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Ethics of file sharing is a subfield of ethics specifically relating to theethical implications of file sharing over computer networks and the Internet.File sharing is when people who are connected to the internet use programs todownload music, movies, video games, and other copyrighted and non-copyrightedelectronic material from each other.Contents[hide]* 1 Types of file sharing* 2 Legality of file sharing* 3 File sharing advocates* 4 File sharing opponents* 5 Neutral view* 6 See also* 7 References[edit] Types of file sharingThere are many options for sharing files on the internet. One of the most popularis peer-to-peer networks, or P2P networks. Some of the most popular networks areKazaa, Ares Galaxy, Gnutella and eDonkey network. With these networks, the userdownloads a program to their computer that allows them to connect to the network.Then with this program the user can search the shared media on other users
 computers and download this media from them across the internet. These networksallow the sharing of just about every type of file imaginable, from songs, to DVDquality feature length movies, to video games. However, these networks are mostlyused for music.One of the most popular ways to get very large files like movies, computerapplications, and video games is to use Bittorrent, another type of peer-to-peernetwork. With BitTorrent large media files are broken down into smaller chunks,which are then transferred to the user (or peer) depending on the fastest possibleconnection to the missing piece; all of this is done while the user is uploadingthe pieces it already has to other users. While this type of file sharing is mostpopular and useful for large movies and games, it can also be used for music, butusually users download music by the album or artist instead of a couple of songs.[edit] Legality of file sharingMain article: File sharing and the lawThe debate over whether file sharing is legal and moral has sparked many lawsuits.Some of these lawsuits have even reached the United States Supreme Court.In 2004 there were an estimated 70 million people participating in online filesharing Delgado. With that many people sharing files online it is virtuallyimpossible to stop all of them by tracking them down one by one and prosecutingthem. It is often the case that only file sharers uploading large quantities ofillegal files will be prosecuted by authorities, if they can be located at all.However, there are so many different P2P networks it would be very hard to stopthem all; besides, P2P networks are not the only way to share files, and more wayscould be discovered. Fifty-eight percent of Americans who follow the file sharingissue consider it acceptable in at least some circumstances [1]. According to aCBS News poll, nearly 70% of 18 to 29 year olds think that file sharing is okay insome circumstances [2], and the 18 to 29 years olds are the age group that doesthe majority of the downloading.
 
In 2001 the recording industries won a legal victory against Napster and in theirfight against peer-to-peer networks. In 2005 the United States Supreme Court hearda case between MGM and Grokster, a P2P network. The Supreme Court ruled that thecreators of P2P networks can be held responsible if the intent of their program isclearly to infringe on copyright laws MGM Studios v. Grokster. There are morecases pending against other peer-to-peer networks, such as Kazaa. The downfall ofP2P networks could deal a major blow to internet file sharing.File sharing is not necessarily illegal. Some artists may choose to supportfreeware, shareware, open source, or anti-copyright, and advocate the use of filesharing as a free promotional tool. Nearly all shareware, freeware, and opensource software may be shared as much as the end user wishes, depending on the EndUser Disclaimer for that specific piece of software. Other non-software relatedintellectual property may be shared legally in any way the end user desires.Content in the public domain can also freely be shared.Other artists believe that mass sharing of their creative products cheats them outof the monetary incentive to publish their work. When people share files, one songthat someone shares can be downloaded by another person and shared by them, thentwo copies can be shared and the process repeats to effectively create thousandsof digital copies of a song from the one original file. The musician, director, orgame designer must copyright his or her creative product in order to maintain theexclusive right to profit from his or her product.[edit] File sharing advocatesSome advocates claim that sharing helps the affected industry by allowing theconsumer to sample the product before spending the money to purchase it. This inturn generates a new fan base as many discover artists that would be impossible todiscover otherwise, thus generating far more accurate album sales. This is oftenthe case with movies and video games too, because downloaded games and movies areoften not at full quality, or they lack some materials like DVD bonus features. Soonce the consumer is allowed to sample it, they might decide to go out and buy thefull legal version, where as they might never had bought it have had they not beenallowed to sample the media on their computer first.Some advocates also argue that file sharing doesn't hurt people financially.Pollock summarizes several studies on this.Another pro-file sharing argument is that movie, game, and other types of mediaare not seeing any drop in sales; but a rise. The recent drop in CD sales isconnected with many other factors as of P2P. If other media forms aren't sufferingon P2P why is music? Pollock explains this in-depth.In the case of music, another argument is the alleged overpricing of CDs. Manyconsumers feel that CDs are far too expensive relative to decreasing costs ofproduction. Consumers who only want one or two songs that have not been releasedas singles believe they should not have to pay the entire cost of a CD.Some people argue that the recorders will charge more for their albums. However,this seems very unlikely due to the record labels already trying to make maximumprofit. If they were to up prices this would deter sales, ultimately hurting therecord companies.A very simple argument in support of file sharing can be made by identifying theessence of the act. That is, downloading a piece of content or software boils downto writing numbers on a piece of hardware (a hard disk, for example). Providedthat the hardware was not stolen, it is completely absurd to deny the owner of the
 
hardware certain privileges associated to its use. For instance, under the DMCA,it is illegal to write certain numbers on a hard drive, namely those which can beassociated to a piece of copyrighted material. By using the same logic, it wouldtherefore be illegal to write a quotation from a work of art (a movie, a song, apoem, etc) on a napkin. This illustrates the absurdity of such legislation.Some file sharers argue that the companies whose intellectual property is beingcopied are large and generate high profits, and can thus afford the possible lossin profits.Other advocates of file sharing believe that this does not affect artist'sprofits; due that the revenue occasioned from the product sales only benefits thedistribution company. For instance, a film is made by a huge crew where manyindividuals take part in the creative processes, (including Directors, Editors,Directors of Photography, and many others) which do not receive a proportionalpart of the sales net benefit. Therefore, the favorite argument of corporateentertainment distributors is proven a lie. Many advocates adamantly believe thataccess to Music and Films is, by its intrinsic cultural value, a right that shouldnot be subject to distributor's oligopoly.[edit] File sharing opponentsFurther information: Copyright infringementOpponents of file-sharing believe that the music and other files that aredownloaded are the work of the artist, programmer, or film director that madethem, not public property. When files are shared, the artist or copyright ownerdoes not receive any compensation. Therefore, they believe, sharing and copyingfiles is stealing the same way shoplifting is.Opponents of file sharing argue that not only does sharing files decrease theincome of the actors and bands; it especially affects the staff that works forthem. For the film industry, the set builders and makeup artists take the fall. Ifsomeone downloads a movie from the internet, that person may not go to see themovie in theaters or buy the DVD. If that happens then the production studios makeless profit or may not be able to recuperate the high costs of production. Thisleads to salary decreases for employees. It also leads to less financial backingfor both mainstream and independent filmmakers because investing thousands ormillions of dollars in a movie becomes even riskier.File sharing opponents also argue that file sharing could have a largerconsequence on the economy as a whole, in addition to the music, film, and gamingindustries. They fear that if file sharing is allowed to continue unchecked andgrow even larger, eventually more and more people will not feel the need to buythe media they want; instead they will download all of it. If enough people switchto downloading instead of purchasing, then the media industries may not makeenough money to keep producing. This could result in fewer people being interestedin going into the film, music, or gaming industries, because there would not be asmuch profit in it for them. On the very extreme end, file sharing opponents fearthat the media industries might be forced to fold, causing a massive loss of jobsand gaping hole in the economy.One thing that the media industries might do to compensate for a lack of sales isto raise prices. The film industry might raise ticket prices at movie theaters andthe cost of DVDs, the music industry might start charging more for CDs, and thecomputer gaming industry could start charging more for its games. All of thesethings are already fairly expensive, and increasing their prices would hurt theconsumer even more. As the prices become higher and higher people will start
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