APPENDIX Z.

USEFUL FORMULAS 1
Appendix Z
Useful Formulas
DRAFT 13:41
June 30, 2006 c J.D Callen, Fundamentals of Plasma Physics
APPENDIX Z. USEFUL FORMULAS 2
Key Vector Relations
A B = B A, AB = BA, AA = 0,
A (BC) = (AB) C
A(BC) = B(A C) C(A B), bac-cab rule
(AB) (CD) = (A C) (B D) (A D) (B C)
(AB)(CD) = C(AB D) D(AB C)
A = A

b +A

with

b B/B
A

B A/B =

b A
A

B(BA)/B
2
=

b(

bA)
A = (B ) (A

/B) + (A

/B) ( B) + A

= A

[ ln B + (

b )

b] + (1/B)

b (BA

)
For A

= Bf/B
2
,

b (BA

) = (

b f) (

b)
(fg) = gf +fg f
2
f
(fA) = f A+f A f = 0
(fA) = fA+fA A
2
A
(fT) = f T +f T = ( A) (A)
(fT) = fT +fT A = 0
(B )(A C) = C (B ) A+A (B ) C
(A B) = A(B) +B(A) + (A ) B+ (B ) A
(AB) = B( A) + (A ) B
(AB) = B AA B
(AB) = A( B) B( A) + (B ) A(A ) B
For the general coordinate x xe
x
+ye
y
+ze
z
and |x|
_
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
,
x = 3, x = 0, x = I, I = 0, I = 0, A I = A,
|x| = x/|x|, (1/|x|) = x/|x|
3
,
2
(1/|x|) = 4(x), I A = A.
For a volume V enclosed by a closed, continuous surface S,
_
V
d
3
x A =
_

_
S
dS A, divergence, Gauss theorem.
For an open surface S bounded by a closed, continuous contour C,
__
S
dS A =
_
C
d A, Stokes theorem.
DRAFT 13:41
June 30, 2006 c J.D Callen, Fundamentals of Plasma Physics
APPENDIX Z. USEFUL FORMULAS 3
Explicit Forms Of Vector Dierentiation Operators
(for orthogonal curvilinear coordinates u
i
, e
i
u
i
/|u
i
|, A
i
e
i
A)
Cartesian coordinates: u
i
= (x, y, z),
_
d
3
x =
_

dx
_

dy
_

dz,
f = e
x
f
x
+e
y
f
y
+e
z
f
z
A =
A
x
x
+
A
y
y
+
A
z
z
A = e
x
_
A
z
y

A
y
z
_
+e
y
_
A
x
z

A
z
x
_
+e
z
_
A
y
x

A
x
y
_

2
f =

2
f
x
2
+

2
f
y
2
+

2
f
z
2
Cylindrical coordinates: u
i
= (r, , z),
_
d
3
x =
_

0
r dr
_
2
0
d
_

dz,
with r
_
x
2
+y
2
, arctan (y/x), z z,
and inverse relations x = r sin , y = r cos , z = z,
f = e
r
f
r
+e

1
r
f

+e
z
f
z
A =
1
r

r
(rA
r
) +
1
r
A

+
A
z
z
A = e
r
_
1
r
A
z

z
_
+e

_
A
r
z

A
z
r
_
+e
z
1
r
_

r
(rA

)
A
r

2
f =
1
r

r
_
r
f
r
_
+
1
r
2

2
f

2
+

2
f
z
2
Spherical coordinates: u
i
= (r, , ),
_
d
3
x =
_

0
r
2
dr
_

0
d sin
_
2
0
d,
with r
_
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
, arctan (
_
x
2
+y
2
/r), arctan (y/x),
and inverse relations x = r sin cos , y = r sin sin , z = r cos ,
f = e
r
f
r
+e

1
r
f

+e

1
r sin
f

A =
1
r
2

r
(r
2
A
r
) +
1
r sin

(sin A

) +
1
r sin
A

A = e
r
1
r sin
_

(sin A

)
A

_
+e

_
1
r sin
A
r

1
r

r
(rA

)
_
+e

1
r
_

r
(rA

)
A
r

2
f =
1
r
2

r
_
r
2
f
r
_
+
1
r
2
sin

_
sin
f

_
+
1
r
2
sin
2

2
f

2
DRAFT 13:41
June 30, 2006 c J.D Callen, Fundamentals of Plasma Physics
APPENDIX Z. USEFUL FORMULAS 4
Physical Constants
m
e
electron mass 9.11 10
31
kg, 511 keV
m
p
proton mass 1.67 10
27
kg, 938 MeV
m
p
/m
e
mass ratio 1836 = (42.85)
2
e elementary charge 1.602 10
19
C (= J/eV)
c speed of light in vacuum 3 10
8
m/s = 1/

0
permeability of vacuum 4 10
7
N/A
2

0
permittivity of vacuum 8.85 10
12
F/m, 4
0
10
10
h Planck constant 6.626 10
34
J s
N
A
Avogadro constant 6.022 10
23
#/mol
e/k
B
Boltzmann constant 11 604 K/eV
Key Plasma Formulas
Quantities are in SI (mks) units except temperature and energy which are ex-
pressed in eV; Z
i
is the ion charge state; A
i
m
i
/m
p
is the atomic mass number.
Frequencies
electron plasma
pe

_
n
e
e
2
m
e

0
56

n
e
rad/s, f
pe
9

n
e
Hz
ion gyrofrequency
ci

q
i
B
m
i
0.96 10
8
Z
i
B
A
i
rad/s
electron collision
e

4
3

(v
Te
)
5 10
11
n
e
Z
i
[T
e
(eV)]
3/2
_
ln
17
_
s
1
Lengths
electron Debye
De

_

0
T
e
n
e
e
2
7.4 10
3
_
T
e
(eV)
n
e
m
ion gyroradius
i

v
Ti

ci
1.4 10
4
_
T
i
(eV) A
i
Z
i
B
m
electron collision
e
=
v
Te

e
1.2 10
16
[T
e
(eV)]
2
n
e
Z
i
_
17
ln
_
m
Speeds, Velocities
electron thermal v
Te

_
2 T
e
/m
e
5.9 10
5
_
T
e
(eV) m/s
ion thermal v
Ti

_
2 T
i
/m
i
1.4 10
4
_
T
i
(eV)/A
i
m/s
ion acoustic (T
e
>> T
i
) c
S

_
Z
i
T
e
/m
i
10
4
_
Z
i
T
e
(eV)/A
i
m/s
Alfven c
A
B/

m
2.2 10
16
B/

n
i
A
i
m/s
electron diamagnetic
ow (dT
e
/dx = 0) V
e

T
e
q
e
B
_
1
n
e
dn
e
dx
_
e
y
=
T
e
(eV)
BL
n
e
y
m/s
electron drift in B(x)
(average, low ) v
de
=
2T
e
q
e
B
_
1
B
dB
dx
_
e
y
=
2 T
e
(eV)
BL
B
e
y
m/s
DRAFT 13:41
June 30, 2006 c J.D Callen, Fundamentals of Plasma Physics
APPENDIX Z. USEFUL FORMULAS 5
Drift, ow velocities (for

<< 1, <<
c
) perpendicular to B:
particle drift velocities plasma species ow velocities
v
F
= FB/qB
2
general force V
F
=

FB/qB
2
v
E
= EB/B
2
EB V
E
= EB/B
2
v

= BB/qB
2
grad-B
mv
2

/2B
v

= Bmv
2

/qB
2
curvature
(

b )

b = R
C
/R
2
C
diamagnetic V

= Bp/nqB
2
v
p
= Bm(dv
d
/dt)/qB
2
polarization V
p
= Bm(dV/dt)/qB
2
friction V

= RB/nqB
2
viscosity V

= B( )/nqB
2
v
d

= v
E
+v

+v

+v
p
total V = V
E
+V

+V
p
+V

+V

Diusivities
no magnetic eld
e

2
e
v
2
Te
/
e
7 10
21
[T
e
(eV)]
n
e
Z
i
5/2
_
17
ln
_
m
2
/s
magnetic eld /
0
(m
e

e
/n
e
e
2
)/
0
=
e
(c/
pe
)
2
1.4 10
3
_
Z
i
[T
e
(eV)]
3/2
__
ln
17
_
m
2
/s
classical
e

2
e
=
e
(/
0
)
5.6 10
22
n
e
Z
i
B
2
[T
e
(eV)]
1/2
_
ln
17
_
m
2
/s
Dimensionless
number of electrons
in Debye cube n
e

3
De
4.1 10
11
[T
e
(eV)]
3/2
/

n
e
Coulomb logarithm ln ln
_

D
max { b
cl
min
, b
qm
min
}
_
b
cl
min
= Z
i
/(12n
e

2
De
) 5 10
10
Z
i
/T
e
(eV) m
b
qm
min
= h/(4m
e
v) 1.1 10
10
/[T
e
(eV)]
1/2
m
plasma to
magnetic pressure
P
B
2
/2
0
=
n
e
T
e
+n
i
T
i
B
2
/2
0
4.0 10
25
_
n
e
B
2
_
_
T
e
(eV) +
n
i
n
e
T
i
(eV)
_
Lundquist number S
a
2
/(/
0
)
L

/c
A
1.6 10
13
a
2
B[T
e
(eV)]
3/2
L

Z
i

n
i
A
i
_
17
ln
_
DRAFT 13:41
June 30, 2006 c J.D Callen, Fundamentals of Plasma Physics
APPENDIX Z. USEFUL FORMULAS 6
Fundamental Equations of Physics
Mechanics
ma mdv/dt = F, v dx/dt Newtons second law
F = q (E+vB) Lorentz force
H = |p qA|
2
/2m+q , p = mv +qA Hamiltonian, energy
dp/dt = H/q, dq/dt = H/p Hamiltons equations
Electrodynamics
E =
q
/
0
Gausss law
E = B/t Faradays law
B = 0 no magnetic monopoles
B =
0
(J +
0
E/t) Amperes law,
0

0
= 1/c
2
0 =
q
/t + J charge continuity equation
E = A/t, B = A potential representations
Plasma Physics
Plasma kinetic equation (PKE) for distribution function f f
s
(x, v, t):
f/ t +v f/ x + (q/m) (E+vB) f/ v = C{f}.
Density, ow moments and charge, current densities:
n
s

_
d
3
v f
s
, V
s

_
d
3
v v f
s
/n
s
,
q

s
n
s
q
s
, J

s
n
s
q
s
V
s
.
Gibbs (A: adiabatic) distribution of plasma species with temperature T:
f
A
= n
0
_
m
2T
_
3/2
e
H/T
; n
A
(x, t) = n
0
e
q/T
, Boltzmann relation.
Maxwellian (M: collisional equilibrium) distribution (v
T

_
2T/m):
f
M
= n
_
m
2T
_
3/2
exp
_

m|v

|
2
2T
_
=
ne
v
2
/v
2
T

3/2
v
3
T
, v

v V.
Species uid moment equations (density, momentum, energy):
n/t + nV = 0, nT
_
d
3
v (mv

2
/3) f,
mn(dV/dt) = nq (E+VB) p +R, d/dt /t +V ,
(3/2)(ndT/dt) +p V = q : V+Q, p nT.
Magnetohydrodynamics (plasma uid description, isotropic pressure and
isentropic responses for plasma species,
m

s
n
s
m
s
, V

s
n
s
m
s
V
s
/
m
):

m
/t +
m
V = 0, E+VB = J, P

s
p
s
,

m
(dV/dt) = JBP, d ln
_
P/

m
_
/dt = ( 1) J
2
/P 0.
DRAFT 13:41
June 30, 2006 c J.D Callen, Fundamentals of Plasma Physics