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Mng mch, mch lc, lin kt vi vic dy ngn ng

Dip Quang Ban*
Khoa Ng vn, i hc S phm H Ni, 136 Xun Thy, Cu Giy, H Ni, Vit Nam
Nhn ngy 05 thng 5 nm 2008

Tm tt. Bi bo ny bn v nhng vn sau: - Cc khi nim mng mch, mch lc v lin kt - Mi quan h gia mng mch, mch lc v lin kt - S u tin ca bi vit tp chung vo cc yu t ca mch lc nh: cu trc m v hc din t ngha, cc cu trc thng gp trong phn tch hi thoi v cc m hnh lp lun. Nhng yu t ny c lm sng r trong bi vit nh l nhng vn cn thit trong dy ting.

Trong vic phn tch din ngn cc thut ng mng mch (texture)(1), mch lc (coherence), lin kt (cohesion) thng c nhc n nh l nhng thut ng khng th trnh c. Lin kt l b phn c din t bng cc phng tin ngn ng c th, cho nn d nhn bit v d dng lm i tng trong vic dy ngn ng [1-3]. Hai b phn cn li kh tru tng, kh dng lm i tng dy hc ting, mc d chng l nhng phn rt cn i vi ngi hc trong vic hiu v to lp vn bn. Trc thc t , chng ti c gng tch ra mt s yu t thuc v mch lc vi mc ch nu chng thnh nhng i tng c th tin dng vo vic dy c hiu v to lp vn bn/din ngn. Nh vy, bi vit ny nhm mc ch

s phm hn l tham gia tho lun v cc vn ca phn tch din ngn. 1. Mng mch vi s quan tm ca cc nh ngn ng hc vn bn Ci g lm cho mt vn bn l mt vn bn? l s quan tm ca nhiu ngi nghin cu vn bn (din ngn) nh mt i tng ca ngn ng hc. Ci i tng c quan tm y trc ht khng phi l mt chui cu tnh c ng gn nhau, khng phi l mt phi vn bn (non-text)(2). iu nh

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Mt s nh nghin cu a ra nhng v d cho thy chui cu c th c lin kt (bng cc phng tin ngn ng) m khng c mch lc: (i) Trn Ngc Thm 1985, trong H thng lin kt vn bn ting Vit (tr.23): Cm bi mt mnh trong m. m ti bng khng nhn thy mt ng. Trn con ng y, chic xe ln bnh rt m. Khung ca xe pha c gi ngi lng y bng trng. (ii) Georgia M. Green 1989, trong Pragmatics and Natural Language Understanding (p.102): The sun climbed higher, and with its ascent the
(2)

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T: 84-4-8348940 E-mail: quangban@gmail.com (1) Trong cc ti liu trc y, chng ti dng cht vn bn dch texture (i ng vi tnh vn bn - textuality), nay xin chnh li cho st hn.

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nghin cu mun khm ph l ci vn l vn bn do ci g quyt nh tnh cht vn bn ca n. Mt khc, trn thc t tn ti nhng chui cu c t chc cha tt, hoc c t chc khng tt, m vn c th gi l vn bn, nh vy, vn bn l hin tng c mc , ch khng gin n l hin tng c th tr li bng c/khng. Trong qu trnh pht trin ca ngn ng hc vn bn, nm 1976, G. Kassai k ra mt lot cc tn gi lin quan n vn bn (nh textme, textologue, textualit, textologie, intertextualit, texture [4]). Trong s v sau hai t mng mch (texture) v vn bn tnh (textuality) thng c nhc n nh l thuc tnh ca vn bn.

desert changed. Th was nothing Lucy liked so mach as the smell and feel of fur. One evening, after dard, she crept away and tried to open the first gate, but swing and tug as she might she could not budge the pin. (Ch thch cui trang ca tc gi: These sentence are from Walter Farleys The Black Stallion Revolts (New York: Random House, 1953), C. S. Lewiss The Lion, the itch, and the Warrdrobe (New York: Macmillan, 1950), and Mary Nortons The Borrowers (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1952), respectively. They were chosen to match the excerpt in (19a) for syntax, anaphora, and introduction noun phrases with definitve articles. (iii) K. Wales 1994, Cohesion an Coherence in Literature (trong The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Editor - in - Chief R. E. Asher, Vol 2, p. 603, Col. 2) a ra v d sau y minh ha cho nhn xt A text that is cohesive without coherence, however, is hardly a text: A man walked into a bar. Bars sell good beer. Its brewed mostly in Germany. Germany went to war with Britain Chui cu khng mch lc xt trong bn thn chng th khng lm thnh vn bn, iu khng c ngha l n khng th xut hin trong vn bn. Chui cu khng mch lc c dng trong vn bn din t nhng cu cn phi khng mch lc, nh din t li ca ngi b bnh tm thn, trong trng hp chng vn c mch lc vi ng cnh m chng c s dng.

Khi bn n t vn bn trong ngn ng chu u (Anh: text, Php: texte), mt s nh nghin cu nhc n phng din t nguyn ca n. Chng hn trong ting Anh v ting Php, vn bn c cng gc t vi textile, t ny bt ngun t t Latin textilis vi ngha l vi dt. Vi cch hiu , xt theo thi gian, c th nhc n cc nh nghin cu sau y. a) Ngi dng t mng mch trong ngha vi dt sm nht c l l Hausenblas 1966 [5] trong bi Bn v c trng v s phn loi cc din ngn. Tc gi dng thut ng ny ch c trng v cu trc ca din ngn. Tuy dng thut ng mng mch, nhng Hausenblas vn gii thch n theo li gin tip. b) Ngi hiu vn bn trc tip trong ngha tm vi l Barthes 1973 trong bi Phn tch vn bn (i vi) mt thn thoi ca Edgar Poe trong K hiu hc truyn k v vn bn (Smiotique narrative et textuelle, Larousse, 1973, p. 52-53). Tc gi vit: Phn tch vn bn i hi khai thc vn bn nh l mt mnh vi nh l mt di bn ca nhng ging khc nhau, ca nhng m phc hp cng mt lc an quyn vo nhau v cng cha hon tt. (Lanalyse textuelle demande de se reprsenter le texte comme un tissu comme une tresse de voix diffrentes, de codes multiples la fois entrelacs et inachevs - Dn theo [4]). c) Halliday v Hasan 1976 [1] l nhng nh nghin cu bn v thut ng mng mch su hn, vi ni dung c th hn, so vi hai nh nghin cu ni trn, v sm hn vi mt s nh nghin cu khc. tng v mng mch ca hai nh nghin cu ny bao gm hai phng din ni ti v ngoi ti i vi vn bn, v c trnh by thng qua mt h thng khi nim vi cc chi tit c th, i hi c xem xt ring (xem mc: 2. Mng

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mch trong l thuyt chc nng - h thng ca Halliday bn di). d) Ngi th t cng mong mun khm ph b mt ca ci lm thnh mt vn bn l De Beaugrande 1990, v tc gi ny khng dng thut ng mng mch (texture) m dng vn bn tnh (textuality). De Beaugrande vit: Nu ti c chn mt tn gi cho giai on sau ng php vn bn th ti thch ngn ng hc vn bn tnh, c th y l mt thut ng vng v, nhng n gip ch cho vic thu hiu ci ct li mi m ch yu bn trong: ci lm cho mt vn bn tr thnh mt vn bn khng phi l tnh ng php ca n m l tnh vn bn ca n. (If I had to pick a label for the stage after text grammar, I would favor textuality linguistics, a clumsy term perhaps, but helpful in bringing out the major new insight: what makes a text a text is not its grammaticality but its textuality. [6]). Thut ng vn bn tnh cng c Hasan dng t 1968, khi b ni v nhng phng din ngoi ti ca tnh vn bn (external aspects of textuality - dn theo [7]). Tn gi vn bn tnh sau ny hu nh khng nhn c s phn hi tch cc trong gii nghin cu. Cn tn gi mng mch cng v sau cng c nhiu ngi ng h, c l bi ngha t nguyn vi dt ca n thch hp mc ti a vi ci bn cht phc tp m c t chc v nhiu phng din lm nn ci gi l vn bn (din ngn). 2. Mng mch trong l thuyt chc nng - h thng ca Halliday Halliday v Hasan (1976) l nhng ngi trong s nhng ngi sm nhn ra thc cht ca vn bn khc vi thc cht ca cu: Mt vn bn khng phi l mt ci g ging nh mt cu, ch c iu l ln hn; n l ci

g khc vi cu v mt chng loi. (A

text is not something that is like a sentence, only bigger; it is something that differs from a sentence in kind [1]).

H cho thy rng ch m vn bn c th lin h vi c (hay cu) l cch chng c HIN THC HO (REALIZATION), ch khng phi kch c: vn bn ch ging cu ch n c ghi vo, c k m vo mt h thng biu trng no , mt th ngn ng no , vo nhng h thng k hiu no ca mt ngn ng (nh h m thanh, hay ch vit). V ci m vn bn trc tip k m vo chnh l c (cng ging nh c c k m vo t - t m thanh v t ch vit). Ngoi ra, mt cu khc vi mt vn bn v chng loi . Mt vn bn tt nht l c xem nh mt n v ca NGHA: mt n v khng phi ca hnh thc m l ca ngha. Cho nn n c lin h vi mt c hay cu khng phi bng kch c m l bng s HIN THC HO, bng vic m ho mt h thng biu trng ny vo mt h thng khc. Mt vn bn khng phi GM T cc cu; n c HIN THC HO BI, hoc c m ho vo, cc cu. Nu chng ta hiu n theo cch nh vy, chng ta s khi k vng vo vic tm ra ng ci kiu tch hp CU TRC TNH gia cc b phn ca mt vn bn nh chng ta tm gia cc b phn ca mt c hay cu. Ci n v ca mt vn bn l mt n v thuc loi khc hn. (A text it best regarded as a SEMANTIC unit: a unit not of form but of meaning. Thus it is related to a clause or sentence not by size but by realization, the coding of one symbolic system in another. A text does not CONSIST OF sentences: it is REALIZED BY, or encoded in, sentences. If we understand it in this way, we shall not expect to find the same kind of STRUCTURAL integration among the parts of a text as we find among the parts of a

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sentence or clause. The unity of a text is a unity of a different kind [1]). T cch din gii ca hai nh nghin cu trn, nu ch dng hai thut ng cu trc (hnh thc kt hp) v ngha th c th ni vn tt: mt cu l mt n v cu trc mang ngha, mt vn bn l mt n v ngha c cu trc. Ci lm cho vn bn l mt vn bn chnh l mng mch, khi nim trung tm c trng cho vn bn trong l thuyt ca Halliday v Hasan: Khi nim mng mch l khi nim thch hp mt cch ton vn cho vic din t ci thuc tnh l mt vn bn (The concept of texture is entirely appropriate to express the property of being a text [1])(3). Mng mch lm cho vn bn phn bit c vi ci khng phi l vn bn, v mng mch hnh chc nh mt n v c lin quan n mi trng ca n (cng trang). Cho nn mun hiu mng mch th va phi quan tm y n nhng ci c mt bn trong vn bn, va khng c b qua nhng ci nm ngoi vn bn m lin h n vn bn. Theo Halliday v Hasan, mng mch gm c ba phng din cn xem xt l (i) cu trc vn bn ni ti ca cu (ii) lin kt, v (iii) cu trc din ngn. - Cu trc vn bn ni ti ca cu l cch t chc cu khi cu hot ng trong vn bn hoc trong tnh hung c th. Cu trc vn bn ni ti ca cu th hin trong cu trc - thuyt v cu trc tin (ci cho sn - ci mi) . - Lin kt l b phn din t quan h ngha gia cu vi cu theo nhng cu hnh

ngha nht nh lm thnh h thng v bng nhng phng tin ngn ng xc nh cng mang tnh h thng, cho nn lin kt cng l mt b phn trong h thng ca mt ngn ng [1]. Lin kt l lin kt gia cu vi cu, tc l thuc bc trn cu, nhng n s dng cc phng tin ca ngn ng v lm thnh nhng h thng con chuyn bit, nn n vn l hp phn nm thuc v h thng ngn ng (thuc cu trc vn bn ni ti). - Cu trc din ngn l cu trc v m (macrostructure) ca vn bn, n thit lp vn bn v mt th loi, n lm cho vn bn ang c to ra c c ci thc th ca mt th loi c th, nh hi thoi, k chuyn, tnh ca, mnh lnh hnh chnh, bi nghin cu khoa hc, th tn thng mi, v.v Ni theo cc thut ng thng dng Vit Nam, cu trc din ngn l nhng cu trc lm nn cc th loi (genres) trong ngn ng ngh thut v cc phong cch chc nng trong ngn ng phi ngh thut. (Trong h thng thut ng ca cc nh ngn ng hc vn bn, t th loi (genres) c hiu vi ngoi din rng bao gm tt c cc th loi ca ngn ng ngh thut ln ca cc phong cch chc nng). Nhng iu lin quan n mng mch trnh by trn y c cc tc gi trin khai t mt bn trong h thng ngn ng, c th l t bc cu (trong vn bn) n bc trn cu trong vn bn l lin kt, v trin khai ra tnh hung hu quan bn ngoi vn bn l bc ln nht ca din ngn, c gi l cu trc din ngn (discourse structure). Nhng bc trin khai ny c th h thng ho thnh lc nh trong Hnh 1.

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Nh thy, vic hiu mt vn bn nh mt mnh vi dt (mng mch) l tng ca mt s nh nghin cu, nhng vic khm ph cc phng din c th v mng mch ca vn bn th tp trung nhm nghin cu vi ngi gi vai tr ch cht l Halliday.

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MNG MCH

Mt ngn ng bn trong vn bn (ni ti)

Cu trc vn bn ni ti

Cu trc vn bn ni ti i vi cu Lin kt

H thng H thng tin

Mt lin quan n tnh hung ngoi vn bn (ngoi ti)

Cu trc din ngn

Hnh 1. Lc quan h ca cc mt v cc bc trong mng mch

Vi tnh hung ngoi vn bn, mng mch th hin trong mi quan h ca vn bn vi ng cnh tnh hung vt l nm ngoi vn bn, v xa hn cht na l ng cnh tnh hung vn ha - x hi. 3. Cu trc, mng mch, mch lc Quan im ca Halliday v Hasan gip tch lin kt ra nh l mt b phn thuc v h thng ngn ng bn trong vn bn, v cc phng tin lin kt cng gip hin thc ho nhiu kiu quan h trong vn bn. Tuy nhin, v mt thc hnh ting, vn cn phi lm r l mi quan h gia ba tn gi cu trc, mng mch, mch lc. Cu trc vn l mt trong nhng phng tin din t mng mch, nhng khng phi cu trc no cng thuc v t ng trong vn bn, cho nn cn phn bit cu trc bn trong h thng ngn ng v cu trc ngoi h thng ngn ng (hiu theo [1]. V li, cc cu trc nm trong vn bn cng khng phi tt c u phc v mng mch trong cch hiu gn vi t nguyn (chu u) ca thut ng ny. Cu trc vn bn ni ti, hiu theo Halliday, l s kt ni tuyn tnh ca cc n v ngn ng lm thnh mt chnh th thuc bc cu v bc trn cu (lin kt) (xem trong Hnh 1). Ngoi cc cu trc vn bn ni ti k trn, trong vn bn cn c cc cu trc thuc mt m thanh ca ngn ng nh s kt

hp cc m lm thnh m tit (m tit kh quan trng i vi cc ngn ng m tit tnh nh ting Vit), vn iu, nhp iu, ng iu. Cc cu trc ng m ny thuc v h thng ngn ng, v do tnh cu trc ca chng, chng u thuc v mch lc, khi chng din t c ngha hoc cm xc. Nh vy mch lc khng ch c to ra bi cc cu trc ni ti trong cu v bi cc phng tin lin kt trn cu, m cn c s gp mt ca cc cu trc ca cc n v di cu, k c cc phng tin ng m. Mch lc rng hn mng mch, phn cc yu t ngn ng mang ngha nm trong mng mch, trng khp vi mng mch, phn cc yu t cu trc thuc v m thanh nm ngoi mng mch. Mng mch c mt phn l cu trc lin quan n tnh hung bn ngoi vn bn, c Halliday gi l cu trc ca din ngn. Cu trc ny quy nh hnh thc ca cc th loi vn bn (hiu rng, vt ra ngoi vn bn ngh thut). Cu trc din ngn, theo , th hin ci mc ch ca ngi to din ngn (vn bn): din ngn c to ra trong tnh hung no v dng vo u? Ci mc ch ny th hin trong cu trc din ngn thuc mi th loi, v n khng trng kht ch ngn trung (illocutionary point) ca din ngn hi thoi, gn lin vi ch nh thc hin s tng tc trong li thoi ca ngi d thoi. Mch lc l mt ti cng thng c nhc n v ch yu theo hng phn bit

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n vi lin kt: lin kt thuc v phn tch vn bn (mt hnh thc t ng trong vn bn/din ngn), mch lc thuc v phn tch mi quan h ca t ng trong vn bn vi ng cnh tnh hung, trong c ch nh ca ngi ni (ngi vit) v nng lc hiu ca ngi nghe (ngi c). R nht trong s phn bit ny l t tng ca Widdowson v s phn bit hai con ng xem xt ngn ng vt ra ngoi gii hn ca cu (theo nh nghin cu ny, mt khc on ngn ng theo cch nhn vt ra ngoi khun kh ca cu, khng bt buc phi gm nhiu cu, th va l vn bn va l din ngn, tu thuc vo tng cch xem xt n). Widdowson vit Mt ng nhn n nh mt vn bn, mt su tp cc i tng hnh thc i vi nhau nh nhng khun hnh ca cc th cn bng hay cc tnh u n (thng thng) hay bi cc phng tin lin kt. ng khc nhn ngn ng nh l din ngn, mt cch s dng cc cu thc hin cc hnh ng giao tip, cc cu ny ni kt li thnh nhng n v giao tip rng ln hn, thit lp nn mt cch ti u mt khun hnh din t c trng cho mt mnh on ca ngn ng nh l mt tng th vi t cch mt kiu trong giao tip. C hai cch tip cn ny u c mc ch ca chng (One way sees it as text, a collection of formal objects held together by patterns of equivalences or frequencies or by cohesive devices. The other way sees languages as discourse, a use of sentences to perform acts of communication which cohere into larger communicative units, ultimately establishing a rhetorical pattern which characterizes the piece of language as a whole as a kind of communication [7]). Kiu mch lc ny c Widdowson [7] gi l mch lc din ngn (Discourse Coherence), phn bit vi lin kt, v chnh mch lc din ngn mi l phn

lm nn thuc tnh vn bn cho vn bn, ch khng phi lin kt. G. M. Green 1989 cng a ra mt cch hiu tng t v vn bn mch lc (v cng nhm phn bit mch lc vi lin kt): Mt vn bn mch lc l mt ci m ngi tm hiu c th khi phc khng my kh khn ci dn ca ngi ni mt cch c c s vng chc, bng cch suy on nhng mi quan h gia cc cu, v gia cc mi quan h c th ca chng vi nhng ci ch b phn khc nhau trong ci dn c suy on hiu ra ngay c (A coherent text is one where the interpreter can readily reconstruct the speakers plan with reasonable certainly, by inferring the relations among the sentences, and their indiviual relations to the various subgoals in the inferred plan for the entreprise understood to be at hand [8]). Cch nhn ca Widdowson v Green c c s l lun Nguyn tc cng tc ca Grice. Vn l cch nhn mch lc theo kiu va nu c trng khp vi mng mch theo cch nhn nu trn ca Halliday khng? Mch lc din ngn theo cch hiu va nu l mt kiu mch lc ring bit, thuc v mt tinh thn nhiu hn l gn vi cu ch, n phi c k n nh mt mc chuyn mn, v c l tt hn l t mch lc din ngn nh mt phn m rng mch lc ra ngoi mng mch. Xt ring trong hi thoi cn c nhng kiu cu trc khng th t c vo mng mch, l cu trc lt li vi tt c cc hin tng c th nh cp k cn, cp chm xen, ch ngng, v.v Cc hin tng ny vn mang tnh cu trc, nhng chng thuc v phng din vn ho - x hi hn l mng mch trong vn bn, cho nn cu trc lt li (trong hi thoi) cng l phn m rng mch lc ra ngoi mng mch.

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Cui cng, mt kiu quan h cng cn c nhc n: quan h lp lun. Lp lun c mt trong hu ht cc vn bn, nu khng ni l trong tt c cc vn bn. Lp lun c thc hin trn cc mnh hin ngn hoc c th suy on c, trn c s lp lun va thuc v mng mch va thuc v mch lc. Gia cc mnh trong lp lun c th cha cc phng tin thuc v lin kt, trong nhng trng hp lp lun c lin h vi lin kt. Tuy nhin, lp lun vn l hnh thc ca t duy, thuc v mt tinh thn hn l mt hnh thc ca ngn ng, trong cch hiu , coi lp lun l phn m rng mch lc ra ngoi mng mch l iu tho ng. 4. Mng mch, mch lc, lin kt v vn bn/din ngn Trong mt chui li, si dy ni (tie) ngha gia cc yu t ngn ng c th c xem xt c ba phng din mng mch, lin kt v mch lc, nhng cng c nhng yu t ngn ng trong chui li ch thuc phng din ny m khng thuc phng din kia. Thc t c tc dng i vi vic xc nh vai tr ca cc yu t trong nhim v to thnh vn bn/din ngn. Mi quan h gia ba thc th ny c Halliday v Hasan nhc n nh sau, khi cc tc gi trnh by v lin kt trong ting Anh: , mng mch bao gm nhiu hn, khng ch l s c mt ca nhng quan h ngha thuc loi m chng ti cp n nh l hin tng v lin kt - s ph thuc ca mt yu t ny vo yu t khc c gii thch. N bao gm c mt chng mc no ca mch lc trong cc ngha thc ti c din t: khng ch, hoc khng phi ch yu l NI DUNG, m s la chn TON B t cc ngun ngha ca

ngn ng , bao gm c cc hp phn(4) lin nhn (x hi - biu cm - ch) khc nhau cc thc, cc tnh thi, cc mnh v nhng hnh thi khc na ca cch ngi ni xm nhp vo tnh hung ni. (, the texture involves more than the presence of semantic relations of the kind we refer to as cohesive, the dependence of one element on another for its interpretation. It involves also some degree of cohrence in the actual meanings expressed: not only, or even mainly, in the CONTENT, but in the TOTAL selection from the semantic resources of the language, including the various interpersonal (socialexpressive-conative) components - the moods, modalities, intensities, an other forms of the speakers intrusion into the speech situation [1]). Phn trch trn cho thy chnh cc tc gi ca Lin kt trong ting Anh [1] cng coi mng mch, lin kt, mch lc khng phi l mt. Mng mch gm c lin kt nh mt hp phn ca n. V phn no ca mch lc trong ci ngha thc ti cn din t. Nh vy, mch lc vn cn c phn cha c tnh n trong mng mch, v chnh phn ny l m h nht. Theo s quan st ca chng ti, phn m h l ch gp nhau gia Hausenblas v Halliday: nhng ci lin quan n th loi vn bn (vn ny c Halliday gii quyt qua thut ng ngn vc register, nhng ngn vc vn l rt tru tng). Nh vy, vic tm kim cc cu trc mang nhng c trng lin quan n mt s th loi vn bn tiu biu i vi vn ny s gp phn lm sng t phn no phn cn li ca mch lc. Nhng cu trc nh vy mang tnh chuyn bit cao, khng phi l v chng khng xut hin trong cc th loi vn

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C gng phn bit hai t thng gp trong ngn ng hc constituent v component, chng ti dnh thnh t dch t th nht, v hp phn cho t th hai.

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bn khc, m v chng bt buc phi c mt trong cc th loi vn bn chuyn bit nh l c trng ring ca cc th loi , khng c chng cc th loi vn bn ny khng th tn ti. Mt khc, vic ch ra cc kiu cu trc chuyn bit s l hu ch i vi thc hnh ting. Nhng cu trc chuyn bit c th nhn din c qua s i chiu gia cc vn bn thuc th loi chuyn dng v thuc th loi khc (khng chuyn dng i vi c trng ny) a) Din ngn tng tc i din ngn khng tng tc Cc cu trc chuyn dng trong din ngn tng tc (hi thoi) khng c mt trong din ngn khng tng tc (din ngn thng tin) l cu trc chuyn - nhn lt li, cu trc hi thoi (tc cu trc tng bc ca cuc thoi), mch lc din ngn (s khp nhau v chc nng gia cc li thoi). b) Din ngn lun thuyt i din ngn khng chuyn v lun thuyt Din ngn lun thuyt(5) (thesisses) l cc vn bn mang tnh ngh lun nh l mt c trng tiu biu (t tiu lun n lun vn, lun n, din vn), trong khng th khng c lp lun. c) Cc cu trc ng m c gi tr din t (hoc ngha, hoc sc thi tu t), r nht l trong li ni c cht th. Ba nhm cu trc k trn vn c th c mt trong nhng lp vn bn khc, nhng trong nhng trng hp chng khng lm thnh c trng th loi cho vn bn cha chng. Do tnh chuyn bit ny chng c coi l ring c ca nhng th loi vn

bn nht nh, tc l khng hon ton thuc v mng mch trong ngha l du hiu ca ci l mt vn bn/din ngn. Trn thc t khng th ch ra tht rnh mch ng ranh gii gia ba phng din ang xt, tuy nhin, nhn tng qut, c th hnh dung gia chng c nhng phn chung v nhng phn ring nh nhn xt ca Halliday v Hasan nu trn. Theo tng , chng ti th nu mi quan h gia ba b phn ang xt trong quan h vi vn bn (din ngn). lm r hn vai tr ca lin kt, chng ti chp nhn c nhng chui cu khng lm thnh vn bn (non-text: phi vn bn), h qu l lin kt c th c mt trong phi vn bn (mc d ci gi l phi vn bn khng phi ai cng tha nhn(6)). Hiu nh vy, mng mch, mch lc v lin kt (theo h thng lin kt ca Halliday v Hasan (1976) [1] v Halliday (1985, 1994) [10], Halliday (2004) [11]) trong quan h vi vn bn v phi vn bn, c th pht biu tm tt nh sau: - Trong vn bn c mt c ba b phn mng mch, lin kt v mch lc. - Mng mch nm ln trong vn bn, khng c mt trong phi vn bn. - Lin kt hot ng bn trong vn bn vi t cch nhng phng tin gip hin thc ho mch lc v mng mch; lin kt cng c th c mt trong phi vn bn.

______
(6)

______
(5)

T lun thuyt vn c t trc vi ngha l vn chng ngh lun, trong phn bit chnh lun (lun v chnh tr), x lun (lun v kinh t - x hi), trit lun (lun v trit hc), c lun (lun v o c), ngh lun vn hc, v.v

Chng hn, Van Dik 1972 nu ra mt v d v phi vn bn: Chng ta s c mt s khch n tra. Calderon () l mt nh vn ln Ty Ban Nha. H. G. Widdowson (1979), v sau ny Edmonson (1981), cho rng chng kh khn g ngh ra mt ng cnh khin cho hai cu trn vn c th ng l mt vn bn (din ngn). Trn c s Edmonson qu quyt rng kh m to ra nhng phi vn bn t nhng cu tnh c ng cnh nhau, bi v ni chung c to ra mt vi kiu ng cnh em li tnh mch lc cho bt k tp hp cu no (Dn theo D. Nunan 1993 [9]).

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- Mch lc trong vn bn c phm vi bao qut rng ln nht, trong n c mt c nhng yu t ngn ng thuc v mch lc v lin kt, v cng c nhng yu t ngn ng khng thuc v mng mch v lin kt. Cc yu t khng thuc v mng mch c th coi l phn chuyn bit m rng, mc d chng vn c th c mt trong mng mch khi chng khng lm thnh c trng th loi cho vn bn. Phn m rng ny gm c ba nhm cu trc va k trn, v chng cn

c quan tm trong vic dy thc hnh s dng ngn ng, nh l nhng phn b sung cn thit. Vn bn v phi vn bn phn bit vi nhau theo mc , kh c ng phn gii tuyt i. Quan h ca mng mch, lin kt, mch lc vi vn bn v phi vn bn c th hnh dung nh trong Hnh 2. Trong hnh, cc ng thng ng gin on th hin tnh mc , tnh khng th rnh mch ca cc b phn lin quan n chng.
VN BN (DIN NGN) Mng mch Lin kt

PHI VN BN Lin kt trong phi vn bn

Cu trc thuc bc ng m; mch lc din ngn v cu trc lt li trong hi thoi; mch lc trong lp lun

Mch lc

Hnh 2. Mi quan h gia mng mch, lin kt, mch lc vi vn bn v phi vn bn

5. Kt lun Vic phn bit cc mt lin kt, mch lc, mng mch trong vn bn/din ngn nh va nu c nhiu ngha v mt thc tin. Thc t gii thuyt (hiu v gii thch vn bn/din ngn cho thy s phn bit cc hin tng thuc v lin kt (theo l thuyt ca Halliday v Hasan) gip ch rt nhiu cho hc sinh thuc cc cp hc khc nhau. Nhng yu t trong phn mng mch ca Halliday v Hasan (xem lc (Hnh 1) cng khng phi tt c u l tru tng v c th dng trong vic dy ngn ng. Th nhng khng t nhng sai st trong vic hiu v sn xut vn bn/din ngn ca ngi hc li thuc v phn mch lc, nht l phn mch lc c tnh cht chuyn bit nh ni trn. Cho nn vic tch nhng hin tng c th thuc phn mch lc chuyn bit m rng (c lit k trong bn tri ca mch lc trong hnh) lm i tng dy hc s gip

cho ngi hc khc phc c nhng thiu st thng gp trong vic gii thuyt vn bn/din ngn. Ti liu tham kho
[1] M.A.K. Halliday, Ruqaiya Hasan, Cohesion in English, Longman, 1994 (First published 1976). [2] Trn Ngc Thm, H thng lin kt vn bn ting Vit, NXB Khoa hc X Hi, H Ni, 1985. (Xut bn ln th hai, NXB Gio dc, 1999). [3] Dip Quang Ban, Giao tip - Vn bn - Mch lc Lin kt - on vn, NXB Khoa hc X hi, 2002. [4] G. Kassai, A propos de la linguistique du texte, In: La linguistique 12 (1976) 119. [5] K. Hausenblas, On the characterization and classification of discourses, In Travaux linguistique de Prague, I. LEcole de Prague daujourdhui, Prague, 1966. (Translated into Russian by T. N. Moloshina, In: Novoe v zarubezhnoj lingvistike, Bypusk VIII, Lingvistika teksta, Moskva, 1978). [6] R.de. Beaugrande, Text linguistics through the years, In: TEXT 10 (1990) 9.

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[7] H.G. Widdowson, An Applied Linguistic Approach to Discourse Analysis, Ph.D. Dissertaton, University of Edinburgh, 1973. [8] G.M. Green, Pragmatics and Natural language Understanding, LEA, 1989. [9] David Nunan, Introducing Discourse Analysis, Penguin English, 1993.

[10] M.A.K. Halliday, An Introduction to Functional Grammar, Edward Arnold, 1994 (First published in Great Britain 1985). [11] M.A.K. Halliday, Revised by Christian M.I.M. Matthiessen, An Introduction to Functional Grammar, Third edition, Hodder Arnold, 2004.

Texture, coherence, cohesion and language teaching

Diep Quang Ban
Faculty of Linguistics and Literature, Hanoi Univerity of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy Street, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam

This article is focused on the following issues: - Defining the concepts of texture, coherence and cohesion - Relationships between these concepts in terms of concept formulation - Priority is given to such coherence - related elements as phonological structures that convey meaning, pragmatic structures and argumentative patterns frequently detected and established in conversation analysis with a view to making more explicit these elements as necessary substance for language teaching.