=D

(1 cB_gA'c{wA' Eu{xA'E{3_dA'/sA'

// ///

dNH
|5
|5
|5
|5
|5
|5
|5
|5
|5
|5
|5

{3o{5#'
u'u{4#'#'s`d{3dB
uN (c{wBed>/
(uA'E(uA'_A'A'E)#'u'
s9_{wA's/
a{z*
GsA'b_{4{3G{w-#'
uA'"'uA'_CBE)1tA'c`@u*
_`?/
uA'"'uA'EA'|z'c`@u*
_`',s/ cGA'.9{wA'E){yA'cC"'uA'c?uA')vj'
s-#'_@b_G%'#'
"'uA'!B%'-_d`A'E>%'
c`{x.(#'.s
){wA'EA'()`A'
9GsA's-E{3_(#'
uA'"'uA'2_j9%',E&_}AB
Daliah Merzaban and Hesham Hassaballa

Too Busy to Pray Five Times

r{4u>s/

A'uG#'`#'

ud bL ub bUI* sd bOLF dd fOz

WMLOM WU bMN* w{UIuGK wNIH d

wKe U bL U_ WUF U

F

`aAWd|xA'E"'vA'A'2`k9%'FteBX=AdG1'/%'d]A'
9|3`(0`e|3#'}x&vA'b&`C
B'wA'1`et-#'0`e|3#'Et|zA'B#'
|3p|50`e|3#'1`|ye|xB
|x-tA`./1`|ye|xB

s|4v>t/1E$|x'vGt'E}x&vA'
dBBl(0`e|3#'v|xA'B#'
t'D20`e|3#'b|3`n'
t91`|x:/bA'1`|ye|xB

`H C`dk'uD2*
!'A'(`~Bd9`a~A'Em'v.%'
!'A')tGv,)1'/%'B9t(/tA''uD1t|5
d|xA'E"'vA'A'2`k9%Ad`A'd]A'Bd9)12'$E
dk'uD1`|yeC'|3*dD`|xA
c`|x'?1)/9(FtAeA'
878 074 461 002 062 01
- -
.

SI

`Es

d( dN_ b v
fUM bUJ d bN VKD VuJ c vK UO( U FOL rKF
w UM 5 U w fUM UL UO( 4 s U cUM uI 5 WDK  vK
3_ uFA 5 UC(
U HM d( b v U UO ZQ b wUO  dB Q 5Ld rNH
5 bF u WzbN v u_ uF vK WF
WOU WOd( UL_ dL qL rNH UMOK VFB rNH UMMJ
u) Y UMU UMOu{ UMb w Ub u* W U q WKIM nu
w sdA UH_ uOA U M s u_ U0 wIK UJ  5 Vd oKI
dNI dIH u' rNKQ rNU w Ud uBO w* ULO* uA
gd u w vUF tK U  s WK uN `d `{ 
VK s lu sQ u s rNM u s rNLF c XO c bFOK
5LK * s bdA qOJM Ub u*
nB WOzUCH uMI 9 bdA r qOJM r UB( qI bUA
s mK wN UNOK v_ n_ U VJ  UNHu WU WOdJ lu*
sJ dOF nu
WdJ F UL_ w dG c U dE U U d dJH WH s fO
lu wUL' qOJM wUL' qI w UF c U WM dI bK vK
wUL' bdA wUL'
s* WU fO U UA UL v w p qFH s U O fO
sJ bNA aU oUM* v dUJ sR* UNdF tLO tM lb
oK ULN wIOI( bIF s Uu s U HU tFL v tu tK v w w *
dD b tK b 5 nu*U rNCd UM UM Z lz s UI iF
uHK  O  UF OL  t K]  r N  F   u  WU* u w vUF tK uI tK vK ucJO qN
u
UJ  r  r N ] w  vK  r N ] u    r J  uHK   UL  t 
rJ H uD rJM tK nH UM uHH U FOL d_ bUM d* dM* c s
U dA( u w vUF tK uI wQO U0 dBK d U rOOI dJHK Wd
uK L F  U 0 dO
H d E M   t K]  uI] uM  s c ] UN ^
 t K]  ] t K]  uI] b G  X  ]b U f
dB dJH Wd lOLK `O Wb WzbN s b Wd nMF uD
d( dN_ bu0 u uU bI v_ WOKU' q s WOKU d uuJ
c q* UH u ` UI n v uF uU rNMJ e Ud dLO
5LK  U dN_ c s r sQ d( dN_ vUF tK d

WOU


. - -

SI

`Es

bF WLK
sU UNU WK* u WUM0
dJ
WHK v uu UNOK 5LO I U U u WOUMK U WK U uKF U
bM* S qB u UNO dU Vd vK U q UNO 5dALK bdU UNUB
rEM qJA U OKB tKB v bd tuM q
F
d l W
 WFC qOu l nOUJ wDG bMLK sJ1 nO b 6
bM* w 5KUF b rNbU l{u rb WK vK 5LU* _ p WM w
rU wN dAM WUDK uK pc d u{UI 5uD* s r WK* w
vM dL dO qC  U U U b_ nB s d l w uJA
WK * bM* r w
bdU UNu dQ UN WUD* WK* vK UM U w w WOIOI( WLU* sJ
d v uUA bU uFU uF WKLK U bI U?? WFC U u
5KUF tzUC W tO vK bM* vK 5LO I UF sLJ UM b uuD
l gOF WM dI w wLKF UU w?? q q vM F XU U???????
rNKUA* uK( iF vK uC wIK nD l{u qJ U% rNuL rNU UM
rK tOK tK vK tK u U UL nR nQ sLO dO rNU
vK lA* d??; dFA dFA YO s uU rN bM* Ub qC
WOu_ d{U; qFH WK* qFH bM* w b UO(U _ 5% qLF WFU
lDIM w UB

WK* UA lOu u UK UU UKD UNU b& W WON lL& d q w

WdA bI pc b WU* UUJ sJ aM s be* l
qzU WOD WLKJ S qLF c vK vUF tK s d_ uKD lOL' l
uD
dU WK* w bM* w 5KUF Y UH UB lOA
sdLK 5UK dJ qOKIU u rU rU s* dJ bM* Ub_ dJA
L b s qJ dJ 5
tU UNzdI UdIO WK* tKB s qJ dJ

dd fOz

. - -

SI

`Es

d UI

wdF wdG 5*UF w nMF d*

d WJO XM
WbI
b L UN_ WOUL UD_ bOF WOK  U WIOL WKJA uO rUF tM wUF c nMF qJA
d_ vK d* vK UNU2 UNu s b % 5u WO WUI d v bK s dAM
u b> vK lL*
UH vK eHK UU vK U dA uO tM J r c nMF dcU db'

uFA UO w dA r U b .b u U/ b  U{U

d  fO * bzd'

WOUu v WdB WOMO WOU WbM s W1bI WOU UC( aU dF2_
u b> vK WOO * WuNO w u UL WOU
5 ULO wMb wUL UB wUO  nMF tML tu nMF UJ XuM b
u b
vK U U d_
rUF UD rEF rF nMF v U_U
wdG rUF w nMF d*
bM U d w U?? w U u?? WOU V M
YU d b tUJ lOL nMF U c
UUO qd UJd w U UOU*
UMLN U WKU W'UF tu{u W'UF* UHO
5B ^
d* b{ UL* nMF vK uC UI u tM
 cQM
td c?? oOI p?? vK
d* UO vK U UN dD_ UuO
d_ t_

nMF sAF d wuOK

v
dOA
WO d
WK

d vK UNd UNOK vK cU U

U d w U M t dF U V UO u U U

UN d WOU UNuI
s rU udC Ud s
c UL s WL d??* b{ nMF b?? v
UJd w U nMF V DU 6UD Ue
bK s nK rOU_ bK nK w dBF
iF sNU udC 5OJd_ s S
nMF tUJ uM tb dNE w d v
dC d s FK vHA * sKb sNM
dUE s uIK b u t ndF j w
uU U w sN sNK wuK U M U
vK sd qL v UU U uB bF
d mK bI U WOKd
VCGU UdI uJ U U U u)
WOdG bK dzU w dO U_ c dO
dJH qIF dUE0 UOD s??c??K? U??F?H?
ld w*UF d9R* w wD ddI td v
bB WU W d
U?? 5??J? w?? d??L? K? 
u?? ? ?? U?? ? B? ? ? d??O? A?
b
wzb d ?B? t?? vK

d* b{ nMF

rUF w?? U?? ?M? WK w??

b{ V??J? d?? 5??N?  R?
?  d?
?J??
U b .b
w Women in the world
WOU U??N??d??J? W??U?? d?? ?*
. - -

SI

`Es

d UI

u{u* c w WOdG UN s nK UNH WDu Wb ' UN WO_ UNd

UO d b u W UNu XU UN lu* s dEM dB U R UUL d
WOdF b?? XFC u?? l??L?I? U??N?D?{ s??
wUI UB wUL wUO 
u u iOG ULF WO uI v U wu bO  UF 5_ l U2
U p L s uLK * bF u dI w nMF uuO w bI c d9R* w tMO w
Wd_ UF* w?? WL  WOIK) UMOIK q w uUI s U??U?
? d ?  ` U M b{
XbF u?? ?? UNO U?? w WOUL UJ s u w W1d' U dI rUF U
b vK U MK UdK WOB WO WOd
U M b{ d * dO nMF
WU( WU* WOdG WUI UNK XK u
nMF u{u u d9R* c w UL
WOUL U??N? U?? d??U?? ? WOIK) UNUMOIK w b w U M s v 5 U
b vK lL* d?? w?? d??_ w WUL* nMF s{dF UDM WF U UNO Xd
u nMF sNJd b vK q_ vK d b
5*UF XU w dUI dE c q w
rUF w U M iF UOu dU* V  U
W bb s wUF d* c w wdF wU_UuI(WMKNdQD b dOA
XU b dNI rKEUCF
w b w_ U%WFU
uI b u
b ' t?O ?I ?A? ? nMFK dF
U dN w UMO
dJH
U% U?? ? Y??K? d??B? M? *
VCGU U dI
vK UNKL( UFH wu q_ vK w_
b' nMF
nMFK s{dF b bO uOK
 u) u
s s?? U???? sNUO w?? d??*
wUF c b ' nMF U
r wMS WO WOdF  w WLK * d* tM XO w U M o nMF dA W U)
tu jGK  dJ r u qOBH dAU tUM_ s Xd vK v WUF sU_ w qLF w
_ `dU _ tUM r u dO_ W w X UB X{dF b sdA q s b
WF c??? w???? sb b?? s 5{dG* U/bdC* b w U V M vK
nMF vK i t s w dA w sFDK vK bA U2 bu  bMKM
w .dJ dI w U0 p U M dC dQ WOBA Ud( w_ u * U b
WAOF* u  UHU
]
w 
U M
u
w
vUF
tu
s
U M
u

l UC * w s?] ? d? ??? s]  uE F  s]  u A u U  wuK UOdG U M U s dO s qOK c

sN s r w nMFK s{dF
 s] NOK  uG   rJ MF S  s]  u
d {
t K]  ] O

I r  H dO
u F
U UL NM O
U
 UO K  U
o = u  U  b d  UN K  s  UL J  t K  s  UL J  WOdF  w nMF d??* UO U
WO
dO
K  U t K]  ] UL N M O
t K] 
 ULO

s WU WKd* d?? w dA q UM

S WO WOdF  w nMF d* U
bb% bM nI UM eUM We VQ qd

. - -

SI

`Es

d UI

 U 5O b v
ndF b??M? u??A? M?  v??M?F?
WO
bO
uOK

DU dH dO `KB

vUF t??u?? w?? e??U??M?  d???*
nMFK X{dF
]
tK bM ( iG u
bM s]  u A u U  w 

WU WKd* w dCU

 r JM F  S ?  ?? q tu
 s] NO K  uG  
u WKd* c w uJ eUM We VQ s
O
s uFK bb s dOJH qQ v u dOL{ UOBF t s d H* td UL uAMU
lOL XO d?? v?? R?? c?? C wG
s qFH uI w WuA) UN l^ d t

WU e We _ tzUC u ULNM b q s UF  ULNM We e

tU c?? dC b O rKF V UM
d
c uAM U dO w ezU dO d{ u tK vK WFd* d* wN eUM d* vMF U
U s w s]  u
d {

tu w d_ WGO S tOBF w tM W{dF* d_ WU w UN
U p bR uu U s fO dCU
UN H tFM9 d lOD
dC w rK tOK tK vK ud tU s]  u A u U  w?? ?] ?
vUF tu U??

tuI UO_ Ud d tO QK tU tK b bL U dOF V tS

UC
U rUO dC s ud{
uAM bM QA r vUF
rK tOK tK vK tu w
b U/ d U UM U M v
X{dF b
bFU t?? d??  r?? b?? d??C?
u sNM lI tQ s vK
q
s
UB
UNFUC r UNM UbK
UH OD UN OM dOF c?? w?? d??
WO
bO
sdA
W{ U?? w U d??
vK V U v d* WUJ v
s U dC v
s UNU& WUO  s qd
U s?? V??Q??? U?? s?? U?? q?? vK uN t?? vA U UNM b v UNKUF w nDK
dOUH OH dC uJ tQ wu pc VcF tOKF WOe uI(U UOI b ld v R
d uNu f1  R
dO szU dO d UNO U w WOQ qd* v Q QK
 s] NO K  uG    r J M F  S  W1dJ W
s dU s u rK  bI r ' vK d O
w U ULO U rK tOK tK vK wM tK b qd* c tN tK d  wK U qB
b

s] u
rJU U M w tK uI u WD eUM t VQ w e UNF V w
9c
sNOK rJ tK WLKJ sNd r KK tK WUQ UNOK t qO  XN S tU K UNEF tuI
p sKF S?? tudJ b ? rJd su kF r S UNd{ X
S UNFC d X S
sN rJOK s??N? d???  dO U?? d??{ s??u??d??{U?? cJ UNK s UL J tK s UL J YF dCU
d O U MU uu dF*U sNu  We uA W'UF w l b .dJ dI uJ
vF WOC q Q p w tQ b uK
dC vMF U s s dD `{ b
r kuU b UN v
u?? U??I? d???* dO
wH

b
nMF
dC v r dN v v d
U s?? r??R?? ?? UH OH u??J?
R c??  q??_ 5?? rOJU
dO s??zU?? dO d??{ t??u??
UL
. - -

SI

`Es

d UI

nMF c?? uN WLK * d??* v??

tu vK W{U W td R

w
nMFK
U
dF
6G U?? ? ? U??M? ? c?? ? 
b '
u c d* o rKE sU_ qLF eM* c d??C? uNH u c??
WOUO  UNuI qU UNU2
lu vK WUF We uA U?? w t tK d??
WOb* WOUL WUB
UO Q d tKF b dO jI
wUL
q u
c nMF p?? u?? d?? kHK
rUH q dJ* bB d??
w rKE rK s d??* t dF
U i??u??I? v??  R?? ? d?? 
oKF w pK ULO WOBA UNu W'UF W WAO 5e 5 WAOF* uJ v d??
b Ue b F e vK d u{u0 bF U0d d U U d
u

lL* v WO  tzU
wH F
D 5u s tOUF U* wd d c WU( vIO UC
^
5u w 5O H r d s U U t dF U* n d) c w V U c dH d{
UF 
Ud s UNOB ULO d O WUC( Wu Q qU WU u s d{ q
UJQ WO b?? iF w w UNI
lOL' tM
w XU Ud v U WHK c YU .dJ dI w u uBM cN
qOBH dAK WOL_ WU
dOA rK tOK tK vK ud
 UI* c WUN w U
wUL u nMF UN v?? dC s dOHM v
uI s b
dC U?? ? W?? U?? U??? s?? 
sbU
t
W

b U??I ? n??R??* s?? t??

s UdO jI eUM We
tUJ
sb
WO W??O?d??F? b??  i??F?
U M dzU
WUO ULKF sb U??
w U?? ????* u?? ?{ v??K??
dC U( UF QA s UUF d* UL UL d ? bI U M d??{ u{u0 XU
C WOdA UNuI UNF9 u U0 V W'UF* bu w U/ sb b t d
s
tO QK c tO IA nMF qzU nK* UN{dF c w ZNM* UNOu v uI WOKU'
_ d{U( UdB w ULO uI bF r iF WUG XII% v bM nI b d cN qF
c u uO WLK * d??* rK WOC w U dD UI W??d??_ U????F? u??D? U??F?  d??O?G?
sdOJ r vK rU VJd c rKE tu o U?? U v U  nOM( dAK
 s] NO K  uG    r J M F  S  vUF
uO UN dF w WdA WLN bMF O
rUG wuONB dJH UuI WOMK WL XU WUG vK b U2 WKOu nI WUG oI%
WU( UH KH WULF WOdG uI WU WU WU w WUD w uBI*
UC dJ d?? s WLN c Xu% v lL*U W(UB d W R UOI p U
WOOd v?? s??b?? U??J?_ tuA oOHK v??
`UB
vK UCI WOUO
dJH nMF
UJ V??O? N? p??c?? t?? K? ? v??K? d* dS d
rNFu ??? v??K? 5LK *
UNzcS fO
W MU d??J? H?  n??M? F?  U?? 

. - -

SI

`Es

d UI

XK { b?? XKF uJ p?? v??

vUF tuI U bB UMO {

v uI( U?? w u UI
eUM d* d{ WUQ U M WU UNU
w?? s? ? d? ? ?  l? ?D? ?
_
dcK W U WU U* d bI U d U1 b
] uF  ]  tK]  qO s? ? uK^ C 
uI( w? ?U??? w?? WLO I ??
D
q
]
tK b u d  ] r  s E
Uu
W UF u rOEF
UU UNM w??? u??I? ( c??

wJ Ud s 5M9 WM  dO s WON WbF

W dJH WOUM WU
UC( WB Xu UN UL d* uJ wJ U rK s UNOL%
2 Nez Bensadon Les droits de la femme
tOU w qd uM
des originesjusquanos jour p27 30
uu WOK_ qU WOBA qI  d ee
Women in the world rUF w U M

5B 5J w dLK ld w*UF d9R* lL* w FHM U R  UH KJ WdJ

qd VM v U M tO gOF c
qO wUO b nMF s{dF w_ U% U YK
U UF_ UMOO w w w
cN d G WLK * d*U d O VON UM UL
dK dOJ dO H
UN lMI  WzUM* WuA* ub
Yb( r  q wUFMB
nODK fMK b U{ bO WO F{ dQ nOM( dA UJ bU VUD
UJ_ U dO H wuUB wK bL WU( X ULK Ud s UNOF{ u l b

dI bd

v_U dc fO

U O 5LO 5 5U' s rO

5 M' U 5 U ULKF `{
U M vK Ud WOKC V rN w rN t
WOKC CF w UL J% VKD w UL_ w
b( dc VKD w UL_ w U M
U u WOuueO U X b
WOM UN vK bI w 5 M' 5 dO
XuH ULMO UNCF w Ud uH YO bb
d iF w U M

I dI bd dL
dAM s

s d dI WOUDd XbMb WHO dA

U dc U 5 dH 5 ULK Ud W
5 dH 5Ub 5 U c d H v_
d* UN qd UN
XMO Wb rNu ULK s WHOB XKI
s UHK v_ U?? dc U?? d?? _
5 U d H U u ULNze jd YO
d* uK qd uK
qd U e jd ULKF nA bI
d* U w jd U nK) v U_ s r
. - -

SI

`Es

u U

bO UI bL

VCG

oK ) bb uC q bA
VKI u bM qB dO^ G UMF w qO
bB w wHA tM qBO
Xe rJ WO K q bB dA UL VCG
U t XKF U?? s t XFD ?? s t
w UdB s bbF t XJ bF
bM lHM WU UNU UNOK bM
d dUA* w UO VKI w UOK t
tOMO bI tu dL tU d fHM w

. - -

VCG ndF
rdO W??G?K? U??L?K? s?? l? ?L? V? ?C?G? d] ? ?
VCG WLKJ dL XIH UF XHK
VF nKJ ?? dOJ dOGB UUMF b??
b U{UH s UI UL U{u `O{u
vUF tK tL UM* U UJ U{uL be
l uB wNb u WOU H WOHO VCG
p s w d s b p
WGK w VCG vUF tK tL wdI U

SI

`Es

u U

pM_ tK U tu qd ld

Ue UzU U bF dA
b
VCG
q dJ u UI d pF qb U
s WOK nK d szU v u t
oK) w u dzU UdU WzUN uB pK
X d pF qb
nM_ uCG rO9 uM e
b q vK tLL cI c
dQU dF rOK rbO fO s U s dJ rK tOK tK vK wM U cN
U NOH
nM_ U UMFL uU U uD U UO U{d VCG w o( WLK pQ w rNK
VCG r nM_ UNKLU qd qFH tLD r
bL
V{U uD U q pOD U qdK U d o( u s bF d VCG lM1 b
Vc U d U uC U rNU s U U  w rNOK tK u{ `UB nK  b b tu
U d{ td{ U { td tOK UI t{U qd
5A* oK) c s dc
sdFLK d tKF U d  uI tM tK w??{ VU w?? s wK u U??
U O U O uJ U U wFO w VCG
w VDF U U0 b d uM VCG
q WdA WHU t_ WMOF dOUF o sJ
VCG
R db `B rJ b WDI v U w uJ
ULNM tK w{ dOe s d uI

w qUA qLF w qUA bb qUA v VCG b S VCG b U U rJ (

WUF UO( w qUA WOU UF
rOJ( RH b H
X wM U tM U t ULJ( b s d
VCG bM nK b s u
dOUM w w( X UL VCG bM qIF
WLKE w WKO b * eeF b s dL q
rNKI U C UM qQ u *
uM U t?? ld t?? dF rzU qd dL
U/ t dL UI d( t rN dL UI X tOK b U0 j wC w XLKJ U d U
XO{
XKI uM wMQ
tCQ U vR  tM_ ULI U
t  ULNM tK w{ 5 ( s wK q wI
cU VCG u XHB S
N UI bOF tO U
qd vK q r
pMOF WU p d Ud s pM d U UI s sB s WMOO vK UD) s dL VC
tOK XU WBOL tOK vIQ qd UOU UNOK UA  b?? UI t?? lu r ? tdB u??
uI tK 5MR* dO U dL
bN uI p bF qd UJ r nQ t d d  u H F  c??
s
d? ? d F U
K U'
ud s p 5KU' s c 5
n dIU d= U tC sJ dL XJ 
ULK ULNM tK w??{ U s?? q?? V??
U r
fJM UNOCIM WU qdK q WdJ U U d
dD *v t qd UA  eeF b s dL bd WHOK) d
tuI VC d= c U Le
tM t??K?  w{ u?? U?? 
nK vK U??A? X??K? r ?  tG o( u s lM1 tF b??N? tC sJ O VCG
obB dJ w?? vK q? ? VC
U pEO  U dH
VKI bH
U L U LK e dJ u tLA
tu d X d kOG l sFL_
. - -

SI

`Es

u U

V{UG d 5 rK tOK tK vK

vUF tK
tKU
UF
`{ c d b tKU uF
w{ b?? U q lL
vK 5F
pMs U W1dJ W uNH s
sdG c U UI U tM tK
VCG r
u t tKU cFU e UDOA s
US UF{u `KBK UM w
W?? d??_ rOKF lOL 
s dQ UMO tK vB s TUJ
vK wM u?? qOI c?? s??
tO tK lOD
Q oDM b uJ  v V{UG rK tOK tK U tM vUF tK tL fO s nM_ U
wM ULNM tK w{ U s tK b s u pHB S tCQ wu  wM
XJ OK rb VC U rK tOK tK vK ULI s p dD * cU
wuO  tM bL U
IF W{ w UL  tOK
U1 l fHM j{ v U VCG VM&
UU p HM UB XM
c rK tOK tK vK ud b1 tKU u?? tC uU UIK q sL
U/ WdBU bbA fO tb w?? uK 
UHBM WFODI U w U S
VM& uJ VCG bM t H pK1 c bbA tM td bI
UNUM dJ wQ UdOQ UzbN* UM VCG
VUJ UL s bL U
WuN UNM hK UzbN* wUF lOD
wM s VQ

dOOG uJ F S?? uK  dOG VCG _ VCG w U{d 5F

uO WOuO JA* WNu w U uK b tJJ l??? V??C?G? r??O? I?  s?? u??I?
e b v U VC U  UNUO s sb qIF bF t_ pKQ
vLF q?? U??O?? dJ dE tF t?? vI ??
U
d d??c?? WEu q?? s?? tLB tU
U OLK XU s t wD u U U w U
UF{ W M e 5UM uM ud uJ 5U* qF vUF VOd s?? tUF
ud U?? o??zU?? f??L? b??* b??N? u??u?? b?? t H u tF VCG WU tu tKJ
sJ u??u?? w U DO U UH lHdO 5??U??M?_ Wd; U??F? _ W??d??; u???_ s?? tM b??B?
p b w t s be WO HM uGC q VCG U?? bF UNM c??? lOD U??
W ld uu VCG U F 5KUF UH tU q?? l  t??d?? U??O? X??I? uJ b??
dO qJA 5udN sc w HM VD ULK `BM d?? rOd uI
v VCG Uu v u{dF sc U_
rK tOK tK vK tK u U p w
G t M V S  f
V C
K O K r z U u r  b V C sUL c WKc ZzU v R WU sU9
O K ] VCG U UHD v R sc w Ud V
l D C
b] F UNM WOBF u UL
rK tOK tK vK wM rK] sL
q v s hA
uuU e?? UudN c??
UOK VCG
w WIOI( c d Q oDM
c nB v UIKU iHM
u{u tHD U
w UNHA w HM VD
tO vu w t p F

. - -

SI

`Es

u U

U dJ U t tUN V
 B tOK
tOK U uCG tOK U u  U uI2
ULK wM o
WK VCG
UM s r tK s
WdF0 UdB U{ VFB q??H? U??M? U??
d U?? ? U??N? VCG
VCG W'UF dOU *U wK fO b?? U??D?
uF v ozU pEO rE UE(
b U??L? ?  d??D?? r??  t?? ? U?? ? 
r OK X b p u p H p
d q?? ? w?? ? W???I? ?b???( u?? ? ? w?? ?
UBI s vUF UI s h l??  n??K??? p??U??B? U??N?O? b??I?H?
pFL pKI vK U d U UN VCG
u w UL  dD bu U _ uO w
 UO(U pKI  pM pUB p
WIb(
WHz WKz UN_ VCG s b WIO o w rJ nO bu rKF wU u???_ w??
WNU iHM UOu l{u w dOU * b U t H
U {d VCG l _ U UN VCG
rJ n??O?  t??u??N? ? r??K? F? t?? ? b?? u??  n??A? ? 
ZMA neM WDK' jGC dJ U WMe WIb( u?? v??K? d??D?? s?? q??N? t?? ? H? w??
dD{ oKI d?? D? ? r?? ? ? c?? ? ? ? ? u?? ? ?O? ? ?  v?? ? ? ? W?? ?U?? ?N? ? M? ?  w?? ? ?
] tC n
] s  S U UN VCG
tK n
WIb( u?? ? ? w?? ?  U???L? ? ? ? b?? ? u?? ?  t???O? ?

UM s 5UF kOG 5LUJK UOMN tc tM dD v WU bF r t b dO V UbM

5M ; V tK b UL  lK r b t U UL 
d c UN UO( WL w UMOK wGM
pUB bIH p d1 u q s
UMuO w?? UMMO U?? UNJ b?? WLKJ UM H t b s bu sJ9 dO U b d
u * UNJ VCG WLKJ uI UMUJ cQ bu U u  s dOU * q lK U b
UMFD e nu* dU db* rUF dB XM b wM t?? U?? u  v?? tM
qI qI u  UMC dNI UM H vK dBM s u  w UNd w uI c v dE sJ
UMA WFODI ??D?  U???A? U??B? )
XU UL b uF
rFM u e_ uLN d_ UCG
VCG
b WMOJ  s_ UF   URK UO
WU WHd WUI0 VCG s?? w r???

d HG r u C U uI YO vUF tK
e%dONA UJ nR wdI izU ubK
UbMF VCG VM .dJ ud vu cN
tOK tK vK u??d?? s WO qLUNO uI
zU .dJ ud tOK d `BM q tQ
U wM UI uC q U b rK
VCG UI tOK U r VCG
VCG U d d VCG
sLC w d  WLK w c
pH d?? b?? w??b?? o??K ? VCGU
pM9 WMOJ uF p d rKF wCI
U V??C?G? u?? U?? WOBAU
pM& UF  WMOQLD s??_
VCG j{
VCG vu d  U tFA
db* UFH UMUA* d
] U vK
tOK b
t b  t q
VCG U Lz U Udc
. - -

SI

`Es

u U

db WLO vA_ ` nOC d

w 4 WUd bL bM 
w s U s `O

U bM s U

U
G ] r K] t O K t K vK] 
V C
t K]  u
] ] UD O A
] s 
Q H D U/] U] M s  oK U
D O A
] u O K r  b V C S  U*U U]M
Q{
] s  V C
G  B tOK U
UD O A
G s  ]
n O  d s V K w  UUMF V C
bL U UMO d^ L %
t
c

u{u* c v UNO ud sJ1 UB

WJ UU w L U uM VD s U 
u 
Wd uL b vK TO  d VCG
wOJ d b w WOD ozUI(

wuG bU VCG rK(

Wbd
W?
?
O
?
F
?
L
?
'

u?
?
C
?

u?
?
O
?
F
?


W?
?

d?? V?? U??A? ?

UC d rOd WO HM UFH
WdB*

UCG w UHNK WU
bL( bL s nU UJ VCG U

db WLO nOC d

bOF u aOAK VCG U
VCG s p H wL% nO U wU_ U????_ d??N?L? v??A? _ `???
dHF' WUF s tK bF t
qOJ rzb b bMNLK dI d lu
dD * 5O UO
WOdFU v v v lu

dI bd

U UM dJA w
WOU_ s U OK U UF VKD
dJA U??M? ?  b??R?? W??? W??L? d?? U??L?
bU * WUL uFA oKI s hK vK UFA
sd
WB UM 5 U U dN d U U
uFA b jG{ iOH w bU t YO qC_
qC b l{u
UHB s?? u?? U?? 1 VF s?? dJA
b   U t ] u UbO s UI UO WOIK)
id dJA w?? d?? ? u?? u?
?J? ? 
s l??d??? U??% w??? W??O?U??_ fHMK U???
UM
dJA U ud tM tK w{ dd w sF
UM dJA s tK

dAM s I dI bd
`O UMS cd u bL

. - -

wzUIK d d dJA s dOF uME s d

bzU d??_ cN dN bb W?? sJ dU
w WOU dOOG b UM UdB vK dR t
rNUO
uMO bOH s wdO_ uO YKO lu qI
sDu d u WFU fHM rK w u d
sJ WOL UM dJAK uDF sdOJ tu
vK dO d tb dN d_ c dOQ t
UM UdB
dJA s dOF UO dNE Wb v U
UM UO w WOU dOOG Ub sJ1 UM
UMUdB w bU UM uMO `{
qI *U
dN t  l Ud U& v XH
dJA s dOF v U sc U_
u w d qJA WUALK uKO1 UM

SI

`Es

UOuuMJ

UMUO WId dO G eN

u U

WKN WIdD s bbFK U ` wMI uD uKF* s

vK UbU U IU WdF sJ r w UM*
wU qJA WOc eN_ c UL r vK
b * nU 5 UNMO se UB u vK WId dO G eN UN U vK rUFK uNE
UMUO
qI * w dO uD bNA eN_ pK
vK UUL nOH UbI w `BO YO WOMI UM* U?? WOc nuN bF
pO qU qJA UNM q I v WOc nuN q b???  e??N? qLA w???  b???? W??K?U??I?
eN_ c tKFH U0 qBH
ndF Wc_ U?? ?_ U??E? M?  W??O? c?? U??U?? ? 
UL uF WOc W _ WOc WO{Ud
WOdJ WU s U w WOc WU 
s lOD dO qJA n??U??N? ULN U??A? wU( Xu w b WKUI UOuuMJU dOJ
Wd pKzU pU*UJ pHUN rJ UN mu U q d vK WLN Ud u WO
UJA w?? pU Y??b??% w??d???J? b??d?? v wUU U W UM* qI v wu qu
UOI ubOH uB UI v WU{ WOUL tbI U v WU{ UDI c w UNb UH
UN YO b vI UNMJ WOuB O U YO 5b LK W MU UN b w UM* pK
UuKF*U r??b??e?? UNUDU
d wc nUN vK bLF
v
WuL;
eN_
s
vK rNOI uU ULM WdC
UL_ c
b
WKUI
eN_
WOUL UJAU rz UB
??
d U??U?? ?? c??? q??B?
. - -

SI

`Es

UOuuMJ

s bL  nUN l uuK
oOD od s u  w rJ 
qO'
dDOO
q
v d qIM UuKF* t
t U Id wQ U
U vK YU wu U LK WuJMF WJA
u  S p v WU{U
UIK 5d d?? mu U
u{ sAK USB cHM pK1
WO UU
u Wu K u{ s uJ tOMK LED
u O s U??F? dOB WU UB UE Q?
? U??b?? sJ1 WOc UEM
sJ1 UL U I  b bu0 dOc du vK UNKb u% Ub pK9 UNMJ WU
WOzuC U?? s?? u??  U??J? UO bLF qI M duOL UN t UNKF& e??
qJ

UF s WOu qJ qB

UuKF* UN eF* lu WOMI vK WOc UEM
b * 5F  UOKF vMLO We w
UNMJ1 WIU Wc s U w WOc Wc_
tMU9 WU2 vK eH  UNU v b b * 5J9 WOc UEM t uI U d s
WuL dOG ZUF vK c( u WO{Ud v WU{ u qJA WuKF vK uB( s
U& jGC U  U  UU ( s sU_ bb% uu u B v d F WOUJ
nUN l UB q s uuK v WU{U duB jzd) d WOuB d??_ cOHM
ubOH
l dU qJA b w uBK dJ  pK1 UL
uBK sJ1 UL tU
qB
v u?? B? ? q??I? M?  t?? ? d??c??
_ qO' dN
uuK WUL d b LK
vK UEM u% b *
qUF wc c( bO pc
WOc UU s uI WOMI vK q?? uBK d J
wUL qu UJ l
v u??B?  e?? ? ? U??S??
w UOzUB dP pH Yb% lOD uN uB uJ YO UEF d dU WLL'
w WU *U w{Ud pMd9 u?? UNFL U?? _
W??U??( s?? j??I?  b LK U ?u??L? ?
UNO XK Wd vB UNFD
UUL
uM X??% dU b??M? WOc f????*
cN u??D? * U??d??A?  d?? s?? q??u?? X??U??
qd  UBLIU b WKUI UOuuMJ qu? dF U dR XIK UN U LK UEM
WOc b iF w?? U ? F? b?? U?? w ??
eN_ s UdOG
nUNU WOc f* qB
U U U UN qJA UN UIM iF Ud YO
lDU UNOI K UuKF* U uuK WOMI d dFK UNd WOUJ V sd WOuB)
UNK sJ1 WOUF WOMI  f????* c?? S??
uu v
UNUO dJ YO W _ wU UNHOEM tMJ bOKI u  tA u wc u 
U*U dQ
uuK WOMI tzUD X% wH
U 0
e WOc W _
nUN l?? d???  t?? `O w

WOc UEM
hA W??U?? d??F?A?? ? W??I? O? 
u  c t uI U d wc
dF
v
uI
dO G Wd s WO HM
WU p bM e u
WIUD* duB sJ1 p??c?? WOHU W*UJ pOI K
w U0 UNbd bM WOuueOH

. - -

SI

`Es

UOuuMJ

r bIH dA sbR

uu WU  dOu rNUL
dOJH U r U WOc 
uD v??K? b?? ?_ U??O? b?? w??

U r ' d?? W?? p??

wc u
w nU d UNKd VKI
Xd vK UUO b??U?? v??
dOdJ WU0
Wb WKd* UuKF* qOK uI
qJ dA W _ bd WU UNU vK b% WIzU Wd
W dB U w  c?? W
UU Vu d c
u HuGMd p s q tOK qL c wU UI w WOc qI * f bU pc
 UO  wIzU iF UNbd UO
YU wHU b uK WFU w U uUB
WKUI w U{ b?? WOLd UL_ ed w d* Wd UM rNO bIH WOK WDK Q
W dB uN w WOKBH* WDIM CNN l d v?? c?? U?? qIM f????* c?? uI
!dDA WFK duOLJ UB w XK9 wU VU v dO  UD vK Wd* U UO 
XU UMU XH U U{u wHU U
s mK  uD Wb UB nu odD
U !dDAU rUF qD XFL w U??? *
UO  n u UJ WU(
XN w uK V duOLJ UN l UU
dA cM U
5 s !dDA WF dF s UU W1eN
uC) U vK b wU W dB
W1e q9 WdA WdIF vK WK_ qC

UI u??% uB UU
dA Xe d?? eN dN
sM wUU bF WOKI UFQ
W uH s dJ s UD/ d
U vK

rKJO wc c(
e tU
W UuKF*U

UB UOdO UU b
cM q rUF WOMI uKFU
dB WKd nB bI W??d??
eN_ tO q% c wU W
tOK uH dA Ub q

. - -

SI

`Es

UOuuMJ

rNKL vN sc 5ULK

dB 5???? U????H???? u??????
WOc W_
qJ uI Zd d l UOKF
wU( d??B??F?? _ W????
rNUN UNbd U dFA t?? u HuGMd
c Xu s tR b
u q W XK _ dBF
WOD WOHM
nzU dA tO `BO
UL_ w uO( U
u HuGMd b??? q??U??J??U??
bF U d;U WUA
vK bA Vd X?? w qB s c?? C u bU `L uu d p
UN qLF w dD ndF U?? d??{ ed wU dBF dO UuO( dA
bI UOuuMJ v U duOLJ l p dF WOMc dA u b vK
VOU dA Vu uD Wd uH Wd dA dO  w u% WDI U U `HO
UU WUB rNUUO rNLOEM dB w dA v u HuGMd XH
dA vK u UJ c s tu bd uJO q UHOC `??{ dO wU W??
qB U U* rNbI ld UMG sJ1 wU{ qU d dA
UMG sJ1 U??O??_ s?? dO wH rNM
vK uA b ru q UU9 dA s
WuNL' bd
W MU  qB U c Wx rOK  qLF

U??
WOUO dO WOLK WOM
WHdA WuM WM .dJ dI
U w Y
uOUM dJH uU Ub w rU
wU UNO d `d vu
WFd u UNM W
 vK uB(U 5d vK U
WR* h
A rU be bM* ed
nUN r uMF d l WuKD* aM b

. - -

SI

`Es

wd U

.dJ dI w UNuMJ c

sb UN nu s
w wdI U d??I? UJ_ lU' w??

UM O Q  d? ?H ? s? ?c? ?] U
vUF tK uI
vUF tu w U M u?? s W?? dO H t M  e F  V O G  r  U r J M] O  Q   w
= vK
q WU

]

UNHUC WM p?? UI rKE t??K?

I 
U
w
ULOE d tb s R p  s d G  _
U L 
] w ]
tK U?? cK vK b?? WM  d??I?
Q u 5^ U
  w ] d  
rK
rKE ?? vUF U?? UL W??d??) c?? qO
UN UMO d?? s W UI U UO fH
U WKL' w w c dO qO UO_
UdG UO_ q s
vK wM s uF  s s rK  `O w
tK w U s WM' qb U rK tOK tK
d s UI

WOLKF WOUM s
U* UM WOU_ bu b w ] c] ? ? 
WGU bu ] c ] s uJ UMu w qJ
pL s uOK vK b?? bF wN dGB
=
U dN0 UN sJ1 WMO= dG u% dF
5 dA vK be U vK
w u* j _ WOzUM VuI c u J
WFzUA dUMF qLA WOzUOLOJ dUMF
uJ Ud bb( 5 _ 5bON
 c s b wU u s wzUOLO dBM q
s b OIF d u?? wN WOzUOLOJ U] d* U??
d 5u s nQ wzUOLOJ UNOd YO
vL] b?? w iF UNCF jd  c?? s
q uJ Vd U* qO vK U*U Ue'

qz_ sdH*
qQ w U dI qQ w UO lU w
WM p UI rKE tK vUF tu
u U??L?O?E? d??  t??b?? s?? R??  UNHUC
U UI UM q pc wMF U M
tU tMJ u?? w UNKI b vK uJ UNe
t
WWu u w vUF tu qQ w
tu UL w?? _ w?? UI s??
vJ dOG WK/ W s wMF UI s
n s UI n tS c c dF s
qLM UG c c b c U
dG t q tOK vH t s d p
p dUI WH) q u w n UO_
t qI rE Ud tGK
UM U?? be UM U?? dA UMb
UI tM eF U s bOF
tM VOG
dG w qO bI UI
c e' vK UUMF qL bF qLM
WKI w WGU* d*U q vK UO_ s e
dGB
. - -

SI

`Es

wd U

c 5Dd 5bON s 5?? s tM e??

5 _ s b
UF OL UNMJ u?? w d O c?? UH
vK u??O?u??O? c?? r???( w?? U dI U
WFOD w uu*  c qI w U* qO
c 5bON nF{ wzU UN mK
S p l v WdF* dUMF n b^ F
dD U W bF uOuO dD
U dI 5bON

c e
s W?? O? ?U?? u?? ? ? W?? ?? s??  c?? ? ? u??J? ?
UdOM UdJ Uud wULO '
dJ uM dNE uOKN c c VOdK oO duB
WU WM UdJ Wu WM UudK
wu_ uKU uOM u uKU ud u dNE
Uud lL UOzUdN WUF UdOM ULMO
UdJ fLAK dUM uM dF w LA b dOG WIDM w?? u??M? q?? UdOM
WUI* c sJ UNu b?? w VuJK dUM
c ed s dIU
VuJ fJ vKF UN vK WO X O UCH ?? WOU Ud UdJ b??
v WU{U Wd WLEM U  UdJ l c WP{ s rdU c u U UH
uM q UO zuA d WLz Uud
UNM dG d ULO s uJ UN
UdOM Uud s uM nQ uM
Uud w WOU_ W ULO '
WOL w WKJc WK q UdI uM qJA
UdOM UdJ
WK s mK ud WK _ w U??* Wc X% ULO ' c s b b q
udtM mK dOM WKdJ WIDM w uM q UdOM Uud re
uA d??O? d???O?M? ULMO W???u?? WM qL U u U* qO vK c ed w dGB WGU
b U?? 0 W???U?? ? W??M??A? q??L?? d??? J?  uM S duKO W U 5bON dD
dI * c w UdJ b U Uud s vI U WUF dC* d UNL bF
UduOM Uud U OzUdN WbF uJ UNS w U UC tK w u uM U c r
UNMJ c u WUI U dI d ? dG WGU Wd uM u UdJ b UCH c
d G d??? ULO s?? nQ
q w?? ??d?? 5???? UN lDI
uJ u?? ? UNM q?? vL
WOU s e uOK* s e
dI d
W s duO q?? ud q
UdJ W??d?? V??? ?
c
lOD u??J?  ULO s??
bU UNQ c?? b WGU
UNM dG
ULO qF d* w ULKF
UEMU  c UI U d O pc

. - -

SI

`Es

wd U

WU{U 5duO b?? d??u??O? s?? s??d??

eOOLK wKJ bF ULKF b ud v
5bO `B W 5bON dzUE 5
5bON uL UL 5bO 5bO
5??b??O? u??d??u?? 5??b??O? u??O?d??
uOd
vK q u u% n_ dUMF VK w
u% ULMO UduOM Uud s U 
b

d UduOM s b?? vK qI_ dUMF u??

W u dUMF qI U Uud b s
uOuOU Uud s 5M qJ UduO

q w Uud qUI UduO t
bu tM d ] F c?? u??c?? u??
Wc WKJ
wDa u???  u W??c?? qJ b??
Wc W??K??J? s?? dOFK b???? ? d??O?G? b??
WK s U w WOe' WKJ
udJ
s e s e U UN wMF c??
tM udJ
b rO I b?? b?? U?? ? W?? b q
uNA YO dG sNA dG s Uu
d uKOJ s NA U Uu b
[ W q b U1
5bON _ dE WUM bu c
WU WHBW q b U WK UN UdI
Uud s?? n t?? c?? e?? ' c??  S??
Wc qJ b?? s?? n t?? uJ UdOM
U??u??d?? U??N? u??d??J?  c?? V???
UdI duOM ud UdJ UduO
c U WKLN tK dJ WKJ fH ULN
WU U w cQ t??_ dE dbI uB
X O c jd WU WK c UuM jd
c WKJ wKJ uL* s XU e

ULO ' s d?? Uu

u J lL uJ

q sJ UduOM Uud VU Wc X%

ULO v u pJH d_ ULO ' c
UNM bu  cN b WOU uC w WU
WUF c w

c w nUF
Uud b 5 c bF u z c bF
c w UdJ b U c w u;
w dBMF VOd bF c b UOzUdN WbF*
WHK* dUMF b' c rEM b b'
WOzUOLOJ UNu w tUA UuL w
Uud b lL qU u A WKJ b
c q s rdU w UduOM b
b UN Uud b?? fH UN U dBM w
w c vK oKD UduOM b w nK
UduOM b w nK Uud b fH UN

dzUEM r
s d UN WFOD w uu* dUMF VK
dzUE W t U* qO vK 5bONU dOE
s UuO
5bON dzUE d w uM uJ

sdOEM w u??M? uJ ULMO jI b?? u??d??

. - -

SI

`Es

wd U

d V??? U??M? U??L? 

WO LA WuL*U
qLM
UG
u
c
u Wc qJ b?? b
w c??  WK rEF e??d???
U w b WKN UN
s qI ud _ Wu* uM
d dJ bb% Ue' c q WUI* WIO UN UL
r WIKD* qJ UO w UNM d WO M qJ
uJ d??I?? ?* W??U??F? W??U??( w?? c?? 
WKJ UOD od s qJ WUI
U Wu* UMA b?? _U OzUdN WUF
WU  UMA b rNb r u* NA Uu b UL
U* s bu u* uJ Wc qJ b l
b o?? u??M? u?? UdJ b??
WU W q b U WOe W WK t c
d U WK t uJO
u U??? u??/ u?? eKO wzUeOH U??
wK U tOK U{ oU  dzUEM bF dBMF c?? u?? ULKF 5F
=
V M dzUEM cN W??c?? _ ju US
WMOF WU uM u t UM dJ qJ
uM s dJ bFdD nB vK nu uKJ UG c u mKO WFOD w Uu
w WLOI c?? u??? U* qO vK
s b b w uM u dJ b
uK sdOEMK c u ju
b; WU WUD Uu 
uK c t
WU V J bIH cK
WU
u*

V c t
dI * WU( w
u
WHK 
r(
WFOD w ULNM q W
WUD Uu * b d
wzUeOH r??U??F?? b?? ?
WF c??K?? W??U??F?  W??U??( w??
`O b??F? u  q?? W??U?? s?? dFUu  Wb wU 5 u eOKJ
w Ozd rJ b vL w ULO 'U UNc WDu u* nK VOd
UH ULO q WFA* dUMF UbB
wdI o s bB w UdJ UO ULO uOKN
WOM ZMWFA* dUMF s dO uOuO
vMF dO) q UM tK re qz_ d H* rN
wK UL cK u/ l{ WIOb tU&
c e' wMF w WOUuO s WLd* c
ULO s nQ UN cK uLK r IM dOG UNL uM _ d UNLEF c
c r U
d u UN UNuJ UNM dG
UduO Uud u s c nQ
U t b WU WM  UdJ Wu WM 
WFU UU  vK UNu
p w WdF XU UL c?? UI
uM u?? b?? UdJU
r r IM c e' UN Ue
fLA u?? V??u??J? b?? UL
U v c u{u dD c UE 5 tUA b U??L?K?? U??N? ?H? u??? b?? ?
wLA UEM
c UNu UdO .dJ dI
c ULKF t?? ? t??M?V??u??J?

. - -

SI

`Es

wd U

w W1dJ U?? vMF s `{

WUD Uu b WOdF WGK U dO H rK
WF c w WLK ULz UNK c?? WLK
UN c wMF U2 UI
w q??Q?? W??H? nI U??u??
p?? s?? d??G? vUF tuI uGK vMF*
d
WOKFH WOL WKL' vK qb wH
dH*
bOH qF vK qOCH WGO w?? dG
dGB b w WGU*
bFK ?? U?? r?? p?? d??
UDK UJ
c UI WKL v uF p s dG
c wdIK dI qQ w UO lU w
w vK

wUU UN c UuJ vK

UN UdOM Uud UdJ s q S
UuJ WOU_ ULO ' c UuJ q
uM c?? rKF t U U c UC UN
w{U* dI w tHAJO
U wd U .dJ dI rKF s
dI U dBF p w WGK uK U dF
tK s b W uDF UGK dFA Ub
dOF w We' U U U dI _
lu*
dG q e tK U pc vMF* w `O{u
wLOKF UeOH bM
bF bOH p _ UNM dG qI r p s
wwwhazemsakeekcom
b_ UM s bOF c v WU{U
arwikipediaorg UbOOJ W q b
U?? ? ? ? ? dF ? ? ? ? ?OLO
UM U uJ pc UNUuJ d* 5FU d
wwwarabchemistrynet
WuJ* dUMF UUUM 5 gOF d u c??
wwwkaheel7com
UNK c?? b UM Yb( rKF s UN
qOJ rzb b bMN* lu
uM u b UdJU WO LA WuL* q
www WOUI eF UbM c sb bF bL
al3eznet Vu UNQ b WU b o UN H u
W MU WU b cc UuJ s UNO U0 uM
U c WO L WuL qJ c Q UdJ
UNuNH w bF vK b

tKUJ Y WFU0 5dK UeO U

wwwquranmcom lu* WFd
ld*
u dAF wU e' .dJ dI
Q
U M u _ bK* wuUBK dO s dO H dB
W
U U?
? cd U qKF d?? cd 4
d J w U
!sLF!!uL! U U U U `O
!VJ
wWee VOf!`!Yf! u dO H U w
r Yb(
W dO H w w wdI U dI UJ_ lU'
U M u s
wuO  sb U uQ*U dO H w uM* b w
U M u s W dO H w
W Wee u dO H w 5'dO H
UJ 7 uEM s WFKdF U 
db wMG b aOAK U] U
WOdF buI rF
dO WFD u c WU
ubK Wb( UeOH U e' WOIOD WUF UeOH
wJ dOA bL ub d qOd
WOzUeOH uKF WOK oA WFU wU UJ WOdF WGK
WOU WM 
httpenwikipedia d( Wuu* lu uB bB
orgwikiAtom

. - -

SI

`Es

wd U

uM iL( WOd

.dJ dI w
wU
uL
c r N U X w> LK qO
uQ
UJ

] e] tK X b ]
WO] LKF W] _ b]  b q
 b ] c?? d?? U??* .d??J? tU w

uN b]  u{u U??

vUF tuI o??K? )
s UI_
_

s  uIK  U w
s zUJ h
w] (
d_ b]  uJ wNb
^
=

_
s
q
e

tK
tIK
c
U
]

dI w s L J b ] c vK WO] LKF W??] _

.dJ

s  ub  U r   q
uIK  U w t K

s  UJ


wuz UL
] w d  r N  _
s 
UI_
5
 U r  M  r K  s  U c q  

rOd  sLd  tK r

L (
.dJ dI w ^ u M]  i

5
e tK U
_
M uLK  U
w q
U c  dB    r J  H w
s  U o K  oK  c p
= r U

d? ?

?
^ d? ? o K 
p?
r K]  r K I U
r K]  c?? d? ?_
oKF  r K F  r  U U

w u  s e U w W1dJ U c
w rK tOK tK vK  bL  .dJ w] M]  vK
U o K WO HO s qzU s* u' wDF
5
oK s ] U oK
bd s ^Y%
= 
u'U dI d dF
WLK w sL J wUA

.dJ dI d h
w u 

d ?
wMF w W r W w WOU  d ?  WLK
r KF r  U U

r K] r KI U r K] w] LK F Y 

h]
] M jd UNK w U?? Uuc* UU
? U)
qJA U o K
r K F l wdI
=
]
oO

?F ?L? ? ? s? ? ? q??
uQ  vK s?^ ? ' f?
?  X?
i F   r N C F
U u  t K  0 uQ  d I c q  0
d
dON

sc
M  UN^ U
 ] t  uFL  U
 q   d { U
s  ub 
t  uFL   u U
U
uIK  s  t K
^ r N  K  
n F { t M  cI M    U O  U

c
t L K]  U o K  d I r K]  s L  d
]

u uK

Z (
D
*

V

U
D

sLd  UO

.dJ dI 5 U X b]  U
uK
c q0 wQ lOD cU o??K ?)
U O U M zU oK  U C lOD .dJ dI
 W Uc^  ?
d vK wU{
qO c

5
w UMU r NdM
] v r N H w U

t ] r N 
b ON w q=  vK t ] p = d n J r  ^o(
XKB
= 
W1d U?? .d??J?? d??I?? w?? b??u?? p??c??
sz UJ o K rK
bu U u d_ w= (

d JM
5*UF
= WO] u
b
5dA*

. - -

SI

`Es

wd U

uH
pc 5d O M]  UH
w u
t q] tK bM s eM * .dJ dI w
M 

 5  _ 5b O N u
d J  u
uQ  Ub   vK UM e]  U2 V  w r  M 
? W

s  r  bN  u t K   s 
U d J] 
5
^
 U r  M  t K
e] tK U
U
t I K  w  q]  s   c q
M  U u w UM  uI]U uKF H s  uKF H r  S
 o K  b

dI sd
b 
5 s  U
 UJK  ]b U(

s  u t K   u
uQ  q d  uuI

s  r  F D  
U 0 u
c]  q
5
 U r  M  t K
sc
 c]  p  c  t K Q  r N Q  U* t L K F
uDO r 
W   U U n O  d E  U r NK   s 
fu 5
* UE

U
d  H t K   u  d A F
uQ  q d  uuI
s  r  F D   s  u
S 5
 U r  M  t K
t  t K r K F
e  U/] uLK U  r J  uO   r 
u uLK   r   qN  u 
 r J  H w 5
 _
M uLK  U

w
U c  dB  
?O? ?K ?  U??M? e? ? s? ? ? ?  U?? ?
eM  d? ? ?I ? ?  p?
U

u
= qJA
M iLK WO zUOLOJ WK K 

dA U??* s? ?  oK c?? u ?
q? ? e] tK U
U t KF 
Ud H  d??b?? p? ?^ U?
? d??N ? 

vK u
W O] u dHOA
M iL( u
YO s dA 5 V w w U 
]
]
sJ 9 b?? WO] BA
W] B
u??K ? qJA
=
w pd fO d u?? ? fLO U *UF
UA s O*
sdAF dI nBM
qJA

Deoxyribonucleic u?
?M ? iL( ? w? ?U??_
v c e * V u K]  u acid DNA
se WO HO u UuKF* s dOJ vK d F

v qO
s UNKI WO HO WO u UuKF* kH
b s WK K s u
M iL( u J qO
Nucleotides bOuK uOM  vL d= J WO zUOLO
WO Oz Uu J ?? s?? bOuK uO q? ? u J

UM ]b
UM  r  d  U b  r  UM IK  s  

U b  r N  U
= u M]  i
L ( WOd v .dJ dI U
v?? WO zUOLOJ
e* wu
qJA
K  wzUeOH

XUM b ? U?? w p?? iL ( c WK K?

u{u U c XMO YO U oK WO HO
U
H U UB

K 
5
s o K U
U* uM
d
K 
  S L s UB
WOd d?? t??K?  S?? w??K? ULO r ??O?

wzUeOH
qJA
aM UE WO zUOLOJ

qOBH iF = u M]  i
L (?

i
L ( ??? WO zUOLOJ W????O??d?? ?
.dJ dI w = u M] 
vUF tU tK b??
s U???? o? ?K ?

Ze* c U*U jK
* d  u 5D
vK u
 dUMF q
iL( VOd W
. - -

SI

`Es

wd U

d J] e?
wUd
d u X UU_ UM U
w  u w UL
w
UHu

U]e ] U?? UNM u J w u?

GATC WO] MOdO M]  buI b u
?K ? ? Q??L ?

UHuH ? ] = c]  rd  UL WuM  UNQ

]
q
P UHuH

w uM
e] tK d u
* QL (

r u 

c UBKB
] tA ] u vK d u

]
]

u wu dJ w UL) d J

w b XU U H  lM
w b
C5H10O5 Deoxy Ribose
U H U vUF tU tK uI U H  WUM
s d ?? ? ? c?? U??H?u?
?H? v?? U?? c??
w Apatiteq WOUd XUU_ u

UH
WUM w b  * UBKB
qU9
]
UHu dF* U* ? UNe
UN I bM

pc X UU_ ? wU_

V ] d * u uO UJ
^
U r w UE F ?
UB
K  s? ? U???  o? ?K ?
q? ? e ? tK U??
] o K 
sLd  U
U HU
s  U s  U'

u w  u qJA

 W L s u w  u d J] V d
s  UB
K  s  U UM IK  b I UC U
dA s d w uu* C udJ s uL
]
uM
  S L 
] U s  q   s  UM IK  U'
s  W L H 5??b??O? N?  s??  t  IK  d A   b  _
s  r  U d (
5 _ 5bON O 5 _
d ( uM  S L  s  UB
K  s 
]

u w u d J
jd U* w uu
u
M iL( WK K ? = d? ?I ?H ? uLF w
UNM W??O??( UuK* UHuH
l U Lz

W ] ULO U
] d  s U w U U?? ?
? WO zcG UB* ULO U* udJ UNU
w d u* U
d J] 
^ w u w  u d J]

UdO tuH
U b w d J] 
^ v .dJ dI U b
q] M u w WOU U UNM
 VOK( d J]
UF
_ w r J  ] u
U M  d ? 5?? s  t uD w U2
r J OI d F
 U GzU U BU
q] M 5
U AK
L s  u dH  tuH d J]
qO]M d
XUU bF qJ

p w ] U M U 
dJ t M  c
] UM
_

. - -

SI

`Es

wd U

f H s  r J IK 
b 
WOU W w qL (
W O  UL U??F? _ s? ? r J  e? ?  U??N? UNM  qF  r?] ?

w r J IK 
o K  b F
s  U IK  r J  UN] uD

t  p K * t  r J
^ t K r J 
 UL
K  w
d e^  ud B  vQ u 
dc uBI* bR WOU W1dJ W wQ
iL( w WuKI buI w UF
rc wMF tO rc dEMK XHK dOF w uM
Uc _ tO rJM

rJH s rJ qF _ uL dU

w tKL fO tO rc U UF_ s U
uA dOB lOL u
qOBHU UF_ c .dJ dI n r
5 M  e F * s  5
] s 
M  Q C
W O  UL tuI

] q
U t O K  X K L   U 5
O   _ d?] ? s  d  c
q
s?? 5U r  M  r K F
wR=  5 O   _
] q 5 M  d I
U 5
O   _ d]  s  d  c
M 
s  5
 bN  r  M  5 O   _ U t O K  X K L  
r U
q] C O  U
c  t K vK d  s ]2 r K  s L  cN
t K
u? ?I?? bN  t K ] r K  d O G
U
5
* UE
M 

UF_
u
e F * QC
vUF tU tK d U

Ue v ed t OA WF_ d I  q

ULO jd w GTAC WF_ W ] uKI  buI
WFQ ULz uM eK( wH{ vK UNMO
jd GbUI T bUIU ULz jd A bUIU
UbM `O fJF S pc C bUIU ULz
uM iLK W UF* WHC vK buI uJ
sJ1 G l jI C jd A l jI T jd
C l T jd G bUIU jd A bUIK
CG TA AT w WF_ _ `B pc
GC
AT TA
e F * QC
d I  q GC CG

q] M uK
IF u I  W
v p? ?^ v?? u??? d??H ? q F d ?J] ?
] s  U uO U'
U2
s  c] q] M
d A
p= q wJK U
L ]  q=  s  wK r] u
d F
 d

UH t O t u n K  d
UNuD s  d 
q] M d
MK
J] H u I  W p  w U

UNO d?? w q M u?? UM U

u bF lI w?? r?? u?? ?
? w dJ 
UHuH UNO d w rd   d (
wzUOLOJ jd v dOA vUF tU tK
d J]
e l UHuH c chemical bond
d uM iL( WK K vK u??? w  u
5u  q K UB
WOMOdOM

W???u???K???I??? b???u???I???
Nucleobases

W ] uKI  b??u??I? U?? u?? 5

?d?? ?O ?M] ?
GATCguanine adenine thymine cytosine
u
M iL( WK K ? ] d I H  uLF qJ A w
W O] M O_ U?? L? ?_ u?? b??u??I?  c?? b??B? 
W uU  WO U_
sJ1 U UO( W dC
W uU  W O] M O_ UL_dH U r '
r ' sJ1  WO U_ W O] M O_ UL_ U
UNOK uBK d DC u pc UNFMB U
u% UN_ uK  WU
cG UB s

WO U_ W ? O] ? M ? O? _ U??L? _ u??? lOL v??K?

arginine histidine isoleucine leucine
lysine methionine phenylalanine threonine
tryptophan and valine
dEMK WHK WIdD .dJ dI U?? b
uu* WO U_ W O] M O_ UL_ WO] L= v
U cG uK  w
u^ J WKd w WU

d UM 5M'
w UF
_ d dS p qL (
s rK J w W?? j
qd U o K
. - -

SI

`Es

wd U

w uc* ULK d s eG* U

UE uN UF nB w W1dJ W

WF_ W O] M OdO M]  buI qJA

u
M iL( WK K w W uKI buI jd qJA

UMOd v uM iL( lUI qu% a M

r w WHK* UC nR w WBB*
WOMOdOM buI WLd dI r U/ U
l{u W vK UNF{ b vK bu q
buIU UNF q WLKE WuN XU WU
uM iL( dHOA w UEM W
Triplet DNA Code
?
v u * w??O ?% n?
buI b VUM* rNH UB w UeK
?O? ? w??  = r? ?O?  d? ?
U?

 wK  s]  L D O = sJ  vK
U
 s R  r? ? U
 tU tK d oK) U oK) w WF WuKI
c  U
] s = W F
tM VK UbM  tOK rOd UMOO WB vUF
q   q=  vK  qF  r]  p O  s]  d B  d O D

bF UuK* UO U UN r w WOHOJ WdF
UOMI uKF rOd UbO  du r U* u??*
u uM iL( W?? s tMJ9 w e??N?
c q t tK d{ bI dU r IM Vd
tOA UM UOLK U t U XU w WOKLF
tU UI WF WuKI buIK WF uOD
vUF

. - -

SI

`Es

wd U

d ]  qO
] r]  ]bI t I K  WHD  s  t I K  w 
U i
I U*  d A  U r]  d   Q  t  U r] 
U   U* UM   U t  UF v U d E M O K  d 
U C  U M  U   UNO UM   Q  U I  _
UM II  r] 
U K  o z b
U U U
W N U
 U u
f r J  UF _ r J 
_
UM II  r]  U VOd ]
 U u  U C  U M  U  UNO UM   Q  UI 

iL( ? w= FD I * VOd l oUD UK  o z b

UHuH
jd YO w u K e??* u
M

d J] 
)
w  u w= UL
? _ ? q] L*
^
WO] M OdO M]  bUI l VM F ? q] L* u
I  ? WK] L*
W O] M OdO M]  bUI jd r VC
w  u d? ?J] ?
l u??? e??  ? WK] L* WK LJ *
d J] 
jd q ]M ? q] L* wU  u
^
? q] L* UHuH
j dOF ozb(
l

WO dI U V
qJA
I  VM F _
q ]M u e]  VC

ozb(

d J] UHu
WO] M OdO bU w UL

d J] WO] M OdO bU
UHu
w UL

s  rJ   t ?K 
UNO
F  r  U U  _
 r  bO

e e  t K  ] r K  UO F  p M O Q  s] N  r]  e  s] N M =
dI rO
J 
Nucleotides bOuK uOM  VOd
We* uM iL( WKK vK

W ULOJ dUMF VOd .dJ dI d

Q UbM ?? uc* u?
?M ? iL( vK

R
Q

wA
= s 
vK U r t I K  w 
5
]b??I ?? t ?I ?K ? W??H ?D? ?^ s?? W??H ?D? ?M^ ? u??
u s UdUM
U d E M O K  UFD
t  UF v
u
t ]

M iL( eK
H
UIAU UdUJ bM WO K) u?? w e?? *
UI  _
b t ]
UM II  r]  _
U?? ? ? ? ? _ d??U??M?
bU V?= ? ? ?(
] c  W uM  WKK
UHuH
jd UQ
=

bOuK uOM 
d J] dJ
jd pc .dJ dI d
^

? L? ?)
bUI l??  u?? ? ? ? ? w?? ? ? u?? w?= ? U?
d  c WOU U??P?? p?? d ?  bI W??O= ?M ?O?d?? ?O ?M] ?
UL_ e l V M F w uu* U d J] 
^
I  ? uu* WO MO_
UuJ UO
) q VC
_
W ? N ? U??H?  q?? ??M] ?  u?
? ? e ?  p??c??

gzUA( uI q
e] tK U

= s  d H U U q q

uM iL( a UE qJA

. - -

SI

`Es

wd U

=  b z U 5 u
sb
vL d Q


WU  udJ w ] vK sNKL
V d_

d J] 
vK uu* w= UL
)
q
? W U)
^
vK qLF WI
 UMOd U d
WIK q
Wud
d OG ] u* lb b vK WK K 

s
s U1e uI r u?
?M ? iL( s bOF
U?
?u ? J?  d??I? Polymerase edOLOu
q
?O?u??K? u??O?M ? U??I? r ? WK K
vK W ?K? L??J ?* b?
WO U_ bOuK uOM 
b vK WK K qJ
dO w u_ sJ
WO z UD_ `OB
vK d O  fHM dO bzUI WK K 
vK d O
=
WuL v W U
WK K 
] WU( YO dQ*

=
? UK d Wd qLF U$ d U1e
wU UUE? WUF r^  bzUI WK K 

eOGO .e ? UNIB r^ w Okazaki Fragments

WL] N * UL edOLOu wQ p bF Ligase
WK K 
vK WK LJ* bOuK uOM  `OB dI
eOGO .e rOK WO KLF wNM WUM bb'
iF UNCF l Wu M* lUI* lOL
b F WO KLF c v .dJ dI U?? b
? U??B? ? U?? U??B?
U H  U?
? u?? w?? U??
eU
 U U d d
w d?? UO

UFU
 d *  d * u
 U d 
UH
M  U HB 
UHU dA  d
U
I K *U U d  U
UO
c  c  d
a uNH s?? U ???D? U?? c?? dO H
tOA bM U O IDM d??  `B u?
?M ?? i??L?(
? u?
?M ?  i??L?( ?  a??U??M ? UEM UMOd
? U??B? ?? ? ??? d ? ?* U?? U??B?
UH  U?
?
?
RNA primer U??d] ? u?? ? n?
w U
= w UdO
UH
D u rEM
e '
U
wI K UNON u
M iL( WK K vK uu*
e
d
UL WK LJ* bb' bOuK uOM 

d D w U??M?O?d??? v?? U?? w?? d?? ?

. - -

u u U
d  r J  d 
u
M  iL( a

iL( a M b w U) d UJ WO KL
wUU r^ t H u
M
b vK WO ( WO K) w d UJ UE bLF
u]M w e??* u
M iL( q o K
s WIUD U qL 5IK v
WK K q
iL( ?? U?
?) a?? ?M ? U??E? uIO W?? d??
U1e Proteins UMOd b US u
M
n Q WHK WBB
ULQ UOIK Enzymes
=
Wz U qd s Replisome a M UE
Initiation Elongation and U?? N? ? W?? U??
= Termination
UN WU)
U1e
WKd
qJ

We* WK K 
= dOC% v_ WKd* w r
iL( UIK l{ UN  e v UNLO I
UH D l{ w bOuK uOM  u?
?M ?
WOU  W??K?d??* u??I? a?? ? M ?  WO KL qON 
UF WuKD* Uu= J* UCS
dO dUMF

WKd* U UD_ V^M& q s a M? W O] M F *

bOuK uOM  q K dI h
wN WU 

UNOK W K LJ * Uu= J* e
? qOBH s?? w?
tS U??E?M ? ?  d??A?
?A?
? 1e?? U??S?? u??I?
Gyrase e??d?? U??G?  U?
dOG e v u
M iL( WK K lODI
eO1d  U .e uI r UN M bON9
p wK a M Wb WDI ndF Primase
UNKL RNA Primers Ud]  a u dU
U??H? D?? rOEM
?? e ? '
WIK vK u??u??* U?
wI K  UNON b??b??' u?
?M ? iL( WK K
dOu Uu uI ULMO WK LJ * bOuK uOM 
UH US Topoisomerase
u
M eK(
Helicase UJOK N uI UL WL] N * qON  e*
5K K v?? e?? * u?
?M ?  e??K? ( d ? H ?

SI

`Es

wd U

WK K 
w WO z UD_ U w c? ? `OB
s bOF W I UD d OG ] u* d e

?O? U?? ? U?? 

Uu^ A]  d_ V = .e v?? U?? UNS d?? ? U?
bOuK uOM  d??I? uK c?? edOLOu
iL( WK K a WO KL UM U????
bOuK uOM  ? edOLOu dI U Lz r u
M
WO U_ WK K 
= vK UNd lI w WO U_
d s UNOK WK LJ* bOuK uOM  e??
W UM k* qJA WK K 
=
U
U UB
u w WU  W w d UO
u w W U) W w d UO
I K *U W
 d *

w u
qJA

M  iL( ? wzUeOH

.dJ dI

 5D

qJ vK u?
? M ? ? i??L? ( d???? sJ1
WO U WO K
= s W??
W? ? e? ? WK K
WDu UN e M p WuN WO U WO uO
Uud J  uUB
q WDO U ULO

w v d* w p qL sJ1 uJ 

eO] 2 qJ
d  * u
M iL( ? aD*
WO  U W e
jO

q uN
 pOL
W  s  U UM IK  b I q? ? e tK U
r
s 
 U C U uM R* 5
r N H U

5
I K U?? UM IK  s  U IK  ^b?? 
s ?  r UM
U UB

eK uM iL( d qJA

uM iL( WK K v bOuK uOM WU{ qJA

WU{S UNKLJ r]  a M UE vK WO U_
WK LJ* bOuK uOM 
qOBH a ]M UE .dJ dI UM b
s q d 
d * ?  d * u w d
c n Q u
M iL( ? aUM UEM q 
hB
_ uM 5u b s 
d *
=
WKN W{ tHO bzUI WK K 
a ?
UL U d WdF
U d w U IU td s n QO wU  u??M ? U?? U?? U??B?
? u??
WOKLF uI r( dOG UMOd U??1e??
=
UNOL rz dQ*
WK K 
a ? bI] F
UF

nBF  ?
w UO_ _ UHB  UH

U r( dOG Wd( WFd U uJ nBF

M 
U
c ed UG .e ? tOA wN dA  d
q N O  dOG U  v WK K 
UN
= r = I
UH
d H w UJOK N U1e ? tOA U d  U
I K * S pc 5  d  v We* WK K 
UO
=
bOuK uOM  wIK t_ edOLOu ? tOA d
vK `OB
UNUJ w Uu s b] QO WK LJ*
a M U?? w c ? ? W??O ?U??_ bOuK uOM 
. - -

SI

`Es

wd U

iL( ? ? w?^ ? ? ?  u ? ?K] ? ? q??J? A? ?

u
M
]
iL( WK K v?? d??? W?? b?? d??E?M??  wzUeOH
5
UL w] e '
qJA
u
M

e w> eK V u  s U u U IU UC
w^ u K]  qJA
d b
dI w w^ eK(
b?? U?? t?? vK .d??J? 
dBI o??K? )
qJA
uJ o K b?? vK w?^ ? e??K?(

w=
UuK* lOL vK oDM u q jI UL 

duE

w wFO
e w w U C WO FOD

tM oK c 5D WOL W UM U

 WU U

UA_

u%
q u vK r ' w WO K q
UL_ s?? q???? b ? bu u??M] ?  c??
vL W?? u??M ?
UuudJ  UO G B
=
UA WJUA uO ? dN* X% dNE w
l L 
w U
UNO] L= jd .dJ d??I?
]
]
UA

 _ c v W{ U w dB

O G B
WO K) u w U
 qJA
= UA

uJ c
u(
cN WU)
Wd vK u%

e tK U
q=  
] w= D  UL
] uD  u  q
e tK U
UA
 WHD  s  U UM IK  U q

UM  U UMO K  b bOF

o
K


U

b


UL


V

J
K


U dOB
U FOL UMK F   t OK  

UO_ 5
K U
UL_ q WOL W ] UM U
uKF*
W c w uu* VJ q]
UA _ ? uM]  q W uM 
fO weK( qJA  W  uHK* W  Ud^  u
w wU b K] * WKBHM* UHB
 VJ

. - -

SI

`Es

wd U

qJA

u
M iL( w WO]  u  W  UHK^  w eK(

d] * q wy eK
5M' qJA

d vK W{dF* WA) tK

qJA uO dAM

n `{ q9 W c UM U
bu S uM iL( eK(
q F  qJ
b WOMOdOM buI WOzUOLOJ

uM iL( rK w UbU  w??U?? r? ?J??Q?  q??? ? s? ? U???? o? ?K ? 

F   
UO_ uK

bFBO rKU qF dIM WK

M b WK
UC wMF w q WLK UC U
wF v tOK
uM iL( a Wd nB W??d????
UOK ?? s?? d s?? n??R??* U???? w?? bMQ fO s tK b Yb Yb( w
UL U b w WOzUOLOJ bu s W WKF wOI U q s WK w tO
UU qu WK u dOIM dOIM u qM s

c' dIM u dO_ s U l{u* v UN

UdO dG v tO bFBO b t tO qF
. - -

SI

`Es

wd U

UJ_ qJA

uJ w W O] eK(

uM iL( rK U dA oK U qJA

. - -

SI

`Es

wd U

U= u * w Ud Uu  qJA

WL YK w U???d??? ? ? U?? u?? ? ?

O  t K b L ( q 
p
^ U UN ud F   t  U r Jd

qL M]  uKL F  UL  q  UG

U= u *

O G B
w = u??M? ?] i
U

L ( q
=
vK u% WO ( WO K) u
 UuKF* q
W

wzUOLOJ
bMN* WFd tKUJ Y WFU0 5dK

wU  uL U_
kabbanimahmoud@gmailcom wdJ
bd

httplibraryislamwebnetnewlibrarydisplay
book php idfrom 5328& idto 5328& bk
no122&ID5338

ld
* r^
1 Gardiner K Human genome organizationCurr
Opin Genet Dev 1995 5 315322PubMed
2 National Center for Biotechnology Information
US National Library of Medicine National
Institutes of Health NCBI XChromosome
MapViewhttpwwwncbinlmnihgovprojects
mapviewmapscgitaxid9606&chrX
3 Genetic in Medicine Thomson
McInnes and Willard

uK* suJ
uO( U?? ? ? w? ? (
d = F W O] z UOL O W G ? d H] A  UuKF* c UM
= vK bOuK uOM  VOd UNM
c WK K q
vL W K] I  W O] z UOL O b
v WL I
]  WGK 
U
= u * c?? Genes UMO' U??= u ? *
Exons Uu  vL d G 
s WH] R
b
WUJ ? w Uu  Introns Ud
UMOd  l??M?
vK qLF w??U??F? UN w???

] ZM  U??d?? ? U?? U?? ? r w

? UN_ UMOd

U??u?? ? 5 q??u?

quH
b UL Uu  rNH WO] L=
quH c W] uGK^  UF rNH WGK  w
WUN w .dJ dI w uu
p W q
ON
tFO{u .dJ dI uLC rNH
vK .dJ dI u q UM R
lU wLK qOb U WOu dHOA
. - -

SI

`Es

wd U

w WOdI WOLd eF*

Wd dO vK  B
U( qOL bL ub
bF s t t vK tK u vK  B tK bL(
tU rJ w qe tK uI
u rO
L  t K  r N ] s J  p   ] r NO K  q=  UN
r NO= e  r  d N= D  W  b  r N u  s  c 
K  lO
W r Wu
^ s = rJ  d O  t  J z  r J O K  wK= B  c ] u 
L K E
e u ULO
M  R *U
U uM^  v U
 5
W r
e u ULO
c ] UN ^ U w= M]  vK  uK^ B  t  J z  t K]  ]
K   uL K=  t O K  uK^  uM  s
W r

d   u  u  t K]  ] S  t O K  d U E  UL J
uK  X G  b I t K]  v U
u 
W J z * 5
M  R * `  U q
W r .d u dO
N p  b F

WOU ozUI( jM U1dJ U c s
uMF* oUM

e u s W s tOK uKB UC rb 5MR* wM vK uKB WJz* tK

W e u s W s rNOK wKB b wM 5MR* vK uKB WJz* tK

Wu u s
s  tOK qd rNM tuu tbU rN wM vK uKB 5MR* WJz* tK UL
.d u s W
U YK* qJAU p `O{u sJ1

. - -

SI

`Es

wd U

rNMO WdA* W; vK O iF v UNCF wCH w WIUM* WFU* uKB c XQ

t eOL U vMF UN rNM qJ B U lDU
UM 5MR* s U wM s UHG WJz* s WL tK s BU
nB* r V bF oUM UOU
r b'

UNd b

UNULK b

W r

nB* w UNOd

u r

64

16

103

Wu

63

13

43

33

61

13

56

33

89

21

66

.d

63

uL*
UUM

tOK tK vK vHDB* dL v U p w WLK u U w ULKJ b uL

5MRLK W MU pc tUJ dc WBB U c dN .uIU rK
YO bF UHUC s u rd
tM Ub w WBB* .d u s Wb Wu{u WFd W ULK b pc
YO UC bF UHUC s u c WLK u  B qC tOK tbU 
UNO dNE YO
.dJ dI w WOLd eF* w WO{Ud U * b w w WOdI WOU  WuEM*
wU* l  W%UH u w eOL WuEM* c S pc UI b' w UC UM `{u w
u WuL #uH u  WFDI* dU WH* u  w WU .dJ dI u WOI w pc
uB) t vK UNM r l  rOu(
WOLd eF* s v_ WU(
r b'

UNd b

UNULK b

W r

nB* w UNOd

u r

63

13

43

33

61

13

56

33

e
UUM

. - -

SI

`Es

wd U

tOK tK vK vHDB* ud dL v U p w U_ w d b

w LA O* .uIU UU ou* dLI dN .uIU UU u c rK
dH WO LA WOJKH b v U p w uJ b u nB* w u  VOd
W MU 5U dH pc uJO WM qJ b U u w LA O* dLI dN 51uI 5
rK tOK tK vK ud dLF
bNF w ub dL v U p w uJ b u 5 w oUD ULKJ b
U* bOu bOIF VU vK bOQK ub tO XU c WHdA WuM dN q UU wJ*
UNO U p w uJ bI WbzUIF WOKI UL s rK tOK tK vK ud vK B XU
u ULNuL ?? WIU  WuKF* v U?? 5 5 dH
wMK WL w ULNO uc* tK s B rOd UNM vM ( tK UL v U
5MRLK
YO rd UHUC s WOU W YO u v W U b uL
WOdI WOU  WuEM* v U
WOLd eF* s WOU WU(
r b'

uL*

W r

w UNOd
nB*

u r

7x16 112

103

Wu

7X 10 70

66

.d

26 7 182

107

75

uL*
UUM

ULNU U uL l 5u  VOd uL w WKL WOdI WOU  WuEM* UM dN

YO bF UHUC s rd c mU
uN WOJ* ub dLbF UHUC s pc
` UN UL l  5{ l  UL  U p w uJ b
rK tOK tK vK vHDB* tO vK wKB wN t q oUK

. - -

SI

`Es

wd U

UU WOLd eF* s WOU WU(

r b'

uL*

W r

u r

w UNOd
nB*

u r

13x1 13

.d

Wu

13X 13 169

103

Wu

66

.d

14 13 182
2 7 13

107

75

uL*
UUM

w bF oUM vK W b??' w ULNUHUC bF bF uN k

wKB wN rOEF oUK ` ULNO s l  5{ UL  ULJ WOdI WOU  WuEM*
qU u UL vUF tU tLU dI rK tOK tK vK tL YO .dJ tu vK rK
s UL c XU U* tK u bL tK t WLK w BK bM w
UIUM rd c UbM dNE UU XU w WOJ* ub d w XzU w WbzUIF WOKI u
d0 rK tK dH cN
W)

rK tOK tK vK wM vK BU WF  U c w bF uMF* oUM oI% bI
U0 pc WOJ* dH w tu dL  B qC tOK dL UO w WOL U UNO UM dN
WOdI WOU  WuEM*U W t

lu* WFd tKUJ Y WFU0 5dK

wwwalhabbalinfodrmjamil
dI w WOU  WuEM* UMU vK vd u{u* c s qOUH Ue
WOuJMF WJA w UMFu vK U uJ w UNUIOD .dJ
www Alhabbalinfodrmjamil

UI ee
wJ V% s* U* d XO w VJ* w WK* c l{
UNOK lKD

U q
e tKU UM dOc d UNO p uJ bI d U UNe
UNKLN
e!V !tM!ed!VO! vUF
. - -

SI

`Es

WG

U=w UN  p
dI  w UD

bL UL UN

= w uJ d?? u??] ? d?? u?? ? qJA

q

??B?

? 5??*U??F? 
t??K? b??L?(

w qO b?? d^ ???? UI s WI

t vK 5FL tK o K dO
tK u vK

c QD) cJ vK rRu

UF
UO_ t
bF sdUD

c u^  w wy F D  qI M]  w odD

qLA .dJ dI

re
sdH* iF

u pOJA
.dJ dI qI w fOzd  odD

 pc 5U WO z U??D? vK

X GK UuJ t EH uD 
^ kH wU
pK vK W K udC tO] =
t ]  w

^
]
c t L nB* WUJ WUMF Wb=  X w WL WLK UNM Wue* UD_
WO  bK uBF lOL w B
WLK XL .dJ dI w
]

V J n??? B? * r? ? ? ? ? u??B? I? *
uKB
.dJ dI w X w
]
WU w l ^ c wz
`KDB*? U I u V Wd H c vK = d] ?  w dA
^ q

w{ UH s UL bN w U nB* w U uH U .dJ dI ] `{u

=
ULKF WUB
d ?I ? b??
UL q]  U tM tK w U ?] b ? U UL U??H ?(
] H * W  dI w tK vK  w= M]  s cM Uu n zUB
UbF U W KC
]
r d]  c?? WHU q??zU??I? u?? U??
5 tM tK w{ dJ u t F L r] rK tOK
w U MF D  b^ F dUF* WO] z buI ? w YU  l L '
b r] nB* w 5
]
U??= uN tO Q D .dJ dI b
qU
d
vK tM tK w{ UL bN
UI^M w = d] ?? UL sJ1 d?? d???  UuH

.dJ dI b d L cJ
WO
UL 5IdD

U w WUJ uK WId

s U?
?
^ q? ? ?? r b??B?
^ ? k? ?H ? _
uFU rNM tK w{ WUB
UN VJ s .d??J?  d??I?  W ? E? ?H ?
]
?O?H? u?
s?? d?
?L?
fH
VJ w WIdD
w X O
tK rNL d F  s?? U??H? U? ? ? u?

?
?O? U?
 b uI UdB w UN
dI dF
s?? 2
] r F 
] s WHK WUJ
vK l K
R?? UNdF s??2
H (
U
]
w dI kH

5 d H  r KF W1bI UuD*
bK s dO w sdAM uU
VJ

q
bB

L
U
r qN' s 5 IdD
.dJ dI uKUM UB_
uD
w
W O] z b uI wdI
r d] 
O rNMO
WN  UA*U qO s
]

. - -

SI

`Es

WG

= ?
qbF ] K q U
bF QA WO] U
d OG w?
^ ? d ?A?
wu e
WO z b??u??I? U OU
tU tK s w ? ]oK r
v??U??F? UuJ fO d e ? ?M ? ? U ? O? X O U ?u??L?
U u vK V?
? ?  U??/
) qI W O] LK o??zU??I?
w tOK UM ` KD 
oH ]

WO] D 
u_ s w U/
UNOK o H= w u_ Xu p

u???_

UNO d J M W UM UNO W UA

 UM q tOK o H] U?? W??O] ? ??D? ?

dG  ] uBI* UN qB b
vK oH] ??? WMO] F WQ w?? U??B????
UU s w LK WU vK  ULK iF
` K D 
5?? w?? s????
??? U???

e^ M ]  b' U s UM{d
UM] u U F

UNU vK d ULK

dI WU WId ??? r??B?) l?? U

u ud  rN _ b?? ?

b^ F WUJ w dUF* WIdD s .dJ s

UK  b?? WLK w 5
5 IdD
O U 
w uJ hI]M VOF c ]S U BI U O
w rb WD
u ULKFK
D 

s WUJ WId d) t H .dJ dI D  w UM W UA t _ p

r .dJ dI _ .dJ dI WIOI bI jI WO] dF WGK^ ? U U
fO c

U uJ e M oDM vK
dI  u K  e U/
 W eOK$ q ` K D 

vK t K V

b
UM{
d

uK

WLK q K ULKJ iF w C d??

Vd s tO b I d^ C cN buI lDU p?? w rND

sJ1 qN car
> ?
 b t u UL bOF UNOK oH ] w WO] D 
qOL dO j
WQ UN _

u?

] ?M ? d??O? q UM w rbU W KO uJ bB
? ? vK t o?? ?
I ULKF
dI t?? U?
UC(
p?? q? ? S??  W??? U U*
?F? U??2
UAM t s dO rK F

WId UuJ e? ?M ? r?? t?? _ t H .d??J? uO U O

D 
d wz
r d] 

tIOI s e X O tMb tU uJ u UL ULKF 5 tO lI

UM 5?
] ? ? dE]M Y bM U??M? WIOI(
d
V uBF d=  vK duD] dOOG]K W {
oO
u vK U nB* r u{u
WKB* WU( wCI U
uBI* oI] b b]  ` UB oOI jCM

?? b??u??
5 c?? UdB w?? v ?
b 1
r d]  c S pc t dO vK tM b r WId w dUF* WO z b*
e v UULK W ] _ U U c c R  u  q ULKJ s qOK dO
c UMu v r d]  cN d d
5 UM X?
? bF s VFB U
dO c W WzU
nUB* t??M? t??K?  w?? { U??L? ? o??I] ?? UH=

d= R 
t]_ tO UJ
D 

b t F r p rN Q

WMO] F b u vK 5B*
5

WHU d bL U U
D WUJ
vK n???B?* r ? ? U ??U??

w UL nB j= tO kH( fO U??L?K?F? u??  s?? `??d ? 
p dO n U

h
^ M]  w HOu ]  d_ U O HOu
. - -

SI

`Es

WG

U
o UD V?
? ? X?? L? ? p??c?? .d?? J? ?
?U??G?? U ????U??
nB* r wI c sJ
WuH
uDM* uJ*

tO X??? ?  c??  l??{u??* w??H?

WO] dF WGK wH ULz b
bN vK U UL
V?? ? J? d?
? U??M?
UNS W??u??d?? U? ?? ? ? W??L?
oDM
UL WHOK)
UH= U UNOK n  u  bM U oDM
q V?? ??J?? o??D? ?M? d?? ?
UL  vUF tu w UL d I 
WO] dF WGK  ? U U
fO c

w dL r N  X M t K s  W L U C WO] M_ UGK^  w uu u q jI

 W?? e??O?K?$ q?? o??H ? ] bI
oDM WuH U? ? ?? tO X c?? l??{u??* WLK ] vK
w UL d I  iF bM UNOK n  u  bM U d h d UNO oD M school
s  Vd
5
M ;
D 
 t K X L ] vUF tu sJ1 rN
c k UNO oDM c

d_
tO rN D
jC sJ1 pc WUJ
?  _ WU V w??
ULKJ iF w n?
uDM q
?? VFB
U??e] ?  uKB
p??c??
] ??B?
] ? q ? w?= ? u ? B?
] ? d? ? _ WU

?O? ?
VJ b ? ?  w?? w? ?u?
vK WU WKIKI UH W M] G 
= ? U?? u??e] ?  u
tL NH oO
? rOH ] K u?? ?
U]e B
n?
U q
]

UJA  UUC dO U??d= ?  U??O? ( dI q??I ? w?? U??L?? sJ1 ?? p??c??
jI uJ* vK .dJ
UM UM b B
] k H
M
d???I??? u??O?? s?? w??I ?K?] ?
b] UH]
d ] U?? /
MB U b U 1b rK F q n]
b
dI w ULKJ iF r V UO w b$ U c s uDM* Wb w uJ*
I r d]  nU u
w UO
vK .dJ ^ b w nB* w WuJ* U?? s
UL nB* r ? 5LK * UI U FU
U n?? u ?  q??
u ?  l{u vK
O^ G  tUC b u pc bu] UJ oOD vK bU *
WO z buI d
s Wb( WO UJ u U??_ e??_ e??_ rO I
WUO vK W _ d N
= .dJ dI qON UN b B
?D? ?
u?? s p??
UH Wb t oK] F U q
I W? ?O] ??

UNdI dI
WUB
U??C? c?? nB* r? ? ??

fH vK tOK uIH ] rNM tK w{ dJ iF .dJ dI WU w bu U U

???D? ?
c YO UD 

s UNO U0 tu uJ* UNO n??U??? w??? U?

tM d* oI] r d]  X w ULKJ iF UNO U UO uDM*

oK= F 5F
t WUMF XGK
b wdI
r d]  U S
] d Wb) UF* nU b WIdD

^
] c dQ .dJ dI w U dI ?
]
s tu r jC
W] b=  s rOEF QA
 Ud u s
b^ F ?
W O] D 
u_
W] UN

u?? _U?? W??U??M??F?? p?] ? ? ?? ? .bI tL vK wI

dI
b ]e? M ? * w? ? u??  W O] HOu ] 
WLK o U vK WK_ s
d dO U d
] U
W UM p q
U EH
U D {
dI w?? X???? w???  W??L?

. - -

SI

`Es

WG

UN r ] u v tM] _ u UNK U Wd

UNK w t M] c= _ ? bbAU
U* rNM tK w??{ WUB
YU 

??B?* u??L?
UF t?? b?? w?? u??U?? n?

t U
l ] r??] dOG
YU0 b r K

c rJ ; WL J; dO
u] D
qQ v U WN tO
WUB
s UN r d]  dOH

tU tK s U O fO rNM tK w{

vUF
lODI U
r u dF
r

y
=
U q^  VJ oDM U q^  tD U{ dF A
WdF v q 
^ u ]  tbzU VJ oDM
= X O  d
d F A
?O?? I?? r ???
c r ? ? d] ? ? u?? w? ?U?
d] ???
tMO U d ? WO] uO UMUUJ w tb
t K b r ? d] ?  c?? d?
?F ?  r? ? 5??
U??e= ?
d?? UO q??_ U??d?? c ? (

dI bd s
U l UB_ nUB r w l M I * U
wb  dL
w_ jI M] 
U
`KH  s WO dA

WO] UA d w wu U

K
w uO
^ dI uK w UI U
nUB r w lMI* U* qO vK l??
ud w qOb  uM wb dL w_ UB_

uEM* RRK u w A d * UM s qeM]  j

v dO( bd w u L K ud* WKL d w
w UI wMO K
dI r w tU= V U

K
UdF qUM w uO
^ dI uK
?? ? ?* w? ?U?? e^ ?K?
nB* U??J? w?? n?
dI uK w U bOd  `UB
nB* r??? w??d ?  bNH .d??J? 
WGK^  tI w uB bL( b +UG
u b UCd WO] dF

s   U qzUI r OEF  w^ KF  b W]
= UM e] 
d ( uEU( t  U d  c

dO WLK
c?? VOF s??
u b?? w??? UNA
UdO w??? W??O ? z?? W?? u??G?K^ ? U??D? _
t?? _ ???? vK u??M??U??D? ?
WU qJ
dI u U u^ D WGK^  uK d w V 

W ] u M]  W M] 
WHdA
.dJ
^
duB u c  rKF dEM UbM
uJ*
? k H K] 
o UD Q WO] zU d

d
WO] dF WGK^  w bu t uDM*
U q W U??d??
t oDM
dL
5?? tMO U ??d ?? d ? ?L ? ?
w?? u?? ?
?  _
n?
qFH w WUL' bF W  UH

dOG u 5 tMO U d  e* uBM*

WUL'
buI c?? ? r??K? F?? c??N?  d??E?M? U??b??M? F? 
 vL c  w W b *
w UO
s UI  UN b$
nB* j=
q r I
U  v WO dF uD) rKF
U tOK UI nB* r ?

td) p UM tOK c ?? q

UNM b u_
Ud UOI s

b^ F tF sJ1 t? ? vK WLKJ UM _

u tH  X  c U w d O p dI
sb u p K
=
]
qJ A
qJ A
uN q U t wU 
UNOK U??d??( l??{u?? d???( qOJA
d( vK UI
l{ jI M]  jI M] 

UM sJ r?? d????
s?? d??
q? ? eOOL

ud  U d( vK j I qOJA
tK w{ WUB
rK tOK tK vK

vK W ? d??_ iF tO b?? U0] d  rNM

. - -

SI

`Es

d UI

dO rKF 5 dO

WA u dO bL

w b u_ s bF W uOUDd ULK d
wu uFU WM XdG rKF aU
dOQ w YK WM rUL bF U OUDd
tO H tKI U r vK dO
uM  w XF L UB vK Wb c XOM
d r s wuO dO N bF* v_ dAF
uM  w UNzU W dO wU vK U&
dL) rJ UNLJ dO
WOU dAF
vK dL) uD s WM q c
wUC dO dA d?? U_ c XMO
WUB WOUL UNM WOB bF_ WU UNM 5b dA c d F d_ uJ qOUH
dOFA dOL s rUM dL) s r WOMb
UNM Xu d vK dOD WOKI qUA* U Ou jI
vL dOG vL U 1b XU w dO vL * UJ Ud vK bI b dc ub
dOJ UNM qOKI e*
W1b u
WOK dO qOUH Ub v??K?? b????I???? b????
b w?? p?? vK w???M? b ? ?
tKOKI dO d??J? U?? U??I? n??u??
UdA* wUC ub dOJH w?? j?? U??u??K??F??*

d
U* WU w WdFLK
d_ WOuJ
U d?? dJ  q U C U??
WcOHM n??zU??u?? l??d??

d tM nJ qL dH tM dJ WOd( U??N? * q??U??A?* q?? U???? U??N?L?
s d J 
UOIU
^ UdO UNKOK dL) Xd U C U

d d q dH* dc UH_ b

w WuF
dL t vK dA s dJ * wM nM
ULF WKN  UNM dOBI v
d L d J  q
UI oKIU n??u??F?? vK dDO w?? WuF
u U
s d d J  q
d w UN dA r UNM b d L) dA
U U

dOFA dL) WUI UL dO dOG

w WdF* Wb ' WOK  U?? s b?? c??
U N d_ w dO d t U s
w WuFB u??L? ) _ U ?I?U?? UNUA U tK u tM tK w{ U s bF sF b jG{ UH r ' d?? UH fHM
w] K d] q] e] t K]  ] w qUA ROI b??  w?? dJ  W UH
r  U] 5
M= I W uJ  dL )
U r UF  d L YK UN ] S  d O G 
UdJM UN bJ qA VKI
]
q D U W uJ  U vO O  X K
rL  Beer Belly sD WML
dc ub
UOH w?? WM WO s??

w WFHd* u??b?? Uu  r?? ?' w?? U??H? '

qUA Wd( hypertriglyceridemia b
WOIK) UuA UNU 5M' bM qL( w
UdD{ fetal alcohol syndromeWOuK 
U iH WU{d u bF uK  uLM
_ bM VOK(

. - -

SI

`Es

d UI

uJ s WOU XU u dO

u vK ub sLO q s U U
WKO{ WOL vK u% WOd b w WuF 4  ?? B? ? r??N? L? K? Q?? t???K? ?
UH_
Ub w [ v qB uJ s
UM tK u U uU r izdH
v_
U dOFA `LI s tFMB U d
dOU U?? W bF dL s dOFA U* b
U* r uLFD U rF uU dOG
qb q( U dL u_ w uJ s WOU) U rF uU dOG UI ULNM uQ uIKDM
VMF Wd lMB wMU rK * bI Q sLJO UNd r s U UNub rNS uU uLFD
sF jI U b* UNdA tO w UdO dOFA
tIM ud{U
t l I M tK u U U ULNM tK w{ U s tK tK u U U dL s tK b s
WU U  v bG bF bG uO t tdAO VOe
dOG w vK d
vd VB
dO UM
dN vI O  t dQ r

dL) u s u UN vK dO wM nM

rU uLC*U uO 5LK * s dO b b
uuJ WUe vK u [ uFMB* V S dL VMF s tb w UB tu b
rd UL YU uO bF dL q_ vK uUM b dLd=  s dL q F s dL dL s
dL dOFA s
U; Y??U??? r??d?? u?? c?? ?;
s1_ dHBK dDO w WuF p UD) s?? dL UbO d??
s W L s?? lMB W??d??_ tuI
dUA* vK

WDM( q?? ? F?  d??L? ?  V??O? e??

WUF rNMJ1 t uME sc U

dL uN dL uJ v tdL U dOFA
UUA d uLKF d_ s bK dOU u w uQ UbM wM WU s tK w{
u l{u be d* W be b dO vK b tO s d w s bO F sF UNO rNF w UB_
tMO % s U {u vu
tK]  u X F L U b= s
 U t ] 5
pc UMLK WUB rK U* tK u?? u??
U vu
 u UI  sL O  v q s UF  dF_

u U UI w] M]  Q
U s b u v UbMF t  U
I q F  s 
d UN l M B
Q U] tK]  u
UN UI UNM dL) dc UdBF U UM UM tK tK]  u
UI  e * t  U
I dO F s 
d l 

w q tK u UI
d d J  q^ 
r??K? tOK t??K? v??K] ? U??I? tzU K `??B?
WOd dO

b


b


q
e

tK

]
qJ  q F
]
]

uLK *UdA UbMwM t Ud c uO U

d b b v U_ wUOK Vc UI qN vK dO

dJ r u d
UNL dOG UNuL dL) w s WHzU dA
WCHM*dO w d * WIOI(
dA* U?? UL dEM iG
d* R?? U?? d??A? d?? bI d??L?
UN w ld w LowAlcohol Beer uJ
Non uJ s WOU) dO UN
tK]  w{ WLK sF U b U OKI
UO UO
u q? ? S?? Alcoholic Beer
s tK]  u vN XU UN UNM
. - -

SI

`Es

d UI

fO WN d??_ c?? w?? U??

u d?? q dH dJ  q
s
dA
bu

Yb(U dDK U??b?? u??N? U ??d??

UC_ w uL) r ' w uH
U t wM s dONA uJ s wU dO

5
= (

qOK
sL  U
N A  u UL N M O 5= d (
^ vI ] tMJ b?? UNu WUJ dL) dA d r
^ w  l  s  t{ d t M b d
N A
N A
U
U

w  l  rK * WLOI WN s UdC dE UNUMU rK * d

vL (
u v d w d] U d (
l d p u
] t U  t K]  vL ] vL p K q= J  ] tO  e tK Wb u U qIF d?? WN s td
w  Vu tLF tK oK s U IK qD tKD
` K X K W G C
 b '
tK^  b '
sL t q

^

V KI w tK b ' b   b 

tUI
tOu UM tO WM d?? U tK UM
dH* dJ *U W??O?d?? WOMb WOUM s?? U??
5*UF tK bL( u_ s UNA UUD w q JU tK s WKHGU U UOB

UUM qIF w b s pOU UF

w WM  dI w wLKF U bM Ub s bMN
WLO dL) qOUHL WOUL WOUM s U
UM
wwwneurologyorgcontent
lL* w Wd e?? U??U?? dO u?? s
WNL00000000000000631501early2014
w oOKF _ rOI UO{ d_ pJH v
short
dOQ rKF lOL'U WUB wuM
s bLuNK]  b s dU s u
WU
WOKU' d U
VO' vK U
tK]  w{ WAzU 5MR* s bL
5P p q q e tK dB
UNM vUF d * dL) udF
d bIFWKJA* v??_ w?? d??
tK w??{ U s?? s?? wzU M t??d??
dOFA s
tU w UI .d V WOU w
ULNM
ULNM tK w{ dL s s U td
eeF
tM tK w{ U s bF s fO s qM s bL td
d??? ?O??* d??L??)
U??/ ] uM  s? ?c? ?] UN ^ U??
UB_
tK w{ UOH w WM WO s qM s bL td

D O A
] q L  s  f  _
u K H  r J K] F  u M  U  U
UNM
dL s tK b s qM s bL td w UC G   b F  r J M O
l  u UD O A
] b d  U/ ]
dOA s ULF^M s s u r qN B s t K]  d s r ]bB d O* dL)
]

d w s qM s bL td
uN  M 
qM s bL td
kHK ddO s s wzU M WU w s tU s .dJ UJ w U* U IUD rKF U bb d
tU s
dO w U U tO eM r dIU ndA Yb(
rK 
wM UU U WU U WU rK * WKB
wUOKD u td
lL 5*UFK UM W L
tM tK w{ b w s u
UNM tK w{ WLK = s u
dB
w?? UMKF c??  t??K? b??L? (

bzU* u dL vK
d q WOdA U??J? _ U??U???) d??
u
vUF tK UI U s d bF
U W bF
rK  U

5  b F
Q   s] L K F  

. - -

SI

`Es

d

dI rK sLd
.dJ dI U u nzUD s
wK sb bO rU
wUF* e??? u?? d??? wH U???? d??I??
dI U?? pc bBI dL ??
UF
dI uK dI w b td n

UNM UN VF bb UJQ t wu b
vK u Ud w W rNH r  r  U O
5 U U U e UL q s uM c
UN bNA UbM U O bb dL W wR
u w vUF vu* U UL UNO uF
s UN S 5 q UNK wR rOd
U 5 tM tK v{ b u U p
bu W qL v UNOI qd uJ
bF qU vK
tK vK tK u U p w dI s
d ?  d  vK oK  rK tOK
c Ud d u tUH tOUF vK
sK 5F UJ UM ULN UM_ VO d
.dJ UJ w b$ ULMO UU* td dJ
lOUMOU dH wUF s tO UbA U U Lz
5dA* iF tO qI r ULU rJ s
dL* ?? bG* tKH gd s
w D ??( tOK D t
s ???( _ w?? mOK ??J?? d?? s??
fHM VKI qIF w tF
u J VU YU tu
UM U qUJ w q rKJ rKF
w b??& s?? b?? ?? r??K= ?J??* v?? ??J?? s??
O iUM iF U
nR* vK

c bLB dH b_ bu tK bL(

vK  B b W U c r
dBU qL% bL UbO bLF* wM
b tK u q WU mOK bK'
s XOH U s u .dJ dI w
s UNb dzUB w dN UB_
.dJ UJ UB td n dI V
t O t OK t1b
vUF tK U w U uu c s
rK tOK tK vK tK u d U UNM
ub; rNM UbI ULKF tDM U UNM
rU{ rNM tK w{
tO iUM U t _ tu
qUJ r M wU U dI

p s vUF tK uI tO iUM

tK dO bM s U u U M u?? w
d s vK dO U tO bu
dU t rKFOK U CUM wUF* w U 
tU1 uI U p w _ cO uBI
ozUI( t wKM v rKF q s d H O
U qUJ wUF* U t `C
c db wu U d d* uF S
q s?? WLJ( tIH u??B??I??* wUF* tIH
o d qu WB q WE rJ
UNCF qLJ UCF UNCF d H U d
UCF UNCF R UCF
wH w??U??F??* e??? w??U???? t???u???
. - -

SI

`Es

d

p H vK XOM UL X pOK UM wB UO M QDK W??{d?? lDU u?? uK

UJ
 .dJ dI b$ ULMO jDA
qUJ WLJ( U fU) tu

VCM c t LK t???? q? ? rK= J* Q?? uK vK

?O??
u tO rK tOK tK vK tK u U
UFOL rNU rNuHM rNuO0 UF

uI ULJ( qNM tML r O J( d ?c? rKJ* tOMF U?? rNM q?? rNHO b?? J
UM t?? u??N??u?? c??? U???? `BM w tuI oK) lOL b tQ e bu
d B
e c u r O I *
m
u U s^ ' f
s  ] q d u
X F L  
u s* U UOI vUF tK tKF u ? _ t u  t K  0 uQ 
d I c?  q  0 u Q  vK 
wGM U `B `B U t b WUI
dO
N i F   r N C F
U
U bN U?? iH U?? ld U?? d?? U?? q 5 UM d 5 b%
fO UM b
UL KF  t M  l A U C tO UqC seUFK bI qUJ UGBK U' b%
uK t uI tFdA s uLKF tML
5b ULKF UJ rKF U
uF tO vK d???I??? u??L?? l???d??? t???u???
WOu_ bOu vK W_ 5d lOL
rNK tK]  tM bF lL U
u

o( 5 U t eO1 tu d b??

WOud
U wG bd UOGD bF qU tK u s dF UMK U s2 UM s
s '
tM r  c u tO rK tOK tK vK .dJ wMU UMOK tK rFM q s vUF
U    U d  UM F L  U?? u U v t F L dI dJM lOD s rOEF UJ
t
UM  P b d
v b N  sJ1 t c b_ bOu U u .dJ
b o U u U???? tu
tK v odD b WIOI( v wU K
w WUG
o(U uJ vUF tK oK bI vMF tK t bOu vMF rNH

UNKI s oK) s b UN lL U dD dF U?? UM s?? u??? W??O??u??d??

vUF U d U UNKH s bF
U tULK vM ( U??L?? WOKF tK UH
_ uL  UMIK U Ub u w nO dF UM s .dJ dI u WU
sJ o(U ULUMIK U 5 ULNMO U u WIz UFU WON WLEF VU
uLKF rd tK o .dJ dI U?? w UF
UNO uN WQ  oK) u q
UM vK wH U c?? rOEF wKF

d oU) vK dF WQ  UN e tOUM UN XU UM l dU

tK WUNM tO Wb tM U?? t Ud w dOUFU ub u UNLK UL
o qd o 5OM o dI o d_ u?? w vUF U?? UN ub
eO* o?? U?? ??( o?? U??M?? o?? WM' sc ] UN
u U
UL  _ t K 
 vM  (

dI R o u* o dB o uK LF  u U U e  O t z PL w b  K 

w eN sQ uI w s YF tK o tK u U s UMLKF U p s
tU t iF w bF d ? s Ud U pU q
UMd rK tOK tK vK

. - -

SI

`Es

d

tP dOB w d H qN b

w tK u vH U0 d UL dO
B 
UNM tK w??{ 5MR* VM WN' t H w UNe vUF o??( s?? dF c?? q??
w wH e???_ u?? w vUF UI t UD u w tM U o( tU
o tK UM vA tb tK U pH tK u?? U?? eNU
u U qB uI
UA f
H  u ??? tO rK tOK tK vK
O  q B
vG s  tK t L B
nu W??? W??d?? qJ d??? s?? pOU
 U s  t  d s  eN U
d O w  b N 
tK t K {
UNO vUF tK oK w WEK w fOK
u w U UL 5FK U 5  tOK b vUF tK U UU; eN s
 d rK tOK tK vK vHDB* tO e s
UM O X IK  s * b   U
 u w uIO dOc(U dIU ubU
v s  d ] s   w] K  X  d]  c ] c?  p   U
eM
 WU(
OK  ] t  ] = s] J M   _ W  UO I  u  u] I u  5
*U F  = ] s= q
i
5
L O  U
t M  U c  _ q
U u UJ c UM rKFO p U
U _
F
UM O K 
5
lzUu s dOJ tM VO= G tK dO bM s
 u  t M  UM F D I r] 
w WdB bB vNM w dI UJ tK w?? tK d?? U/S tK U d?? sL
fOU_ v b???_ n??u??* n?? .dJ UJK dN s?? tU  tKI
tK s?? b?? s?? v??U??F?? U?? d??U??A??* pc WK s tK 5?? tMO U lD U/QJ
U MO tK q rK tOK tK vK tK u UL
5*
U w WHODK uu iF c XU
UdB sJ1 w UF
U d dI td dI b lU tu

WOUM
uH dI u sc UMQ u?? U FOL
u t U U dI l rNM qJ Ubu s d U U0 UM vUF tK nU
eF UMK tdA u U t b rK tOK tK vK wM l UOuB
WOU Wb UN su v dA dOF s 5 tMO r gd UN iF 5 tMO u
XUJ hK hK uB bF WU b t v d ? d B t?? iF
wF  WFU vK lOA WH wUF* c?? UI tu s 5dA* l 5K d wM
M  ]  u? ? 
d??? u?? w t
WKB u vK bOQ U b I U
M  _ ]
OK  U O  r NO  s  d  b?
U
] ?
U UMuK lO rOEF dI qF rNK
n F {
L * n F { UO (
 b & r]  U
5*UF tK bL( UMe UMuL UM O K  p

. - -

SI

`Es

d UI

dzU u
wuM
UL ub aOA
WU u0 tu s R sb* WdF dzU K
l uO UUG ozd w t r WKzU WU
WJz* uHM WU{WFA u s dzU  tu% U
dJ WJz* WFO  tOK tHu 5Mb* s
uM tM Q U2 Q UNQ WHODK
bL ub UU d?? U UM wdC
I u  rOI tU w U wK
lU* s
UUO uO U0 u  eO9 w WOdA WOdG
w V  rEF XU w WOM  uMK UC*
UM_ VOD U 1b dF WU b
uM U vK e uD  c s
wM U w WOB WOO WOLKF Wb WLE w
U0 u  u vK q u u  tOK
p 5b U s WO W wKLF d*
Ud b* U U s bF c Uu
WLK * UFL* w WHK* WOuK 

s d u{u W WOLK dE WN s u 
tu WdD* WOJOJA U  UNA U
WOLK WOC q vK rN U s q s U 1b
odF wLKF 5LK * aU s U d U{
w WUFH WOFOD u* d vK ldO p
WU UOU WbI*  w rH r ' W
d rH W1b WuI XO Yb( VD U UbF
rH W w r ' W b '
u WOM dzU Wd

Wb UNUJ U WM XdU
5UOAU UO  WJz*U u  U
UNM u b s `{
U{d rHK dND u  ndA Yb(
UDOAK dD W w dK
rN s?? ' d??? ? u??U??1 s?? W???? r??

dzU d{ s UNKUI U u bzu iF 5 WUI b

dzU
dDI Xe Wz

WOc ULOK( tdJ rFD d

vK sb* d dzU  U WDu
5M w qu s dO UOL ULF
dO_ 5b

u
`zd WUJ u?? q??e?? dDF
`zdK qe d WNdJ
O d??* U??F? U??? s??
tULF
WOD lzd rFD uM q u 
vK u K wM ULF rHK
O U K d
WB w U
f UMODF w???  W??O? c?? U??L?O?K?(
UFD

WUI
rH Wz

rH rF

uFKK WLzb We* d??H?* V

UUO X dQ U U9 UNOK wCI wH_ uFK dH
UB vK sb* d& w wH_
WbOKI W_ s dOJ
rGKK WHEM*
U 

. - -

SI

`Es

d UI

d U2 Wd WOc ULOK( u9
UNJM* UN ULF vK sb*
d WOLJ

WOBAK UF UL vK b `O

UUN UFK d?? w?? U??d??D?{
bb WuL
UO bb VOUQ sd  WK db
WUN WOF{u
r ' qJ rH s dAM U UI
UUd  UNK UO bF
WONAK WKDF WMd  WdI dOQ

qOD W??O?c?? ULOK( W kH

vu w??? Y??b?? d?? E? ? U??d??L?
u n w tM tK w{ dF_
O  tOK wM
d1 U nO
tU  d vK u 
WCO* UJOKO  V eO2 iO
WLIF* u?? ? * s??  U??d??O? U??M? ??
rOdK
rN qU u UF vK u d
WuLH WB WUO w b
WOC w WK WdI WU vK kU
UM_ rH W w WLN
WOB u td U b
tJM* r??H?  W???  w??  r?? ? ' W??? 
b W1b WOLK WIOI u LK VOD*
UbRO Yb( VD U
qLF  W??b??F? * U??B? ?? b??N? 
bI s wFA VD w uIML

33% W ozd( w w Oz V
qF `??U??* U?? ?* U???? ? w?? u??/
dB wUU UUG ozd s
s duKO 100 u% UM U
CHU 5b sU c?? s b
U v dB
tM WLUM
dOJ aU
dDF qU

UFD rF

UM_ u

UFK d

WK d

U UN dOQ

bF*

WO

t OK q

. - -

SI

`Es

u U

tK oK dO

u UWUM' s U
rKI
WKu d bF WOD U rKF wQ
wzUOLOJ U??N????O??d?? W??U??M??' vMF nAJO
VOB w d_ UNM WFM* rOd'
UNM q G s

wK eL lb b b Y wH

WUM' vL  w?? wLKF U???? uMF
WOdF bGK w??d??A?? UNLJ
s uL  UC u* d UNM nzU
d WOL d bG c lOD r '
uuI sc U_ b u td U2
WO w 5KUF WO{U WU UUAM
U
uKJ uuB vK u dF VOd
uO MG* uH H uO UJ U??O??u??_
UL p??e?? b??b??( UdJ u??O??
wMK iU( `K UMK UMOd WOMO
UuO Lactate
bG s??? d???? d??O????J?? W??O??d??F?? b???G???
c `H U??F??{ dAF UL dOGB
U S pc UNd dFA bL w bG
c bu dU dFA X% dI dH
WIDM WUF WIDM WOU oUM* w bG
WHK 5OB) fO sHB fO 5D
WuK* WIDM* bB d??* d qd
WOFL  uMI b WLK u Wdzb
w WOU)
mK U M bM dOJ WOdF bG b

. - -

tK u vK  B tK bL(

q U??
?1
l ?  s?] ? N?? U?? s? ? f?
?L ? qzUI


u KB
vK f L )
] vK k  U s  W M] '

s] N O u  s?] ? u???
? s?] ? N?? u?? s?] ? N??z u??{
tO  U
? U??
?C?
D

X O  Z?] ? U?

] t H UN W O= U?? e] ? v??D? ? O
U b] ?  U U u U W U _

WU _
s  q

t K]  ]S  UI W UM'
G U
U d O tM s  w vK s s Q r 
W UM d F q=  X
% ]S  U C U
= W A
zU s
5
UN M t K]  w {
M R*

vI 
U q?? q
? U U)
G V?
zU v?? WUB
W A
X UI  UN M t K w?
?{
U)
U
q
)
G V b I  U
?zU?? ?? ?? ??B?? tOK U???
nO
] q^ d A  q G UI q G
d F A
U
r K] tO K t K]  vK] 

tK]  u
s  q G
q  t b q
G b ? W UM'
] u r] ? t? d ?  q G r] ? U?? UL N K b
Q {
d F d= A r] BK

w r] U*
]  u{

iO
H r] U
vK U??*
O t?? vK
tK=  bK
tK w??{ b???) bOF U?? q?? Q???
s  q
I  U U
I  W UM'
U
G s tM
I  d O d F q d] 
U bOF u U
?
d F d  r K] tO K t K]  vK] 
tK]  u?
V O p M 

SI

`Es

u U

dFA X??% dI r?? ??' s?? d???? w????

s Vc r UN_ qFHU WUM wN bM
tdF Vu w dI q U U9 r '
tdOF
UB U?? vK b bKK U pc
UdU q s Ud w WU  UF*

UI u Ub U X b
u* Ue WKOH bK' `D vK u* c
s UN s qN fO r ' w WU 
sb W  U q G UB q G od
r ' W
U c bB UB tK u b
u N  s  o D M  U
tI w vUF tK
rM u vu
 w  ] u 

b w?? s w?? 4
tM tK w{
wd_ s rF
U1 VF
 s ( s bL; U
b L  U
W H OM w u  u c Q t s ( s
t K  w {
tM
U s wzU M cd bL pU td
wINO wdD
U1 VF
zU s? ?
W A
wFUA bM  UN M t ?K ? w?
?{
dM VOd
R_  tU s 4
bNF qO wO rL  uK rK U????
uM* WMb* WO WFU UA u
WFU WOB WOO u b?? fOz
uM* WMb* dI
bOU_ ld* l tKUJ Y WFd sJ1
wwwnooranorg wU lu* vK WU
dd w s 4  w u

c d UL Ud bM Ub nF{

b UI O UU
jd U?? bM bG
iO(
dF q???? W??O??zd?? X O d????? c???
uK dH iO wM d tMJ UF
U0 WNO WI qJAO b??K??' u??? n????
X% s td u Wd n pO

d W bM WU* Wu K UUI UU

dFA
dFA
UMOd d??O????J?? b???G??? d???H??? U????2
sJ1 bb( ub UOu_ UdJ 
WU  d c q WuN qe ULK
d u rNH UJU U UC
u d U* UFH VCG s WLUM
Q{u VCG tdF s tK
dI r ' UdH w uL U
dFA XUM oUM w WU dF q X%
vK t??K?? u??? u??I?? p?? w?? W??U?? ??(
WUM dF q X% rK tOK tK
dA uI dFA uK U
WHdA Y???U??? c??? q???? s?? `??C????
w w q wM* w X O WUM' UdO
q bM dI r ' q?? s d d??
uKF r?? ULKF W??U?? d??A?? d??F??
q GU q GK bOu Vu* u wM* d
r u?? U??L??' bM U?? ? `B WUM' s??
e b
bM e??? u??L?? ?? d???? W sJ
s d UbM e bM w M' UON
q tM Vc U r
YO tOK V]M&
`{u wU) tD v tK s qIM
UMO oK WUM'U WIKF* WuM eF*
u* vK WUM' r  B tOK
. - -

SI

`Es

UB

eJd* WOU* UFLK rUF t q

WO WFdA vK
uM bU
UNKUF WU d& UN u s c
WO WFdAK U I

WbI

_ UOUDd w bIF w
UB bM UL WLK  dO W w d
WO WUB WdK
U t??O?  w?? c?? ? l??U???  w??*U??F?  w????
XOL U XA UbM uM fL wu cM
WUB WOUO WOB s?? d??I?
s bbF U w WO*UF WOU* WU UI
tO s??K ? b?? U??u??J? U?? rNMO s??
U R* XK UNQ X??% gOF rUF
`B WO uJ b UOUDd e s
vM0 WO WFdA l w WOdB* WOU*
uM c bB w rUF U?? bK
rNb w d) V V  W?? pK s
b r mK lu* s UF* s
UB* Xu p w j dA bd'
u fOz U wMOd tOM uOK wzU
bF VU v?? u??b?? lO w qUF WO
eF tuJ sK dOU bH wUDd
Xb w dOJ UUC* s WO uM
bM Wu w bb w wU dR 5b
WOdO_ WO_ uM w
U w quLK ed d WMb* `B
WuL* cOHM fOzd nu bL Ub uI
WD) c wQ tH b vK WO b
UN dI sd s c w WOdB* Wd
vK u WOd WOUDd wU * U w
bM  w kU UNb X O WO uM
uLM ld w quL u s d WB
U( u UL ub d w qb w rN_
qI* UF UNL eHI lu* s w
WOdO_ WO_ uM WbOKI uM w
dR* l dI* s?? wuOKd v??
d WOUJ b w dB* eO 1 U U MO
bu l WIu* WOU* UL Wd bb'
WO WFdA w d sb d _ ub
WO WFdA
s bOF WO uMU pc
t* WFd  u??D?) c??
WKJA* c
r 
w quL u UNL d s Q
.b R?? ? ? u???? ?b??? n??O? C?
V  WU WO `UB*
U eHIO
uC oU  UF db* wdD
WFU b vK UM U U/
wdF quL XO fK
uOKd v v WOU* WU
U RLK
WOU dEM c uK b nO

. - -

SI

`Es

UB

w u w??d??I? 1b?? u??? b??

WQ dQ r WO UB*
WuEM U??F? X??% b??I?F?M?*
u_ UNbN w UIF sd
uM dQ r
dI ULC WO*U WUB
Wb WMB UN WO*UF WOU*
W_U WO
uM v?? rUF w?? WOLM
quF p U_ c b{ dO
V
WO*UF
WOU*
U X qJA WO
WdOB c qL WFO w WMU
qUF UE W sbU s??b?? l??O? b??? U??N? L?
lM9 UUU tOK lOA tO
w wU*
uI dOBI b* vK U??_
s bIM bOu u q w
rUH `?? { W??U??C? * vK
u U v WU{ WOIOI UF
U_ V  s Y WUC*
ju{ s UB* c b rzU
XU ULN WBB) v?? u???K? q  qJ UdA* iF w u) s c(U WOM WOd
b WO*UF WOU* W_ rOL w w VuF
WOU* qUA* dF 
WOJM WUB U?? _ t?? UO  w?? b UNb WO UB* wdD 5? ?
WOU* W_ c nI w w WO*UF U s w quL mO ?? s qzb
UIF vK UIOKF w U vM* wULK ob w
U lu UL p dO Wd pOKLU WONM
lU w*UF w???? UB bM* UL b u/ rUF u  vK w quL r
r rUF uF v?? eOKJ UOUDd w w qB U c qb s uO sc LF
UL s be* cQ bd c rNuD U wdD U??{ WO{U* WKOKI uM 
pI b t XK UNU vK uJC WO WOd juC UNe u WO uM eO1
WQ * X O sJ rUF uF v s rN vK qUA UNb WM dO lUA w UN{u b
U/ d u{u cN b vK uJC UM lUA* vK UC* s bF s C dF
w w tu b U??b?? R?? WUM qB U v U Udb u UNb fO w
cN rNd v w rNu vK tU UB UB* w u_ w dO rC u U/ W_ w
wU qJA U& s UU ( dOJ ub d V WO*UF
bR U??C? * UN dFA WuLK UOKL
WM  dI w wLKF U bM* WUF WON uC
lUA* c q w i r WO UB*
UM w
httpwwwaljazeeranet s dQ b WO uM wdD lU
ebusinesspages890d0c7505cb
U_ vK u dOQ c uJO sJ WO*UF W_
47e5960e62591b908bc2
tUL( Wu WUB tb c U* vK fO
U?C 22 U? b j_ dA bd
d_ WbOKI uM w t uLF u U
10892 bF 2008 dL 23 ? 1429
httpwwwaawsatcomdetailsaspsectio
n58&article488061&issueno10892
aU WOdJ WUB WHO
bF
0311httpwwwaleqtcom2009
article296615html

uLKJ uOdG d)

dO) U??U???u?? f??d?? b???M? f??O?z n??A?

uM uO uU u d u  UB
XH WO*UF WOU* W_U b?? dQ r WO
lLK WOb bM w UUI d{U w uU
. - -


dI
bd

SI

`Es

Wub WO_ wL Ud

U_ s VKI
W?? ? ?? b?? ? ? ??
U???M? ? b?? ? b?? ?
u% WOzc ULL
bU b Ud vK
W W?? U?? L? ? v?? K? ?
wL Wub WO_
VKI U s wUU
WOUb UJ 
WHO d?? ? ? 
WOUDd qO wK
bNF w?? 5???U??
VKI uKF U??U??
UOU w 5dA
b U??d?? b??
iF v?? K? ? w??C??I??
tHK  c??? d??C? 
WFd  u?? Q?? *

od w?? v??_ u??D?) WUD c?? dC bF

WOK U v R sJ1 c 5dA VK B
dUM) bM Wub WO_ b WOU UJ
pc d?? W??d?? q?? WOM WLF XUM w
VKI w JA vK d dR
vK u???? rL s?? W??O?u?? W??d?? U??M? s??J?
c s dOJ vG Ud s d  uMOHOu
dOQ
u1U UMO Wb s WR * WU XU

. - -

WOKI U_ s wI Wub WO_ bU uN

WOUb UJ 
u0 WHKG W??? d??O?Q?? w?? U??L?K?F? d??E?
vK uMOHOu vb Ud s uQ WOzUOLO
dUM) dO b dUM) bM Wub b??
uu* p tA UbM 5dA VKI UN _
UuO( c UF Q U UH sJ r dA bM
WUD U uB Wub UNOQ d { WOM WLF
WO_ c hKI b9 jC u dH w w


dI
bd

SI

`Es

 UL NO WM' s vUF U

U] q  W N U
s d * uMOHOuU wzcG UEM rOb

c= J  UL J
= = Q   JA s WUL( vK bU sJ1 U??d??
sLd U
U WM' U s XI WU s U qO
5dA VKB vK dR* qJA w WUD

Ub UJ
WM' U s W UNO WU s
w U??d?? b?? U?? WIU U?? XU
I
dB elnashrafancom s
UN Uud WOL iH d b jG{ iH
U ud U s s tKU w b s wLKb
vN r ' UdH w
wc U UL nOF{ bM UH) nA w U

dI
bd

wM eI
UM  e
b (
b

v w Uu V d W qB
Wu W
e_ s U lC v ULKF nA
WOM
U??M ?  e? ? vUF tK uI
b b  Q ?
t O b? ?b? ?(
U Q q s ULKF b U c U
M] K l  UM 
UL td w LA UEM s _ s Wd bb(
Vu v e b bb( UA c X
WU w _ Vu U ULMO uNB bb _
UOKG

Ub s I dI bd
W bb( u

WO LA WuL* s bF d?? w?? Uu

VuJ 5 tQ ULKF tHMB WOzu{ WM [ u
dD9 d??' c?? UL VdG d??_ sJ rM
uNB bb
WDd dR dA bb Y w ULK l{
rU rNMO dF* UG rF* d' cN fIDK
wK UM fID U dN wM eI
wKG d UF zU bb u% w V U
WKzU d U w
t v ULKF UNLL w duOLJ U/ dOA
dD u' t w qJA wM eI d 5
Ubb' Ub uI d UF bb u%
dD9 r V qJ w lL dDI c
r w w VuJ s d w WOM e??_
UNB UNO b s dG UNMJ dA* Vu
r s?? tId rM V JO W?? WOKL w?? u??
w WKU u$ r UC WOM e_ vK oKD
d r UU u??{ YF WMU WOuJ UN b
UOb
. - -


dI
bd

SI

`Es

u{dF
dO UJ s

V UD

WbI
v U U d_ w dO w t XFH b U v UM w uN uK
d WOU s s WB vK WOK U d n w WMe* WO WQ * cN
WbB d_ w 5UB V UH_ bM UuB
ud WOU (U Wuzd

rN qIM UD dNE UM* dOG l nOJK WOuuMJ UM UUO ddI rKF l
UuK UuJ s ? rN UL UM w udJ bO  wU UUF s [ W M
Ud* uD s UL qI WKO uOK [ Vu WOUMK UdD uN
qJ? b UO v UO  WOJK W qB WOuB UO s U u UM w
ju* dLF U LK U uM ? UI bIFK UO  b U W b  ULO U
U U sdAF U& UNM UL U U dA W U& wU( UO  uD_

. - -

SI

dI
bd

dN d V  uK s UNM ZMO

w WOzUdNJ Ud; s "UM uK W
uKK nO uLM dO w dL( WIDM
s W&UM UD_ b X UOzUB b
uK c
WOb UG UUF s
qIM UD s

`Es

WO{ UH_

WbB d???_U??? W??O??U??B???? b??R??

WIO W??? u?? b?? b?? UdO u????b??
UNMJ WOU ( U uK dOQ b u
UJ s [ u UM 5
t v XHK
uUB WM 5F_ vK rUL be s2

WOU s UH_ s wUF ULO udU

w WUF WOU ( v?? WU{ n??_ w
s U D 5 d W VOB
be ud W v b ub dOA UM
WuK* UdD d sJ  U U uB
lUB* WOzUdNJ bu*
oM
UM

uu* WuK* U??G?? s W* w

nK vK qIM UD UbB u??N?? w??
UG udJ bO  U WU tu
vK be U UMb U nOJ WOudbON
UB* V WK  WO UO uOK

uN uK s UF U ub b% r
WOKL u??D?? U???? Vu w U??D??
dO U??J?? s?? ??zU?? UNNu*
V w???? u??N?? u??K?? U??D??_ u??{d??F??
jK UF bUB WOUd dQ
r( be WO LA WF_ dOQ uN l

U s WK U{U
UD_ tF be
hK b* Uu w b XUM
s UOu U v R uK U WUF
5b uK UM w UOu U r
s b??% WOM_ u???( dO  u???
d UdNJ bOu qUF s "UM uK
w????{_ v??K?? q??U??F??* c??? U??A???? W??D??d??
uK UA b vK bO WOUMK
qUF u dC s q UF U
w WOMJ  oUM* s WdI vK d bOu
UL WOUd  d??_ udU V w
s UuB
"UM wUMB uK s b%

u WU 5K UJ w XML_ qUF

WO HM d_ V qLF s VOG be
U d ddJ UD UI s Q
. - -

SI

d UI

W
w WOdO_ WFU' UNd W dN
u d  wUMK su* AUB dO
uN uK W UH V dL s
u' u??K?? U??? U???? u??F?? d??O?? w??
dD{ UdNJ UDI v w Oz qJA

WU) U??O?? ??K?? nOJ b?????? v??

WOL w?? U uK U ?U??H?? qOU XK
ULF V u??N?? w WU  U??G??
U* vK WKUF UdNJ bu* nOJ
WHQ jO; uN Wb dN UL
dOD U W K  U uK d_ u UdD
WFu wUI* s qF U WU  UG s
uL  s?? R??? U??d??D?? c?? d??? vK
UbK wK  d_ UMH{ U U uB

qO_ s "UM

I
aU Ud u U Ub bd w UI s
dB
U bd

`Es

UB WU  UG WOL WOLd

r UO u V qIM UD s b%
WKLF * uu WOu Ud;
W* w u q1 w*UF qIM UD
uN UuK V UO u pKN * jHM s
U uOK s be U U?? w tM "UM
U  dOD) d_ s bbF U uM
V U uM uOK s be U
UUM qOU; vK u??K??* u??N?? dOQ
WOe
s bK WOdF b?? s bbF vF
u* q??zU?? s?? W??L??U??M?? U??U??F????
b F mK WOdF WIDM* w?? t?? UuB

WzU* w vu Ud* bF uM  uLM

U u v U s dH
WOUM bK w WuM  uLM bF uH
s bbF WzU* w [ vu bI w
UNM jHMK WM* b WU WOdF b
WB l?? qIMK WUF UJ UA jD
U2 WU) Ud* b qOKI UF qIM
s WLUM UUF s bK WKO qJAO
UM* dOG vK UdOQ u* qzU

U s WUI p  sL{
sLC wJ Liban Post bd WDu rJKB U WK XU
U rJuMF Ube vd rJO WUI b_ u
U{

sUM vK UF bdU Xd d fUHU uMF U sJ1

WK* w WuD* U bM

. - -

SI

`Es

d UI

Too busy to
Pray Five Times?
By: Daliah Merzaban and Hesham Hassaballa*

Before I genuinely began to cultivate and nurture

my relationship with God, I regarded the five daily
prayers that Islam enjoins on believers as laborious.
It seemed impractical to expect that I would be able to
stop what I was doing during my busy work schedule
to take time out and pray.
Working as a news wire journalist, I was often
spending upwards of 10 hours a day in the office or
at conferences, interviews and meetings, barely able
to make time for a lunch break. If I wasnt working,
my time was divided between house chores, errands,
family and friends, and exercise. I was punctual with

everything in my life, except that I was late five times

a day.
In my mind, it was not viable to expect that I could
wake up before the crack of dawn to pray the earlymorning prayer, fajr, otherwise I would be too tired to
work effectively later that morning. It also seemed inefficient to interrupt my work meetings to pray duhr,
the mid-day prayer, and asr, the afternoon prayer.
Making the sunset prayer maghrib was often a challenge because the window to pray is typically quite
short and coincides with the time between finishing
work, having dinner and returning home. So, in ef-

. - -

SI

`Es

d UI
fect, the only prayer that was feasible for me to pray
on time was isha, the evening prayer. For most of my
life, thus, I would at best pray all five prayers in the
evening, or skip prayers here and there to accommodate my immediate commitments.
Without realizing it, my inconsistency and approach to praying trivialized the principle behind
performing prayers throughout the day. I believed in
God and loved Him, but on my own terms, not on the
terms very clearly set out in the Quran and Prophetic
teachings. Yet praying the five daily prayers, at their
prescribed times, is the backbone of being a Muslim;
we cannot stand upright in our faith without them. It
is one of the essential practices that God has called on
those who endeavor to live in Islam, a state of existence whereby a human strives to live in submission
to God.
When I came to truly understand the importance of
prayer, the realization was both overwhelming and
quick. It dawned on me that if I was not fulfilling this
precondition, then I really could not claim to be Muslim. Even if I desired to have a solid connection with
the Almighty I was not taking the necessary steps to
do so. I promptly reoriented my life and it has now
been a year and a half that I have not intentionally
missed a prayer time, whether I am in the office, mall,
grocery store, out with friends or travelling.
Looking back, I see how wrong I was about the
impracticality of Islamic prayers, which are succinct
and straightforward notwithstanding their resonance.
When I moved from trying to fit prayers into my life to
fitting my life around my prayer schedule, I instantly
removed a great deal of clutter from my daily routine.
Since regular prayer promotes emotional consistency
and tranquility, I began to eliminate excess negativity
and cut down on unnecessary chitchat, helping me be
more focused, productive and patient.
Over a short period of time, what amazed me was
how easy and fluid the prayers became. Performing
the early-morning prayer actually gave me a burst
of energy during the day and, gradually, the prayers
that I had initially perceived as cumbersome became
an essential facet of my routine. With Gods help, I
would find ways to make a prayer regardless of the
hurdles. While in Canada for the summer, I would
often catch duhr prayer in a department store fitting
room, with the help of a handy Islamic prayer compass application on my iPhone.
Verily the soul becomes accustomed to what you
accustom it to. That is to say: what you at first burden
the soul with becomes nature to it in the end.
This is a line drawn from a magnificent book I am
in the process of reading by great Islamic thinker AlGhazali, entitled Invocations and Supplications:
Book IX of the Revival of Religious Sciences. Al-

. - -

Ghazali describes a series of formulas, drawn from

the Quran and Hadith, which we can repeat to help
us attain greater proximity to the divine and purify
our hearts.
At each turn in my quest to enrich my faith, I have
found that what at first appears difficult becomes easy
when performed with sincerity. Soon after I reoriented my life to revolve around prayer, the five prayers
felt insufficient in expressing my devotion. I examined Hadith, or the traditions of Prophet Muhammad,
peace and blessings be upon him, and discovered
there were optional prayers I could add to my routine.
Since then, I have not let a day pass without praying
them.
To supplement my prayers, I have integrated various zikr, or remembrance and mentioning of God,
into my days. Zikr, including repeating such phrases
as la illa ha il Allah (There is no God but God),
habitually draws our attention back to God.
Among the many rich invocations mentioned in
Ghazalis book is this one which I have started to incorporate. As we leave our houses each day, if we say
In the name of God (Bismillah), God will guide us;
when we add I trust in God (Tawakalt al Allah),
God will protect us; and if we conclude with There
is no might or power save with God (La hawla wa la
quwwata illa billah), God will guard us.
I suppose to an outsider, these acts of devotion
can appear a bit obsessive, and I have had a couple
of people say this to me. Yet it is an obsession with
the greatest possible consequences that can improve
rather than disintegrate ones disposition. The more
time I devote to God, the greater the peace of mind I
find filling my life and the more focused I become on
what is important -- such as treating my family and
friends honourably, working hard in my job, giving
charity with compassion and generosity, and maintaining integrity.
Remembering God throughout the day, through
prayer and invocation, truly does polish the heart as
Hadith teaches; you erase obstructions that would
impede faith in its purest form.

Truly when a man loves a thing, he repeatedly

mentions it, and when he repeatedly mentions a thing,
even if that may be burdensome, he loves it, writes
Ghazali.
What does it mean when a prayer goes unanswered?
In the Quran, God clearly says that He will answer
the prayers of those who pray to Him: When My
servants ask thee [O Muhammad] concerning Me,
[tell them] I am indeed close: I listen to the prayer of
every suppliant when he calls on Me: Let them also,
with a will, Listen to My call, and believe in Me: That
they may walk in the right way (Quran 2:186)

SI

`Es

d UI
In another verse: Your Lord says: <Call on me,
I will answer [your prayer] (Quran 40:60). Consequently, I pray to God for everything in my life, big
or small. If one notices closely, my lips are frequently
fluttering away in silent prayer to God throughout the
day. Most of the time, the Lord answers my prayers.
Sometimes, He does not.
Recently, I asked God for something very, very important to me. I prayed to Him night and day. I got up
in the early morning to pray extra devotional prayers
before sunrise to make that supplication to Him. I
prayed to God at times when the Prophet said God
will answer those who pray to Him. I prayed almost
constantly for this particular thing. It did not come.
Needless to say, I was sad and disappointed. In the
midst of my sadness, a barrage of thoughts and questions raced through my head: What went wrong?
Was it something I did or said? Is God angry with
me? In fact, I almost wanted to say, Why? Furthermore, my sadness gave way to momentary spiritual weakness in that I had transient thoughts of rebellion against God. I said to myself, All this prayer,
and it was not answered. Did God not hear me?
No, God indeed did hear me, but He chose not to
give me what I asked of Him at this particular moment in my life. The above exchange in my head was
born out of the fact that I am a human being, subject
to all of the weaknesses and hypocrisies of the human
condition. The Quran told me that this is in my nature: Now, as for man, when his Lord tries him, giving him honor and gifts, then said he, <My Lord hath
honored me. But when He tries him, restricting his
subsistence for him, then said he (in despair), <My
Lord hath humiliated me! (Quran 89:15-16).
Now, thank God I did not say God has humiliated
me. Also, thank God, I did not point an angry finger
at the Lord and proceed to disobey His commands.
To do so would be horribly ungrateful. How many
blessings has the Lord bestowed upon me? They are
innumerable. I do not want to be among those who
worship God, as it were, on the verge, as the Quran
says, if good befalls them, they are, therewith, well
content; but if a trial comes to them, they turn on their
faces (Quran 22:11). When the answer to my prayer
eluded me, I simply put my head down in acceptance,
still sad, and said, All praise is due to God. God has
decreed thus, and He does what He wills.
The truth is, the Lord neither abandoned nor humiliated me. According to the Prophet, when someone
calls on God, one of three things happen:
(1) it is immediately answered (and I do not have a
shortage of those prayers, thank God);
(2) the answer to the prayer is deferred to Judgment Day, when the supplicant will be handsomely
rewarded;

(3) the prayer will block a calamity that is to befall

that person.
Thus, in my case, either something bad was going
to happen to me, but my unanswered prayer blocked
it, or the Lord is saving the answer to that prayer for
Judgment Day. Either way, I win.
The thing is, I frequently cant see that; I do not
have Divine Vision. This is another trait of the human
condition. I do not understand Gods wisdom in not
answering that prayer right here, right now. Hence,
my sadness and disappointment. Yet, my role is to be
patient with the will of God and continue to be a humble, devout servant. God will answer other prayers.
Perhaps God will one day let me see the wisdom of
His decision. He has done so already once before.
When I was a senior in high school, I applied for
an honors program in medicine in which I would be
guaranteed a spot in medical school after three years
of college. My application was very competitive: a
4.0 GPA and a whole host of extracurricular activities, honors, and awards. I prayed and prayed and
prayed and prayed. I was not accepted, and I felt the
same sadness and disappointment then as I do now.
Yet, I did not despair or become rebellious against
God. Three years later, I was accepted to medical
school without a bachelors degree. In fact, I was the
only one in my medical school class to be accepted
right out of college.
I reminded myself of this during my recent sadness.
While I do not understand Gods wisdom, I have to
trust that He has my best interest in mind, and that He
will not do me harm. This is what God wants, and I
have to be patient.
Even though this prayer was not answered immediately, I will continue to pray. I will continue to try and
get up before sunrise and pray those extra devotional
prayers. I will, in fact, pray more to God now than
I have done so in the past. God always hears those
who call on Him, and I will live my life making sure
He constantly hears my voice. And the most beautiful thing is, He never gets tired of hearing that voice.
That is why nothing else in this world except He deserves to be worshipped.

_________________________________
* Daliah Merzaban is an Egyptian-Canadian journalist, editor and economic analyst with a decade of
experience in the Gulf region, Egypt and Canada.
Hesham A. Hassaballa is a physician and writer based
in Chicago.
Complete article is found on the web site www.
IslamiCity.com. Article Ref: IC1112-4943&
IC0809-3659.

. - -

SI

`Es

dO_ WLKJ

rJ tK dHG u%

ud bL
d_ R  vK WU U WK_ U ` r b sd{U( UO rOJ( fK
UMOK XUJ U* UUF* c cF c q r UMu UbM d c U U U(
tK u s UOId j v U s dG vB v dA vB s u_ 3_
bN UQ rKE c q s vUF
uO uNQ uU uc uI U tK vK d' c s s R U rJOQ
U rN tK ` tM uN U* U WOBF*U dE rN XM ULK UB_ tO hA
tKH w rd dL rNCF UH u* vK ud v u{dQ dHG* Wu
d q w UL UUF ULOK t s dO t U U
u U0 dB ozUI( s rNuO XOL rNuK WKHG XKK rNuI UOb XK
tK s t d 
vK vUF U UM Ud UL rdO vK WLzU uIKO dF u uHIO 5
qJ uJO u  U vK rJ( q vK ULKF vK rNUN rNzU vK rNzd
rN H nOI rNUL b WOR  rNM jI s p sJ tU WOBF* w pd
uK  dOOG WuK WEu* UL  qOBK rNOF WK
UM vM v UNU UN UObU r d WIOI( dN bF U
W) u* q qF s* U d
ud d
ud h uB vM
vUF tK U v u d dc lL H rN bNA t H vK u H rK tb
r UN
uF L   r N  UN
d B   5
K  r N  tU w
 r N  UN
uN I H u

 p   UI WUNA WdJ U uIF U bB U0 rNH

r  q
UF  _U
  q^ {
`c v WuN UIM UN_ WHO_ rzUN w UF_U rNH uK  UG  r  p

u u_ WUF db dJH dO s uKUG pc vd* v UI UN sE w

dOB*
hB UMMJ1 5L UM dB nO UOKF UMKB* UM iF wDF v
WU UM_ wDF v UUA vK UU  fK$ q B _ ozU lC
UN uK$ UMuH s UN d dc WEu* v UNO lL u_ w jOAM
sL UMR U sL vUF tK uI UMuK s WKHG UMMO s WG UN ld Ub

s b tN vK U J wA1 sLuIO WUI* v Uub u UIU U

. - -

SI

`Es

dO_ WLKJ

rOI d vK Uu wA1

t K L  u t  s = s L  uIO eOOL vK UNb UMuI bIH tU UM Uc
UM   d 
qHI q dJH dE tO uUd uI q s u% s vK rJU u{d
rdOB rd rKF b tK rJu UM rJOK lL UH_ j u_
dF s* U b * v rNKd vK wUI* v qd qCH s* U
WOB WOu s U O uKBO rNFb id r t tu R nO
U b V v uI rKF q bM
dD q tOK UD tK rKF s bOF
uI rKF q bM sB% u UI bL% U vK u{d U NK U uFLQ
ru VM rNOK d nO dF tOK dFO U id
r N O  M  t K]  u  vUF tu s `{ u'U 5LK * U d U* b sQ
rNO U sc s uu r N 
tu s
c ] U u uJ 
H r  U  Q  t K]  u  s
d HJ  w d J  r  d  w d  U

zU Uc vUF tKU wBA bOF vK tOK U0 U tQ b sdH
uI]

IF  b
u cF r F bI U
b  t K]  ] uL K  W U
] B  W M  
]  r J M  uL K  s
c ] 6O
`B UbM Y) d rF  B tOK UMO U u(U UMMO U
WOU WO Wd_
uE u
 U uK F  r N]  u 
rNOK tK t{d U UF R v b vUF tK eM
U bI dBM uLOIU U O  ]b  r N  d O  UJ  t

uM  s
c ] UN ^ U q
u q s s_ dO) UU UMLI S r J  b  X =   r  d B M  t K]  d B M 
r J O K  UL 
] q  d  t O  u
u r]  r J
] d H G  
u u w r d
u  U
5
 d   u ] u   r J  u]  v u]  r  e  b 
u r J O K  X L F  w ] w  L F  d? ? qOzd  wM
U qOzd wM UM qI r

b N F

  U  U
u
] r  b N F

UbU W K' rOJ( vN

e tK uI sd{U( d
s  b N F
v s 
q
K] 
rO
 t
E F  u H u  p  t
r  F  U
c ] r J F O 
d A   U

. - -

 `Es
`Es

SI
SI

_ uK
w U

- - .

SI
dO_ WLKJ

- - .