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5500 .. .

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440 ..
.

.
Albert Einstein
5

350 ..

.

320 ..
.

260 ..
.

, .

260 ..
.

, , .

8

140 ..
.

.
.

1025 .

1454
(Johannes Gutenberg).
.

10

1543 O (Nicolaus Copernicus)

.
.

.
Albert von Szent-Gyorgyi
11

1550 Gerardo Mercator .

12

1572 Tycho Brahe (nova).

1583 Simon Stevin.

, , ,
- .

13

1589 (Galileo Galilei)

.

.
' .

14

 . ,
.
, .

15

16

 .
.
Alexis Carrel
17

1590 Zacharias Janssen.

1592 .
120 .

18

1600 William Gilbert .

, .

19

1608 Hans Lippershey.

.

1609 Johannes Keppler ,

.

20

1643 vangelista Torricelli.

.

. ,
.
Francis Bacon
21

1650 Otto von Guericke .

22

1660 O Robert Hook .

1666 Isaac Newton ()

.

23

1668
John Wallis.

1669 Newton Leibnitz ,

,
.

24

1675
le Roemer.

1686
John Ray.

.
.

25

1687 ! Isaac Newton

( , -
- ) .
"Principia" (""), ,
.

26

1691
John Ray. ,
.
1706 ,
Francis Hauksbee. .

.

27

1714 Gabriel Fahrenheit .

Fahrenheit
32 212 .

1742 Anders Celsius

0 1000 C.

, ,
, , .

28

1738
Daniel Bernoulli.

29

1746 Pieter Van Musschenbroek ,

.

30

1750 O Joseph Black

.

31

1752 Benjamin Franklin

.

32

1768 James Hutton

. .

33

 , :
;

34

1771
Joseph Priestley.

, .

35

1774 Antoine Lavoisier

20%
80% .

36

1781 James Watt.

B E.

.

37

1783 .

1785 Charles Coulomb

.

1789 ,
. L. Lavoisier.

38

1798 Henry Cavendish.

1800 Alessandro Volta.

W. Nicholson J. W. Ritter.

39

1801 ( William
Hershel) ( Johann Ritte)
Thomas Young .

40

1803 ( )
John Dalton.

41

1811 Amendeo Avogadro .

1820 Hans Oersted

.

42

1820 Andre Ampere

, .

1827 Georg Ohm .

43

1827 Brown. .
Robert Brown.
80 Albert Einstein.

.

44

1831 Michael Faraday

.

.

45

1831 Michael Faraday.

Joseph Henry.

46

1838
Matthias Schleiden Theodor Schwann.

47

1839
Charles Lyell.

48

1842 Christian Doppler

,
.

49

 , .
Albert Einstein
50

1843 .
James Joule .

.
Francis Bacon
51

1844 Samuel Morse.

.

1847
Herman Helmholtz.
.

52

1849 , ,
Hippolyte Fizeau
.
Leon Foucault, ,
.

53

1859 Gustav Kirchhoff

.
, ,
.

54

1860 Charles Darwin ( )

.

1865 James Maxwell ,

,
.

.

55

1865 Gregor Mendel

.

,
,
- .
Steven Hawking
56

1869
Dmitri Mendeleyev. ,
.

1876 Nicolaus Otto

.
. (
C. F. Benz 1885). ,
,
.

57

1879 Thomas Edison

,
.

1880 William Crookes

E. Goldstein,
. ,
.

58

1882 Robert Koch .

1883
Nikola Tesla. .
,
.
.

59


.
Francis Bacon
60

, .

61

1885 Louis Pasteur .

, .
Margaret Mead
62

1887 lbert Michelson dward Morley

(!) .

, .
Thomas Edison
63

1888 Heinrich Hertz.

!

64

1895 Whilhelm Roentgen .

.

65

1895 Lumiere .

,
.
Elbert Hubbard
66

1896 Henri Becquerel

. Marie Curie,
.

67

1897
Joseph Thomson ,
.

68

1898 ,
.
1900 Max Planck
,
.

1900 Becquerel, Rutherford Villard, ,

.
: , ,
, .
(He).

.
Francis Bacon
69

1901 Guglielmo Markoni.

,
. .

1903 Wright.

, .
, .
Henri Amiel
70

1903 ,
onstantin Tsiolkovsky.
, , .
55 .

1904 J. J. Thomson
, .
1904 , ,
.

, .
Thomas Fuller
71

1905
lbert Einstein.
. ewton,
.
A. Einstein
. Einstein. Brown,
.

72

73

1910
Alfred Wegener.

1911 rnest Rutherford

, ,

, ,
.

74

1911 Robert Millikan

, .

1913 Niels Bohr

.

1916 A. Einstein.
,
(.. )
Newton .
.

75

1919 Rutherford.
,
,
.
1920 .

1922 . .
.
.
1923 Arthur Compton
.

76

1923 De Broglie
.
.

1925 :
,
. .
Francis Aston .

1925
.
, ,
.
,
.

77

1925 John Baird .

, .

78

1927 Werner Heisenberg

,
. ,
,
.

1927 Georges Lemaitre

:
,
.
.
(Big Bang).

, .

79

1928 Alexander Fleming.

.

. .
. .

80

 .
.

81

1929 Edwin Hubble,

.
.

1929 , John Cockroft Ernest Walton

.

82

1930 Paul Dirac

.

1930 Ernest Lawrence

, .

.
Henry Thoreau
83

1930 , ,
Vannevar Bush.

1931 Wolfgang Pauli

.
Enrico Fermi
. 25 .

, .
Antonio Porchia
84

1932 James Chadwick.

,
.
.

1932 , Carl Anderson.

(positive electron)
.

85

1932 , Ernst
Ruska.
,
.

1932 Karl Jansky.

1934 Fermi (p) 93,

, .
Fermi ,
,
.

.

86

1935 Robert Watson-Watt

.

1937 .
1938 George Gamow 1929
.
1938.

87

1939 O Otto ahn .

Leo Szilard
.

1939 Edwin Armstrong ( )

, (Frequency Modulation FM).

1940 ( ),
Donald Kerst.

88

1941 .
, 1930
Frank Whittle.

1942 . ,
Fermi, .

.
.

89

1944
. Wernher von Braun
.

1945 .
1945 ,
,
.

,
.

90

1946 Felix Bloch Edward Purcell

(NMR). NMR
.

, .
Pierre Laplace
91

1946 .

92

1947 Cecil Powell .

1947 Willard Libby

14.

:
.
.
Albert Einstein
93

1947 ,
, .

1948 Richard Feynman

(), ,
, ,
.

, .
John Ray
94

1952 .
.
1952 (
) . ,
,
. .
1953 Francis Crick James Watson
DNA.
Rosalind Franklin .

1954 ,
, .

. (:
).

95

1954 , - CERN (
) 12 . (2002) CERN 20
5.500 .

1954 ,
. .
1955 Emilio Segre
Owen Chamberlain.
.

1956 , 25
W. Pauli.
.

.
96

1956 ,
, . 10

.
1957 .
.
Explorer I.

1960 Theodore Maiman laser.

laser ,
, , .

, .
, .
Scott Peck
97

1961 ,
, .

1961 A Murray Gell-Mann (quarks),

.

, ,
.

98

1964 Arno Penzias Robert Wilson

,
Big Bang , .

1969 Neil Armstrong Buzz Aldrin

.

1972 laser, CD.

,
computers.

,
.

99

1972 Martin Cooper .

1974
. 6 6 .
.
6 , , 6
.

, .
Marie Curie
100

1974
Donald Johanson Tom Gray.

101

1979 ,
(QCD). QCD 1972
.
1980 .

.
1983 "UA1", CERN, W+, W- 0,
.
Carlo Rubbia Simon van der Meer.

1987 , ,
.


.
1989 CERN WWW (World Wide Web).
,
CERN.
WWW Internet.
1989 Lep Collider (
): .
27 km.


.

102

1990 Hubble.

.

20
(Standard odel),
,
, .
.

.
Francis Bacon
103

2001 .

... !!!

104

105

106