The Simplest Method to Control the Gravity

Fran De Aquino

Maranhao State University, Physics Department, S.Luis/MA, Brazil.Copyright

©

In this paper we show the simplest methodto control the gravity (

BR

Patent Number:PI0805046-5, July 31, 2008

).

In this Appendix we show the simplestmethod to control the gravity.Consider a body with mass density

ρ

andthe following electric characteristics:

r

μ

,

r

ε

,

σ

(relative permeability, relative permittivity andelectric conductivity, respectively). Through thisbody, passes an electric current

I

, which is thesum of a sinusoidal current

t ii

osc

sin

0

=

andthe DC current, i.e.,

DC

It i I I

DC

sin

0

+=

;

f

π ω

2

=

. If then . Thus, thecurrent

DC

I i

<<

0

DC

I I

≅

I

varies with the frequency, but thevariation of its intensity is quite small incomparison with, i.e.,

f

DC

I

will be practicallyconstant (Fig. 1A). This is of fundamentalimportance for maintaining the value of thegravitational mass of the body, , sufficientlystable during all the time.

g

m

The

gravitational mass

of the

body

is givenby [1]

( )

11121

0220

AmcmU nm

iir g

⎪⎭⎪⎬⎫⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡−⎟⎟ ⎠ ⎞⎜⎜⎝ ⎛ +−=

where

U

, is the electromagnetic energyabsorbed by the body and is the index ofrefraction of the body.

r

n

Equation (A1) can also be rewritten in thefollowing form

( )

21121

220

AcW nmm

r ig

⎪⎭⎪⎬⎫⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡−⎟⎟ ⎠ ⎞⎜⎜⎝ ⎛ +−=

ρ

where,

V U W

=

is the

density of electromagnetic energy

and

V

0

i

m

=

ρ

is thedensity of inertial mass.The

instantaneous values

of the density ofelectromagnetic energy in an

electromagnetic

field can be deduced from Maxwell’s equationsand has the following expression

( )

3

221221

A H E W

μ ε

+=

Fig. A1 -

The electric current

I

varies withfrequency

f

. But the variation of

I

is quite smallin comparison with

DC

I

due to

DC o

I i

<<

. In thisway, we can consider

DC

I I

≅

.

t

I

DC

I

=

I

DC

+

i

osc

i

0

where

t E E

m

sin

=

and

t H H

ω

sin

=

are the

instantaneous values

of the electric field and themagnetic field respectively.It is known that

H B

μ

=

,

r

k B E

=

[11]and

( )( )

4112

2

Acdt dzv

r r r

⎟ ⎠ ⎞⎜⎝ ⎛ ++===

ωε σ μ ε κ

where is the real part of the

propagation vector

r

k k

r

(also called

phase constant

);

ir

ik k k k

+==

r

;

ε

,

μ

and

σ

,

are theelectromagnetic characteristics of the medium inwhich the incident (or emitted) radiation ispropagating(

0

ε ε ε

r

=

;;

mF

/ 10854.8

120

−

×=

ε

0

r

=

where ). It isknown that for

free-space

m / H

70

104

−

×=

π μ

0

=

σ

and

1

==

r r

ε

. Then Eq. (A4) gives

cv

=

From (A4), we see that the

index of refraction

vcn

r

=

is given by

2

( ) ( )

5112

2

Avcn

r r r

⎟ ⎠ ⎞⎜⎝ ⎛ ++==

ωε σ μ ε

Equation (A4) shows that

v

r

=

κ

.Thus,

vk B E

r

==

, i.e.,

( )

6

A H vvB E

==

Then, Eq. (A3) can be rewritten in the followingform:

( )

7

2212221

A H H vW

μ μ μ ε

+=

For

ωε σ

<<

, Eq. (A4) reduces to

r r

cv

μ ε

=

Then, Eq. (A7) gives

22212221

H H H cW

r r

μ μ μ μ μ ε ε

=+⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡⎟⎟ ⎠ ⎞⎜⎜⎝ ⎛ =

This equation can be rewritten in the followingforms:

( )

8

2

A BW

μ

=

or

( )

9

2

A E W

ε

=

For

ωε σ

>>

, Eq. (A4) gives

( )

102

Av

μσ ω

=

Then, from Eq. (A7) we get

( )

112

2212212221221

A H H H H H W

μ μ μ σ ωε μ μ μ μσ ω ε

≅≅+⎟ ⎠ ⎞⎜⎝ ⎛ =+⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡⎟⎟ ⎠ ⎞⎜⎜⎝ ⎛ =

Since

H vvB E

μ

==

, we can rewrite (A11) inthe following forms:

( )

122

2

A BW

μ

≅

or

( )

134

2

A E W

⎟ ⎠ ⎞⎜⎝ ⎛ ≅

ω σ

By comparing equations (A8) (A9) (A12) and(A13), we can see that Eq. (A13) shows that thebest way to obtain a strong value of

W

in practice

is by applying an

Extra

Low-Frequency

(ELF)

electric field

( )

Hz f w

12

<<=

π

througha

medium with high electrical conductivity

.Substitution of Eq. (A13) into Eq. (A2),gives

( )

14110758.1121 1256121144121

04323270432323002432

Am E f m E f cm E f cm

ir ir ig

⎪⎭⎪⎬⎫⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎣⎡−⎟⎟ ⎠ ⎞⎜⎜⎝ ⎛ ×+−= =⎪⎭⎪⎬⎫⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎣⎡−⎟⎟ ⎠ ⎞⎜⎜⎝ ⎛ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞⎜⎝ ⎛ +−==⎪⎭⎪⎬⎫⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎣⎡−⎟⎟ ⎠ ⎞⎜⎜⎝ ⎛ +−=

−

ρ σ μ ρ σ μ π μ ρ π σ μ

Note that

t E E

m

sin

=

.The average value for

2

E

is equal to

221

m

E

because

E

variessinusoidaly ( is the maximum value for

m

E

).On the other hand,

2

mrms

E E

=

. Consequently,we can change

4

E

by , and the equationabove can be rewritten as follows

4

rms

E

0432327

110758.1121

irmsr g

m E f m

⎪⎭⎪⎬⎫⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎣⎡−⎟⎟ ⎠ ⎞⎜⎜⎝ ⎛ ×+−=

−

ρ σ μ

Substitution of the well-known equation of the

Ohm's vectorial Law

:

E j

σ

=

into (A14), we get

( )

15110758.1121

032427

Am f jm

irmsr g

⎪⎭⎪⎬⎫⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎣⎡−×+−=

−

σρ μ

where

2

j j

rms

=

.Consider a 15 cm square

Aluminum thin foil

of

10.5 microns thickness

with the followingcharacteristics:

1

=

r

; ;. Then, (A15) gives

17

.1082.3

−

×=

mS

σ

3

.2700

−

=

mKg

ρ

( )

16110313.6121

03442

Am f jm

irmsg

⎪⎭⎪⎬⎫⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎣⎡−×+−=

−

Now, consider that the ELF electriccurrent

t i I I

DC

sin

0

+=

,

( )

DC

I i

<<

0

passes through that Aluminum foil. Then, thecurrent density is

( )

17

AS I S I j

DC rmsrms

≅=

where

266

1057.1105.1015.0

mmmS

−−

×=×=

3

If the ELF electric current hasfrequency, then, thegravitational mass of the aluminum foil, given by(A16), is expressed by

Hz Hz f

6

1022

−

×==

μ

[ ]

{ }

( )

18113.0121 11089.7121

0404425

Am I mS I m

i DC i DC g

−+−= =⎪⎭⎪⎬⎫⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎣⎡−×+−=

−

Then,

[ ]

{ }

( )

19113.0121

40

A I mm

DC ig

−+−≅=

χ

For, the equation above gives

A I

DC

2.2

=

( )

201

0

Amm

ig

−≅⎟⎟ ⎠ ⎞⎜⎜⎝ ⎛ =

χ

This means that

the

gravitational shielding

produced by the aluminum foil can change thegravity acceleration

above

the foil down to

( )

211

Aggg

−≅=′

χ

Under these conditions, the Aluminum foil worksbasically as a Gravity Control Cell (GCC).In order to check these theoreticalpredictions, we suggest an experimental set-upshown in Fig.A2.A 15cm square Aluminum foil of

10.5 microns thickness

with the following composition:Al 98.02%; Fe 0.80%; Si 0.70%; Mn 0.10%; Cu0.10%; Zn 0.10%; Ti 0.08%; Mg 0.05%; Cr0.05%, and with the following characteristics:

1

=

r

; ;, isfixed on a 17 cm square

Foam Board

17

.1082.3

−

×=

mS

σ

3

.2700

−

=

mKg

ρ

*

plate of6mm thickness as shown in Fig.A3. This device(the simplest Gravity Control Cell GCC) is placedon a pan balance shown in Fig.A2.Above the Aluminum foil, a

sample

(anytype of material, any mass) connected to adynamometer will check the decrease of the

local gravity acceleration

upon the sample

gg

χ

=′

, due to the gravitational shieldingproduced by the decreasing of gravitational massof the Aluminum foil

)

0

ig

mm

=

χ

. Initially, thesample lies 5 cm above the Aluminum foil. Asshown in Fig.A2, the board with the dynamometercan be displaced up to few meters in height.Thus, the initial distance between the Aluminumfoil and the sample can be increased in order to

*

Foam board

is a very strong,

lightweigh

t (density:24.03 kg.m

-3

) and easily cut material used for themounting of photographic prints, as backing in pictureframing, in 3D design, and in painting. It consists of three layers — an inner layer of polystyrene clad withouter facing of either white clay coated paper or brownKraft paper.

check the reach of the gravitational shieldingproduced by the Aluminum foil.In order to generate the ELF electriccurrent of

Hz f

μ

2

=

, we can use the widely-known Function Generator HP3325A (Op.002High Voltage Output) that can generatesinusoidal voltages with

extremely-low

frequencies down to andamplitude up to 20V (40

V

Hz f

6

101