Professional Documents
Culture Documents
We place on record and warmly acknowledge the continuous encouragement, invaluable supervision, timely suggestions and inspired guidance offered by our guide Mr. Deepak Sharma, Asst. Proff, ECE Dept., in bringing this report to a successful completion. Without his support and timely guidance the completion of our project and its report would be far-fetched dream. We are grateful to Dr. R. P. Rajoria (Campus Director) and Dr. Om Prakash Sharma (Principal, PCE), for their learned guidance and moral support which we have received from him while working on this project. We are also thankful to all the faculty members of college who have contributed in some manner directly or indirectly in our endeavor to make our project a success. We feel indebted to express our heartiest thanks to Mr. Amit Prajapati (HOD, ECE Dept.), Mr. Manish Singhal and Mr. Sandeep Gupta (Project-Coordinators) for their constant support and encouragement from the native idea of project to the great completion. We would like to express our deep sense of gratitude to our colleagues for supporting us in our project. Their contribution cannot be expressed in words.
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ABSTRACT
This project is about designing a PC-based monitoring parking system that can be applied to parking lots such as at shopping complexes, offices and buildings. The main focus on this project is the development of front panel using the LabVIEW software by National Instrument. Conventional car park system does not have display panel to show the vacancies of parking lot. Thus, 1 of the main objectives in this project is to develop front panels for owner. This will not only ease the users but also bring benefits to the owner as information of the parking lots can be retrieved from this system. The information includes total vehicles in and the basic details of the customer. In addition, the project is also being upgraded by using lots of sensors allowing the vehical to get parked itself. On the other hand, the system is also user friendly. Besides that, this project will create virtual sensor operation system by developing LabVIEW front panel of car park operation data. The system will convert the output from sensor to the programmable language to the PC-based display panel by using the DAQ which acts as interface between hardware and software. In this project, the front panel is successfully developed and explained by designing a physical model of parking lot. This LABVIEW based monitoring system can be applied in various industrial applications such as building security system and factory automation.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Certificate Acknowledgement Abstract Table of Contents Table Index Figure Index ii iii iv v viii ix
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction Automated Car Parking System 1.2 Description of Project 1.3 History 1.4 Block Diagram 1.5 Snapshot 1.6 Feasibility 1.6.1 Practical Feasibility 1.6.2 Economical Feasibility 1.7 Applications
1-5
1 1 2 3 4 4 4 4 5
6-9
6 6 7 7 7 8
9 9
11-30
11 12 12 13 13 14 15 16 16 17 18 19 20 20 21 22 24 25 27 27 28 29 29 29 30 31
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3.8.2 Absolute Maximum Ratings 3.9 Stepper Motor 3.9.1 Stepping Modes of Stepper Motor 3.9.2 Stepper Motor Advantages and Disadvantages 3.9.3 Open Loop Operation 3.9.4 Stepper Motor Types
32 33 34 36 37 37
40-45
40 40 40 43 44 44 44 45 45 45
46-47
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REFERENCES APPENDICES Appendix I Microcontroller coding in Bascom at transmitter unit Appendix II Database coding in LabVIEW Cost of the Project
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49 51 53
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TABLE INDEX
Table No.
2.1 2.2 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
Particulars Pin Description of RF Transmitter Pin Description of RF Receiver Absolute Maximum Ratings Specifications of IC 7805 ULN Ratings ULN Ports
Page No.
9 10 21 25 32 33
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FIGURE INDEX
Figure No. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12
Particulars Proposed Model of Garage Vehicle Block Diagram Garage Block Diagram LabVIEW Window Pin Diagram of RF Module Circuit of LMV Architecture of Microcontroller 8051 Addressing of RAM Addressing of ROM Timer Registers Pin Diagram of 8051 Circuit Diagram of L293D Pin Diagram of L293D LM358 IC LM358 Pin Diagram IC 7805 DC Motor
Page No. 2 3 3 4 9 11 13 14 15 15 17 19 20 22 23 25 27
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3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 4.1 4.2 4.3
Flemings Left Hand Rule IR Sensors ULN 2003 Pin Connection of ULN 2003 Schematic for each driver ULN 2003 Internal Stepper Motor Stepper Motor Excitation sequences for different drive modes Unipolar and Bipolar wound stepper motors Cross-section of a variable reluctance (VR) motor Principle of a PM or tin-can stepper motor Cross-section of a hybrid stepper motor Graphical Programming in LabVIEW Connector Panel Front Panel
27 28 30 31 31 32 33 34 35 37 38 39 41 42 42
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction Automated Car Parking System
The project portrays the idea of automated parking system. Generally, the movement of the car is controlled manually. Automatizing here refers to controlling the movements of the car through the sensor inputs using a microcontroller. The design is based on the principle of line follower along with obstacle avoidance. Sensors and the programmed microcontroller simulates the eye and brain of a human respectively. In this system, the car is parked and retrieved without human intervention.
Proposed Model
1.3 History
i. The earliest use of an APS was in Paris, France in 1905. The APS consisted of a groundbreaking multi-story concrete structure with an internal elevator to transport cars to upper levels where attendants parked the cars.
ii.
In the 1920s, forerunners of automated parking systems appeared in U.S. cities like Los Angeles, Chicago, New York and Cincinnati. Some of these multi-storey structures are still standing, and have been adapted for new uses. A system that is now found all over Japan the Ferris-wheel, was created by the Westinghouse Corporation in 1923.
iii.
iv.
The Nash Motor Company created the first glass enclosed version of this system for the Chicago Century of Progress Exhibition in 1933, and it was the precursor to a more recent version, the Smart Car Towers in Europe.
1.5 Snapshot
1.6 Feasibility
1.6.1 Practical Feasibility
i. ii. iii. LabVIEW based, so database system keep monitoring the entire process. Serves as a simple real time system and an effective solution to the problem. Movement and obstacle avoidance is done with the help of commonly used IR sensors and proximity sensors.
iii.
Simply constructed parking lot is used which is far more cheaper then the other Hi-Tech parking areas.
iv.
1.7 Applications
i. ii. iii. iv. Solves the problem of parking in shopping complex, public place or apartments. It can be used in automobile servicing centers. It can also be used in automobile manufacturing industry. The parked cars and their contents are more secure since there is no public access to parked cars. v. vi. Minor parking lot damages such as scrapes and dents are eliminated. Driving around in search of a parking space is eliminated, thereby reducing time and fuel consumption.
receives serial data and transmits it wirelessly through RF through its antenna connected at pin4. The transmission occurs at the rate of 1Kbps - 10Kbps.The transmitted data is received by an RF receiver operating at the same frequency as that of the transmitter. The RF module is often used alongwith a pair of encoder/decoder. The encoder is used for encoding parallel data for transmission feed while reception is decoded by a decoder. HT12E-HT12D, HT640-HT648, etc. are some commonly used encoder/decoder pair ICs.
RF Receiver Pin No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Function Ground (0V) Serial data output pin Linear output pin; not connected Supply voltage; 5V Supply voltage; 5V Ground (0V) Ground (0V) Antenna input pin Table 2.2 Pin Description of RF Receiver Name Ground Data NC Vcc Vcc Ground Ground ANT
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The basic components used in these circuits are: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Microcontroller IC L293D IC LM358 IC 7805 DC Motor IR(Infrared) Sensors (with comparator)
3.2 Microcontroller
The microcontroller incorporates all the features that are found in microprocessor. The microcontroller has built in ROM, RAM, Input Output ports, Serial Port, timers, interrupts and clock circuit. A microcontroller is an entire computer manufactured on a single chip. Microcontrollers are usually dedicated devices embedded within an application. For example, microcontrollers are used as engine controllers in automobiles and as exposure and focus controllers in cameras. In order to serve these applications, they have a high concentration of on-chip facilities such as serial ports, parallel input output ports, timers, counters, interrupt control, analog-to-digital converters, random access memory, read only memory, etc. The I/O, memory, and on-chip peripherals of a microcontroller are selected depending on the specifics of the target application. Since microcontrollers are powerful digital processors, the degree of control and programmability they provide significantly enhances the effectiveness of the application. The 8051 is the first microcontroller of the MCS-51 family introduced by Intel Corporation at the end of the 1970s. The 8051 family with its many enhanced members enjoys the largest market share, estimated to be about 40%, among the various microcontroller architectures. The microcontroller has on chip peripheral devices. Microcontroller (MC) may be called computer on chip since it has basic features of microprocessor with internal ROM, RAM, Parallel and serial ports within single chip. Or we can say microprocessor with memory and ports is called as microcontroller. This is widely used in washing machines, VCD player, microwave oven, and robotics or in industries Microcontroller can be classified on the basis of their bits processed like 8bit MC, 16bit MC. 8 bit microcontroller, means it can read, write and process 8 bit data. Ex. 8051 microcontroller. Basically 8 bit specifies the size of data bus. 8 bit microcontroller means 8 bit data can travel on the data bus or we can read, write process 8 bit data.
iv. v.
Cost Availability of software development tools such as compiler, assembler and debugger.
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Normally microcontroller has 256 byte RAM in which 128 byte is used for user space which is normally Register banks and stack. But other 128 byte RAM which consists of SFRs. Now what is the meaning of 128 byte RAM? We know that 128 byte = 2^7 byte
Fig 3.3 Addressing of RAM Since 27 bytes so last 7 bits can be changed so total locations are from 00H to 7F H. This procedure of calculating the memory address is called as memory mapping. We can save data on memory locations from 00H to 7FH. Means total 128 byte space from 00H to 7FH is provided for data storage.
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Fig 3.4 Addressing of ROM viii. Address range of PC is 0000H to 0FFFH means total 4KB locations are available from 0000H to 0FFFH. At which we can save the program.
Fig 3.5 Timer Registers v. If we want to load T0 with 16 bit data then we can load separate lower 8 bit in TL0 and higher 8 bit in TH0.
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vi.
In the same way for T1, TMOD, TCON registers are used for controlling timer operation.
3.2.7 Oscillator
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i.
It is used for providing the clock to MC8051 which decides the speed or baud rate of MC.
ii.
We use crystal which frequency vary from 4MHz to 30 MHz, normally we use 11.0592 MHz frequency.
Fig 3.6 Pin Diagram of 8051 Description of each pin is discussed here: VCC 5V supply
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VSS GND XTAL2/XTALI Oscillator input Port 0 32 to 39 AD0/AD7 and P0.0 to P0.7 Port 1 1 to 8 P1.0 to P1.7 Port 2 21 to 28 P2.0 to P2.7 and A 8 to A15 Port 3 10 to 17 P3.0 to P3.7 P 3.0 RXD Serial data input SBUF P 3.1 TXD Serial data output SBUF P 3.2 INT0 External interrupt 0 TCON 0.1 P 3.3 INT1 External interrupt 1 TCON 0.3 P 3.4 T0 External timer 0 input TMOD P 3.5 T1 External timer 1 input TMOD P 3.6 WR External memory write cycle Active LOW P 3.7 RD External memory read cycle Active LOW RST For Restarting 8051 ALE Address latch enable 1 Address on AD 0 to AD 7 0 Data on AD 0 to AD 7 PSEN Program store enable
3.3 IC L293D
The Device is a monolithic integrated high volt- age, high current four channel driver designed to accept standard DTL or TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads (such as relays solenoides, DC and stepping motors) and switching power tran- sistors. To simplify use as two bridges each pair of chan- nels is equipped with an enable input. A separate supply input is
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provided for the logic, allowing op- eration at a lower voltage and internal clamp di- odes are included. This device is suitable for use in switching appli- cations at frequencies up to 5 kHz. The L293D is assembled in a 16 lead plastic packaage which has 4 center pins connected to- gether and used for heatsinking The L293DD is assembled in a 20 lead surface mount which has 8 center pins connected to- gether and used for heatsinking. L293D is a typical Motor driver or Motor Driver IC which allows DC motor to drive on either direction. L293D is a 16-pin IC which can control a set of two DC motors simultaneously in any direction. It means that you can control two DC motor with a single L293D IC. Dual H-bridge Motor Driver integrated circuit (IC). The l293d can drive small and quiet big as well, check the Voltage Specification at the end of this page for more info. It can be found in any electronic shop very easily and it costs around 70 Rupees (INR) or around 1 $ Dollar (approx Cost) or even less. You can find the necessary pin diagram, working, a circuit diagram, Logic description and Project as you read through.
3.3.1 Concept
It works on the concept of H-bridge. H-bridge is a circuit which allows the voltage to be flown in either direction. As you know voltage need to change its direction for being able to rotate the motor in clockwise or anticlockwise direction, Hence, H-bridge IC are ideal for driving a DC motor.
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Fig 3.7 Circuit Diagram of L293D In a single l293d chip there two h-Bridge circuit inside the IC which can rotate two dc motor independently. Due its size it is very much used in robotic application for controlling DC motors. Given below is the pin diagram of a L293D motor controller. There are two Enable pins on l293d. Pin 1 and pin 9, for being able to drive the motor, the pin 1 and 9 need to be high. For driving the motor with left H-bridge you need to enable pin 1 to high. And for right H-Bridge you need to make the pin 9 to high. If anyone of the either pin1 or pin9 goes low then the motor in the corresponding section will suspend working. Its like a switch.
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Parameter
Unit V V V V A W C
Logic Supply Voltage Input Voltage Enable Voltage Peak Output Current (100 s non repetitive) Total Power Dissipation at Tpins = 90 C Storage and Junction Temperature Table 3.1 Absolute Maximum Ratings
3.4 IC LM358
It is a Single Supply Dual Operational Amplifier. Utilizing the circuit designs perfected for Quad Operational Amplifiers, these dual operational amplifiers feature low power drain, a common mode input voltage range extending to ground/VEE, andsingle supply or split supply operation. The LM358 series is equivalent to onehalf of an LM324. These amplifiers have several distinct advantages over standard operational amplifier types in single supply applications. They can operate at supply voltages as low as 3.0 V or as high as 32 V, with quiescent currents about onefifth of those associated with the MC1741 (on a per amplifier basis). The common mode input range includes the negative supply, thereby eliminating the necessity for external biasing components in many applications. The output voltage range also includes the negative power supply voltage.
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Fig 3.9 LM358 IC The LM358 series is made using two internally compensated, twostage operational amplifiers. The first stage of each consists of differential input devices Q20 and Q18 with input buffer transistors Q21 and Q17 and the differential to single ended converter Q3 and Q4. The first stage performs not only the first stage gain function but also performs the level shifting and transconductance reduction functions. By reducing the transconductance, a smaller compensation capacitor (only 5.0 pF) can be employed, thus saving chip area. The transconductance reduction is accomplished by splitting the collectors of Q20 and Q18. Features: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. Short Circuit Protected Outputs True Differential Input Stage Single Supply Operation: 3.0 V to 32 V Low Input Bias Currents Internally Compensated Common Mode Range Extends to Negative Supply Single and Split Supply Operation
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Fig 3.10 LM358 Pin Diagram Another feature of this input stage is that the input common mode range can include the negative supply or ground, in single supply operation, without saturating either the input devices or the differential to singleended converter. The second stage consists of a standard current source load amplifier stage. Each amplifier is biased from an internalvoltage regulator which has a low temperature coefficient thus giving each amplifier good temperature characteristics as well as excellent power supply rejection. The LM158 series consists of two independent, high gain, internally frequency compensated operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation from split power supplies is also possible and the low power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of the power supply voltage. Application areas include transducer amplifiers, dc gain blocks and all the conventional op amp circuits which now can be more easily implemented in single power supply systems. For example, the LM158 series can be directly operated off of the standard +5V power supply voltage which is used in digital systems and will easily provide the required interface electronics without requiring the additional 15V power supplies. The LM358 and LM2904 are available in a chip sized pack- age (8-Bump micro SMD) using Nationals micro SMD pack- age technology.
3.5 IC-7805
Voltage regulator IC's are the ICs that are used to regulate voltage. IC 7805 is a 5V Voltage Regulator that restricts the voltage output to 5V and draws 5V regulated power supply. It comes with provision to add heatsink. 7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx series of fixed linear voltage regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would not give the fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value. The xx in 78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to provide. 7805 provides +5V regulated power supply. Capacitors of suitable values can be connected at input and output pins depending upon the respective voltage levels.
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The maximum value for input to the voltage regulator is 35V. It can provide a constant steady voltage flow of 5V for higher voltage input till the threshold limit of 35V. If the voltage is near to 7.5V then it does not produce any heat and hence no need for heatsink. If the voltage input is more, then excess electricity is liberated as heat from 7805. It regulates a steady output of 5V if the input voltage is in rage of 7.2V to 35V. Hence to avoid power loss try to maintain the input to 7.2V. In some circuitry voltage fluctuation is fatal (for e.g. Microcontroller), for such situation to ensure constant voltage IC 7805 Voltage Regulator is used. IC 7805 is a series of 78XX voltage regulators. Its a standard, from the name the last two digits 05 denotes the amount of voltage that it regulates. Hence a 7805 would regulate 5v and 7806 would regulate 6V and so on. The schematic given below shows how to use a 7805 IC, there are 3 pins in IC 7805, pin 1 takes the input voltage and pin 3 produces the output voltage. The GND of both input and out are given to pin 2.
Pin No 1 2 3
Name
Input voltage (5V-18V) Ground (0V) Regulated output; 5V (4.8V-5.2V) Fig 3.2 Specifications of IC 7805
3.6 DC Motor
A DC motor relies on the fact that like magnet poles repel and unlike magnetic poles attract each other. A coil of wire with a current running through it generates a electromagnetic field
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aligned with the center of the coil. By switching the current on or off in a coil its magnet field can be switched on or off or by switching the direction of the current in the coil the direction of the generated magnetic field can be switched 180. A simple DC motor typically has a stationary set of magnets in the stator and an armature with a series of two or more windings of wire wrapped in insulated stack slots around iron pole pieces (called stack teeth) with the ends of the wires terminating on a commutator. The armature includes the mounting bearings that keep it in the center of the motor and the power shaft of the motor and the commutator connections. The winding in the armature continues to loop all the way around the armature and uses either single or parallel conductors (wires), and can circle several times around the stack teeth. The total amount of current sent to the coil, the coil's size and what it's wrapped around dictate the strength of the electromagnetic field created. The sequence of turning a particular coil on or off dictates what direction the effective electromagnetic fields are pointed. By turning on and off coils in sequence a rotating magnetic field can be created. These rotating magnetic fields interact with the magnetic fields of the magnets (permanent or electromagnets) in the stationary part of the motor (stator) to create a force on the armature which causes it to rotate. In some DC motor designs the stator fields use electromagnets to create their magnetic fields which allow greater control over the motor. At high power levels, DC motors are almost always cooled using forced air. The commutator allows each armature coil to be activated in turn. The current in the coil is typically supplied via two brushes that make moving contact with the commutator. Now, some brushless DC motors have electronics that switch the DC current to each coil on and off and have no brushes to wear out or create sparks. Different number of stator and armature fields as well as how they are connected provide different inherent speed/torque regulation characteristics. The speed of a DC motor can be controlled by changing the voltage applied to the armature. The introduction of variable resistance in the armature circuit or field circuit allowed speed control. Modern DC motors are
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often controlled by power electronics systems which adjust the voltage by "chopping" the DC current into on and off cycles which have an effective lower voltage. Since the series-wound DC motor develops its highest torque at low speed, it is often used in traction applications such as electric locomotives, and trams. The DC motor was the mainstay of electric traction drives on both electric and diesel-electric locomotives, streetcars/trams and diesel electric drilling rigs for many years. The introduction of DC motors and an electrical grid system to run machinery starting in the 1870s started a new second Industrial Revolution. DC motors can operate directly from rechargeable batteries, providing the motive power for the first electric vehicles and today's hybrid cars and electric cars as well as driving a host of cordless tools. Today DC motors are still found in applications as small as toys and disk drives, or in large sizes to operate steel rolling mills and paper machines. If external power is applied to a DC motor it acts as a DC generator, a dynamo. This feature is used to slow down and recharge batteries on hybrid car and electric cars or to return electricity back to the electric grid used on a street car or electric powered train line when they slow down. This process is called regenerative braking on hybrid and electric cars. In diesel electric locomotives they also use their DC motors as generators to slow down but dissipate the energy in resistor stacks. Newer designs are adding large battery packs to recapture some of this energy.
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Fig 3.13 Flemings Left Hand Rule Flemings left hand rule says that if we extend the index finger, middle finger and thumb of our left hand in such a way that the electric current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field (represented by the index finger) is perpendicular to the direction of current (represented by the middle finger), then the conductor experiences a force in the direction
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(represented by the thumb) mutually perpendicular to both the direction of field and the current in the conductor.
i.
Thermal infrared sensors These use infrared energy as heat. Their photo sensitivity is independent of wavelength. Thermal detectors do not require cooling; however, they have slow response times and low detection capability.
ii.
Quantum infrared sensors These provide higher detection performance and faster response speed. Their photo sensitivity is dependent on wavelength. Quantum detectors have to be cooled so as to obtain accurate measurements. The only exception is for detectors that are used in the near infrared region.
3.7.3 Applications
The following are the key application areas of infrared sensors:
i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi.
Tracking and art history Climatology, meteorology, and astronomy Thermography, communications, and alcohol testing Heating, hyperspectral imaging, and night vision Biological systems, photobiomodulation, and plant health Gas detectors/gas leak detection
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Water and steel analysis, flame detection Anesthesiology testing and spectroscopy Petroleum exploration and underground solution Rail safety.
Fig 3.15 ULN 2003 These versatile devices are useful for driving a wide range of loads including solenoids, relays DC motors, LED displays filament lamps, thermal print heads and high power buffers. The ULN2001A/2002A/2003A and 2004A are supplied in 16 pin plastic DIP packages with a copper lead frame to reduce thermal resistance. They are available also in small outline package (SO-16) as ULN2001D/2002D/2003D/2004D.
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Fig 3.17 Schematic for each driver Each channel or darlington pair in ULN2003 is rated at 500mA and can withstand peak current of 600mA. The inputs and outputs are provided opposite to each other in the pin layout. Each driver also contains a suppression diode to dissipate voltage spikes while driving inductive loads. The schematic for each driver is given below:
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Fig 3.19 Stepper Motor A stepper motor is an electromechanical device which converts electrical pulses into discrete mechanical movements. The shaft or spindle of a stepper motor rotates in discrete step increments when electrical command pulses are applied to it in the proper sequence. The motors rotation has several direct relationships to these applied input pulses. The sequence of the applied pulses is directly related to the direction of motor shafts rotation. The speed of the motor shafts rotation is directly related to the frequency of the input pulses and the length of rotation is directly related to the number of input pulses applied.
The excitation sequences for the above drive modes are summarized in table given below.
Fig 3.20 Stepper Motor Excitation sequences for different drive modes
i.
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and the
rotor steps from position 8 2 4 6. For unipolar and bipolar wound motors with the same winding parameters this excitation mode would result in the same mechanical position. The disadvantage of this drive mode is that in the unipolar wound motor you are only using 25% and in the bipolar motor only 50% of the total motor winding at any given time. This means that you are not getting the maximum torque output from the motor.
ii.
iii.
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Half Step Drive combines both wave and full step (1&2 phases on) drive modes. Every second step only one phase is energized and during the other steps one phase on each stator. The stator is energized according to the sequence AB B B
7 8. This results in angular movements that are half of those in 1- or 2-phases-on drive modes. Half stepping can reduce a phenomena referred to as resonance which can be experienced in 1- or 2- phases-on drive modes.
iv.
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vii.
It is possible to achieve very low speed synchronous rotation with a load that is directly coupled to the shaft.
viii.
A wide range of rotational speeds can be realized as the speed is proportional to the frequency of the input pulses.
Disadvantages
1. Resonances can occur if not properly controlled. 2. Not easy to operate at extremely high speeds.
i.
Variable-reluctance (VR)
This type of stepper motor has been around for a long time. It is probably the easiest to understand from a structural point of view. Figure 1 shows a cross section of a typical V.R. stepper motor. This type of motor consists of a soft iron multi-toothed rotor and a wound stator. When the stator windings are energized with DC current the poles become magnetized. Rotation occurs when the rotor teeth are attracted to the energized stator poles.
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ii.
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iii.
Hybrid (HB) The hybrid stepper motor is more expensive than the PM stepper motor but provides better performance with respect to step resolution, torque and speed. Typical step angles for the HB stepper motor range from 3.6 to 0.9 (100 400 steps per revolution). The hybrid stepper motor combines the best features of both the PM and VR type stepper motors. The rotor is multi-toothed like the VR motor and contains an axially magnetized concentric magnet around its shaft. The teeth on the rotor provide an even better path which helps guide the magnetic flux to preferred locations in the air gap. This further increases the detent, holding and dynamic torque characteristics of the motor when compared with both the VR and PM types.
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4.1 LabVIEW
4.1.1 Introduction
LabVIEW (short for Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench) is a systemdesign platform and development environment for a visual programming
language from National Instruments. The programming language used in LabVIEW, also referred to as G, is a dataflow programming language. Execution is determined by the structure of a graphical block diagram (the LabVIEW-source code) on which the programmer connects different function-nodes by drawing wires. These wires propagate variables and any node can execute as soon as all its input data become available. Since this might be the case for multiple nodes simultaneously, G is inherently capable of parallel execution. Multi-processing and multi-threading hardware is
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automatically exploited by the built-in scheduler, which multiplexes multiple OS threads over the nodes ready for execution.
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which contains some precompiled code to perform common tasks that are defined by the G language. iii. Large Libraries Many libraries with a large number of functions for data acquisition, signal generation, mathematics, statistics, signal conditioning, analysis, etc., along with numerous graphical interface elements are provided in several LabVIEW package options. The number of advanced mathematic blocks for functions such as integration, filters, and other specialized capabilities usually associated with data capture from hardware sensors is immense. iv. Parallel Programming LabVIEW is an inherently concurrent language, so it is very easy to program multiple tasks that are performed in parallel by means of multithreading. This is, for instance, easily done by drawing two or more parallel while loops. This is a great benefit for test system automation, where it is common practice to run processes like test sequencing, data recording, and hardware interfacing in parallel. v. User Community There is a low-cost LabVIEW Student Edition aimed at educational institutions for learning purposes. There is also an active community of LabVIEW users who communicate through several e-mail groups and Internet forums.
PK166: Keil Professional Developers Kit, for C166, XE166, and XC2000 devices DK251: Keil 251 Development Tools, for 251 devices PK51: Keil 8051 Development Tools, for Classic & Extended 8051 devices. In addition to the software packages, Keil offers a variety of evaluation boards, USB-JTAG
adapters, emulators, and third-party tools, which completes the range of products. The following illustrations show the generic component blocks of Vision in conjunction with tools provided by Keil, or tools from other vendors, and the way the components relate.
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There are four steps to burn the program on microcontroller Step 1: Communications i. ii. iii. iv. Device: Select your target device. Com port: Select the COM port you are using to connect to your computer Baud rate: Select 9600 as baud rate Interface: Choose the ISP option
Step 2: Erase You can choose to erase your device if required. It is not mandatory but it is advisable. If you do not erase your flash, your code will overwrite the previous code. Step 3: Hex File Browse your computer and select the Hex file stired in your project folder Step 4: Options Here you can choose the options required by you. If you program the clock bit, the speed of execution will double. However, after doing this it can be reprogrammed only through parallel programmer.
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REFERENCES
[1] Automated Car Parking System, Niyantra 2013,
http://www.decibel.ni.com/automated_car_parking_system [2] PC Based Automated System using LabVIEW, Components, http://www.alldatasheet.com Microcontroller 8051, http://www.wikipedia.org/microcontroller_8051
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APPENDICES
Appendix I Microcontroller coding in Bascom at transmitter unit
$crystal = 11059200 $baud = 9600 Config Lcd = 16 * 2 Config Lcdpin = Pin , Db4 = P3.4 , Db5 = P3.5 , Db6 = P3.6 , Db7 = P3.7 , E = P3.3 , Rs = P3.2 If P1.2 = 1 And P1.3 = 1 Then Do If P1.0 = 1 And P1.1 = 1 Then P2 = &B00001010 End If If P1.0 = 0 And P1.1 = 1 Then P2 = &B00001000
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End If If P1.0 = 1 And P1.1 = 0 Then P2 = &B00000010 End If If P1.0 = 0 And P1.1 = 0 Then P2 = &B00001111 End If End If If P1.2 = 0 And P1.3 = 1 Then P2 = &B00000001 Do If P1.4 = 1 And P1.5 = 1 Then P2 = &B00000101 End If If P1.4 = 0 And P1.5 = 1 Then P2 = &B00000100 End If If P1.4 = 1 And P1.5 = 0 Then P2 = &B00000001 End If If P1.4 = 0 And P1.5 = 0 Then P2 = &B00001111 End If End If
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Total Cost
Rs. 3000/-
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