PS = 100 25.86 103 = 2.586 W (gen) P2 port = 2.586 0.1338 4.756 2.304W
10 March 2006
41. (a)
V1 = 1000 ( I1 + 105 V2 ) = 1000 I1 + 0.01V2 V2 = 104 I2 100V1 I2 = 104 (100V1 + V2 ) I2 = 102 (1000 I1 + 0.01V2 ) + 104 V2 0.01 1000 I2 = 10 I1 + 2 104 V2 [h ] = 2 104 S 10
(b)
V1 = 200 I1 = 1000 I1 + 0.01V2 I1 = 1 1 1 V2 I2 = 10 I1 + 2 104 V2 = V2 + V2 + 116.67 106 V2 12, 000 12, 000 5000
Zout = V2 / I2 = 106 /116.67 = 8.571 k
10 March 2006
42. (a)
V1 V2 V1 = I1R + V2 R R [ y ] = 1/ R 1/ R I1 = I2 V V I2 = 1 + 2 R R [ z ] parameters are all I1 = V1 = I1R + V2 R 1 [ h ] = I2 = I1 1 0
1/ R 1/ R
(b)
[ y ] parameters are V1 = V2 V1 = R I1 + R I2 I1 = R R [ z ] = R R
V1 I2 V2 = R I1 + R I2 R V1 = V2 I2 = I1 + 1 0 V2 [ h ] = R 1 1/ R
10 March 2006
43.
VBE = hie I B + hreVCE I C = h fe I B + hoeVCE
(a) hoe =
IC VCE
v =
I B =0
1 + j r C VCE r 1 + jC 1 + j r C
IC =
VCE 1 r + jC 1 + j r C

+ g m v +
1 VCE rd
Thus, hoe = (b) h fe = IC IB
( jC ) (1 + j r C ) + g 1 + j r ( C + C )

VCE = 0
1 + j r ( C + C )
j r C
1 rd
1 I C = ( g m jC ) v and I B = g m + j ( C + C ) v r ( gm jC ) r Thus, h fe = 1 + j r ( C + C )
(c) hie =
VBE IB
VCE = 0
hie = rx +
r 1 + j r ( C + C )
(d) hre =
VBE VCE
I B =0
VBE =
1 + j r C VCE r 1 + 1 + j r C jC 1 + j r ( C + C ) jC r
Thus, hre =
10 March 2006
44.
1 2 4 6 3 2 4 1 [y] = , [b ] = , [c ] = , 3 4 1 5 2 3 5 0 1 2 4 6 6 4 [ y ][b ] = = 3 4 1 5 8 38 4 6 1 2 22 16 [b ][ y ] = = 1 5 3 4 14 22
1 2 1 3 0 5 [d ] = 2 3 1 4 4 2
(a)
(b)
(c)
4 6 3 2 4 1 0 26 46 4 [b ][c ] = = 1 5 2 3 5 0 13 13 21 1 1 2 1 3 2 4 1 3 0 5 3 2 9 [c ][d ] = = 2 3 5 0 2 3 1 3 19 22 4 4 2 64 34 6 4 3 2 9 6 = [ y ][b ][c ][d ] = 8 38 3 19 22 138 738 908
(d)
(e)
10 March 2006
45. (a)
V1 = t11V2 t12 I2 , I1 = t21V2 t22 I2 V2 V2 1.5V1 V2 1.5V1 V1 + + 20 25 10 0.19 1 V2 I2 I2 = 0.19V2 0.31V1 , V1 = 0.31 0.31 V1 = 0.6129V2 3.226 I2 V1 = 10 I1 + V2 1.5V1 , I2 = Then, 10 I1 = V1 (V2 1.5V1 ) = 2.5(0.6129V2 3.226 I2 ) V2 I1 = 0.05323V2 0.8065 I2 0.6129 3.226 [ t ] = 0.05323S 0.8065
(b)
Let R S = 15 V1 = 0.06129V2 3.226 I2 , I1 = 0.05323V2 0.8065 I2 , V1 = 15 I1 15 I1 = 15(0.05323V2 0.8065 I2 ) = 0.6129V2 3.226 I2 1.4114V2 = 15.324 I2 Zout = V2 / I2 = 10.857
10 March 2006
46. V1 = 5 I1 0.3V1 + V2 1.3V1 = 5 I1 + V2 I1 = 0.1V2 + V2 / 4 I2 I1 = 0.35V2 I2 1.3V1 = 5(0.35V2 I2 ) + V2 = 2.75 V2 5 I2 2.115+ V1 = 2.115+ V2 3.846 I2 [ t ] = 0.35 S 3.846 1
10 March 2006
47. (a)
V1 = 2 I1 + V2 I1 = 0.2V2 I2 I2 = 0.2V2 I1 V1 = 1.4V2 2 I2 V1 = 3I1 + V2 I1 = 1.4 2 1 V2 I2 [ t ] A = 6 0.2 S 1 1.5 3 1 I2 = V2 I1 V1 = 1.5V2 3I2 [ t ]B = 1 6 S 1 6 11/ 7 4 1 V1 = 4 I1 + V2 I1 = V2 I2 [ t ]C = 7 1/ 7 S 1 IR = 1 11 V2 I1 V1 = V2 4 I2 7 7
(b)
1.4 2 1.5 3 11/ 7 4 2.433 6.2 11/ 7 4 [ t ] = [ t ]A [ t ]B [ t ]C = = 0.2 1 1/ 6 1 1/ 7 1 0.4667 1.6 1/ 7 1 4.710 15.933 [ t ] = 3.467 0.9619 S
10 March 2006
48. (a)
1 2 V1 = 2 I1 + V2 = 2 I2 + V2 = V2 2 I2 [ t ]A = 0 1 I1 = I2
1 2 1 2 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 8 0 1 0 1 = 0 1 , 0 1 0 1 = 0 1 1 8 1 2 1 10 1 2 = = 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
5
(b)
1 10 Also, 10 0 1
10 March 2006
49. (a)
1 0 V1 = V2 [ t ]a = 1/ R 1 I1 = V2 / R I2 1 R V1 = V2 R I2 [ t ]b = 0 1 I1 = I2 1/ a 0 V1 = V2 / a [ t ]c = 0 a I1 = a I2
(b)
1 2 1 0 0.25 0 1 20 1 [t ] = 4 0 1 0.1 1 0 0 1 0.02 0 0.3 1.2 2 0.25 5 1 [ t ] = = 4 0.02 1 0.1 1 0 0.025
0 1 14 1 0 0.58 14 = 4.5 0.02 1 0.115 S 4.5
10 March 2006
50. (a)
I1 = 0.1Vx , 0.1Vx + 0.02(V1 Vx ) + 0.2(V1 Vx V2 ) = 0 I2 = 0.08Vx + 0.2(V2 V1 + Vx ) 11 5 V1 V2 16 8 11 1 5 11 V1 V2 Also, I2 = 0.28 V1 V2 + 0.2V2 0.2 V1 I1 = 160 16 8 16 133.33 3.333 3 1 10 400 V1 + V2 V1 = V2 I2 = I2 [ t ] = 9.17 400 40 3 3 0.16667S 0.32Vx = 0.22V1 0.2 V2 Vx = I1 = 133.33 3.333 11 10 400 1 1 55 V2 I2 V2 = V2 I2 [ t ] = 160 3 3 6 6 16 0.16667S 9.167
(b)
0 0 10 133.33 1 10 / 3 400 / 3 1 0.05 1 [ t ]new = 1/ 6 55 / 6 0.05 1 = 0.625 S 9.167
Chapter Eightenn Solutions
10 March 2006
1.
(a) 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 (all rad/s) (b) 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 (all rad/s) (c) 90, 180, 270, 360, 450 (all rad/s)
10 March 2006
2.
(a) o = 2 rad/s, f = 1 Hz,
therefore T = 1 s. f = 0.947 Hz, f = 1/2 Hz, therefore T = 1.056 s. therefore T = 2 s.
(b) o = 5.95 rad/s = 2 f rad/s, (c) ) o = 1 rad/s = 2f rad/s,
10 March 2006
3.
v(t ) = 3 3cos(100 t 40) + 4sin(200 t 10) + 2.5cos 300 t V

(a) Vav = 3 0 + 0 + 0 = 3.000 V
1 Veff = 32 + (32 + 42 + 2.52 ) = 4.962 V 2
(b)
(c)
(d)
T=
2 = 0.02 s 100
v(18ms ) = 3 3cos(33.52) + 4sin(2.960) + 2.5cos(19.440) = 2.459 V
10 March 2006
4. (a) t 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 v 2 2.96 3.33 2.89 1.676 0 -1.676 -2.89 -3.33 -2.96 -2 t 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 v -0.844 0.094 0.536 0.440 0 -0.440 -0.536 -0.094 0.844 2
(b)
v = 4 sin 2 t + 7.2 cos 4 t = 0 4sin 2 t = 7.2(cos 2 2 t sin 2 2 t ) 4sin 2 t = 7.2(1 2sin 2 2 t ) x = t = 0.09881, 0.83539 vmax 4 16 + 414.72 = 0.5817, 0.8595 = sin 2 t 28.8 = 3.330 (0.5593 for smaller max)
(c)
vmin = 3.330
10 March 2006
5.
(a) a0 = 0 (b) a0 = 0 (c) a0 = 5 (d) a0 = 5
10 March 2006
6.
(a) a0 = 0 (b) a0 = 0 (c) a0 = 100 (d) a0 = 100
10 March 2006
7.
(a) a0 = 3, a1 = 0, a2 = 0, b1 = 0, b2 = 0 (b) a0 = 3, a1 = 3, a2 = 0, b1 = 0, b2 = 0 (c) a0 = 0, a1 = 0, a2 = 0, b1 = 3, b2 = 3 (d) 3 cos(3t 10o ) = 3cos 3t cos10o + 3sin 3t sin10o a0 = 0, a1 = 3cos10o = 2.954, a2 = 0, b1 = 3sin10o = 0.521, b2 = 0
10 March 2006
8.
ao =
1 T
f (t )dt = 2.5 . a1 = a2 = 0 since function has odd symmetry

2
b1 =
2 T 2 2 5 10 ( ) sin 5sin tdt = cos t = f t tdt = 0 0 1 T 20 2 1 2 T 2 2 5 f (t ) sin 20tdt = 5sin 2 tdt = cos 2 t = 0 0 1 T 20 2 1
2
b2 =
10 March 2006
9.
ao =
1 T
f (t )dt =
1 2 2 2dt = t = 3 0 3 0
4 . 3
a1 =
2 T 2 2 2 f t tdt = ( ) cos 2 cos 0 0 0 T 3 3
4 3 t dt = 3 2 t dt =
2 sin 3
t = 0.551 0 t = 0.276 0
2
2 T 2 2 4 a2 = f (t ) cos 20tdt = 2 cos T 0 3 0 3
4 3 3 4
4 sin 3
2 T 2 2 6 a3 = f (t ) cos 30tdt = 2 cos T 0 3 0 3 2 T 2 2 2 b1 = f (t ) sin 0tdt = 2sin 0 0 T 3 3
t dt =
4 3 3 6
6 sin 3
t = 0 0
2
4 3 2 t dt = cos t = 0.955 3 2 3 0 4 3 4 t dt = cos 3 4 3 t = 0.477 0

2
2 T 2 2 4 b 2 = f (t ) sin 20tdt = 2sin T 0 3 0 3
10 March 2006
10.
h(t) = 3 + 8 sin t + f(t)
Use linearity and superposition. T = 2 s. ao = 3 + a2 = 0 b1 = 8 + 1 T 1 f (t )dt = 3 + = 2.5 . 0 2 T
2 T 2 2 2 f (t ) sin 0tdt = 8 + (1) sin tdt = 8 = 7.36 0 0 T 2
b2 =
2 T 2 2 f (t ) sin 20tdt = (1) sin 2 tdt = 0 2 1 T 0
10 March 2006
11. (a)
T = 10 s, Fav = ao = 0.1(2 4 + 2 2) = 1.200

Feff = 1 (4 t ) 2 dt = 0.2 (16 8t + t 2 ) dt 5 0 0
2 2
(b)
2 2 2 1 3 8 2 = 0.2 16t 4t + t = 0.2 32 16 + = 1.9322 0 3 0 3 0
(c)
2 2 t a3 = 2 (4 t ) cos 3 dt = 0.4 4 cos 0.6 t dt 0.4 t cos 0.6 t dt 10 10 0 0 0

2 2 2
1 t 1 = 1.6 sin 0.6 t 0.4 cos 0.6 t + sin 0.6 t 2 0.6 0.6 0.36 0 0 = 8 10 4 sin1.2 2 (cos1.2 1) sin 1.2 = 0.04581 3 9 3
10 March 2006
12. (a) (b)
T=82=6s fo = 1 Hz 6
(c)
o = 2 f o =
rad/s
(d) (e)
1 ao = (10 1 + 5 1) = 2.5 6
b2 =
3 4 2 2 t 2 t + 10sin 5sin dt dt 6 2 3 3 3
3 1 30 2 t 15 2 t cos cos = 3 3 2 2 3 2
3
4
1 15 4 b2 = cos 2 cos 3 3
8 7.5 7.5 1 15 cos 2 = (1.5) (1.5) = 1.1937 cos 3 3
10 March 2006
13. a3 = =
4 3 3 4 2 6 t 6 t 1 10 5 10 cos dt 5cos dt sin t sin t + = 6 2 6 6 3 2 3 3
10 1 1 sin 3 sin 2 + sin 4 sin 3 = 0 3 2 2
4 3 3 4 1 10 1 5 b3 = 10sin tdt + 5sin t dt = cos t cos t 3 2 2 3 3 3
10 1 1 10 cos 3 cos 2 + cos 4 cos 3 = (1) = 1.0610 3 2 2 3
2 a3 + b32 = 1.0610
10 March 2006
14. (a) (b) 3.8cos 2 80t = 1.9 + 1.9 cos160t , T =
2 = 12.5 ms, ave value = 1.9 160
3.8cos3 80t = (3.8cos80t )(0.5 + 0.5cos 160t ) = 1.9 cos80t + 0.95cos 240t + 0.95cos80t = 2.85cos80t + 0.95cos 240t 2 = 25 ms, ave value = 0 T= 80 3.8cos 70t 3.8sin 80t; ot = t , o = , T = 2 = 2 s; ave value = 0
(c)
10 March 2006
15. T = 2 s (a)
1 21 4 2t 1 b4 = sin dt = cos 4t 20 2 4 0
b4 =
1 (1 cos 4t1 ) 4 max when 4t1 = , t1 = 0.125 s 2 1 4
(b)
b4 =
10 March 2006
16. g (t ) = 5 + 8cos10t 5cos15t + 3cos 20t 8sin10t 4sin15t + 2sin 20t (a) o = 5 T = fo = 2 = 1.2566 s 5
(b) (c)
5 10 = 4 fo = = 3.183 Hz 2
G av = 5
1 G eff = (5) 2 + (82 + 52 + 32 + 82 + 42 + 22 ) = 116 = 10.770 2
(d) (e)
10 March 2006
17. T = 0.2, f (t ) = Vm cos 5t , 0.1 < t < 0.1

an = 2 Vm cos 5t cos10 nt dt = 5Vm [ cos(5 + 10n)t + cos(10n 5)t ] dt 0.2 0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1 0.1
1 1 = 5Vm sin(10n + 5) t + sin(10n 5)t 10n 5 10n + 5 0.1 V 2 2 = m sin(10n + 5) 0.1 + sin(10n 5) 0.1 2n + 1 2n 1 Vm 2 2 sin(n + 0.5) + sin(n 0.5) 2n 1 2n + 1 V 2 2 1 2V 1 cos n + ( cos n) = m cos n = m 2n 1 2n + 1 2n + 1 2n 1 2V 2n 1 2n 1 4V cos n = m cos n = m 2 2 4n 1 4n 1 0.1 1 1 2V ao = Vm cos 5t dt = 5Vm sin sin = m 0.2 0.1 5 2 2 = v(t ) = 2Vm 4Vm 4V 4V 4V + cos10t m cos 20t + m cos 30t m cos 40t + ... 3 15 35 63
10 March 2006
18. (a) (b) (c) even, 1 wave 2
bn = 0 for all n; aeven = 0; ao = 0
b1 = b2 = b3 = 0, a2 = 0 an = nt nt n n 8 10 6 20 dt = 5cos sin = sin sin 12 1 6 3 n 6 1 n 3 6

2 2
a1 =
20 20 20 = 2.122 sin sin = 2.330, a3 = sin sin = 3 6 3 2 3
10 March 2006
19. (a)
ao = an = 0 y (t ) = 0.2sin1000t + 0.6sin 2000t + 0.4sin 3000t

Yeff = 0.5(0.22 + 0.62 + 0.42 ) = 0.5(0.56) = 0.5292
(b) (c)
y (2ms) = 0.2sin 0.2 + 0.6sin 0.4 + 0.4sin 0.6 = 1.0686
10 March 2006
20. (a) (b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
[a]b5 = 0, a5 = [b]a5 = 0, b5 =
4 25t 32 6 5t 3.2 15 10 8cos sin dt = = sin sin = 0.8821 62 6 6 10 3 2 3 3

3 3
4 25t 32 6 15 10 3.2 dt = 8sin (0.5) = 0.5093 cos cos = 62 6 6 10 3 3

3 3
10 8 25t 64 12 15 dt = sin [c]b5 = 0, a5 = 8cos sin = 3.801 6 6 12 2 12 12 10 [d ]a5 = 0, b5 = 8 10t 64 12 15 10 dt = 8sin cos = 1.0186 cos 12 2 12 12 10 6 6
3
10 March 2006
21. T = 4 ms
(a)
1000 ao = 4 =
0.004
250 8 8sin125t dt = cos125t 125 0
0.004
16 16 cos 1 = = 5.093 2
0.004
(b)
a1 = 4000 a1 = 4000
sin125t cos
2t dt 0.004
0.004
0.004
sin125t cos 500t dt = 2000

0.004
(sin 625t sin 375t ) dt
cos 625t cos 375t = 2000 + 625 375 0

0.004
3.2 5.333 (1 cos 2.5) (1 cos1.5) = 0.6791

0.004
b1 = 4000
sin125t sin 500t dt = 2000
(cos 375t cos 625t ) dt
1 1 1 1 (sin1.5) (sin 2.5) = 2000 = 2000 = 2.716 625 375 375 625
(c) (d)
4 < t < 0 : 8sin125t

b1 = 0, a1 = a1 = 2000 = 4000 8
0.004 0.004
8sin125t cos 250t dt

0.004
cos 375t cos125t + [sin 375t sin125t ] dt = 2000 375 125 0
5.333 16 + (1 cos1.5 ) + cos 1 = 3.395 2
10 March 2006
22. 1 wave ao = 0, an = 0, beven = 0 2 T = 10ms = 0.01 s odd and 1 10sin 200 bodd n t dt = 8000 cos 200nt 200 n 0 40 40 bodd = (cos 0.2n 1) = (1 cos 0.2n) n n b1 = 2.432, b3 = 5.556, b5 = 5.093, b7 = 2.381, b9 = 0.2702
0.001
8 = 0.01
0.001
10 March 2006
23. odd and 1 8 wave, T = 8 ms bn = 2 T

0.001
T /4
f (t ) sin not dt
2 o = = 250 bn = 1000 T Now, 1 x sin ax dx = a ( sin a

2
1000 t sin 250nt dt
ax cos ax ) , a = 250 n
106 0.001 sin 250nt 250nt cos 250nt )0 2 2 2 ( 250 n n n 16 16 n + 0 b1 = 2 sin cos = 0.2460 bn = 2 2 sin 0 cos 4 4 4 4 4 4 n f (t ) = 103 t bn = b3 = beven 16 3 3 3 16 5 5 5 sin cos = 0.4275 ; b5 = sin cos = 0.13421 2 2 9 4 4 4 25 4 4 4 =0
10 March 2006
24. (a)
odd, T = 4
(b)
even, T = 4:
(c)
odd,
1 wave: T = 8 2
(d)
even,
1 wave, T = 8 : 2
10 March 2006
25. (a)
vs = 5 +
20 1 2nt 20 20 sin vsn = sin 5nt , Vsn = ( j1) 1,odd n 0.4 n n Vsn j 20 j5 = = Zn n(4 + j10n) 1 + j 2.5n
Zn = 4 + j 5n 2 = 4 + j10n, I fn = I fn =
12.5 + j 5 j 5 1 j 2.5n = 2 n 1 + 6.25n n(1 + 6.25n 2 ) 12.5 1 5 1 i fn = cos 5nt + sin 5nt 2 1 + 6.25n n 1 + 6.25n 2 1 5 12.5 i f = 1.25 + cos 5nt + sin 5nt 2 n 1,odd 1 + 6.25n
(b)
in = Ae 2t , i = i f + in , i (0) = 0, i f (0) = 1.25 + i f (0) = 1.25 2
1, odd
1 + 6.25n
1
12.5
1,odd
1 2 = 1.25 tanh 0.2 = 0.55388 n + 0.16 4 0.4

2
A = 0.55388, i = 0.55388e2t + 1.25 +
1,odd
1 + 6.25n
5 12.5 cos 5nt + sin 5nt n
10 March 2006
26. (a) (b) (c) 0 < t < 0.2 : i = 2.5(1 e 2t ) i (0.2) = 2.5(1 e0.4 ) = 1.78848 A 0.2 < t < 0.4 : i = 1.78848 e2( t 0.2 ) i (0.4) = 0.50902 A 0.4 < t < 0.6 : i = 2.5 (2.5 0.50902)e2( t 0.4 ) , i (0.6) = 1.9335
10 March 2006
27. (a)
vs = 5 + vsn = 20 1 sin 5nt 1,odd n
20 sin 5nt n 20 Vsn = j n 1 1 1 j 20 / n j 20 / n 1 j 20n Zn = 2 + = 2+ Vcn = = 2 + 1/ j10n j10n 1 + j 20n 1 j 20n j 5n 2 j10n 20 1 20n j1 20 Vcn = , vcn = ( 20n cos 5nt + sin 5nt ) 2 1 + 400n n n 1 + 400n 2 20 1 1 sin 5nt 20 cos 5nt vcf = 5 + 2 1,odd 1 + 400n n
(b)
(c)
vn = Ae t / 4 vc (0) = A + 5 + 20 20 1 = A +5 2 1,odd 1 + 400n
1,odd
1 n + (1/ 20) 2
2
1,odd
1 = = 5 tanh = 1.23117 tanh 2 4(1/ 20) 20 2 40 n + (1/ 20)

2
1 A = 0 5 + 1.23117 = 4.60811 20 1 1 sin 5nt 20 cos 5nt vc (t ) = 4.60811e t / 4 + 5 + 2 1,odd 1 + 400n n
10 March 2006
28.
At the frequency = 10n

10 10 + j10n 5 103 and I = 8 j Zn = ( ) Sn n 20 + j10n 5 103
Therefore Vn =
10 + j 0.05n 80 ( j) . n 20 + j 0.05n
In the time domain, this becomes v1 (t ) =

2 40 1 + (0.005n ) cos 10n 90o + tan 1 0.005n tan 1 0.0025n 2 n 1 + (0.0025n ) n =1 ( odd )
10 March 2006
29.
At the frequency = n
I Ln =
n 1 10 32 2 I I = j and 1 ( ) Sn Sn 2 20 + jn 5 103 n ( )
Thus, in the time domain, we can write

iL (t ) =
n 1 320 1 2 1 cos n t 90o tan 1 0.00025n ( ) 2 2 n =1 (odd) ( n ) 20 1 + ( 0.00025n )
10 March 2006
30.
c3 =
0.001 0.005 103 j 32 t / 6103 j100 t 100 100 e e 6 0 0.003 0.001 0.005 105 1 1 j1000 t j1000 t = + e e 6 j1000 j1000 0 0.003 100 j 100 = (1 + 1 1 + 1) = j10.610 e + 1 + e j 5 e j 3 = j 6 j 6
c3 = j10.610; c3 = 10.610
0.001 0.005 2 103 a3 = 100 cos100t dt 100 cos1000t dt 6 0 0.003 5 2 10 1 = ( sin 0 sin 5 + sin 3 ) = 0 6 1000 1 1 2 + b32 = 21.22 c3 = (a3 jb3 ) = j b3 b3 = 21.22 and a3 2 2
10 March 2006
31. (a) j 400 nt e dt 100 0 0.001 0.001 0.002 cn = 20, 000 1000t e j 400 nt dt + e j 400 nt dt 0.001 0 0.002 e j 400 nt 1 0.001 j 400 nt j nt e ( 400 1) cn = 20, 000 + + 0 160n 2 2 j 400n 0.001 1 co = ao = (50 103 + 100 103 ) = 0.15 200 = 30 0.005 1 1 1 c1 = 20, 000 e j 0.4 (1 + j 0.4) e j 0.8 e j 0.4 2 2 j 400 160 160 125 = 2 (1 72) (1.6059751.488) 12.66515 + 15.91548 90(1 144 1 72) = 12.665(1 72) (1 + j1.2566) 12.665 + j15.915(1 144 1 72) = 20.339 20.513 12.665 + 18.709 108 = 24.93 88.61 c2 = 3.16625 144 (1 + j 2.5133) 3.16625 + j 7.9575(1 288 1 144)
0.001
T = 5 ms cm =
1 0.005
105 te j 400 nt dt +
0.002
(b)
= 8.5645 75.697 3.16625 + 15.1361144 = 13.309177.43
10 March 2006
32. Fig. 17-8a: Vo = 8 V, = 0.2 s, f o = 6000 pps (a) (b) (c) T= 1 1 , f o = 6000, = 0.2 s f = = 5 MHz 6000
f o = 6000 Hz
6000 3 = 18, 000 (closest) c3 = c3 = 9.5998 mV 8 0.2 106 sin(1/ 2 3 12, 000 0.2 106 1/ 6000 0.0036
(d)
2 106 8 0.2 106 sin(1/ 2 333 12, 000 0.2 106 = 333.3 c = = 7.270 mV 333 6 103 1/ 6000 1/ 2 333 12, 000 0.2 106
(e) (f)
= 1/ = 5 MHz
2 < < 2.2 Mrad/s 2000 2200 < f < kHz or 318.3 < f < 350.1 kHz 2 2 f o = 6 kHz f = 6 53 = 318; 324,330,336,342,348 kHz n = 5 8 0.2 106 sin(1/ 2 227 12, 000 0.2 106 = = 8.470 mV 1/ 6000 ()
(g)
c227
f = 227 6 = 1362 kHz
10 March 2006
33.
T = 5 ms; co = 1, c1 = 0.2 j 0.2, c2 = 0.5 + j 0.25, c3 = 1 j 2, cn = 0, n 4
(a)
an = jbn = 2cn ao = co = 1, a1 jb1 = 0.4 jb1 = 0.4 j 0.4, a2 jb2 = 1 + j 0.5, a3 jb3 = 2 v(t ) = 1 + 0.4 cos 400 t + cos800 t 2 cos1200 t + 0.4sin 400 t 0.5sin 800 t + 4sin1200 t
(b)
v (1 ms ) = 1 + 0.4 cos 72 + cos144 2 cos 216 + 0.4 sin 72 0.5sin144 + 4 sin 216 v (1 ms ) = 0.332V
10 March 2006
34. (a) 106 t T = 5 s cn = 2 1cos 2 n dt 5 5 106 0.4106 cn = 4 105 cn = 5 106 ( sin 43.2n sin 28.8n ) 2 n
0.6106
1 ( sin 43.2n sin 28.8n ) n
(b)
c4 =
1 (sin172.8 sin115.2) = 0.06203 4 0.2 106 + 0.2 106 = 0.08 5 106
(c) (d)
co = ao =
a little testing shows co is max cmax = 0.08
(e)
0.01 0.08 = 0.8 103
1 ( sin 43.2n sin 28.8n ) 0.8 103 n
125 ( sin 43.2n sin 28.8n ) 1 n ok for n > 740
(f)
= 740 f o =
740 106 = 148 MHz 5
10 March 2006
35. T = 1/16, o = 32
1/ 96
(a)
c3 = 16 c3 = j
40e
j 96 t
16 40 j 96 dt e j 96
1/ 96
20 j 40 (e 1) = j = j 4.244 V 3 3
(b)
Near harmonics are 2f o = 32 Hz, 3f o = 48 Hz Only 32 and 48 Hz pass filter an jbn = 2cn a3 jb3 = 2c3 = j8.488 a3 = 0, b3 = 8.488 V I3 = c2 = 8.488 1 = 1.4536 31.10 A; P3 = 1.45362 5 = 5.283 W 5 + j 0.01 96 2 1 1/16
1/ 96
40e j 64 t dt =
640 (e j 64 / 96 1) = 2.7566 j 4.7746 V j 64
a2 b2 = 2c2 = 5.5132 j9.5492 = 11.026 60 11.026 60 = 2.046 65.39 A 5 + j 0.01 64 1 P2 = 2.0462 5 = 10.465 W Ptot = 15.748 W 2 I2 =
10 March 2006
36. (a)
f (t ) = 5[u (t + 3) + u (t + 2) u (t 2) u (t 3)]
f(t)
t
-3 -2
-1
(b)
F( j) =
f (t ) e jt dt
F( j) = F( j) =
5e
j t
dt + 10e
2
jt
dt + 5e jt dt
2
5 10 j 2 5 (e j 2 e j 3 ) + (e (e j 3 e j 2 ) e j 2 ) + j j j 5 5 10 ( e j 3 + e j 3 ) + (e j 2 e j 2 ) + (e j 2 + e j 2 ) = j j j 5 5 10 ( j 2) sin 3 + ( j 2) sin 2 + = ( j 2) sin 2 j j j 10 10 20 10 (sin 3 + sin 2) F( j) = sin 3 sin 2 + sin 2 =
10 March 2006
37. (a) f (t ) = e at u (t ), a > 0 F( j ) = F( j ) = 1 ( a + j )t e a + j

f (t )e jt dt = e at e j t dt
0
=
0
1 a + j
(b)
f (t ) = e at6 e at u (t to ), a > 0 F( j ) = e ato e ( a + j )t dt

to
F( j ) = e ato
1 ( a + j ) t e a + j
= e ato
to
1 1 e ( a + j )to = e j to a + j a + j
(c)
f (t ) = te at u (t ), a > 0 F( j ) = te ( a + j ) t dt
0
F( j ) =
1 1 e (a + j )t 1]0 = 0 [1] = 2 [ 2 (a + j ) 2 (a + j ) (a + j )
( a + j ) t
10 March 2006
38. 4 < t < 0 : f (t ) = 2.5(t + 4); 0 < t < 4 : f (t ) = 2.5(4 t ) F( j) =
2.5(t + 4) e jt dt + 2.5(4 5)e jt dt

0 0
ln 1st , let t = I1 = 2.5(4 )e j ( d )

4
I1 = 2.5(4 )e j d F( j) = 2.5 (4 t )(e jt + e jt ) dt

0 0
1 F( j) = 5 (4 t ) cos t dt = 20 sin t 5 cos t dt 0 0 0 F( j) = 20 5 4 sin 4 2 (cos t + t sin t )0 20 5 5 5 = sin 4 2 (cos 4 1) 2 4 sin 4 = 2 (1 cos 4)
2
25 sin 2 or, F( j) = 2 sin 2 2 = 10
10 March 2006
39.
f (t ) = 5sin t, < t < F( j) = F( j) =

5sin t e
jt
dt
5 jt j t jt (e e ) e dt j 2
5 [e jt (1) e jt (1+) ] dt j 2 5 1 1 (e j (1) e j (1) ) (e j (1+) e j (1+) ) j 2 j (1 ) j (1 + )
F( j) = =
2.5 2.5 ( e j + e j ) ( e j + e j ) 1 1+ 2.5 1 1 2.5 ( j 2sin ) ( j 2sin ) = j 5sin = 1 1+ 1 1+ j10sin j10sin 1+ +1 = j 5sin (1) = = 2 1 2 2 1 1
10 March 2006
40.
f (t ) = 8cos t [u (t + 0.5) u (t 0.5)]
/ 2
F( j) =
/ 2 / 2
8cos te jt dt = 4
/ 2
/ 2 jt (1) + e jt (1+) e dt
(e jt + e jt ) e jt dt
=4
/ 2
/2 1 1 j t = 4 e jt e / 2 e jt e jt j (1 + ) j (1 )
/ 2
/ 2
1 1 je j / 2 je j / 2 = 4 je j / 2 ( j ) e j / 2 j (1 + ) j (1 ) 1 1 1 1 = 4 2 cos + 2 cos + = 8cos 2 1+ 2 2 1 1+ 1 2 cos / 2 = 8cos = 16 2 2 1 1 2 (a) (b) = 0 F( j 0) = 16 = 0.8, F( j 0.8) = 16 cos 72 = 13.734 0.36 16 cos(3.1 90) = 0.2907 1 3.12
(c)
= 3.1, F( j 3.1) =
10 March 2006
41. (a) F( j) = 4 [u ( + 2) ( 2) ] f (t ) = 4 2 1 j t f (t ) = e jt d = e jt 2 2 f (t ) = (b)

2 2
1 e jt F( j)d 2
=
2
2 e j 2t e j 2t jt
2 4 5 j 2sin 2t = sin 2t f (0.8) = sin1.6 rad = 1.5909 t 2t

2
F( j) = 4e f (t ) = =
f (t ) =
4 2 + j t e d 2
2 2 e(2+ jt ) d + e( 2+ j) t d 0
2 1 2 1 1 1 2 4 + (1 0) + (0 1) = = 2 2 + jt 2 + jt 2 + jt 2 jt 4 + t 8 8 f (t ) = f (0.8) = = 0.5488 2 (4 + t ) 4.64
(c)
F( j) = 4 cos [u ( + 0.5) u ( 0.5) ] f (t ) = 4 2

0.5
0.5 0.5
cos e jt d =
0.5
0.5
2 (e
1
+ e j e jt d
1 = = =
0.5
( j + jt ) + e( j 0.5 j 0.5t ) e d
1 1 1 e j 0.5 + j 0.5t e j 0.5 j 0.5t + e j 0.5+ j 0.5t e j 0.5 j 0.5t j ( + t ) j ( + t )
( (
1 1 1 je j 0.5t je j 0.5t je j 0.5t + je j 0.5t + j ( + t ) j ( + t ) 1 1 1 1 2 cos 0.5t 1 = 2 cos 0.5t 2 cos 0.5t = +t + t + t + t
4 2 = 2 cos 0.5t 2 = 2 2 cos 0.5t f (0.8) = 0.3992 2 t t
10 March 2006
42. (a)
v(t ) = 20e1.5t u (t 2) V
Fv ( j) = =
20e1.5t u (t 2)e jt dt =
2
20e
1.5 t jt
dt
20 e(1.5 j)t 1.5 j
20 20 3 e 3+ j 2 Fv ( j 0) = e = 0.6638 1.5 j 1.5 20 e 3e j 2 1.5 j
(b)
Fv ( j) = A v () + Bv () = Fv ( j 2) =
20 e 3 e j 4 = 0.39830 282.31 = 0.08494 j 0.38913 1.5 j 2 A v (2) = 0.08494 (c) (d) (e) Bv (2) = 0.3891
Fv ( j 2) = 0.3983
v(j2) = 282.3o or -77.69o
10 March 2006
43. (a)
I( j) = 3cos10 [u ( + 0.05) u ( 0.05) ]

W = 4 =
x
1 2
/ 20
I( j) d =
2
0.05
0.05 / 20
9 cos 2 10 d
18
9 9 1 1 1 sin 20 = 0.9 J + cos 20 d = 0.1 + 2 2 20 / 20 / 20 9 + 1 2sin 20 x 20
(b)
2 (1 + cos 20) d = 0.45 =
0.05 = 2x + 0.1sin 20x , x = 0.04159 rad/s
10 March 2006
44. (a)
f (t ) = 10te 4t u (t )
W1 = f (t ) dt = 100t e
2 0 0
2 8 t
e8t (64t 2 + 16t + 2) dt = 100 (512) 0
=
(b)
100 2 = 0.3906 J 512

4 t (4 + j ) t
F( j) = F {10te u (t )} = 10 t e
0
10e (4+ j)t dt = [(4 + j)t 1 (4 + j) 2 0
10 10 F( j) = 2 2 (4 + j) + 16
2
(c)
F ( j )
100
2
+ 16)
F ( j ) = 0 = 390.6 mJ/Hz , F ( j ) = 4 = 97.66 mJ/Hz

2 2
10 March 2006
45. (a) (b)
v(t ) = 8e
2 t
W1 =
v 2 (t ) dt = 2 64
e
0
4 t
dt = 32 J
Fv ( j) =
j t e v(t ) dt = 8
e
0
2 t
e jt dt
Fv ( j) = 8
e
0
(2 j) t
dt + 8 e (2+ j) t dt
8 = e(2 j)t 2 j
8 e (2+ j)t 2 + j
=
0
8 32 8 = = Fv ( j) + 2 j 2 + j 4 + 2
(c)
1 1 322 322 = 0.9 32 = d (2 + 4)2 2 2 1 0.9 =
1 + tan 1 1 2 2 8(1 + 4) 16
16 1 1 1 2 21 2 + + tan 1 1 = 2 2 2 8(1 + 4) 16 2 1 + 4 2 0.45 = 2 1 + tan 1 1 1 = 2.7174 rad/s (by SOLVE) 2 1 + 4
10 March 2006
46. (a)
Prove: F { f (t to )} = e jto F { f (t )} = F { f (t to )} =

f (t to )e jt dt Let t to =
f ()e j e jto dt = e jto F { f (t )}
(b)
Prove:
F { f (t )} =
jF { f (t )} =
jt
df dt Let u = e jt , du = je jt , dt
dv = df , v = f F { f (t )} = f (t )e jt
jf (t )e jt dt
We assume f () = 0 F { f (t )} = jF { f (t )}
(c)
Prove:
F { f (kt )} =

1 j j t F dt Let = kt , k > 0 = f (kt )e k k 1 1 j d = F k k k 1 j F k k
F { f (kt )} =
f ()e j / k
If k < 0, limits are interchanged and we get: F { f (kt )} = 1 j F k k
(d) (e)
Prove: F { f (t )} = F( j) Let k = 1 in (c) above d Prove: F {tf (t )} = j F( j) Now, F( j) = f (t )e jt dt d dF( j) = f (t )( jt )e jt dt = j F {tf (t )} F {tf ( f )} = jF f (t )} d

10 March 2006
47. (a) (b) (c) f (t ) = 4[sgn(t )(t 1)] F {4[sgn(t )(t 1)] = F {4sgn(1) (t 1)} = F {4(t 1)} = 4e j
f (t ) = 4[sgn(t 1) (t )] F {4sgn(1)(t )} = F {4(t )} = 4 4 j (10t 30) j (10t 30) f (t ) = 4sin(10t 30) F {4sin(10t 30) = F e e = j2 j 30 j10 t j 30 j10 t j / 6 j / 6 F { j 2e e + j 2e e } = j 2e 2( 10) + j 2e 2( + 10) = j 4 [e j / 6 ( 10) e j / 6( + 10)]
10 March 2006
48. (a)
f (t ) = A cos(o t + ) F( j) = F {A cos cos o t A sin sin o t} = A cos {[( + o ) + ( o )]} A sin [( o ) ( + o )] = j A{cos [( + o ) + ( o )] + j sin [( o ) ( + o )]} F( j) = A[e j ( o ) + e j ( + o )]
(b)
f (t ) = 3sgn(t 2) 2(t ) u (t 1) F( j) = e j 2 3 F( j) = j 6 j 2 1 2 e j () j e
2 1 2 e j () + j j
(c)
1 f (t ) = sinh kt u (t ) F( j) = F [e kt e kt ] u (t ) 2 k + j + k j k 1 1 1 1 F( j) = = = 2 2 2 + k2 2 k + j 2 k + j 2( k )
10 March 2006
49. (a) F( j) = 3u ( + 3) 3u ( 1) f (t ) = 3 3 1 j t e jt dt = e f (t ) = 2 3 2 jt f (5) = j (b)

1 1
1 [3u ( + 3) 3u ( 1)] e jt d 2 3 (e+ jt e j 3t ) j 2t
=
3
3 (15rad 1 15rad ) = 0.10390 106.48 10
F( j) = 3u (3 ) + 3u ( 1) F( j) = 3 Fa ( j) 3 (e jt e j 3t ) f (5) = 0 0.10390 106.48 j 2t so f(5) = 0.103973.52o f (t ) = 3(t )
(c)
F( j) = 2() + 3u (3 ) + 3u ( 1) Now, F {2()} = f (t ) =
2 1 = 2
1 3 1 (e jt e j 3t ) f (5) = 0.10390 106.48 = 0.3618 15.985+ + j 2t
10 March 2006
50. (a) F( j) = 3 3 + + 3 + 3( 1) 1 + j j 1.5 jt e
f (t ) = 3e t u (t ) + 1.5sgn(t ) + 3(t ) +
(b)
1 sin 8 / 2 5sin 4 = 8 2.5 8 / 2 f (t ) = 2.5[u (t + 4) u (t 4)] F( j) =

F( j) = 6(3 + j) 6(3 + j) = f (t ) = 33t cos 2t u (t ) 2 2 2 (3 + j) + 4 (3 + j) + 2
(c)
10 March 2006
51. T = 4, periodic; find expl form 1 cn = 10te jnt / 2 dt 4 1 t 1 cn = 2.5 e jnt / 2 2 2 jn / 2 n / 4 1 1 1 1 1 cn = 2.5 e jn / 2 + 2 2 e jn / 2 + 2 2 jn2 n / 4 jn / 2 n / 4 1 4 (e jn / 2 e jn / 2 ) + 2 2 (e jn / 2 e jn / 2 ) = 2.5 n jn / 2 = j5 n 10 n 2 cos + 2 2 j 2sin n 2 n 2
1 1
n 20 n j10 cos f (t ) = j 2 2 sin e jnt / 2 2 n 2 n n n n 20 j10 F( j) = j 2 2 sin 2 cos n 2 2 2 n
10 March 2006
53. F( j) = 20

1 ( 20n) n !+ 1
1 1 1 1 1 = 20 () + ( + 20) + ( 20) + ( + 40) + ( 40) 1+1 1+1 2 +1 3 1 + 1 1 1 + ( + 60) + ( 60) + ... 7 7 20 20 = 10() + [( + 20) + ( 20)] + [( + 40) + ( 40)] + 2 3 20 20 [( + 60) + ( 60) + [( + 80) + ( 80)] + ... 7 25 10 20 20 20 20 cos 20t + cos 40t + cos 60t + cos80t + ... f (t ) = + 2 2 3 7 25 20 1 1 1 1 0.25 + cos 20t + cos 40t + cos 60t + cos80t + ... = 2 3 7 25 f (0.05) = 20 1 1 1 1 0.25 + cos1rad + cos 2 + cos 3 + cos 4 + ... = 1.3858 2 3 7 25
10 March 2006
54. (a)
Input = x(t ) = 5[u (t ) u (t 1)] h(t ) = 2u (t )

x(t z) 5 t-1 t h( z) 2 z y(t) 10 t 1 z t-1
y (t ) =
(b) h(t ) = 2u (t 1)
x(t z)
x( z ) h(t z ) dz
(c) h(t ) = 2u (t 2)
x(t z)
t h( z) 2 1 y(t)
t-1
t h( z) 2
z y(t) 10 t
10 1 2
t 2 3
t < 0: y( t ) = 0
0 < t < 1:
t < 1: y (t ) = 0
1< t < 2:
t < 2 : y (t ) = 0
2 < t < 3:
y (t ) = 10dz = 10t
0
y (t ) = 10dz = 10(t - 1)
1
y (t ) = 10dz = 10(t - 2)
2
t > 1:
y (t ) =
t > 2:
t > 3:
t -1
10dz = 10
y (t ) =
t -1
10dz = 10
y (t ) =
t -1
10dz
= 10
10 March 2006
55.
x(t ) = 5[u (t ) u (t 2)]; h(t ) = 2[u (t 1) u (t 2)]

y (t ) =
x( z ) h(t z ) dz
t 1
t < 1: y (t ) = 0 1 < t < 2 : y (t ) =
10 dz = 10(t 1)
0 2
2 < t < 3 : y (t ) = 10 3 < t < 4 : y (t ) =
t 2
10 dz = 10(2 t + 2) = 10(4 t )
t > 4 : y (t ) = 0 y (0.4) = 0; y (0.4) = 0; y (1.4) = 4 y (2.4) = 10; y (3.4) = 6; y (4.4) = 0
or.
y (t ) = x(t z ) h( z ) dz
0
t < 1: y (t ) = 0 1 < t < 2 : y (t ) = 10 dz = 10(t 1)

1 t
2 < t < 3 : y (t ) = 10 3 < t < 4 : y (t ) = t > 4 : y (t ) = 0
t 2
10 dz = 10(2 t + 2) = 10(4 t )
same answers as above
10 March 2006
56.
h(t ) = 3[e t e 2t ], x(t ) = u (t ) y (t ) =
x( z )h(t z) dz
= 3[e ( t z ) e 2( t z ) ] dz
0
= 3e [e ] 3e
z t 0
2 t
1 2Z e 2 0
= 3e t (et 1) 1.5e2t (e 2t 1) y (t ) = 3(1 e t ) 1.5(1 e 2t ) = 1.5 3e t + 1.5e2t , t > 0
10 March 2006
57. y (t ) = x(t 2)h( z )dz

0
(a)
2 h(t ) = (5 t ), 2 < t < 5 3 5 5 2 20 y (t ) = 10 (5 z ) dz = (5 z ) dz 3 3 2 2 Note: h( z ) is in window for 4 < t < 6 20 1 y (t ) = (5 z ) 2 3 2 2 = 10 (0 9) = 30 at t = 5 3

5
(b)
10 March 2006
58. (a) (b)
x(t ) = 5e
( t 2)
u (t 2), h(t ) = (4t 16) [u (t 4) u (t 7)], y (t ) = x(t z ) h( z ) dz

0
t < 6 : y (t ) = 0 y (5) = 0
t = 8 : y (8) = 5e (8 z 2) (4 z 16) dz
4
y (8) = 20e
6
ze
4
dz 80e
e
4
dz
ez = 20e ( z 1) 80e 6 (e6 e4 ) 1 4 = 20e 6 (5e6 3e 4 ) 80 + 80e 2 = 20 + 80e2 60e2 = 20 (1 + e 2 ) = 22.71

(c)
t = 10 : y (10) = 5e (10 z 2) (4 z 16) dz

4
y (10) = 20e8e z ( z 4)dz

4 7 4 8 y (10) = 20e 8 ze z dz 80e8 e z dz = 20e8 [e z ( z 1)]7 4 80e (e e ) 4 4 7 7
= 20e (6e 3e ) 80(e1 e 4 ) = 40e1 + 20e 4 = 15.081

7 4
10 March 2006
59. h(t ) = sin t , 0 < t < ; 0 elsewhere, Let x(t ) = e t u (t )

y (t ) = x(t z ) h( z ) dz
0
t < 0 : y (t ) = 0 0 < t < : y (t ) = sin z e t + z dz = e t e z sin z dz

0 0 t t
1 y (t ) = e t e z (sin z cos z ) 2 0 1 = e t [et (sin t cos t ) + 1] 2 1 = (sin t cos t + e t ) 2
(a) (b) (c)
y (1) = 0.3345+
y (2.5) = 0.7409
y > : y (t ) = e t e z sin z dz
0
1 1 y > : y (t ) = e e z (sin z cos z ) = e t (e + 1) = 12.070e t 2 0 2 y (4) = 0.2211

t
10 March 2006
60.
x(t ) = 0.8(t 1)[u (t 1) u (t 3)], h(t ) = 0.2 (t 2)[u (t 2) u (t 3)] y (t ) = x(t z ) h( z ) dz,
0
t < 3 : y (t ) = 0
t 1
(a) 3 < t < 4 : y (t ) =

t 1
0.8(t z 1) 0.2( z 2) dz
y (t ) = 0.16 (tz 2t z 2 + 2 z z + 2) dz
2
1 1 = 0.16 [ z 2 + (t + 1) z + 2 2t ] dz = 0.16 z 3 + (t + 1) z 2 + (2 2t ) z 2 3 2 2 8 1 1 1 = 0.16 (t 1)3 + + (t + 1) (t 1) 2 (t + 1) 4 + (2 2t ) (t 1 2) 3 2 2 3 1 8 1 1 y (t ) = 0.16 t 3 + t 2 t + + + (t 2 1) (t 1) 2t 2 + 2t 6 2t 2 + 6t 3 3 2 3
t 1
t 1
1 1 1 3 9 9 1 1 = 0.16 t 3 + t 2 1 2 + t 1 + 6 + 3 + 8 = 0.16 t 3 t 2 + t 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 6
y (3.8) = 13.653 103 (b) 1 1 4 < t < 5 : y (t ) = 0.16 (t z 1) ( z 2) dz = 0.16 z 3 + (t + 1) z 2 + (2 2t ) z 2 3 2 2

3 3
1 1 y (t ) = 0.16 (27 8) + (t + 1) 5 + (2 2t )1 2 3 11 19 = 0.16 + 2.5t + 2.5 + 2 2t = 0.16 0.5t 6 3

y (4.8) = 90.67 103
10 March 2006
61. x(t ) = 10e 2t u (t ), h(t ) = 10e 2t u (t )

y (t ) = x(t z ) h( z ) dz
0
y (t ) = 10e 2( t z ) 10e 2 z dz
0
= 100e 2t dz = 100 e2t t

0
y (t ) = 100t e u (t )
2 t
10 March 2006
62. (a)
h(t ) = 5e 4t u (t ) W1 = 25 e8t dt =
0.1 0.8
25 0.8 6.4 (e e ) = 1.3990 J 8
25 % = 1.3990 / 100% = 44.77% 8 (b)

5 1 25 25 1 W1 = 2 d = H( j) = tan 1 0 + 16 4 40 j + 4
2 2
W1 =
25 1 0.9224 tan 1 = 0.9224 J % = 100% = 29.52% 4 2 25 / 8
10 March 2006
63. F( j) = 2 2 2 = f (t ) = (2e t 2e2t ) u (t ) (1 + j)(2 + j) 1 + j 2 + j
(a) (b)
W1 = (4e2t 8e3t + 4e 4t ) dt =
0
4 8 4 1 + = J 2 3 4 3
f (t ) = 2e t + 4e2t = 0, 2 + 4e t = 0, et = 2, t = 0.69315 f max = 2(e 0.69315 e20.69315 ) = 0.5
10 March 2006
64. (a) 1 1/ 6 1/ 2 1/ 3 = + j(2 + j)(3 + j) j 2 + j 3 + j 1 1 1 f (t ) = sgn(t ) e2t u (t ) + e3t u (t ) 12 2 3 F( j) = 1 + j 1/ 6 1/ 2 2/3 = + j(2 + j)(3 + j) j 2 + j 3 + j 1 1 2 f (t ) = sgn(t ) + e2t u (t ) e 3t u (t ) 12 2 3 F( j) =
(b)
(c)
(1 + j) 2 1/ 6 1/ 2 4/3 = + F( j) = j(2 + j)(3 + j) j 2 + j 3 + j 1 1 4 f (t ) = sgn(t ) e2t u (t ) + e 3t u (t ) 12 2 3 (1 + j)3 1/ 6 1/ 2 8/3 = 1+ + j(2 + j)(3 + j) j 2 + j 3 + j 1 1 8 f (t ) = (t ) + sgn(t ) + e2t u (t ) e 3t u (t ) 12 2 3 F( j) =
(d)
10 March 2006
65. (a)
h(t ) = 2e t u (t ) H( j) = 2 1 2 = 1 + j 1 + j
(b) (c)
1 1 1 Vo 1/ j = = H( j) = 2 1 + j 2 Vi 1 + 1/ j Gain = 2
10 March 2006
66.
1 1 j + ( j) 2 + 2 2 j = Vo ( j) = 1 1 ( j) 2 + 2( j) + 2 1 + j + 2 j 2( j) ( j) 2 + 2( j) + 2 2( j) Vo ( j) = = 1+ 2 2 ( j) + 2( j) + 2 ( j) + 2( j) + 2 2 4 8 2x = 1 j1 ; x= 2 x + 2x + 2 A B A B Vo ( x) = 1 + + = Let x = 0 + =0 1 + j1 1 j1 x + 1 + j1 x + 1 j1 A B B + j2 B Let x = 1 + = 2 A B = j 2, A = B + j 2 + =0 j1 j1 1 + j1 1 j1 B jB + j 2 + 2 + B + jB = 0 B = 1 j1 A = 1 + j1 1 + j1 1 j1 1 j1 1 + j1 Vo ( x) = 1 + + , Vo ( j) = 1 ( j) + 1 + j1 ( j) + 1 j1 x + 1 + j1 x + 1 j1 Let j = x Vo ( x) = 1 vo (t ) = (t ) (1 j1) e( 1 j1) t u (t ) (1 + j1)e( 1+ j1)t u (t ) = (t ) 2 e j 45 jt t u (t ) 2 e j 45+ jt t u (t ) = (t ) 2 2 e t cos(t + 45) u (t )
10 March 2006
67.
5 / j 10 / j = 5 / j + 35 + 30( j) 1/ j + 7 + 6( j) 10 10 / 6 Vc ( j) = = 2 6( j) + 7( j) + 1 ( j) 2 + 7 ( j) + 1 6 6 49 24 1 10 / 6 2 2 j = = 7 / 6 / 2 = , 1 Vc ( j) = 36 36 6 ( j + 1/ 6)( j + 1) j + 1/ 6 j + 1 vc (t ) = 2(e t / 6 e t ) u (t ) Vc ( j) = 10
10 March 2006
68. (a)
f (t ) = 5e 2t u (t ), g (t ) = 4e3t u (t ) f g = f (t z ) g ( z ) dz
0 t
= 5e 2t e 2 z 4e 3 z dz = 20e2t e z dz
0 0
= 20 e (e 1) V
t
2 t
f g = (e 2t e3t ) u (t ) (b) 5 4 20 , G( j) = F( j)G( j) = j + 2 j + 3 ( j + 2)( j + 3) 20 20 F( j)G( j) = f g = 20(e 2t 23t ) u (t ) j + 2 j + 3 F( j) =
10 March 2006
69.
H ( j ) =
j 2 4 + j 2 24 j from Table 18.2
Vi ( j ) =
j 2 24 24 Therefore Vo ( j ) = = 4 + j 2 j 2 + j In the time domain, then, we find vo (t ) = 24e 2t u (t ) V
10 March 2006
70.
h(t ) = 2e t cos 4t
so fromTable 18.2, . Define output function f(t).
H ( j ) =
2 (1 + j )
(1 + j )
+ 16
(a) I ( j ) = 4 ( ) 8 (1 + j ) 8 Therefore F() = ( ) = ( ) . 2 17 (1 + j ) + 16 The time domain output is then given by f(t) = 4/17. (b) I ( j ) = 2e j 4(1 + j ) j Therefore F() = e . 2 (1 + j ) + 16 The time domain output is then given by f(t) = 4e (t 1) cos 4 ( t 1) u (t 1)
(c) We find the response due to a unit step u (t ) and treat i (t ) as two unit steps, each shifted appropriately.
R ( j ) =
2(1 + j ) 1 ( ) + 2 (1 + j ) + 16 j
r (t ) =
1 1 et + sgn(t ) 2 [ cos 4t 4sin 4t ] u (t ) 17 17 17
Therefore the system response is 2 1 e ( t + 0.25) {cos 4(t + 0.25) 4sin 4(t + 0.25)} u (t + 0.25) 17 2 1 e ( t 0.25) {cos 4(t 0.25) 4sin 4(t 0.25)} u (t 0.25) 17

Chapters11 13to18 - Hayt

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapters11 13to18 - Hayt

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition

Chapter Eleven Solutions

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition

Chapter Eleven Solutions

1 2 1 Li = 4 (4t 4 4t 2 + 1) 2 2 4 2 4 2 wL = 8t 8t + 2 wL (3) wL (1) = 8 3 8 3 + 2 8 1 + 8 1 2 = 576 J 4H : i = 2t 2 1 v = Li = 4 (4t ) = 16t , wL =

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition

Chapter Eleven Solutions

vc (0) = 2V, i (0) = 4A, =

1 i = Ae t + Be3t A + B = 4; i (0+ ) = vL (0+ ) = (4 4 +2) = 14 1 A 38 = 14 B = 5, A = 1, i = e t + 5e 3t A +vc = 3 (e t + 5e3t ) dt 2 = 3(e t 5e 3t ) to 2 = e t 3 5e 3t + 5 2

Pc (0.2) = (3e 0.2 5e0.6 ) (e0.2 + 5e 0.6 ) = 0.5542 W

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition

Chapter Eleven Solutions

[19.74 cos 37.55 ] P2.5k =

P1 H = 2.631cos( 50.54 ) 2.631 10-3 cos(140.5o ) = - 3.395 mW

[ ][ [2.631cos( 50.54 )] = P2.5k =

P4 F = 2.631cos( 50.54o ) 10.52 10-3 cos(39.46o ) = 13.58 mW

FREQ VM(L,0) 1.592E+02 2.629E+00

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition

Chapter Eleven Solutions

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition

Chapter Eleven Solutions

For t > 0, i(t) = 8e

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition

Chapter Eleven Solutions

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition

Chapter Eleven Solutions

(a) p = (30103)2 (1.2103) = 1.080 MW (b) W = (1.080106)(150106) = 162 J

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition

Chapter Eleven Solutions

The energy dissipated over the first second is given by

= 294.3 K, representing a temperature increase of 0.1111 K.

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition

Chapter Eleven Solutions

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition

Chapter Eleven Solutions

100 j5 = 6.09752.43 so 6.5 + j 5 10 1 P10,abs = (6.097) 2 10 = 185.87 W 2 PL = 0 ( = 0)

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition

Chapter Eleven Solutions

4030 = 52.4469.18 V 550 + 8 20

1 52.44 P8 20 abs = cos (20) = 161.5 W 2 8

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition

Chapter Eleven Solutions

1 13.463 5cos 51.94 = 20.75 W 2

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition

Chapter Eleven Solutions

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition

Chapter Eleven Solutions

Vx 20 Vx Vc + = 2Vc 2 3 and V V Vx 0= c + c j2 3 which simplify to 5Vx 14Vc = 60

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition

Chapter Eleven Solutions

16. (a) (b) X in = 0 Z L = R th + j 0 R L , X L independent Z L = Z th = R th jX th Vth 1 R L Z L = R L jX th R L fixed PL = 2 (R th + R L ) 2 + (X th + X L ) 2

X L fixed, Let X L + Xth = a f =

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition

Chapter Eleven Solutions

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition

Chapter Eleven Solutions

R L = Zth R L = 82 + 142 = 16.125 PL = 1 107.332 16.125 = 119.38 W 2 (8 + 16.125) 2 + 142

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition

Chapter Eleven Solutions

19. j 9.6 = 4.8 I x j1.92 I x +4.8I x

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition

Chapter Eleven Solutions

Vth = 5(28.8 + j38.4) = 144 + j192 V,