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Virtualization
By: Josh Bancroft & Joey Imbasciano
4050-422-01
 System Administration 22/22/2008
 
2Virtualization is the partitioning of computer resources and isolating virtualmachines to simulate multiple independent machines within one physical computer. Theconcept of virtualization began in the 1960s with IBM. This technology was used tologically partition mainframe computers to allow for multitasking to occur. This allowedfor multiple tasks to be performed at the same time, allowing for greater productivity andusage of resources. Since mainframes were very expensive at the time this was essentialin the computing world. Virtualization was rarely used in the 1980s and in the early1990s with the growing popularity of distributed computing. In the late 1990s VMwareand several other companies redeveloped virtualization to cope and solve some of the problems introduced by distributed computing. These problems include disaster  protection, high maintenance costs, and low infrastructure utilization.The current state of virtualization differs a lot from previous implementations of it. Currently there are three types of virtualization: full, para-virtualization, and OS level.Full virtualization implements virtualization by using software that creates a layer  between the operating system being virtualized and the hardware that it is running on. Anadvantage of full virtualization is that it allows the ability to run almost any operatingsystem on the hardware, but it creates a very processor intensive environment. It alsoallows for all of the software running within the virtual environment to be completelyindependent from the hardware layer. Each virtual machine running within the virtualenvironment is completely isolated from other virtual machines running on the samehardware.Para-virtualization uses a modified OS that knows that it is running in a virtualstate and works together with the software layer in order to make calls to the hardware.
 
3The advantage of para-virtualization over full virtualization is that some of the hardwarecalls can be done directly from the OS which allows for faster communication betweenthe OS and hardware. One of the major disadvantages of para-virtualization is that themodifying of the operating system can be complicated and is limited to platforms thatallow the modification of their source code.OS level virtualization uses the same principles as full virtualization except thatthe software layer providing virtual hardware calls is built into the operating system thatthe virtual machines are running within. The OS must divide its own resources among thevirtual machines that run atop it. A disadvantage of OS level virtualization is that all of the virtual machines running within it must be running the same operating system. Thismeans that the system administrator effectively looses the flexibility of being able to rundifferent platforms on the same hardware.The layer of software that provides the abstraction layer between the operatingsystem and the hardware is called the hypervisor. The hypervisor is a virtual platform thatallows multiple operating systems to run on the host simultaneously. There are currentlytwo types of hypervisors, type one and type two. Type one hypervisors, also known asnative or bare metal, runs directly on the hardware or firmware of the machine. Anexample of a type one hypervisor exists in VMware’s server ESXi in which thehypervisor is built directly into the bios of the server. Type one systems are typically preferred because of the performance gain that is achieved by directly talking to thehardware. Other advantages include increased security and higher availability of servers.Type two hypervisors runs on the host operating system that provides the virtualizationservices instead of directly on the hardware. Type two is more concerned about
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