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NEWSLETTER OF THE NORTH BRITISH PAIN ASSOCIATION - AUTUMN 2004
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FROM THE EDITOR
Welcome to the latest edition of Threshold,newsletter of the North British PainAssociation. Read on for up to dateinformation on the activities of the NBPA,information on forthcoming events, the usualgossip and pictures of Council memberscaught unawares. Sponsorship for Thresholdfor 2004/5 is being provided by NAPPPharmaceuticals and we are indebted to them.Thanks again to Pfizer for their support over 2003 and 2004.Is there anything you find frustratingabout working in pain management? Is thereanything you think could be done better?Possibly, quite a few things? Ever get annoyed by waiting times? Patients do. I don’t justmean when your clinic is running late, I meanfor first and return appointments. Imagine if there were no waiting times. After all, we’rehere to provide a service, aren’t we? Give the best deal we can to people with chronic pain?Make a difference? Provide that seamless patient journey through pain managementservices with multi disciplinary assessmentand individually tailored management.Appropriate interventions provided before, or alongside a pain management approach,resulting in an individual empowered by their new knowledge and able to self-manage their chronic condition without medicalintervention. Wow, that would be goodwouldn’t it? They may even have attended aPain Management Programme.The real world? I don’t think so. Morelikely is the ongoing treatment plan that istaking a long time due to waiting times andinefficient communication between secondaryand primary care. Then there are the hiddenwaiting times to see other pain team memberssuch as physiotherapy or clinical psychology.It is amazing how quickly you stopnoticing the deficiencies in the service you provide. The very deficiencies that areglaringly obvious to patients, newcomers tothe specialty and those who have worked inother healthcare systems.I have great admiration for colleagues whohave worked in chronic pain management for many years. They have worked hard toimprove the situation, remain optimistic andhave only a healthy degree of cynicism. I hopeI can say the same in a few years time.Anyway, that’s enough from me. To saveanother rant from appearing in the next issue please send any contributions for Threshold(all will be printed) to me at the address below.Dr. Colin P. RaeConsultant in Anaesthesia and PainManagement,Department of Anaesthesia,Stobhill Hospital,133, Balornock Road,Glasgow.G21 3UWTel. No. 0141 201 3005Fax. No. 0141 201 4167Email colin.rae@northglasgow.scot.nhs.uk Website www.nbpa.ac.uk 
REPORT FROM AGM – 7/5/04
The minutes of the previous AnnualGeneral Meetings were accepted as read.
Chairman’s Report:
Dr Nicola Stuckeyreflected on the two successful meetings heldin the last year, the Spring Scientific Meeting“Pain in conflict” and the Winter ScientificMeeting “An inflammatory view of pain”.Both meetings had been well attended and thefeedback received positive. Suggestions of themes for future meetings can be sent to anyCouncil member.
Threshold Report:
The newsletter continues to provide a focus for members’activities and a chance to keep up to date withdevelopments within the Association. ColinRae continues as Editor.
Scottish Parliament:
The NBPA has beenasked to send representatives from Council tofuture meetings of the Cross ParliamentaryGroup on Pain. Several NBPA members havealready attended this group and at the lastmeeting Dr. Michael Basler, then MembershipSecretary of NBPA, gave a presentation givingan overview of pain service priorities withinthe limited resources of the NHS.
Acute Pain:
Continuing efforts as beingmade to forge links with the Scottish AcutePain Interest Group. Margaret Baggit, Clinical Nurse Specialist at Edinburgh RoyalInfirmary, has been co-opted to NBPACouncil. There is a plan for reciprocalrepresentation from the NBPA.
Website:
This continues to be developed by Dr Alan Semple. It provides informationabout forthcoming meetings, links to other  pain-related websites and past issues of Threshold can be downloaded.
Election of Council Members:
Dr RuhyParris is standing down as Secretary havingserved on Council since 1998. Dr. AlanSemple has resigned as Treasurer after servingfor several years. He will remain on Councilas representative for Forth Valley. Nursingrepresentative, Sister Ann Kelly, has also nowretired. Thanks were given to all threeoutgoing colleagues. Proposers and seconderswere received for the replacement Councilmembers. Dr Mike Basler, ConsultantAnaesthetist, at Glasgow Royal Infirmary becomes the new Secretary, Dr JanetBraidwood, Consultant Anaesthetist atBorders General Hospital, new Treasurer andDr Andrea Harvey, Consultant Anaesthetist atAberdeen Royal Infirmary, new MembershipSecretary. Mrs Lisa Henderson was electedas the new nursing representative, but as sincehad to resign as she is now working for PainAssociation Scotland. Dr Jonathan Bannister,Consultant Anaesthetist at Ninewells Hospital,Dundee as the Tayside Area Representative.Special thanks were given to Sandra Lee,Secretary at Glasgow Royal Infirmary Pain
 Ruhy Parris is presented with flowersby Nicola Stuckey
DATES FOR YOUR DIARY 
Spring Scientific Meeting (Palliative Care)
Friday 6th May 2005
Winter Scientific Meeting
Friday 11th November 2005
Closing date for NBPA Essay competition
31st January 2005
 
REPORT FROM SPRINGSCIENTIFIC MEETING- “NEEDLES AND PINS”- FRIDAY 7/5/04
Dr Peter McKenzie from the SouthernGeneral Hospital in Glasgow expertly chairedthe morning session.Dr Adam Zemen, Consultant Neurologistand Senior Lecturer at the Edinburgh Instituteof Neuro-Sciences gave the first lecture. Heis married (to another Neurologist) and hasthree children. Of note, he completed a degreein philosophy prior to entering medical school.He is a prominent figure in the world of neurology and has been invited to give radioManagement Clinic who has continued to provide secretarial support to the NBPA andCouncil particularly in the organisation of meetings.
Research Group:
Mick Serpell presenteda report on behalf of the Research Groupwhich comprises of Ian Comrie, Mike Basler,Denis Martin and Ian Power. There is now aresearch database of NBPA members.Research activity is being encouraged. Fundsare available for primary research projects.Submissions for the NBPA essay competitioncould include original research.
IT Sub-Group:
Dr Robin McKinlay madea presentation on behalf of this group.Members include Andrea Harvey and JonathanBannister. The subgroup suggests that the NBPA be clearly seen as the professional voiceof pain management. The idea is to encouragemeaningful data collection across the NorthBritish Pain Association region, which isrequired for Clinical Governance. The hopeis to perform an initial survey to record the present set-up. Different methods of achievingdata collection and audit will be assessed.Funding sources will be addressed and the plan will be to work towards a minimumdataset. Constructive comments are requested.
Financial Report:
outgoing Treasurer, Dr Alan Semple, presented this. The bank  balance in January 2004 stood at £41,141.21.
Secretarial Report:
Fourteen newmembers across the disciplines have beenaccepted and two members have moved outof the area and terminated their membership.
Prize Essay:
Four entries have beenreceived this year. The judging panel was Dr  Nicola Stuckey, Professor Ian Power andDennis Martin. The winner of the prize for the year is Stephen Feltbower, a MedicalStudent at Edinburgh University. He will beinvited to present his work at the forthcomingWinter Scientific Meeting.asking if they can have this new wonder treatment.Brian reviewed the indications for spinalcord stimulation and the conditions for whichit is most likely to be successful. Goodindications seem to be neuropathic leg or arm pain following lumbar or cervical spinesurgery, complex regional pain syndrome,neuropathic pain secondary to peripheralnerve damage, pain associated with peripheralvascular disease and refractory angina. Poor results have been found with phantom limb pain, facial pain, spinal cord injury pain, perineal pain and genital pain. Spinal cordstimulation is expensive and there is a driveto obtain evidence of effectiveness.A small number of studies have been performed. Six on critical limb ischaemia, four on refractory angina and one each on failed back syndrome, complex regional pain anddiabetic neuropathy.interviews on several occasions. The title of his lecture was “What is consciousness”He started by asking, “How can millionsof neurones produce experience andconsciousness?” He pointed out how difficultit is, even now, to define consciousness. Thereare scientific and philosophical perspectives.Consciousness includes wakefulness,awareness and experience. The areas of the brain associated with consciousness are thethalamus and the upper brain stem. A surveyof medical students revealed that a sizeablenumber believed that the mind and soul wereseparate from the brain and there was a belief in life after death. This is startling consideringtheir scientific teaching. Brain function can be monitored with an EEG. During sleep,different patterns occur during different stagesof sleep and also during Random EyeMovement (REM) sleep. Normally duringREM sleep, the body is paralysed. There can,however, be an overlap with either sleepwalking (still asleep but able to move)or sleep paralysis (awake but unable to move).One of the most fascinating and illuminatingareas in the research of consciousness isfollowing brain injury. This sad event can givean insight into the role of the damaged areaof the brain. Different states are producedfollowing brain injury including coma,vegetative state, brain death and ‘being lockedin’. As technology advances, there is interestin the possibility of using functional MRI or PET scanning to more accurately locate theareas of brain associated with consciousness.Self-consciousness is a concept within theidea of consciousness. It is the awareness of  being aware. To have knowledge about oneself and awareness of stimuli impinging on your own body. It is the basis of uneasiness in socialsituations.This was a very thought provoking start tothe day. The next lecture was equally thought provoking but on a completely different topic.Dr Brian Simpson, a Consultant Neurosurgeon from the University Hospital of Wales in Cardiff, gave the next lecture. Dr Simpson, a graduate of Cambridge University,qualified at the Royal London Hospital. Heis married, has two daughters and a passionfor motor racing.His lecture was on spinal cord stimulation,which has received an increasing profilerecently. Many a patient has arrived in theclinic clutching an article from the Daily Mail
 Dr. Pete MacKenzie and Mr. Brian Simpson Dr. Kim Jobst and Dr. Adam Zeman
There are obvious blinding issues withthese studies and difficulty eliminating the placebo effect. Many studies use 50% painrelief as an endpoint, which many wouldargue, is too strict. Many treatments for chronic pain do not achieve this degree of painrelief. Dr. Simpson argued that simple painscores do not give the whole picture. Chronic pain is poorly remembered and also promptsthe memory of previous pain. There isvariability in the time of a patient’s pain andsnapshot assessments may give the wrongimpression.One method of trying to eliminate some of these problems is to switch off the stimulator for a period of time, perform pain scores, thenrecommence stimulation and repeat the scores.Pain relief in the order of 10% - 15% is mostcommonly reported.Coffee was followed by a talk from Dr KimJobst, Consultant Physician and MedicalHomeopath based in Hereford. His talk “Integrated Medicine: The Road Forward” was passionate, reflective and personal. Hereviewed how mainstream and alternativehealthcare is provided today in the UnitedKingdom.Kim firmly believes that the integration of complementary and alternative practice intomainstream medicine is the only way forward.There are a large number of complementaryand alternative medicines available and the public spend a vast amount of money on it.Why is this? Many factors are involved butdissatisfaction with the medical establishmentis one of the main causes. A common perception is that doctors will simply promotethe use of drugs and surgery against patient’swishes. Doctors have also been under attack in the media. In 1998, JAMA published a paper reporting serious adverse drug reactionsin routine hospital practice in the USA. Theyfound that iatrogenic causes were between thefourth and sixth commonest cause of death inhospital. This study was well publicised.In America, 629,000,000 visits were madeto complementary and alternative medicine in1997 compared with 427,000,000 visits in
THE 2005 PRIZE ESSAY COMPETITION
The 2005 Prize Essay Competition will beannounced at the Winter Scientific Meeting.Entrants must write an essay on the topic “TheFar Side of Pain”. The prize is £2000 to funda trip to the IASP World Congress in Sydneywith £1000 as a runner up prize for themeeting. The closing date will be 31
st
January2005. Watch out for more information on thewebsite. Flyers will be circulated. Entries will be judged by a panel who will decide if theentries are of a high enough standard to awardthe prize.
 NBPA East of Scotland Team photo
 
1990. Over the same time period there has been no change in the number of visits to primary care.Kim believes that integration of mainstream and alternative medicine will beled by patient demand. There are four basicmodels of integrative care with varyingdegrees of regulation and an emphasis of  power shift from the professional back to the patient. There are, however barriers tointegration, such as a lack of credible researchand ignorance amongst referring physicians.A lack of profession standards andcompetition amongst providers does not helpmatters.Despite these obstacles, Kim firmly believes that integration will and must happen.Dr. Janet Braidwood chaired the afternoonsession. Dr Nick Padfield from St Thomas’Hospital, London spoke on “Pain:Interventional Techniques – Who do theyhelp?” Interventional techniques are intendedto reduce the physical sensation of pain. The practitioner and the patient, however, can perceive their purpose differently. Invasive procedures do not address the psycho-socialissues associated with chronic pain and should be considered as one part of an overallmanagement plan. There followed an overviewof different interventional techniques, whichDr. Padfield uses in his everyday practice.used to give a prognostic indicator of theefficacy of radiofrequency denervation of themedian branch. Radiofrequency denervationhas been performed since approximately 1974.The duration of effect is variable but is usuallymore prolonged than local anaesthetic andsteroid block. Many uncontrolled trials haveshown between 60% and 90% incidence of  pain relief. There are also a limited number of trials that show continuing improvement atsix and twelve months.is already severe, then it may be too late for this procedure(sounds like a bit of a get outclause to me!).The next talk was given by Dr John Brown,Consultant in Anaesthesia and PainManagement at Gartnavel General Hospital,Glasgow on “Acupuncture review : “Beautyand the Beast”.He started with an overview of the Chineseand Japanese origins of acupuncture, and itssubsequent westernisation. Traditional ideasinvolved in acupuncture are those of a vitalenergy with circulation of Qi. There may bea deficiency or an excess of Yin and Yang.Meridians run throughout the body, which can be stimulated by acupuncture needles. Thewestern approach to acupuncture is orientatedtowards musculo-skeletal pain. Modernacupuncture varies between either thetraditional or the western. Traditional Chineseacupuncture may also include heating andherbs whereas Japanese traditionalacupuncture may involve massage. Westernacupuncture can include musculo-skeletaltrigger point injections and periostealstimulation. There may also be hi techequipment augmentation such as TENS,electro-acupuncture and laser. Despite thelong history of acupuncture, there is still noevidence for the existence of meridians at present.Acupuncture studies have multiplemethodological faults. However, there is goodevidence that acupuncture can help bothdental pain and temporo-mandibular joint pain. There is little evidence to support itsuse for neck pain but increasing evidence thatit can help low back pain. There is noevidence that acupuncture will helposteoarthritis.Dr Brown then gave an overview of thelocal audit that he has conducted at GartnavelGeneral Hospital. He questioned 150 patientsreceiving regular acupuncture. He asked themhow much relief acupuncture gave with 88%saying it was excellent. The average durationof effect was 5.2 weeks and patients attendedfor treatment approximately every 5.6 weeks.This is one of the problems of anacupuncture clinic. It becomes a victim of itsown success with increasing number of peoplerequiring regular acupuncture “top ups”.In the future, there should be an assessmentof the health economics of acupuncture versusother therapies. Statutory regulation of  providers of acupuncture should be an aim.As in many other areas, there is a need for quality research into the effects of acupuncturethat addresses the difficulty of providing asuitable control groupThe first area he addressed was that of facet joint injections versus blockade of the nervesupply to the facet joint, i.e. median branch block. It has not been demonstrated that painrelief following successful facet joint injectioncorrelates with successful outcome of facet joint denervation. Despite this, widespread practice is to continue to perform peri-articular facet joint injections. Median branch block which blocks the nerve supply to thefacet joint has been shown to be prognostic.Facet joint injections are commonly performed but there are no agreed criteria for this procedure. It is true that facet joints may haveosteoarthritis within them and that they can be damaged by trauma. Can these injectionswork? Evidence base is a problem. Asystematic review found only three well-designed trials. There was no evidence of shortor long-term efficacy but studies were smalland therefore underpowered. Facet jointinjections and median nerve blocks are oftenThe next procedure to be discussed wasIDET (Intradiscal ElectrothermalAnnuloplasty) , a procedure for discogenic pain (is that pain from dancing??). It is a new procedure that provides an alternative to moreinvasive surgical procedures for patients whosuffer from back pain caused by certain typesof disc problems. It has become possible dueto the development of electrothermal cathetersthat allow careful and accurate temperaturecontrol. The procedure works by cauterisingthe nerve endings within the disc wall toreduce pain transmission. The procedure isminimally invasive and can be performed asan outpatient.The IDET process takes about an hour tocomplete and is done as follows:The procedure is performed with a localanaesthetic and mild intravenoussedationA hollow introducer needle is insertedinto the painful lumbar disc space usinga portable x-ray machine for proper  placementAn electrothermal catheter (heatingwire) is then passed through the needleand positioned along the back inner wall of the disc (the annulus), the site believed to be responsible for thechronic painThe catheter tip is then slowly heatedup to 90 degrees Celsius for 15-17minutesThe heat contracts and thickens thecollagen fibers making up the disc wall,thereby promoting closure of the tearsand cracks. Tiny nerve endings withinthese tears are cauterized (burned),making them less sensitiveThe catheter is removed along with theneedle and, after a short period of observation, the patient goes homeA lumbar support is worn for 6 to 8weeks, followed by an appropriatecourse of physical therapy. Lifting and bending precautions are necessaryduring this time to allow for adequatehealing of the disc.The hope is that this procedure will reducethe incidence of disc surgery. The source of  pain should be confirmed by imaging and by provocative discography. The bestinvestigation to perform is T2 weightedsagittal MRI, which gives the best view of thediscs. The MRI scan should also excludeadhesions and nerve root involvement andother pain generators such as facet jointarthritis. Unfortunately, if disc degeneration
 Drs. John Brown, Bob Leckridgeand Nick Padfield  Lisa Henderson and Anne Hay Drs Jonathan McGhie and Andrew Jarvie Drs Adam Zeman, Bob Leckridge, Mhoira Leng, James Campbell and Nicola Stuckey
Dr. Bob Leckridge, from the HomeopathicHospital in Glasgow, gave the last talk of theday. He originally worked in General Practice but moved to work full time in homeopathyand is currently President of the Faculty of Homeopathy.Homeopathic remedies are a system of medicine based on three principles:
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