TNG CC MI TRNG CC THM NH V NH GI TC NG MI TRNG

HNG DN LP BO CO NH GI TC NG MI TRNG D N LUYN GANG, THP

H Ni, 01/2009

Li ni u
nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM) l mt cng c mang tnh khoa hc v k thut c s dng d bo cc tc ng mi trng c kh nng xy ra bi mt d n u t pht trin kinh t x hi, trn c s ra cc gii php v bin php nhm tng cng cc tc ng tch cc, gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc, gp phn lm cho d n u t c bn vng trong thc t trin khai. Mc chnh xc ca vic d bo tc ng s xy ra ph thuc vo 2 nhm cc yu t c bn, l thng tin u vo cho d bo v phng php d bo. V thng tin u vo, iu ct yu l phi c cc thng tin v 2 i tng chnh: mt l, nhng ni dung ca d n c kh nng gy ra tc ng mi trng ngun gy ra tc ng; v hai l, nhng thnh phn mi trng xung quanh, bao gm c mt s yu t v kinh t v x hi lin quan, c kh nng b tc ng bi d n - i tng b tc ng. Mc i hi v mc sn c ca cc thng tin u vo ny l rt khc nhau ty thuc vo loi hnh d n, a im thc hin d n v phng php d bo p dng. V phng php d bo cng c s ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, nh: mc sn c ca cc thng tin u vo, loi hnh d n, a im thc hin d n V vy, nu ch c nhng quy nh v php lut nh hin hnh th cng tc TM Vit Nam s rt kh mang li nhng kt qu mong i v rt kh to lp c nhng c s vng chc phc v cho s pht trin bn vng kinh t - x hi ca t nc. Vn cp bch t ra l phi xy dng c nhng hng dn k thut v TM i vi tng loi hnh d n u t khc nhau. Bn hng dn ny c lp trn nguyn tc tp trung vo nhng hng dn mang tnh k thut cho vic lp bo co TM p dng i vi loi hnh d n u t xy dng nh my luyn gang thp Vit Nam lm ngun ti liu tham kho cho nhiu i tng s dng khc nhau trong lnh vc nh gi tc ng mi trng (ch d n, c quan ti tr d n, cng ng chu tc ng tiu cc bi d n, cc t chc, c nhn tham gia lp bo co TM, cc c quan, t chc tham gia thm nh bo co TM, kim tra, gim st vic thc thi cc bin php bo v mi trng ca d n v cc i tng khc c lin quan). Hng dn c xy dng vi s kt hp ca nhng kinh nghim thc t thc hin TM i vi cc d n thuc lnh vc luyn gang thp v cc lnh vc c lin quan khc Vit Nam trong vng gn 15 nm qua k t khi c Lut Bo v mi trng nm 1993. Vi tnh cht phc tp v nhiu i hi t ra v mt khoa hc v k thut nh nu trn, bn hng dn ny chc chn cn nhng hn ch v khim khuyt. Mt khc, cng vi s pht trin ca cng tc TM Vit Nam v trn th gii trong thi gian ti, bn hng dn ny cng s chc chn cn nhiu im phi c tip tc cp nht. Chng ti mong nhn c nhng kin ng gp b khuyt cho hng dn ny trong tng lai. Mi kin ng gp v thng tin phn hi v bn hng dn ny xin gi v Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng, Tng cc Mi trng, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng theo a ch: Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng 83 Nguyn Ch Thanh, H Ni in thoi: 844-37734246 Fax: 844-37734916 1

MC LC S TT 1. Li ni u 2. Chng 1. Gii thiu v d n u t xy dng nh my luyn gang thp 3. Chng 2. Cc c im t nhin, mi trng v kinh t x hi khu vc d n 4. Chng 3. Cc ngun gy tc ng ca d n n mi trng . 5. Chng 4. Phng php d bo nh gi mc cc tc ng ca qu trnh luyn gang thp i vi mi trng xung quanh 6. Chng 5. Bin php gim thiu tc ng xu, phng nga v ng ph s c mi trng . 7. Chng 6. Chng trnh qun l v gim st mi trng .................... 8. Chng 7. Tham vn kin cng ng ................................................. 9. Chng 8. Khung hng dn k thut lp bo co TM D n u t xy dng nh my luyn gang thp ....................................................... 1 3 Ni dung Trang

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Chng 1. Gii thiu v d n u t xy dng nh my luyn gang thp

Yu cu : M t tm tt v d n u t xy dng nh my luyn gang thp vi cc ni dung chnh v c im v quy m ca d n, nh gi v la chn a im trin khai thc hin d n, cng ngh sn xut v thit b my mc cng ngh, nhu cu v phng thc cung cp nng lng, nguyn liu, nhin liu chnh, cc hng mc cng trnh u t xy dng v khi lng xy lp, h thng k thut h tng k thut ca d n, cc cng trnh x l mi trng, phng thc trin khai thc hin d n, tin thc hin d n v t chc qun l d n.

1.1. MC TIU CA D N 1.1.1. Nhu cu v sn xut thp trn th gii Theo nghin cu th trng, thp l mt trong nhng mt hng c nhu cu ngy cng tng v l mt trong nhng yu t ch cht i vi hu ht cc ngnh cng nghip. Trong vi nm tr li y, nhu cu thp ca th gii khng ngng tng cao cng vi s pht trin kinh t. p ng c nhu cu ca th trng, sn lng thp ca th gii cng tng trng lin tc. Nm 2006, sn lng thp th trn Th Gii t 1239,5 triu tn, tng 8,8% so vi nm 2005. Tuy nhin, vic tng sn lng thp ca th gii dng nh cha p ng c nhu cu ca th trng, thm vo , gi c th trng ngy cng tng nht l gi du, dn n gi thp tng t bin. Ch trong 6 thng cui nm 2007 gi thp tng ti 175,3%.

Hnh 1-1 : Sn lng thp th trn th gii (triu tn) Trung Quc l ni sn xut ng hng u vi sn lng 419 triu tn nm 2006 - chim trn 1/3 tng sn lng ton cu. Cc khu vc ch yu khc l Nht Bn (116 triu tn), v M (99 triu tn), theo sau l Nga v Hn Quc. 3

Thp k trc l thi im nng sut ln nht trong lch s ca ngnh thp, c pht trin ch yu da vo s tng trng r rt ca Trung Quc v khu vc Chu . Sn lng ton cu trong nm 2006 l tng 65% so vi thp k trc . Trung Quc tr thnh nh sn xut ln nht trong nm 1996, v 10 nm sau sn lng mc bt ng cao tng hn 314%. Khu vc Chu chim 38% vi ton b lng thp th sn xut trong nm 1996, nm 2006 th phn tng ti 54%. Vic xut khu ca Trung Quc sang Lin minh Chu tng vt ln ti gn 750 nghn tn cng vi Italia chim 37% tng s. Hn Quc chim gn 25% trong tng s lng xut khu trong thng 5 cng vi cc nc ng Nam chim 55% tng s. Lng xut khu ti Trung ng tng ti 527 nghn tn, chim 9,5% tng s. 1.1.2. Nhu cu v sn xut thp nc ta L quc gia ang trong qu trnh hi nhp v pht trin, trong 10 nm tr li y, nhu cu tiu th thp ca Vit Nam tng trng nhanh chng, v d on nhng nm sp ti s tip tc tng cao. Tuy nhin, ngnh thp ca Vit Nam li v tr lc hu so vi khu vc ng Nam v th gii m trong ch yu l nng lc sn xut phi thp cha p ng c nhu cu phc v cho cn thp. Vi sn lng phi thp ca Vit Nam nm 2006 mi t 2 triu tn, trong khi nhu cu cho cn thp l 4,8 triu tn nn lng phi thp phi nhp l 2,8 triu tn. Ngoi vic thiu ht v sn lng, ngnh thp Vit Nam cn thiu ht v chng loi sn phm nh thp tm, thp cn nng v sn phm thp m km. Trong khi nhu cu trong nc i vi nhng sn phm ny khng ngng tng ln mi nm. Theo ti liu thng k ca Hip hi thp ng Nam , nm 2007 sn lng thp ca Vit Nam l 4.740.000 tn, ng thi tng 11,8%, ch yu l thp xon v thp trn. Trong sn lng vt liu thp trong xy dng v ng thp c th p ng 100% nhu cu trong nc, nhng thp hnh ch c th p ng 70% nhu cu, thp bn dy v thp khi ch 30%. Trong khi nhu cu i vi cc loi sn phm thp cn nng, cn ngui, m km, m mu v ng thp khng ngng tng ln. Trc tnh hnh , Chnh ph c ch trng khuyn khch mnh cc nh u t vo sn xut phi thp nhm to ra s cn i gia khu sn xut phi v khu cn thp gim bt lng ngoi t rt ln m Nh nc phi b ra nhp khu phi hng nm. V vy c nhiu d n u t luyn gang thp ln c u t vo Vit Nam nh Nh my thp Lo Cai (cng sut 1.000.000 tn/nm), Khu lin hp gang thp Formosa H Tnh (cng sut giai on 1 l 7.500.000 tn/nm), Nh my thp lin hp Vit Nam (cng sut giai on 1 l 2.400.000 tn/nm)... Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh xy dng v vn hnh cc d n u t xy dng nh my luyn gang thp s gy ra nhng tc ng tiu cc ti mi trng. V vy cn phi tin hnh nh gi tc ng mi trng cho d n, nhm mc ch phn tch, nh gi v d bo nhng tc ng c li v c hi, trc tip v gin tip, trc mt v lu di m cc hot ng ca d n c th nh hng n ti nguyn v mi trng khu vc, t xy dng cc bin php gim thiu nhim mi trng, ng thi gip cho c quan ch u t d n c nhng quyt nh ton din v ng n v cc gii php pht trin d n gn vi bo v mi trng.

1.2. PHNG PHP TIP CN NH GI NHNG CN TR, THUN LI V MT MI TRNG I VI V TR XY DNG NH MY LUYN GANG THP 1.2.1. Nhng nguyn tc tip cn chung Vic xc nh mt a im thch hp c mt ngha rt quan trng i vi mt d n. Thng thng xc nh a im c tin hnh theo khung thi gian v da trn mt s tiu ch chung, trc ht l kh nng c sn t, chi ph lin quan n t ai (gi thu t, chi ph n b, gii to), cc cng trnh tin ch v cc c s h tng trong khu vc cn phi c. Tuy nhin, iu cn phi ni y l trong qu trnh xem xt la chn a im, ngoi vic xem xt cc vn nu trn, cn phi cn nhc n mt yu t khc c vai tr khng km phn quan trng, l iu kin mi trng t nhin v x hi hay ni cch khc l nhng cn tr, thun li v mt mi trng i vi d n v cc tc ng trong qu trnh la chn a im. V tr chn la ph hp v mt mi trng s gp phn ng k vo vic gim thiu nhng tc ng xu ca d n ti mi trng. Ngc li, v tr la chn khng ph hp s lm gia tng mc tc ng v hn ch cc hot ng pht trin ca d n. Tip cn la chn a im La chn a im c p dng nh l mt bc thc hin u tin trong quy trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM) nhm phn bit rch ri xem mt d n c phi tin hnh TM hay khng phi lm. Do vy, trong trng hp ny, sng lc c p dng xc nh tnh ph hp ca mt a im cho vic s dng theo ch nh da trn mt s cc tiu ch nh gi. Do tnh cht v yu cu v thi gian, qu trnh sng lc cn phi n gin v nhanh, song hiu qu xc nh mt cch tng qut v ton din nht nhng thun li v hn ch ca iu kin mi trng khu vc v trit tiu cc tc ng mi trng tim tng chnh, c tm quan trng sau ny (v d hu hoi cc khu vc nhy cm v mi trng hoc ni c tr c u tin). Cc tiu ch mi trng thng c coi c tm quan trng trong la chn a im ch yu bao gm : - Tnh nhy cm ca mi trng ( nhim); - Bo tn thin nhin; - S chp nhn ca cng ng, x hi. Cc tiu ch v mi trng trn y c b sung cho nhng cn nhc c s dng lm c s la chn a im, nh cc yu t v kinh t - k thut. Cch tip cn cho vic la chn a im thng c s dng l da trn quy trnh nh gi so snh n gin nhng bin i tng i ca cc ch th mi trng c bn khc nhau. Ngoi ra, mt cch tip cn khc l tip cn bng ma trn c n gin ho vi vic lp nn mi tng quan qua li gia cc hot ng ca d n vi cc yu t mi trng. Phng php cho im nh gi cho qu trnh la chn a im c minh bch, r rng, cn phi s dng cc tiu ch ging nhau nh gi i vi cc phng n khc nhau. Bi l cc a im (v cc phng n ca mt d n) c cc kh nng v hn ch khc nhau, do 5

vy cn phi xc nh v tch bit cc tiu ch nh gi ch yu c th phn bit rch ri cc khc bit gia cc a im. Quy trnh chnh c s dng trong qu trnh sng lc a im l tin hnh so snh s b cc phng n trn c s cc tiu ch, ch khng so snh cho cc n, nhm cho im nh gi tc ng mi trng i vi cc phng n ca d n.... t c phng n so snh cui cng (v t tin hnh la chn), mi tiu ch c nh gi cho im tng i, sau mi tin hnh nh gi ton din. V vn ny, mc cho im nh gi phi c quy nh ngay t u quy trnh sng lc, nhm m bo khng xy ra tnh trng thiu khch quan (thin v do xut hin cc thch ring v a im). Cc tiu ch mi trng ch yu c lin quan n d n ngnh luyn gang thp ch yu thng l cc vn nh nhim pht sinh t cc ngun thi (v d nh nng bi, nng kh c...), pht trin bn vng c lin quan n vic s dng ti nguyn v gim tnh a dng sinh hc (DSH) do mt ni c tr, cng nh s chp nhn ca x hi (do ly t, nh hng kinh t, ri ro mi trng...). 1.2.2. La chn a im i vi d n luyn gang thp Ngnh cng nghip luyn gang thp nh cp trn cho thy, y l mt ngnh sn xut khng ch c tim nng gy nhim, suy thoi mi trng do c lng cht thi gm nc thi, kh thi v cht thi rn ln v c nng cc cht nhim cao, m thng c mc chim dng t cao. Theo Vin Gang Thp Quc t B, thng thng mt nh my luyn thp c cng sut 3 triu tn/nm s cn phi c mt din tch l 8km2. Cng nh vy Khu cng nghip Lu X (Thi Nguyn) vi cng sut ch khong 190 ngn tn/nm chim mt din tch ln ti trn 230ha, trong khi Nh my Cn thp Gia Sng (Thi Nguyn) vi cng sut trn 130.000 tn thp/nm th c din tch l 24ha, Khu lin hp gang thp Formosa H Tnh cng sut 7.500.000 tn/nm chim din tch l 2.248ha... T nhng c im nu trn cho thy, vic la chn a im thch hp l mt iu kin rt quan trng cho s pht trin lu di ca d n ngnh cng nghip luyn gang thp. Quy trnh xem xt, nh gi la chn a im i vi d n luyn gang thp cng c tun th theo nhng nguyn tc chung cp phn trn. Cn c trn c s cng ngh, c im, tnh cht cht thi ca d n, nhng tiu ch la chn a im gm ch yu l kh nng gy nhim cho cc thnh phn mi trng khu vc trc ht l cht lng nc, cht lng khng kh v mi trng t. Tip n l kh nng nh hng n cc khu bo tn thin nhin v s chp nhn ca x hi i vi d n (v d v cch tnh v cho im th hin bng 1-1). Bng 1-1 : nh gi la chn a im i vi d n luyn gang thp a im 1 Vn Cc tiu ch
T l nh gi % Tng mc nh gi, %

a im 2
T l nh gi % Tng mc nh gi %

a im 3
T l nh gi % Tng mc nh gi %

 nhim - Cht lng khng kh. - Cht lng nc. - n. - Cht lng t. Bo tn - Ni c tr thin - ng vt qu nhin him S chp - Chim dng t nhn ca - Di dn, ti nh x hi c - An ton - Sc kho Tng cng

Tip cn ca phng php la chn a im qua vic thnh lp ma trn sng lc i vi d n ngnh cng nghip luyn gang thp cng c thc hin tng t nh nhng d n chuyn ngnh khc nh nhit in, sn xut xi mng, ho cht Do vy, cn phi xc nh mc (thng qua cho im) tc ng ca cc hot ng chnh yu nht ca d n tng ng vi tng giai on pht trin ti cc thnh phn mi trng m ch yu l tc ng lm chuyn i c cu s dng t, nh hng n kh nng cung cp nc, n cc h sinh thi, n cc vn v c s vt cht, h tng khu vc v mt yu t rt quan trng na l nh hng n cng ng (bng 1-2 v 1-3). Bng 1-2 : Ma trn la chn a im xy dng d n luyn gang thp Chun b a im
c im S dng t Cht lng nc Hin trng s dng nc mt, nc ngm Thc vt trn cn Ni c tr trn cn ng vt hoang d trn cn Ni c tr di nc H sinh thi thu sinh An ton i vi c s vt cht Cng trnh tin ch Ca ci v nh c thc cng ng Chim dng t Chun b v tr

Xy dng
Mt bng cng trnh Xy dng

Sau xy dng
Vn chuyn NVL/SP Hot ng sn xut

Bng 1-3 : Mc cho im Mc

Nh Trung bnh Mnh 1 2 3

Ngn hn (Giai on trc v trong xy dng)

1 2 3

Di hn (Giai on sau xy dng)

2 4 6

Cn c vo c im, tnh cht, quy m, nhu cu nguyn vt liu ca ngnh cng nghip luyn gang thp v c tnh cht thi pht sinh t qu trnh sn xut, mt cch khi qut nht c th thy vic la chn a im xy dng nh my luyn gang thp nn tun th theo cc nguyn tc c bn sau y : - D n phi nm trong khu vc t nhy cm v mi trng. - D n cn c t xa khu dn c ng c. y l iu kin quan trng gim thiu tc ng c hi ca d n n cng ng dn c trnh xung t x hi, m bo pht trin lu bn ca d n. Tuy nhin v tr ca d n li phi gn ngun cung ng lao ng m bo khai thc, s dng c hiu qu lc lng lao ng ti ch, trnh lng ph thi gian i li, ch n cho cng nhn. - D n phi nm trong vng thun li v c s h tng : xut pht t c im ca ngnh cng nghip luyn cn thp i hi mt lng nc cho nhu cu sn xut rt ln (ch yu lm lnh) v cng x ra mi trng mt lng nc thi ln, do khi la chn a im d n cn c bit quan tm n kh nng cung cp nc v iu kin thot nc, bi nu : + Khai thc nc vi lu lng ln s c kh nng dn n tnh trng cn kit ti nguyn nc, nh hng trc tip n i sng ca cng ng dn c trong vng v h sinh thi thu sinh trong khu vc. + Vi lu lng nc thi ln, v tr ca d n cn phi gn ni c h thng thot nc mt t nhin pht trin nh knh, rch, sng, sui. Tuy nhin do tnh cht ca nc thi c nhit cao v cha nhiu tp cht c bit l hm lng cn l lng cao nn rt d gy nhim cho mi trng nc mt. Do vy cn trnh gn cc ngun cp nc cho sinh hot v nui trng thu sn. 1.3. CNG NGH LUYN GANG THP 1.3.1. Cng ngh hin ti Hn 60% sn lng thp hin nay c luyn theo quy trnh L cao (BF)/BOS trong khi 30-35% c luyn t L h quang in (EAF) vi liu l l c thp ph v cc kim loi khc nh st hon nguyn trc tip (DIR). C hai cng ngh c hiu r v c vn hnh tt vi mt s thay i ch yu i vi quy trnh c bn trong mt vi thp k. Kch thc cc b phn c gia tng v nhng ci tin th yu c gii thiu nhm ci thin hiu sut v gim chi ph. Quy trnh L BF/BOS l ph bin nht i vi vic sn xut sn phm thp kch thc ln v cc b phn l BF n l - vi ng knh y ln ti 15m - hin nay c kh nng cho ra gn 4 triu tn/nm sn phm gang lng. 8

1.3.1.1. Quy trnh L BF/BOS Quy trnh BOS l quy trnh hin i ch yu i vi vic luyn cc loi thp kch thc ln. Ring i vi cc sn phm thp c bit (chng hn nh thp khng r), tt c cc sn phm dt Vng quc Anh, v cc sn phm di vi kch c ln hn mt cht u c cn t thp lm theo quy trnh BOS. Thnh phn quan trng trong quy trnh BOS l L chuyn , tuy nhin trc khi quy trnh ny c th bt u, cn c mt L cao np gang lng. L Cao Nguyn liu th cung cp cho vic luyn gang lng l qung st, than cc v ph gia ( h tr cc phn ng ho hc) - ch yu l vi. Qung st v than c s dng hu ht c nhp khu (ch yu t M, Canada, Braxin, c v vng Scandinavi), bi v hu ht cc nc sn xut thp u khng c ngun cung cp than cc v qung ni a cht lng tt. Than v qung nhp theo ng bin trong cc tu ln v c d ti ti cc cng nc su gn vi 4 cng on luyn kim cn s dng n. Qung st nhp vi cc dng: qung cc nguyn khai, qung mn v v vin - qung mn c ch bin kt dnh vi nhau to thnh cc cc qung st cng. Than v qung c vn chuyn bi bng ti hoc ng st ti kho bi v c bo qun v pha trn cn thn. Than trn u tin c t trong l cc to thnh cc. Qa trnh ny c bit n nh l qu trnh cacbon ho. Kh sinh ra trong qu trnh cacbon ho c thu hi v s dng lm nhin liu cho cc xng sn xut khc. Cc sn phm ph khc (chng hn nh nha ng v benzole) u c thu hi s dng cho vic tinh ch khc v bn. Khi c cacbon ho, cok c y ra ngoi l v c lm ngui. Qung tinh u tin c trn vi cok v cc cht gy chy v c nung trong xng thiu kt. y l mt bng ti chy lin tc trong cok c nung chy. Nhit cao lm nng chy ho cc mu qung v cc cht tr dung vi nhau to thnh mt tng dng t ong gi l sn phm thiu kt. S dng sn phm thiu kt ny trong l cao gip cho qu trnh luyn gang c hiu qu hn.

Qung cc v qung v vin, cc, sn phm thiu kt c th lm nng chy hn na c a ti nh ca l cao trn mt bng ti hoc trong mt thng kim loi v sau c np vo trong l. Khng kh nng (9000C ) c thi xung y l qua cc ng gi l tuyeres. xy trong khng kh c t chy vi cc to thnh kh CO, v qu trnh ny sinh ra mt lng nhit ln. Du hoc than thng xuyn c a vo cng vi khng kh, cc cht c th lm cho cc c s dng t hn (do gi cao). Kh CO thi qua l cao v tch xy khi qung st, to thnh gang. Nhit trong l lm nng chy gang v kt qu l gang lng c a ra trong mt khong thi gian nht nh bng cch m mt l trong y ca l v cho gang lng chy ra. Cc cht ph gia kt hp vi cc tp cht ca cc v qung to thnh x lng ni ln trn gang v cng c y ra (tho) theo mt khong thi gian nht nh. Gang lng chy vo trong cc thng. Cc thng c cu to c bit chy trn ray vn chuyn gang vn ang dng lng i ti l luyn thp. Qu trnh c m t trn y din ra lin tc trong 10 nm hoc hn. Nu l b lm ngui, iu c th gy nn s h hi cho cc lp gch chu la ca l do chng b co li khi ngui. Kt Cui cng lp gch chu la s b mn i, v lc ny qua trnh sn xut dng li v l s c lt li lp gch chu la, sn sng cho chu k tip theo. Gang c luyn bi l cao c hm lng cacbon t 4 n 4,5% cng nh mt lng cc tp cht khc. iu ny lm cho gang tng i gin. Qu trnh luyn thp tinh luyn gang, t trong cc cht khc nhau bng cch gim hm lng cacbon trong gang, lm cho mt sn phm bn v d ch to hn. L chuyn BOS Quy trnh BOS l quy trnh hin i ch yu cho vic luyn thp quy m ln. Anh Quc, ngoi cc sn phm thp c bit (chng hn nh thp khng r), tt c cc sn phm dt v di c kch thc ln hn mt cht, u c cn t thp lm trong quy trnh BOS. Thng l BOS u tin c nghing np liu. Thp ph u tin c np vo thng, sau l gang lng t l cao. Mt vi phun lm ngui bng nc c h thp trong thng phun xy nguyn cht vo vi p sut cao. Kh xy, qua qu trnh xy ho, kt hp vi cacbon, v vi cc nguyn t khng mong mun khc, tch chng ra khi kim loi, cn li thp. Ph gia t vi (tham gia vo qu trnh phn ng ho hc) c np vo, v chng kt hp 10

vi cc tp cht to ra x. Kh ch yu c hnh thnh l ph phm ca qu trnh xy ho l CO, kh ny c th dng lm nhin liu cho cc mc ch khc trong nh my. S cn bng gia khi lng kim loi lng v ph liu c np vo trong l chuyn c duy tr nh mt phng php nhm kim sot nhit v bo m cho ra loi thp c thng s k thut ng theo yu cu. Sau khi ly mt mu th nghim em kim tra thy hm lng ho hc c trong thp t tiu chun, thng l li c nghing i cho thp lng chy ra ngoi. y l qu trnh ra thp. Thp c cho ra thng, tip tc c tinh luyn. Trong qu trnh tho thp, lng nh kim loi khc v ph gia thng c b sung nhm kim sot c qu trnh xy ho v p ng c cc yu cu v chng loi thp ca khch hng. cng on cui cng thng l c lt p xung x ra mt xe thng. X i khi c ti s dng lm vt liu lm ng. Thng l BOS hin i thng cho 350 tn thp mt ln v ton b qu trnh ny s mt khong 40 pht. 1.3.1.2. Quy trnh l EAF L h quang in Quy trnh ca L h quang in (EAF) vi l chuyn l mt trong 2 quy trnh luyn thp hin i. Cc l EAF thng c s dng luyn cc loi thp cht lng cao c bit (thp hp kim) v thp thng thng (khng hp kim) cc sn phm thp di nh hn nh vy thng c s dng lm b tng d ng lc. Khng nh quy trnh thi xy, l EAF khng s dng gang lng. N c np vi nguyn liu ngui. Thng l thp ph (nhng th bng thp ht tui th s dng). Tuy nhin c th s dng cc dng nguyn liu th khc lm t qung st. N bao gm qung hon nguyn trc tip (DIR) v cacbua st, cng nh gang thi t l cao v lm ngui, thay v np trc tip vo l chuyn. Thp ph (hoc nguyn liu st khc) u tin c cho vo l EAF t mt cn trc pha trn. Sau mt np c a vo v tr pha trn l. Np ny c cc in cc h vo trong l. Mt dng in c chy qua in cc v to ra h quang. Nhit c sinh ra bi tia h quang ny lm nng chy thp ph. Dng in cn cho quy trnh ny cung cp cho mt th trn vi dn s 100.000 ngi. Trong qu trnh luyn, cc cc kim loi khc (hp kim st) c cho thm vo thp nhm p ng ng thnh phn ho hc theo yu cu. Cng nh vi quy trnh xy tiu chun, xy c thi vo trong l lm sch thp, vi v khong cht fluorit c np vo kt hp vi cc tp cht khc to thnh x. Sau khi ly mu c mang i kim tra thnh phn ho hc ca thp, l s c nghing cho x ra, x ni trn b mt ca thp lng c ht ra. Sau 11

l c nghing theo hng khc v thp lng c vo (a ra) mt mng, y thp hoc c tinh luyn tip hay c chuyn ti b phn c. c trng ca l h quang in l cho c 150 tn mi mt ln nung v tiu tn thi gian l khong 90 pht. Cc loi thp c cht lng c bit. Thp c cht lng c bit vi chng loi c luyn t l h quang bng vic thm vo cc kim loi khc nhm to thnh hp kim thp. Thng thng hu ht l thp khng g, loi thp c cho thm crm v niken vo c th chng n mn. Tuy nhin cn c nhiu loi khc: thp rt cng c s dng l dng c c kh, thp c cu trc c bit ph hp vi vic xy dng, thp c pht trin nhm phc v cho thp k ca cc l phn ng ht nhn gy nhim mi trng, thp nh nhng bn c s dng trong khng gian v tr, hn na l thp rn dng cho xe bc thp. Xu hng cng tng, thp sau khi c ra (rt ra) t l s tri qua mt cng on tip theo gi l tinh luyn trc khi c c. Quy trnh ny p dng cho c hai loi l l xy tiu chun v l h quang in. Thp lng t l c ra mng. Np mng c y li nhm gi nhit. Mt lot cc qu trnh c thc hin nh trn agon, tng thm hp kim, tch kh chn khng hoc phun bt. Mc ch ca cc cng on ny l nhm ho hp u cc thnh phn ho hc ca thp v/hoc ci thin s ng nht v nhit (m bo nht c dn u trn thp) v loi b nhng tp cht. S nung thng bng h quang l mt quy trnh c s dng nhm bo m cho thp lng c c nhit chnh xc trc khi a vo khun c. c lin tc m thp c c trong nhiu khc nhau, c thay i tr cao v cho ra sn phm c cht Thp lng c s dng rt ln lm ngui v tr nn thnh thi thp. Sau thi vo l c c tn l l ng s c nung iu chnh v y l qu trnh loi hnh khun nn c tnh nng lng tt hn. vo mt khun cng to thp c cho nhit, ti thp ng b nhit.

Thi thp nng ny sau s c cn trn cc my cn s cp, l giai on u thp thi ny tr thnh sn phm c th s dng c, v tr thnh mt trong ba dng ca thp bn thnh phm: dng slab (loi tm thp di, dy, dt vi mt ct ngang hnh ch nht), dng bloom (loi tm thp di vi mt ct ngang hnh vung) hoc dng billet (nh dng bloom nhng vi mt ct ngang nh hn).

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Ngy nay qu trnh ny c thay th ph bin bi qu trnh c lin tc (concaster), mc d quy trnh thp thi vn c ng dng cho cc qa trnh sn xut cc loi thp theo yu cu. (Nhng nhiu ngnh thp ng u vn da vo quy trnh lm thp thi c.) Trong my c lin tc, thp lng c vo mt thng cha phi t trn nh ca my c. Vi mt t l c kim sot thp chy vo mt khun c lm ngui bng nc, b mt ngoi ca thp tr nn cng. Thp c a xung mt dy cc con ln v c phun nc, m bo cho vic cn thnh hnh v c lm cng ton b cng lc. Pha cui ca my c, thp c lm thng v ct thnh nhng kch thc theo yu cu. Cc sn phm slab, bloom v billet u c to ra cui quy trnh lin tc ny. Theo cch , mt qu trnh trong my c lin tc kt hp c 2 quy trnh c thc hin ring r trc , mang li hiu qu cao v cho ra sn phm cht lng tt hn. Sau , slab, bloom hoc billet c chuyn ti nh my cn nng cn thnh nhng sn phm thp phc v cho sn xut. 1.3.1.3. Cc quy trnh luyn gang khc Mc d quy trnh BF/BOS vi nguyn liu thp ph v DIR c da vo quy trnh EAF hu ht cc ni sn xut thp trn th gii hin nay, nhng c cc quy trnh khc c pht trin - mt trong s c a vo ng dng sn xut gang phc v cho qu trnh luyn thp, cho d s lng tng i nh. Nhng quy trnh mi ny c pht trin do mt trong s cc l do sau : - S dng tinh qung m khng cn s thiu kt. - Khng c sn than vi cht lng cao. - S dng qung c hm lng tp cht cao nh pht pho, lu hunh, km 1.3.1.4. COREX Quy trnh Corex l mt quy trnh c pht trin nht ca cc cng ngh hon nguyn nu chy c s dng than v cng ngh ny c p dng cho mc ch thng mi t nm 1989. N kt hp vi mt thng kh ho lng cng vi mt thn l hon nguyn to ra sn phm lng ging nh thp lng trong l cao. C 4 nh my hin nay ang hot ng da trn m un C-2000 c cng sut 0,8 - 1 triu tn nm l Nh my Posscos Pohang Hn Quc, nh my ca Saldanha Steel Saldanha Bay Nam Phi, v nh my thp ca Jindal Vijayanagar Steel Torangallu, Karnataka, n (2 m un). Ti Saldanha Steel, cng ngh Corex c kt hp vi cng ngh luyn thp bng EAF, trong khi Jindan v Posco s dng quy trnh BOF. Cc thay i c thc hin vi kinh nghim t nh my C-2000. V d nh s hao mn ngoi mun ca 13

lp lt chu la trong m un C-2000 u tin Posco dn n nhng thay i trong vic thit k cc h thng chu la v lm ngui b phn kh ho lng. Mt m un C-3000 vi quy trnh sn xut Corex l cng ngh hon nguyn chy pht trin nht c cng sut 1,21,5 Mthm/y hin ang c (v c s dng cho Finex ti Possco).

Hnh 1-2 : S cng ngh COREX Qung cc v/hoc v vin, v cc ph gia ( vi v lmt) c a vo thn l t pha trn. Kh hon nguyn t b phn nu chy - kh ho c a vo phn thp hn hon nguyn qung st thnh DRI. Cc cht ph gia bo m cho vic tch lu hunh v baz kt x ra khi thp lng trong thng kh ho lng c hon tt. Sau qung DRI nng (c pha 80-90% lu hunh) v cc cht ph gia b nung c chuyn ti thng kh ho lng bi cc bng ti xoay. Than cc (c 650mm) c a vo trong mt cch ring r qua np m ti n xung b phn ho than (char bed) nm pha trn y l. Trong khi t nng, p sut cht kh gim (khong 10000C) , than c sy kh v c kh cht bc. Nha ng v vt cht d bay khi khc tch ra v b xy ho ch yu thnh CO v Hyr. Nhit lng cho quy trnh ny c cung cp bi phn ng ho hc gia than b t chy vi kh xy c bm vo to thnh CO. Qung DRI c vo ging than, ni n s b nu chy, s to thnh mt lp x v kim loi m c x ra nh k theo cc cch truyn thng. Lm gim lng kh, bao gm khong 65% CO v 20% H2 (cn li l CO2, H2O, N2), ra khi thng kh ho lng nhit 10000C, v n c lm lnh bi qu trnh ti x l kh nhit 800-8500C. Sau khi lm sch trong b phn xoy, kh c a vo b phn hon nguyn hon nguyn qung st. Bi ly c trong b phn xoy nng c ti x l trong thng kh ho lng. Kh trn nh thot khi b phn hon nguyn v c lm lnh, lm sch trong thit b lc, ti y gi l kh x. Kh ny thng 14

thng c mt lng nhit vo khong 7.500-8.000 KJ/m3. Tng ng vi khong mt na nhit lng ca than np. Kh ny c th c s dng cho cc mc ch lm nng, sy kh, luyn kim, ho hc v my pht in. Nng sut ln nht ca nh my c cng ngh Corex thu c bng vic np 70% qung v vin v 30% qung cc vo b phn hon nguyn. Tinh qung khng th s dng c m khng c s thiu kt trong b phn hon nguyn bi v cn bo m y cho thm t trong thi gian ging cho php kh hon nguyn xm nhp v i qua. Thay vo , tinh qung c trn vi than v c np trc tip vo thng kh ho lng. Tinh qung c th ln ti 15% trn tng s m qung. Cc sn phm thi mn ca nh my thp, chng hn nh bi v cc cn vy cng c th c np vo trong thng kh ho lng. nh my Jindal, x t BOF c s dng thay th cho vi, v cn du trong cng ngh Corex c kt hp vi nh my v vin dng thay th cho bi than. vi kch thc nh v ht mn lmt (<6,3mm) khng th np vo b phn hon nguyn m c np vo thng kh ho lng nhm iu chnh thnh phn ho hc ca x. nh my Saldanha Steel, cn du t thit b ra t v bi c kt li trong mt xng nghin c thit k c bit. Ht nh c bn cho nh sn xut xi mng, ng thi cng c k hoch nhm ti s dng cho thng kh ho lng. Cc ch tiu c l ca qung st v qung cc u nh hng n nng sut ca nh my. Tng hm lng st phi trn 60%, v cho lng x thp. Vic tch kh hon nguyn sinh ra t vic gim bt qung st cho php mt s lng ln than hoc hp cht ca n c s dng, mc d thnh phn ca than khng nh hng n mc tiu th, cht lng kh v lng kh hon nguyn d tha. Mt lng cc nh c s dng nh my Jindal, trc v sau khi ngng hot ng hiu chnh li quy trnh. Nh my cng yu cu khong 10-15% cc, v c bn l yu cu ci tin kh nng thm ca ging than trong phm vi thng kh ho lng. Ton b tnh kinh t ca Corus ph thuc vo tnh kinh t c quy m rng ca kh sinh ra. C 2 nh my ti Jindal v Possco u c lp t trong phm vi khu lin hp hin c ni m s thiu ht v kh c p ng bi kh sinh ra trong cng ngh Corex. Ti Possco kh sinh ra c dng cho my pht in, cn ti Jindal kh sinh ra c dng cho c my pht in v sn xut v vin. Mt s la chn khc c thc hin ti Saldanha Steel, kh sinh ra sau khi tch CO2, c dng cho mt nh my hon nguyn tr tip Midrex lin ngay . 1.3.1.5. COREX + MIDREX Quy trnh Midrex sn xut ra qung hon nguyn trc tip DRI t qung v vin bng cch s dng kh hon nguyn. Sau Qung DRI ny c s dng ch yu trong luyn thp bng l EAF, thay th cho thp ph. Quy trnh Midrex hu ht c p dng ph bin qu trnh hon nguyn qung DRI v ch yu s dng kh thin nhin sn xut ra kh hon nguyn. Khi khng c tnh kinh t, kh hon nguyn theo yu cu c th c sinh ra bi thit b kh ho than (thit b ny cha c ng dng trn phng din thng mi) hoc thit b kh ho lng Corex. Mi y Saldahna a vo vn hnh quy trnh ny (SA). Nh my Corex-Midrex kt hp sn xut c khong 800.000 tn thp lng mi nm v 800.000 tn qung DRI mi nm. 15

Midrex-Coal gasifier combination

Corex-Midrex combination

Hnh 1-3 : Cng ngh Corex - Midrex 1.3.1.6. L y quay (Rotary Hearth Furnace)

Hnh 1-4 : L y quay (RHF) L y quay (RHF) bao gm mt y phng, lt gch chu la bn trong thng hnh tr, nhit cao. Liu cp cho l ch yu bao gm qung v vin c lm lnh, l hn hp ca tinh qung, than, nc v mt cht gn kt dng bentnt. Qung v vin c cho u vo y l, thng l 1 ti 2 lp dy la nhanh thi gian phn ng. B phn nung c t trn nc ca RHF v/hoc trn thnh l t nng qung ti nhit hon nguyn yu cu, khong 1250-14000C. Qung u tin chy qua vng xy ho v sau qua vng hon nguyn. Vic lm nng lp qung c ph thm bng cch sy kh, vic thot v t chy kh thot ra t than khi t c nhit hon nguyn, pht sinh ra CO t b mt ngoi hng ti phn tm ca qung. Nh vy, khi st tr thnh dng kim loi c bo v bng kh CO bn trong qung v vin v mt mng CO quanh qung v vin v lp v vin. S duy tr mng CO l cn thit trnh s xy ho li, c bit l cc cng on sau ca quy trnh khi m s kim loi ho trc v s 16

pht sinh kh CO tr nn yu i. V vy quy trnh ny c kim sot nhm duy tr tim nng oxi trong kh quyn l khu vc. Thm vo , nhit lng c cung cp bng vic bm di lng kh t chy cht bc v CO lin quan. Vic t chy ny cung cp ti 75% nng lng cho quy trnh. Nhin liu ph tr cng c th c t trong vng hon nguyn nhm cn bng cc yu cu v nng lng cc b (Cairns and other, 1998). V vy, Lng than a vo s dng khi v vin ph thuc vo hm lng VM ca n - yu cu nhiu than cng nh s tng hm lng VM. Tuy nhin, vic gim lng nhin liu c yu cu i vi b phn t nng bi v nhit lng cung cp bi s chy ca cht bc v CO khong 3-5 GJ/t DRI. Hm lng cacbon trong qung v vin nh hng n s qung ha v c hm lng cacbon cn li trong sn phm DRI. Vic trn u than vi xit st l im quan trng at c DRI c cht lng tt nht. Nh i vi l quay, cc kh chy t cc dng m t ngc vi dng cht rn. Qung v vin c cp v np lin tc xung y l vi ch mt vng quay di 20 pht, ph thuc vo phn ng ca hn hp liu np v cht lng sn phm mc tiu. Thnh phn DRI c th khc nhau ph thuc vo iu kin vn hnh ca l RHF v t l pha trn cc nguyn liu th. Mt ng c thay i tc iu khin thi gian duy tr ca qung v vin v quyt nh cht lng ca sn phm vi kim loi ho v hm lng cacbon, thi gian cng lu, cht lng qung v vin cng cao. B phn t nng c t vi kh t nhin, du, hoc than bt. Vic t nng bng than bt tuy c lm tng chi ph u t ca nh my nhng b li n s cung cp nhiu nhit lng hn l s dng kh t nhin. Nhit lng ca kh thi c phc hi v s dng st kh t RHF v kh sy. Kh thi c lm sch loi SO2 v cc cht khc trc khi x vo kh quyn.So snh vi qu trnh hon nguyeen chy bng than, cc qu trnh RHF to ra kh thi nng lng thp hn, nn ch mt lng nh hi nc c to ra. trnh s phn hu ca qung v vin v ti a ho tnh hon nguyn, khng kh, tc v thnh phn ca kh t phi c kim sot mt cch cht ch mi b phn ca l m bo nhit lng v tnh hon nguyn cho qung v vin, ng thi trnh b xy ho li trong cng on quan trng trong l. iu quan trng xc nh thng s chnh xc ca l nh t l ca kh i t xy ho n hon nguyn, thi gian n nh, thng s nhit v tc ca kh nhm ti u ho hiu qu v cht lng ca DRI (Degel and others, 2000). c tnh ca nguyn liu v phng thc chun b v vin cng cn c ti u ho theo cch m DRI (v HBI) c s dng nh th no. Yu cu c vic th nghim trong c s sn xut th. Mc d vic hon nguyn trc tip da vo than c s dng trong cc l RHF l cch n gin, khng d c c li nhun. Nhng hn ch ca RHF - Cht thi nhiu: Qung DRI hon nguyn to ra ma trn st trong phn cn li ca than v cht gn kt c gi li. Lng cacbon d, 60 n 90% lu hunh than, ton b tro than v hu ht cht gn kt v th m vn cn trong sn phm v tr thnh liu cho cc quy trnh luyn thp sau (Borlee and others, 1998). - Thit b ln l cn thit vi quy m thng mi. 500.000 t/y unit cn 500m2 RHF vi ng knh ngoi gn 50m. Ni cch khc, thit b tng i n gin vi hu 17

ht cc l c cu trc thp cacbon, t hp kim t tin, v vt liu chu la luyn gang thng thng. - Nhng kh khn khi hot ng: hot ng ca l RHF ca Dynamics Butler, (USA) cho thy s hot ng tht thng t khi bt u sn xut nm 1999. Vn ny lin quan n bn ca qung v vin khi c lm ngui (vic lm cho mn dn n sinh ra bi v gim s lng) v nhit khng ng u trn ging. Vic nghin cu c thc hin tng hiu sut ca RHF, cht lng DRI v hiu qu ca nhin liu bi v vic tng nhit phn ng, chiu cao ca ging, hm lng cht bay hi trong cht hon nguyn cha cabon v tng s t tip theo. tng cho ra mt RHF mi ang c pht trin (e.g. ITmk3 by Midrex) l sn xut qung cc hn l qung v vin DRI bng vic lm nng chy trong thi gian ngn lm gim bt v vin do tch cht thi. Vic sn xut t DRI hon nguyn lm gim nhu cu v nhin liu t m phn ln n c s dng trong cng on quan trng nht v nng nht ni m cn trnh cc qu trnh xy ho (pht sinh khi c s t chy). 1.3.2. Cng ngh tng lai 1.3.2.1. Hismelt

Hnh 1-5 : HIsmelt SRV (Bates v Muir, 2000) Tinh qung qua nung v hon nguyn s b (loi <6mm), liu xit st thi, than (loi <3 mm) v nhin liu tinh c a vo su vo qua ng c lm lnh bng nc gn bn ra cm su trong b kim loi. Tc phn hu ca than v s nu chy xy ra v kt qu l kh (ch yu l CO v H2), cng vi kh nit bm vo y dng kim loi v git x trong trng thi dao ng cao vo trong phn trn.

18

Khng kh c t nng s b ti 12000C, v c b sung vi xy (35%) c bm qua mt ng lm lnh bng nc phn trn. S chy sau xy ra v nng lng c to ra chuyn vo kim loi v x cung cp mt b mt trao i nhit ln. t c chy sau l 5075% (59% l mc gi thit trong tnh ton).

HIsmelt flowsheet and mass streams (Goldsworthy and Gull, 2002) Hnh 1-6 : Cng ngh l Hismelt SRV hot ng ti p sut khong 1 bar. Kim loi lng tip tc c rt qua mt bung t trc (siphon) nhm duy tr gn mc kim loi khng i trong phm vi SRV, trong khi x c tho nh k qua mt l tho c lm lnh bng nc truyn thng. Kim loi lng sau c kh lu hunh s cho ra kim loi lng vi 4%C v hm lng Si thp. Nng lc sn sut c xem xt qua tt c cc mc hon nguyn np st t qung hematite, hematite goethite, goethite xung DRI. Liu t nh my thiu kt bnh thng v liu qung v vin in hnh (80% mn hn 40 m) c th c s dng. Qu trnh ny c th s dng loi than c cht bc t 9,8% (anthracite) ti 38,5% (bi tum cht bc cao). Hm lng cacbon, tro, cht bc, xy v lu hunh c nh c nh hng n hiu qu sn xut. Kt qa tt nht t c bng cch s dng than anthracite c cht bc thp (10%). Nh my quy m thng mi c d tnh l c t l than khong 650 kg/thm (kt hp vi mt h thng sy qung). Vi phun kim loi v x ph ln cc tm lm ngui bng nc v trong x v phn pha trn. c ghi nhn rng c t l tiu hao gch chu la thp: <1 kg/tn gang lng (tiu hao gch xy ra ch yu trong khu vc chy ri cao). Kh thi nng 19

t SRV c lm lnh qua mt np lm ngui bng nc, c lm sch trong thit b ra v c s dng : - t l to lung kh nng. - t nng v hon nguyn s b liu cha st. - Sinh ra hi nc v/hoc in. 1.3.2.2. Ausmelt

Hnh 1-7 : S cng ngh Ausmelt Ausmelt l quy trnh hon nguyn nng chy s dng kh xy cao cp c lm lnh v than 400-900kg/t lm ra kim loi lng v cng nh th n khng mang li hiu qu c bit, n c th c cp liu vi qung hoc DRI v thit k ban u x l Cu, Pb, Ti, v Zn. Quy trnh ny n gin - vi cc thng khng p lc nhng v c bn quy m nh v khng thch hp cho mc 250.000t/y. 1.4. nguyn liu v nng lng ch yu 1.4.1. Nguyn liu cho luyn gang thp Thp v c bn l gang c cha mt hm lng nh cacbon nhng c kim sot cht ch cng cc nguyn t hp kim khc mang cc c tnh c bit. Mt lu quan trng l mt s t cc hp cht nh lu hunh, pht pho, nhn chung khng c li cho c tnh ca thp v s t cc nguyn t khc nh cc kim loi kim v km cng nh hng ng k trong luyn thp hoc luyn gang. V vy, cc nguyn t trn c xem xt k trong vn nguyn liu u vo. Do vy, nguyn liu chnh cho luyn thp gm gang, qung st v st thp ph. C hai quy trnh luyn gang ch yu l dng l cao v hon nguyn trc tip. Bi hu ht st, qung st v khong sn trong t nhin, u l xit st, cng on luyn thp chnh l qu trnh hon nguyn oxit st thnh kim loi st, n c tn gi thch hp l giai on luyn gang. Bn cht ca qu trnh ny l xy c tch khi xit st kt hp vi cacbon hoc hydro to thnh xit cacbon (CO2) hoc nc 20

(H2O). Trong l cao, than coke (v c bn l cacbon, C) phn ng vi kh hoc kh kh giu xy (O2) to thnh xit cacbon: 2C + O2 = 2CO + nhit. Oxit cacbon sau hon nguyn oxit st : 2Fe2O3 + 6CO + nhit = 4Fe + 6CO2 iu kin hon nguyn cng s cho mt s cacbon tch khi gang v tch pht pht trong qung, lng pht pht ny cng c tch khi gang cng vi mangan v mt s nguyn t khc. Tuy nhin, qu trnh luyn thp v c bn l qu trnh oxi ho trong ccbon c tch khi gang t c mc mong mun bng cch oxi ho cacbon thnh CO. i vi qu trnh luyn gang, ngun cacbon hoc hydro v nhin liu c yu cu. Cacbon c cung cp bi than cok c sinh ra bi qu trnh hon nguyn CO v nung l cao. c bit l than luyn thnh cok v l thnh phn khng th thiu c s dng trong l cao. 1.4.2. Qung st Qung st l ngun nguyn liu chnh c dng sn xut gang v thp v c thnh to trong t nhin di nhiu hnh thc. Qung c cha st ch yu Manhetit (Fe3O4) v Hematit (Fe2O3). Mt s khc mc thp hn c cha sirits (FeCO3) v limnit (FeO (OH).nH2O) trong ngun qung st khc t quan trng hn c cha hyrt xit nh gtit, st silicat, chamosite, lepidococite and chalybite. Manhtt v hmatit nguyn khai c cha 72,4% v 70% st trong hm lng sirit ch c 48% st. V tnh hyrat ho t nhin ca n bin i nn hm lng st ca limnit nguyn khai c th trong khong 38-51%. Thc t hm lng st ca khong sn nguyn khai c trong qung quyt nh mc gii hn ca qung tinh v v vin sau khi tuyn. V vy, vic khai m khong sng manhtit (mc gii hn 72,4% Fe) lc no cng c th sn xut qung tinh v v vin cht lng cao hn so vi m qung hematit (mc gii hn 70% Fe). 1.4.3 Tinh qung thiu kt Thng thng kch c ht <6mm sau khi nghin v sng (nu c ra nc), trong khi b c ht <1mm. Vi kt qu sn phm c c ht >1<6mm gi l tinh qung thiu kt v dng cho xng thiu kt trong nh my thp. Tinh qung thiu kt c th thay i ang k hm lng st nhng nhn chung theo cc nh sn xut thp th c 58-62% Fe trong sn phm. Vi l do cht lng thiu kt, th phn ln tinh qung thiu kt l qung hmatit, sirit, limnit, gtit, cho d mt s nh sn xut Trung Quc s dng mt s lng ng k qung manhtit trong qu trnh thiu kt. 1.4.4. Tinh qung/qung v vin Mt s loi qung khng c st cao cho ra sn phm c th s dng c m khng c qu trnh gii thiu v cch tuyn qung hay nng cp cht lng qung. Mc d c nhiu phng php tuyn khc nhau, nhng hu nh tt c u yu cu sn phm phi nghin nh trc khi a sang cng on khc ca qu trnh tuyn nhm tch cc tp cht c hi. Cp st ca tinh qung s ph thuc vo cp ban u ca liu np v mc tuyn qung. Tinh qung bao gm 6265% Fe nhn chung l khng mn v hu ht ph hp vi liu cp cho BF. st 21

cao trn, thng him khi l 65-68% Fe, lm liu sn xut v vin vi st cao thch hp vi quy trnh luyn gang hon nguyn trc tip. 1.4.5. V vin Sau khi tuyn tinh qung s c c ht trung bnh (lun <1,1mm) v v th n ph thuc vo qu trnh thiu kt cho php c th d dng kim sot v s dng trong BF v DR. V vin l qu trnh vo li v sau sy kh v nung nng tinh qung cho ra cc cng nhng hnh cu dng t ong, nhn chung c ht khong 618mm dng cho quy trnh luyn gang ca BF hoc DR. Cc quy trnh ny u tin s phn b c ht gn nhau v c cc c tnh c l thch hp. V vin bao gm qung st c gi tr s dng cao v c tnh kinh t cao, c bit vi qung v vin st cao (tp cht thp) thng c kt hp dng trong quy trnh luyn gang DR. 1.4.6. Thp ph Thp ph, c tiu th trong c luyn thp bng l in v l BOS. Ph thp l ngun st tng i tinh khit so vi qung st mc d cn lu rng cc tp cht c th c nh ph thp m km (km), thp m thic v cc thp hp kim. Thp ph c s dng lm ngui trong qu trnh BOS. Qu trnh luyn thp sinh ra nhit do qu trnh oxy ho cacbon v cc nguyn t khc. Trong thng BOS, c np gang lng nng, nhit sinh ra vt qu mc cn thit duy tr np nng v c th s dng nung chy ph, b sung ngun st (30%). 1.4.7. Than Than l vt liu hu c c ngun gc thc vt t hng triu nm trc. Cc thc vt ny b nn thnh lp v tc ng bng nhit. Kt qu l chng b mt mt phn cht bc v nc v do hm lng cacbon tng ln. Than khng phi l mt khong sn v khng th m t n gin bng cng thc ho hc hoc khong hc. N thng c coi l hp cht ca mt s cc maceral, khong v c v nc. Maceral l hp cht cacbon vi c tnh ho l nht nh c ngun gc t cc phn cn li ca thc vt, l cc thnh phn tng i tr, hot tnh hoc cht bc. Bn macerals chnh hnh thnh nn cc thnh phn ch yu ca than: vitrain, inertite, fusain v clarian. - Than bn : L thnh phn phn r thc vt v cha lng tro v nc cao lm gim gi tr nhit. V cc b, than bn l nhin liu quan trng c s dng sn xut in nng nhiu quc gia hin nay, nh Ireland v Phn Lan. Hm lng cacbon l khong 60% v gi tr nhit thp 15 MJ/kg. Than ny khng th dng luyn kim. - Than non v than nu : Loi ny gm c than bn bitum. nhng ni di do, nh c, than non hoc than nu l nhin liu cho sn xut in vi gi tr nhit 25 MJ/kg. Khng th s dng trc tip vo luyn kim mc d c th dng sn xut in nng v hi nc v c th ho kh sn xut khi hon nguyn trc tip. - Than bitum : Than bitum hoc than en, than cng l loi quan trng c gi tr kinh t cao trong luyn kim. Gi tr nhit khong 35 MJ/kg v hm lng cacbon t hn 90%. 22

- Than Antracit : Than Anthracit c hm lng ccbon hn 95%. Do c gi tr nhit cao v v hm lng cht bc thp, nn loi ny chy khng khi. V vy y l loi nhin liu cng nghip v gia dng ph bin nhng khng c cc tnh cht cok. - Than : V c bn, than mt gn ht hm lng cht bc v tr thnh cacbon nguyn cht hoc than t nhin. Loi ny c nhiu ng dng nhng khng chy d dng nn khng c coi l nhin liu. Loi G Than bn Than non Than bn bitum Than Bitum (cht bc cao) Than bitum (cht bc trung bnh) Than bitum (cht bc thp) Than bn anthracite Than Anthracite - Than cok : Than cok l mt loi ca than bitum. Loi ny c c tnh l hnh thnh dng rt bn v rng khi nung trong bung kn (l cc) loi b cc thnh phn cht bc m khng cho php oxy phn ng vi than. Cok luyn kim c cc tnh cht ring v bn v hot tnh cao. luyn gang, cn hm lng lu hunh, tro v pht pho thp. Trong l cao, cok l nguyn liu duy nht tn ti th rn v khng b nng chy nhit quanh vi phun. Hm lng tro thp l cn thit v tro trong l s tng lng x v ng nhin hm lng lu hunh v pht pho cng cn phi thp. - Than kh ni hi : Than c dng sn xut in thng gi l than kh ni hi v hi c sn xut ra chy tuabin hoc ng c hoc than nhit. Than kh ni hi l than bitum c hm lng tro cao (gn 17%) v gi tr nhit cao. 1.4.8. Kh thin nhin Kh thin nhin c th s dng trong luyn kim sn xut kh hon nguyn trc tip bng cch chuyn metan thnh CO v hydro v sn xut in nng cho EAF v nung chy h quang chm. 1.5. CC HNG MC CNG TRNH CH YU 1.5.1. Cng trnh sn xut 23 Bng 1-4 : c tnh cc loi than Carbon Cht bc Nng lng % % ring MJ/kg 50 >65 60 71 80 86 90 91 92 95 >65 52 40 31 22 14 8 2 15 25 34 36 36 36.4 36 35.2 m % 75 30 5 3 <1 1 1 2

- Luyn gang. - X l/chun b nguyn liu. - Thiu kt qung st ng bnh/v vin. - Luyn cok. - L gang. - Luyn thp, tinh luyn v c phi. - Luyn thp bng l thi xy. - Luyn thp bng l in h quang (EAF). - Tinh luyn thp th cp. - khun (c). - Cn nng. - Ty g, cn ngui, ti v ram. - M - ph - sn. 1.5.2. Cng trnh ph tr - Nh hnh chnh v iu hnh sn xut. - Xng ng lc. - Xng sa cha, xe my...

24

Chng 2. Cc c im t nhin, mi trng v kinh t x hi khu vc d n

Yu cu : Ch r mc chi tit ca tng c im c m t, cc yu cu chuyn mn ca cc s liu, d liu, thng s c s dng sao cho ph hp vi quy nh hin hnh v phc v tt nht cho vic nh gi tc ng ca D n u t xy dng nh my luyn gang thp n mi trng t nhin v kinh t - x hi).

2.1. mc ch v ngha 2.1.1. Cht lng mi trng Cht lng mi trng khu vc d n s l c s khoa hc quan trng xem xt cho php d n thc hin/khng thc hin (nu c nguy c ph v ngng mi trng khu vc). S liu nh gi cht lng mi trng nn cng ng thi l c s nh gi, kim sot mc tc ng ca d n n mi trng, xc nh tnh ng n ca qu trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng v tnh hiu qu ca cc bin php BVMT c d n p dng. Kt qu ny s gip ra nhng yu cu bo v mi trng cn thit, k c vic iu chnh li d n thm ch di di d n i ni khc. 2.1.2. S liu v mi trng L cn c khoa hc xc nh phm vi nh gi tc ng mi trng bao gm vic xc nh cc thnh phn mi trng, cc thng s mi trng v mc chi tit, phm vi cn c quan tm nghin cu, nh gi. Cc s liu v mi trng nn khu vc l nhng cn c khoa hc thc hin TM. N quyt nh tnh ng n ca mt qu trnh nh gi v cc gii php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc, tng cng cc tc ng tch cc ca d n i vi mi trng vng hot ng ca d n. Nhng s liu ny cng l c s kim sot, nh gi tnh hiu qu ca cng tc TM giai on sau ny. Do vy, vic xy dng mt c s d liu ng tin cy v cht lng mi trng nn l mt iu kin tin quyt c ngha quan trng trin khai mt nghin cu TM v hot ng quan trc d n sau ny. S liu mi trng khu vc d n cn t nhng tiu chun cht lng sau y : - C tin cy, r rng. S liu mi trng nn c th ly t nhiu ngun t liu khc nhau nh : cc trm quan trc (monitoring) mi trng quc gia v tnh, cc cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc, kho st trong nhiu nm c cng b chnh thc v c b sung bi s liu do chnh d n tin hnh kho st, o c. - m bo tnh cht v c im tc ng ca d n. Cc s liu, ti liu phi bao gm nhng yu t, thnh phn mi trng trong vng chu tc ng trc tip hay gin tip ca d n. Cc thng s mi trng xem xt cn phi c la chn c trng v ph hp vi c tnh ca tng thnh phn mi trng cng nh tnh cht, c im tc ng ca d n. Ch tin hnh thu thp, o c, iu tra cc s liu v mi trng v ti nguyn thin thin nhin nhng khu 25

vc c lin quan trc tip hoc gin tip n d n v nhng ch tiu mi trng s b tc ng bi d n. Khng nht thit phi quan trc tt c cc thng s mi trng m khng c lin quan n hot ng ca d n. 2.2. CC C IM T NHIN Hot ng sn xut ca ngnh cng nghip luyn gang thp pht thi mt lng kh thi ln c cha kh c hi vi nng cao nh SO2, CO, NOx, VOC, bi l lng, bi v hi kim loi nng, hi axit (HCL/HF), phng x Qu trnh lan truyn, pht tn v chuyn ho cc cht nhim trong kh thi ph thuc rt nhiu vo cc iu kin t nhin khu vc. Do , trong nh gi tc ng mi trng d n luyn gang thp cn phi c nhng nh gi y v hin trng iu kin t nhin. 2.2.1. iu kin kh hu Nhit khng kh L mt yu t nh hng trc tip n cc qu trnh chuyn ho v pht tn cc cht nhim trong kh quyn. Nhit khng kh cng cao th tc cc phn ng ho hc xy ra cng nhanh v thi gian lu tn cht nhim cng c rt ngn. S bin thin gi tr nhit s nh hng n qu trnh bay hi ca cc dung mi hu c, nh hng n qu trnh trao i nhit ca c th v sc kho con ngi. Cc nghin cu nh gi v yu t nhit khng kh cn tp trung vo cc thng s c thng k nhiu nm gn vi thi im thc hin d n, ch yu bao gm : + Nhit trung bnh nm, + Nhit trung bnh cc thng ca nhiu nm (t 10-20 nm). m tng i ca khng kh L yu t nh hng trc tip n qu trnh chuyn ho cc cht nhim trong khng kh, ng thi cng l yu t cn c vo la chn cc bin php cng ngh x l kh thi thch hp. Do vy cc thng s c trng v m cn phi c gm : + m trung bnh nm. + m trung bnh cc thng ca nhiu nm (t 10-20 nm). Ch gi L yu t nh hng rt mnh n qu trnh pht tn kh thi ra nhng khu vc xung quanh, do vy ch gi khu vc d n cn phi c xc nh r theo : + Hng gi, tc gi v tn sut gi trong nm. + Tc gi trung bnh cc thng trong nhiu nm (t 10-20 nm). Ch bc x Bc x mt tri c nh hng trc tip n bn vng kh quyn, n ch nhit, do vy cn phi c cc s liu v : + S gi nng trung bnh ngy. + S gi nng trung bnh cc thng trong nhiu nm (t 10-20 nm).. 26

 Lng ma v lng bc hi Ch ma khng nhng nh hng n cht lng khng kh m cn nh hng trc tip c n cc h thng thot nc thi ca d n Cc thng s c trng cho ch ma khu vc cn nh gi bao gm : + Lng ma trung bnh nm v lng ma cc i trong mt ln ma. + Lng ma trung bnh cc thng trong nhiu nm (t 10-20 nm). + Lng bc hi trung bnh cc thng trong nhiu nm (t 10-20 nm). 2.2.2. Ch thu vn v a cht thu vn Ch thu vn trong khu vc d n s c nh hng quan trng khng ch n kh nng cung cp, tiu thot nc cho d n m cn l mt yu t t nhin quan trng quyt nh n kh nng tip nhn cht thi v t lm sch ca cc ngun nc. i vi d n luyn gang thp cn tp trung vo cc yu t ca cc sng, sui trong khu vc nh sau : c im lu lng v tc dng chy - Trung bnh nm/thng, cao nht nm/thng. - Mc nc cao nht theo ma/nm. - Mc nc thp nht theo ma/nm. a cht thu vn i vi ch a cht thu vn, cc thng s cn c xem xt, nh gi ch yu gm : - c im v tnh cht mc nc ngm, kh nng cung cp. - Din bin tr lng cc tng cha nc ngm theo ma/nm, - nh gi mc dao ng v h mc nc ngm do khai thc nc nhng im d kin c kh nng xut hin cc tc ng quan trng. 2.2.3. a hnh c im a hnh khu vc s c nh hng trc tip n kh nng tiu thot nc ma v kh nng xy ra tnh trng ngp lt. iu ny s c nh hng trc tip n d n, do vy cc thng s a hnh c trng cn phi c quan tm nh gi gm : - cao tuyt i trung bnh, - c im hnh thi b mt a hnh ( dc, hng dc...), - Tnh cht b mt ph... 2.3. CC C IM V MI TRNG VT L Mi trng vt l rt quan trng trong khun kh nh gi tc ng mi trng i vi d n luyn gang thp ch yu gm mi trng nc, mi trng khng kh v mi trng t. 27

2.3.1. Mi trng nc i vi mi trng nc, ni dung quan trng l phi phn nh c mt cch ph hp nht vi c im d n, cht lng ca ngun nc khu vc bao gm nc mt v nc ngm. y chnh l mt trong nhng ni dung trng tm i vi mi trng nn khu vc, bi l nc thi ca c s luyn gang thp c nhiu tim nng gy nhim, lm bin i cht lng ngun nc. S liu nh gi hin trng mi trng nc s l c s nh gi nhng din bin trong giai on sn xut sau ny ca d n. Cht lng nc ngm Loi v s lng d liu cht lng nc ngm cn c, s tu thuc vo mc ch nh s dng nc v tnh cht ca cc tc ng bt li tim tng n cht lng nc ca d n. Cn phi tin hnh phn tch s lng mu i din ti thiu trong ton vng ging hay hin trng b nh hng v tp trung vo cc thng s : pH, c, dn in (ch th bt k s nhim bn no), nitrit, nitrt (phn bn, nc rc, nc cng), E-coli, colifom (nc cng) v hm lng cc kim loi nng (t nc thi sn xut cng nghip, th v nc ma). Cng cn phi o cc cation v anion xc nh cc iu kin ho hc trong nc ngm. Cht lng nc mt Loi v s lng d liu cht lng nc mt cn c s tu thuc vo vic s dng nc c xut, tnh cht ca cc tc ng bt li tim tng n cht lng nc. Nhng bin i v cht lng nc s nh hng trc tip n h sinh thi thu sinh v cc thc vt thu sinh cng gy nh hng n tnh ho hc ca nc nh lm cn kit xy ho tan, tng pH v tng c tnh amniac Do vy, vn quan trng l phi tin hnh nh gi cc yu t nh hng n sinh trng ca thc vt (cc mc dinh dng, trong ca nc, cc iu kin cht nn), c bit nu ngun nc mt c coi l nhy cm vi nhng tc ng . Cn phi tin hnh nh gi cc iu kin cht lng nc, i chiu vi Tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam TCVN. Nhng thng s v cht lng nc mt cn quan tm i vi ngng cng nghip luyn gang thp bao gm : pH, nhit , c, hm lng cn l lng, DO, BOD, tng nit, du m, NH3, phenol, xianua, du m. 2.3.2. Mi trng khng kh, ting n v rung ng D n luyn gang thp nh cp nhng phn trn cho thy c kh nng gy nhim mi trng khng kh bng nhiu ngun thi cht nhim khc nhau, v vy lm c s cho vic so snh, nh gi din bin cht lng mi trng khng kh, ting n v chn ng sau ny do hot ng ca d n, cn phi xc nh r v nh lng cht lng mi trng khng kh, ting n v chn ng nn ca khu vc : - Nhng thng s mi trng khng kh cn c xc nh ch yu gm nng bi, cc kh c (SO2, NOx, CO), hi axit (HCl,HF), VOC v cht phng x. - i vi ting n l mc n tng ng (LAeq), mc n cc i (LAmax) v mc n cc di Octa. - i vi rung ng l vn tc v gia tc rung : Lva(x), Lva(y), Lva(z). 28

2.3.3. Mi trng t Hot ng ca d n c nh hng trc tip n mi trng t nhng khu vc xung quanh. Do vy ngoi vic xc nh hin trng s dng t cho cc mc tiu pht trin kinh t trong vng cn phi c nh gi c cht lng tng t mt. c im, tnh cht ca lp th nhng s nh hng n kh nng thm nc thi nhim vo cc tng nc ngm, n kt cu nn mng cng trnh v nhiu yu t khc. Cc ch tiu c bn phn nh hin trng th nhng khu vc ch yu l kt cu v thnh phn cc lp t tng mt. Ngoi ra, hot ng ca d n cng s c tc ng nh hng n cht lng ca t, do vy nhng yu t ch yu nh gi s gm hm lng cht hu c, tng nit, tng photpho, pH v hm lng cc kim loi nng. 2.4. CC C IM V H SINH THI KHU VC Ngnh cng nghip luyn gang thp thng c nhu cu v din tch mt bng rt ln ln ti vi trm ha. Do vy, h sinh thi khu vc c kh nng b nh hng do b thu hp din tch ng thi b tc ng bi cht thi ca d n a vo mi trng. Chnh v vy, vic theo di v nh gi hin trng h sinh thi khu vc l rt cn thit cho cc d bo, nh gi nhng tc ng c th xy ra i vi chng do s hnh thnh v hot ng ca d n. Ba mc hoc phng thc phn nh c im h sinh thi khu vc da trn u tin ca ni c tr, xc nh cc nhu cu thu thp cc d liu nn : - M t ch yu nh lng cc qun x ng & thc vt chnh trn c s cc k thut ly mu trn hin trng c tha nhn; - M t nh tnh cc qun x ng & thc vt chnh trn c s kho st hin trng c kim nh bng cc d liu cp hai; Qu trnh nghin cu, nh gi h sinh thi khu vc cn phi c bit coi trng cc yu t sau : - Tm quan trng ca mt ni c tr i vi cc qu trnh sinh thi, h tr cc nhu cu pht trin bn vng. - Tnh phong ph a dng sinh hc ca ni c tr. - Tnh khan him ca ni c tr ( mc quc gia/vng, theo mc phn tch). - Cc vn mang tnh a phng. Cc thng s lin quan cn nh gi bao gm : - H ng thc vt trn cn (loi, s lng, gi tr kinh t, c bit ch n cc loi c trong sch ). - H ng thc vt di nc : c bit quan tm ti h thu sinh cc thu vc s tip nhn nc thi ca d n. Cc thng s chnh : xc nh loi, s lng, gi tr kinh t, c bit ch n cc loi c trong sch .

29

2.5. MI TRNG KINH T X HI V NHN VN Cc iu kin kinh t x hi ti khu vc d n v ln cn mt mt s kch thch, to iu kin thun li cho d n pht trin, nhng mt khc cng s c kh nng b nh hng bi cc hot ng ca d n. Do vic kho st, nh gi hin trng cc iu kin kinh t x hi l rt cn thit i vi qu trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng. Cc thng s cn c xem xt nh gi mc tc ng ca d n ni chung, d n luyn gang thp ni ring ch yu bao gm : - c im dn c trong vng (dn s, mt dn s, dn tc, t l gia tng dn s, t l nam/n, s ngi trong tui lao ng). - Mc sng ca dn c trong vng : thu nhp, ngun thu nhp chnh, ph. - Tnh hnh sc kho cng ng v iu kin v sinh mi trng a phng. Nhng loi bnh thng gp. - Hin trng s dng t (c bit ch ti hin trng s dng t s chuyn giao cho d n), - Hin trng c s h tng : ng giao thng, h thng cp thot nc, cp in, thng tin lin lc. - Hin trng thng mi, dch v. 2.6. NH GI TNG HP Nhng thng s cn c thu thp xem xt nh gi hin trng mi trng nn ca khu vc xy dng nh my luyn gang thp c trnh by mt cch tng hp trong bng 2-1 sau y : Bng 2-1 : Cc thng s mi trng v ti nguyn cn kho st nh TT gi hin trng mi trng nn i vi d n luyn gang thp Mi trng Thng s Phng php kho st v ti nguyn v quan trc I. iu kin t nhin a danh, ta v a l ca Ti liu d n hoc atlat khu vc thc hin d n. V tr quc gia hnh chnh v giao thng c im M t nhng c im a hnh Ti liu d n hoc a l, a hnh, ca khu vc d n mt cch chi a cht khu vc. a mo tit(ni, i, ng bng...). c im - Nhit . Lng ma, m Ti liu ca cc trm kh kh hu, kh - Ch gi. Bc x tng thy vn khu vc tng -Cc hin tng thi tit bt v quan trc ti hin thng. trng. II. c im kinh t - x hi Dn c - lao Ch n tnh hnh dn c kim Theo s liu thng k ca ng sng trong nhng khu vc thc a phng hin d n v chu tc ng ca d n. 30 V tr a l

1.1 1.2 1.3

2.1

2.2 2.3

2.4

Vic pht trin d n trong mi S liu iu tra, phng lin quan n Quy hoch pht vn khi kho st. trin kinh t ca vng, tnh. Tnh hnh - Dn s, mc sng, S liu iu tra, phng vn x hi. - iu kin v sinh,y t v sc khi kho st. khe cng ng. - Mng li v tnh hnh gio dc dn tr. - Vic lm v tht nghip. Vn ha - Cc cng trnh vn ho, lch s, S liu iu tra, phng vn lch s. du lch c gi tr trong khu vc khi kho st. d n hoc nhng khu vc ln cn chu tc ng ca d n. - Thun phong m tc v phong tc tp qun ca dn a phng c th c nh hng n vic thc hin d n. III. Ti nguyn thin nhin. Kinh t. Ti t nguyn - Tng din tch t t nhin v cht lng. - Hin trng s dng t (nng nghip, lm nghip, chuyn dng, t , s dng khc, t cha s dng). Ti nguyn - c im h thng thu vn nc mt mt trong khu vc (sng, h, knh mng) - Hin trng s dng ti nguyn nc mt trong khu vc. Ti nguyn - c im a cht thu vn nc ngm khu vc (tng cha nc, tr lng, cht lng nc ngm). - Hin trng khai thc v s dng. Ti nguyn Cc s liu v thm thc vt v ng, thc h ng vt trong khu vc vt thc hin d n. Cn c bit ch n nhng chng loi c th ca khu vc hoc c trong sch . IV. H tng c s v dch v Giao thng - c im cc tuyn ng giao thng (thu, b) c lin quan n hot ng vn chuyn ca d n. - Tai nn, s c giao thng. 31 S liu iu tra, phng vn khi kho st.

3.1

3.2

Thu thp thng tin, t liu iu tra c bn ca khu vc v kho st, iu tra b sung. Thu thp thng tin, t liu iu tra c bn ca khu vc v kho st, iu tra b sung. Thu thp thng tin, t liu iu tra c bn ca khu vc v kho st, iu tra b sung.

3.3

3.4

4.1

Ti liu ca c quan chc nng v qun l hnh chnh a phng.

4.2

Dch v, Hin trng v kh nng cung cp S liu iu tra, phng vn dch v, thng mi. khi kho st. thng mi V. Hin trng mi trng vt l Cht lng - Hm lng cht hu c t. - Nit tng s - Pht pho tng s - pH - Cc kim loi nng - Phng php chun Mohrsau khi oxy ho mu bng kali Bicromat - Phng php Kjendahn - Phng php trc quang - My o pH - Quang ph hp th nguyn t - Nhit k - My o pH - My o c - My o khong - Oxy tiu th sau 5 ngy nhit 20oC - Oxy ho bng K2Cr2O7 - So mu quang ph kh kin - AAS v Sc k kh, theo TCVN 5070-1995 - Lc qua mng v nui cy 43oC - Phng php sc k kh theo TCVN 5972-1995 hay phng php th Folin-Ciocalteur Phng php Tetracloromercurat (TCM/pararosanilin) theo TCVN 5971-1995 - Phng php GrissSaltman theo ISO 6768/1995. - Phng php o khi lng, theo TCVN 50671995 - My o PM10 My o mc n tng ng tch phn (Intergrating noise levels) My o rung (Vabration Meter).

5.1

5.2

5.3

Cht lng - Nhit nc mt, - pH nc ngm. - Hm lng cn l lng - c - Tng khong ho - Oxy ho tan (DO) - Nhu cu oxy sinh ho (BOD5) - Nhu cu oxy ho hc (COD) - Tng N, - Tng P, - Tng st (Fe), kim loi nng - Hm lng du, m - Tng s Coliform Cht lng - CO khng kh - SO2

- NOx - HCl, HF - Bi (TSP) - PM10 - L50 - Leq Lmax - Locta - Gia tc - Vn tc - Tn s 32

5.4

Ting n

5.5

Rung ng

Chng 3. Cc ngun gy tc ng ca d n n mi trng

Yu cu : Ch r mc chi tit v nh lng c th i vi tng ngun c kh nng gy tc ng ca d n n mi trng, cc ngun gy tc ng c lin quan n cht thi (tt c cc ngun c kh nng pht sinh cc loi cht thi rn, lng, kh cng nh cc loi cht thi khc trong qu trnh trin khai thc hin d n) v cc ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi (nh xi mn, st, l, ln t, xi l b sng, b sui, b h, b bin, bi lng lng sng, lng sui, lng h, y bin, thay i mc nc mt, nc ngm, xm nhp mn, xm nhp phn, bin i vi kh hu, suy thoi cc thnh phn mi trng, bin i a dng sinh hc v cc ngun gy tc ng khc).

3.1. C IM V TNH CHT CC DNG THI T QU TRNH LUYN GANG THP Cng nghip luyn gang thp l ngnh cng nghip c nhiu tim nng gy tc ng tiu cc mc khc nhau ln mi trng. Mc tc ng ny tu thuc vo cc cng on ca qu trnh, quy m v loi hnh cng vic, cng ngh s dng, tnh cht v nhy cm ca mi trng xung quanh v tnh hiu qu ca vic lp k hoch, ngn nga nhim, cc k thut kim sot v khng ch nhim mi trng. Trong chng ny s phn tch v lm r tnh cht, c im v nhng tc ng ln cc thnh phn mi trng trc ht l mi trng nc, mi trng khng kh v mi trng t ca cc loi cht thi pht sinh t cc cng on sn xut ca cng nghip luyn gang thp hin ang thc hin trn th gii. Mt cch tng qut, cc ngun pht sinh cht thi v tc ng ca chng ln mi trng c th hin trong bng 3-1. Bng 3-1 : Ngun pht sinh cht thi v tc ng ca chng Cng on sn xut Cht nhim Tc ng mi trng X l nguyn liu To khi kt/vin Luyn cc Bi Bi (TSP, PM10), CO, CO2, SO2, NOx, VOCs, methane, Cl/HF, cht phng x, CTR Bi (TSP, PM10), PAHs, VOCs, benzen, NOx, methane, kim loi nng, HCl/HF, cht phng x. Kt ta bi cc b nhim khng kh v t, sinh ra ozn mt t, ma axit. nhim khng kh v t, sinh ra ozn mt t, ma axit, nng ln ton cu. Nhim bn t v nc, ting n nhim khng kh v nc mt, ma axit, sinh ra ozn mt t nhim khng kh v nc mt, sinh ra ozn

Lu kho, x l ph liu Du, kim loi nng st L cao Bi (TSP, PM10), H2S, CO, CO2, SO2, NOx, bi phng x, xianua, cht thi rn... L xy Bi (TSP, PM10), kim loi (Zn), CO, VOCs, HCl/HF, 33

L h quang Tinh luyn th cp Rt khun (c) Cn nng Cn ngui Ph / m X l nc thi Lc kh Tng tr ho cht

CTR... Bi (TSP, PM10), kim loi (Zn, Pb, Hg), CTR... Bi (TSP, PM10), kim loi Bi (TSP, PM10), kim loi, du, CTR Bi (TSP, PM10), du, CO, CO2, SO2, NOx, VOCs Du, bi du, CO, CO, CO2, SO2, NOx, VOCs, axit, CTR (vy st) Bi (TSP, PM10), VOCs, kim loi nng, du Kim loi, pH, du, ammoni, cht thi rn... Bi, kim loi Cc ho cht khc

mt t. nhim kh, nc, ting n nhim kh, nc, n nhim kh, nc, ting n nhim kh, nc, zn mt t, ma axit nhim kh, nc, zn mt t nhim kh, nc, zn mt t, mi nhim nc, nc ngm v lp trm tch nhim t, nc nhim nc mt, nc ngm

Thng thng qu trnh sn xut thp bng phng php kt hp s sn sinh ra mt lng kh ln cc cht thi kh, lng v rn. S liu tng hp mt cch khi qut ca UNEP cho thy sn xut ra 1 tn thp th, hot ng sn xut s sn sinh ra mt lng kh thi, nc thi v cht thi rn gm : Bng 3-2 : Cc loi cht thi ca cng nghip luyn gang thp Kh thi - 28 kg CO, - 2,3 tn CO2, - 2,2 kg SO2, - 0,3 kg VOC, - 2,3 kg NOx, - 1,1 kg bi, - 65 kg kh kim loi.
Ngun : UNEP.

Nc thi - 1,6kg cht rn l lng, - 150g du m, - 110g amoni, - 8g gm phenol, cyanide. (trong 3m3 nc thi)

Cht thi rn - 455kg x, - 56kg bn thi, - 16kg vy st, - 4kg gch chu la, - 0,8kg du, - 54kg cc loi khc.

34

Xng thiu kt (kt khi/to vin) (Sinter Plant) Kt khi ht (Granded Sinter)

Luyn cc (Coke Making)

L cao (Blast Fumace) Gang lng (Hot metal) L thi oxy (BOF Steelmaking) Luyn thp lng (Ladle Metallurgy)

c lin tc (Continuous Casting) Thi - phi

(Slabs-Blooms-Billets)

c thi (Ingot Casting) Thi (Ingots) Cn th Roughing Mill

Cn tit din (Section Rolling)

Cn thanh/dy (Rod and Bar Rolling) Thp thanh/dy (Rebar and Wire Rod)

Cun thp (Hot Stnp Mill) Thp cun (Hot Rolled Coil)

Cn nng thp tm (Heavy Plate Thp tm (Plate) Lm thnh ng (Pipe making)

Thp hnh (Section)

Ty r - Cn ngui - M (To Pickling Cold Rolling and Coating)

ng thp (Tubes from Coil)

Hnh 3-1 : S quy trnh cng ngh sn xut thp truyn thng

35

28kg CO; 2,3 tn CO2; 2,2kg SO2; 0,3kg VOC; 2,3kg NOx; 1,1kg bi ht; 65g khc (kim loi, H2S). 1500kg qung st, 610kg cc, 60kg than, 150kg vi, 200kg cht ph gia, 175kg st vn 5m3 nc 3m3 nc thi(SS,du,NH3); 1,6kg cht rn l lng; 150g du; 110g amoni nitrogen; 8g (phenols, meths, cyanides).

1 tn thp th.

455kg x; 56kg bi/bn; 16kg vng, cn; 4kg gch chu la; 0,8kg du; 54kg khc.

Hnh 3-2 : Cn i vo/ra - vt liu/nng lng ca phng php sn xut thp kt hp 3.1.1. Khu x l, chun b nguyn liu Nh trnh by chng 1, hot ng sn xut chnh ca khu x l v chun b nguyn liu l vn chuyn, bc d, nghin, sng lc v kh b cc tp cht (trong st), khong cht khng cn thit (trong than). Do vy ngun gy nhim mi trng ch yu s l bi v ting n. C th khc phc nhim ny bng cch phun nc, gi cho bnh xe v ng x sch s v t a im x l xa khu vc dn c. Nc thi t cc bi x l nguyn liu phi c thu gom v x l, tch ht l lng v du m. 3.1.2. Khu thiu kt to khi, to vin Nhng pht thi qu trnh thiu kt to khi ch yu cng on x l nguyn liu (gy ra bi) v do t v l. Cc kh chy v l c cha bi, CO, CO2, SOx, NOx v cc ht. Nng ca cc cht nhim trong kh thi ph thuc vo iu kin chy v nguyn liu s dng. Ngoi ra cn c nhng pht thi khc gm VOC do loi vt liu d bay hi trong than cm gy ra, cn du, cc kim loi (gm c cht phng x) bc hi ra t nguyn liu s dng, hi axit (HCl, HF) do nguyn liu c cha halogen.

36

20kg CO; 1,5kg SO2; 0,6kg NOx. 950kg qung st; 35kg cc dng bt; 30lt nc; 150kg cht tr dung; 250 vt liu bt ti s dng

150kg CO2; 0,2kg bi ht;

1 tn khi kt.

0,5kg ESP bi; 250 kg vt liu bt;

Hnh 3-3 : Cn i vo-ra ca vt liu/nng lng khu thiu kt Hot ng ca cng on sn xut ny s c tim nng sn sinh ra mt lng cht thi c tnh c hi cn c quan tm trong trc ht l Bi, kh SO2, NOx, CO2, CO, Pb, Cd, cht phng x (210Po, 210Pb), HCl v HF. Theo s liu ca UNEP, to ra 1 tn khi kt bng cng ngh ny s phi cn mt lng nguyn liu u vo gm 950kg qung st, 35kg cc, 30 lt nc, 150kg cht tr dung v 250kg vt liu bt ti s dng. Thnh phn nng lng u vo ca qu trnh sn xut 1 tn sn phm bng cng ngh nu trn gm c 0,4GJ in nng(4515kWh); 64MJ ph phm kh; 1,2GJ cc. Trong khi nng lng u ra ch c 0,15GJ hi nc. Nhng pht thi t qu trnh v vin cng tng t nh trng hp kt khi gm Bi, kh SO2, NOx, CO, CO2, Pb, Cd, cht phng x (210Po, 210Pb), HCl v HF. Thnh phn gy nhim nc thi ch yu l cht rn l lng v mt s kim loi nng ho tan. Vi c im cng ngh nu trn, sn xut 1 tn sn phm s cn 1150kg qung st, 10kg cc, 30kg cht tr dung v 10kg binder. Nng lng u vo ca qu trnh sn xut ny s gm 192MJ in nng (20kWh); 650MJ cc v 120MJ du (hnh 3-4).

37

470g CO; 100g SO2; 500g NOx. 1150kg qung st; 10kg cc; 30kg cht tr dung; 10kg binder

35kg CO2; 350g bi ht;

1 tn of pellets.

1m3 nc thi (SS,du, NH3); 0,5kg du.

0,25kg bi.

Hnh 3-4 : Cn i vo-ra ca vt liu/nng lng khu v vin.

vi olomit Vi chn Qung st Than antraxit Cc vn

Nghin, sng vi 29.000t/n olomit 37.700t/n Vi 11.600t/n Than antraxit 6.668t/n

Nghin Cc cm 19.432t/n

My trn thng trn 3000 x 9000 My thiu kt 2 my 18m2 Hi liu qung nng Nghin, sng qung nng Bung lm ngui 2 bng 24m2

Kh l cc 2.175.000m3/n

Hi liu ngui chuyn v kho Sng phn cp Qung thiu kt 290.000t/n Chuyn ln bng ti n l cao

Hnh 3-5 : Cn bng nguyn vt liu 38

Theo s liu ca UNEP, khi to ra 1 tn khi kt, qu trnh sn xut ny c th pht sinh ra 20kg CO, 150kg CO2, 1,5kg SO2, 0,2kg bi v 0,6kg NOx. Ngoi ra ph thuc vo thnh phn tp cht ca nguyn liu u vo ch yu l st vn v hp kim, cng on ny c th pht sinh mt s loi kh thi c hi cn quan tm gim st v x l l bi, hi ch, cadimi, cht phng x (210pb, 210Po) v hp cht hu c bay hi (VOC), hi axit HCl, HF. Cng on to vin t hn hp qung st, nc v cht kt dnh thnh nhng khi cu ng knh 12 mm v c lm rn li nh sy v nung ln nhit 1.300oC nh trnh by phn trc lm pht sinh mt khi lng ln cht thi, tuy nhin qu trnh ny ph thuc vo iu kin hot ng v nguyn liu s dng. Kh thi ca qu trnh sn xut ny thng cha cc kh c. Khi to ra 1 tn vin sn phm, qu trnh ny s sn sinh ra 470g kh CO; 35kg kh CO2; 100g kh SO2; 350g bi v 500g kh NOx. Ngoi ra cng nh khu to khi, do c im ca nguyn liu u vo, cng on sn xut ny cng c tim nng pht sinh ra cc loi kh c hi khc nh hi ch, cadimi, cht phng x (210pb, 210Po) v hp cht hu c bay hi (VOC), hi axit HCl, HF. y l cc loi kh c c tnh rt cao cn ht sc ch gim st thu gom v x l trit . Cc kh thi ca qu trnh chy phn ln thng c lm sch bng thit b lc bi tnh in (ESP), c kh nng x l c nhng khi lng kh thi ln pht sinh trong qu trnh kt khi nguyn liu. Thit b ny c tc dng tt i vi bi nhng t tc dng i vi nhng pht thi kh nu trn. Do vy, cc kh thi c hi c th gim thiu mc no bng cch la chn cc tham bin ca qu trnh v nguyn liu mt cch thch hp. Bi do ESP thu gom c thng em phi kt v ti s dng. Cc thit b qut gi dng trong qu trnh thiu kt to khi cng c th gy ra ting n nu khng c lp b gim m hoc bo dng thch hp. Nc thi ch yu pht sinh t khu to vin. Theo s liu tng hp ca UNEP v ngnh thp, to ra 1 tn vin sn phm, qu trnh sn xut ny s sn sinh ra 1m3 nc thi c mc nhim cao cht rn l lng, kim loi nng v du m (0,5kg). Tuy nhin, phn ln lng nc thi ny c x l v ti s dng. 3.1.3. Khu luyn cc Kh thi t qu trnh luyn cc c th l gin on v lin tc, lin quan n cc hot ng t, np, y, ti, chuyn vn sng. Kh thi c th xut hin nhiu ngun nh ca l, np l, ng khi... Mi quan h gia nguyn liu u vo, sn phm u ra v cht thi c th hin mt cch nh lng (hnh 3.8 - chng 3). 39

C th khng ch lng bi pht thi t cc cng on t l, np, y cc v ti bng cch bo dng thng xuyn tng gch chu la, ci thin vic np than, kim sot cht ch chu k nung v lp t cc h thng ht bi cho cc cng on sn xut nht nh. Kh thi ca cng on ny l mt hn hp phc tp gm hydro, methane, CO, CO2, Nox, hi nc, oxy, nit, H2S, cyanua, ammoni, benzen, du nh, hi hc n, naphthalene, hyro cacbon, polyaromatic hyrocacbon (TAH) v cc ht ngng t. Kh pht thi c th do giong ca, np khng kn v khc phc bng cch quan tm cht ch n vic bo dng v vn hnh. Ngoi ra kh thi ca cng on sn xut ny cn c mi kh chu nn cn phi c quan tm x l nu c s sn xut ny gn khu dn c. Trc khi a i dng lm kh nhin liu, kh thi c x l trong x nghip ph phm tch v thu gom nhng thnh phn nht nh nh benzen, hc n hoc sulphua. Cc sn phm ny c cha trong cc thng hoc chn lp, do vy nu c s r r hoc chn lp khng ng quy cch s c tim nng gy nhim cho mi trng t v nc ngm khu vc. Nc thi ca nh my ph phm cha nhiu cht nhim tiu biu l cyanua, phenol, trioafarat v cc cht rn khc. Cc cht thi rn c trng ca cng on sn xut ny l gch chu la sau khi dng, bn gom t thng cha, bn thi ca BETP... Lng cht thi rn ny thng thng c th c ti s dng (bn BETP) hoc chuyn n ni cha rc. c im cn i nng lng/vt liu qu trnh luyn cc c th hin trn hnh 3-6 cho thy, khi sn xut 1 tn cc s cn cung cp mt lng nguyn liu u vo l 1250kg than (loi than lm cc). Phc v cho qu trnh sn xut ny s cn mt lng nng lng gm 458MJ in nng (48kWh), 41,1 GJ than, 0,5GJ hi nc v 3,2 GJ kh non la (underfire gas). Nng lng u ra ca qu trnh sn xut ny khong 29,8GJ cc, 8,2GJ COG, 1,9GJ coal tar, 0,7GJ benzen, 0,9GJ in nng (90kWh) v 33 MJ hi nc.

40

1kg CO; 400g SO2; 0,3kg NOx;

500g CO2; 550g bi ht; 300g hydrocacbon.

1250kg cc 1 tn cc.

0,6m3 nc thi (SS, du, NH3), 20g cht rn l lng; 0,2kg bn BETP.

90 g sunphua; 85kg hc n, benzen, nha than.

Hnh 3-6 : Cn i nng lng/vt liu qu trnh luyn cc. Vi c im nu trn, cng on luyn cc cng s sn sinh ra mt lng cht thi ln. Nhng pht thi ng quan tm x l gm ch yu l Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), benzen, PM10, H2S v metan. 3.1.4. L cao Kh thi ca l cao thng cha vt liu ht, ch yu l st xyt v nhng ht pht sinh trc trong qu trnh tho l, cng nh mt s cng on ph, v tu thuc vo vic x l x m c th cha cc lng H2S v SO2 c mi kh chu. Chnh v l m xng c c th c trang b h thng lc, tch bi. Lng bi gom c c th c kt khi ti s dng. Thng thng khi sn xut ra 1 tn gang lng, l cao s thi ra mi trng mt lng kh thi gm 1kg CO; 300g CO2; 140g SO2; 85g Bi ht v 90g NOx. X l ph phm chnh ca l. C th x l n bng nhiu cch nh lm ngui, nghin hoc kt khi dng lm nguyn liu cho ngnh xy dng v sn xut xi mng. Bn thi ca h thng lm sch kh c x l cc tp cht v ti s dng chuyn n bi rc, hoc nu c lp thit b kh b mt s nguyn t cn thit c th tn dng phn ln cho cng on kt khi. Lng cht thi rn khi sn xut 1 tn gang s l 324kg x; 0,4kg bi v 19kg bn. Nc thi t khu sn xut ny khng ln ch khong 0,2m3/tn gang trong cha 10g cht rn l lng, 20g du, 1g cyanide v 2g kim loi nng. Ting n c th sinh ra t cc van iu p v n x. Hot ng ca l gang s cn mt lng nng lng u vo sn xut 1 tn kim loi l 14GJ cc, 1,7GJ kh, 1GJ hi nc, 0,6GJ pellets; 0,2GJ in nng (22kWh). Nng lng u ra s l 4,5GJ kh; 0,3 GJ heat recovery; 339 MJ in(35kWh); 55 MJ bi khi (hnh 3-7).

41

1kg CO; 140g SO2; 90g NOx; 415kg cc; 60kg than; 150kg qung; 1500kg vin/khi vi

300g CO2; 85g bi ht; 75g PAH

1 tn kim loi nng.

0,2m3 nc thi; 10g cht rn l lng; 20g du; 1g cyanide; 2g kim loi.

324kg x; 0,4kg bi, cht thi rn; 19kg bn(t khu x l kh thi).

Hnh 3-7 : Cn i u vo-ra nng lng/vt liu ca l cao. Cht thi cn quan tm lin quan n qu trnh sn xut ny s l bi, kh H2S, SO2, CO v nc thi cha cht rn l lng v du c hm lng cao. Kh than l cao c nhit 150-250oC cha khong 28-32% kh CO v mt lng ln bi hn hp. T nh l, kh than qua h thng ng dn chu nhit n thp lm ngui, c lc bi th bng trng lc sau qua thit b lc bi tnh in. Kh sau x l bi c a i s dng gia nhit cho l v cc nhu cu khc. Bi l gang c thu hi, nh k chuyn sang xng thiu kt lm nguyn liu. 3.1.5. Luyn bng l xy (BOF) Kh v bi thi ra t ming l trong thi gian thi xy. Kh thi ch yu l CO v CO2. Lng CO2 ny ph thuc vo thit k b chp khi ming l. Nu hm lng CO kh cao th c th thu gom lm ngun nng lng gi tr, cn khng th cho thot ra ngoi. Ngoi ra trong thnh phn kh thi cn c c H2 do khi np c ln hyrcacbon v hi nc. Bi pht sinh ch yu l st v CaO, ngoi ra c th cha vn kim loi nng nh km, x v vi. Lng bi ny ph thuc vo h thng thi kh, iu kin vn hnh (tc lung kh, cht lng vn st). Kh x trc khi thi hoc tn dng lm nhin liu c th c tch bi v khi bng cc k thut lm sch kh. Bn, bi thu gom t thit b lm sch c th tn dng lm ph gia xi mng hoc thi b. Khi np nguyn liu, kh thi pht sinh do rt kim loi nng ln st vn trong l v khi n tip xc vi kh v thnh phn ca n ph thuc vo loi tp cht trong st vn. Thng thng lng kh thi ny c thu gom nh thit b lc tnh in, hoc h thng lc. 42

Cc pht thi th cp xy ra trong thi gian thi kh v do s r r ca np chp khi pha trn l v cng c thu gom v x l ging nh nhng pht thi khi np. Ngoi ra cn c cc pht thi khc sinh ra t cc cng on vn chuyn kim loi v tin x l. Chng cng c khuynh hng bay ln trn v c thu gom cng cc cht thi khi np v cht thi th cp. gim bt s to thnh cht thi t cc ngun ny c th s dng kh tr. Vi cng ngh hin nay, khi sn xut 1 tn thp s sn sinh ra 1kg kh CO, 30kg kh CO2; 140g kh SO2, 85g bi v 90g NOx. Nc thi ch yu t thit b ra kh vi khi lng khong 0,1m3/1 tn gang v thng thng cha 5g du, 4g cht rn l lng v 1,4g kim loi nng. Nc thi c x l cht l lng, du, kim tra pH v c ti s dng. Cc cht thi rn v ph phm gm cn thp, x, gch chu la, bi v bn. Thng thng khi sn xut 1 tn thp s thi ra 131kg x, 25kg bn, 4kg grit, 4kg gch chu la ph thi, 14kg vy st v 65g du thi. Hot ng ca BOF sn xut ra 1 tn thp c s cn mt lng nguyn, nhin liu l 850kg st nng, 212kg st vn, 3kg qung st, 22kg vi v 5kg dolomit. Nng lng u vo cn thit s l 60MJ by-product kh, 32MJ kh t nhin, 0,3 GJ oxygen, 84MJ hi nc v 0,4GJ in nng (39kWh) - hnh 3-8.
1kg CO; 140g SO2; 90g NOx; 30kg CO2; 85g bi ht; 75g PAH. 1 tn thp c.

850kg st lng; 212kg vn st; 3kg qung st; 22kg vi; 5kg dolomit. 0,1m3 nc thi; 5 g du; 4 g cht rn l lng; 1,4g kim loi.

131kg x; 4kg grit; 14kg vy;

25kg bn; 4kg gch chu la; 65g du thi.

Hnh 3-8 : Cn i nng lng/vt liu ca xng luyn thp (l BOF)

43

Thng nc gang l cao

L trn nc gang Thng nc gang l BOF

Mng st ph liu
L BOF (2 x 12 tn)

Cht tr dung Gian x l

Lm ngui Lc bi

Thng nc thp Thng trung gian Hp kt tinh Dn hng

Hp kim st Thi Ar kh Si, Ca

Ko ct thu lc

Phun nc hai ln

My ko nn Lm ngui

Sn

Bi cha phi

Hnh 3-9 : Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut thp bng l BOF 3.1.6. Luyn thp bng l h quang (EAF) Luyn thp bng l h quang c da trn nguyn tc lm nng chy st vn nh nhit ca h quang pht sinh gia in cc v vn st. Cc cht kh pht sinh trong l c rt ly qua mi (c gi l l th 4) cng nh trong b tin gia nhit cho bt st (gia nhit s b). Tip , kh x c dn qua bung t gia nhit cho d lng CO v cc phn hu c (qu trnh ny ch yu bo v st non chy t h thng tch rt, khi b qu nhit, nhng c th c khng ch va gim c mi, va gim kh nng to ra cc hp cht hu c c hi). Oxy c phun vo pha trn hoc vo trong lp x c th gip kh x chy tt hn, nh vy gim c nhu cu in nng ni chung. Sau khi ri khi l, kh chy c dn qua b trao i nhit gim nhit , tip c th trn vi lng kh th cp c thu gom pha trn mi l v thng c lm sch bng kh lc. Nh vy, pht thi chnh ca qu trnh gm : - Kh thi pht sinh t khng kh lt vo l qua nhng ch h nh ca thot x v khu vc gia thnh l v mi l. Nhng kh thi khc gm cc kh chy do nhin liu ho thch v cc hp cht hu c c vn st gm CO, CO2, SO2 v NOx. - Bi, ch yu l st xyt v cc kim loi khc (Zn, Pb) bc hi t lp m hoc st vn a vo. Lng Zn trong bi c th chim 30% v ton b lng bi pht thi c th ln 10-18 kg/1 tn thp. Gn 90% lng bi pht thi l pht thi s cp. 44

Nhng pht thi th cp pht sinh nhng cng on np v tho liu, hoc dng khi d bay hi khi st nng chy. Mc d thi gian np liu ngn, nhng nhng pht thi khi np chim mt t l ln trong nhng pht thi th cp. Thnh phn cht thi ch yu lin quan n cht lng st vn. Theo s liu tng hp ca UNEP, qu trnh sn xut 1 tn thp c bng l h quang s to ra kh thi gm 2,5kg CO, 51kg CO2, 50g SO2, 100g bi ht v 0,25kg NOx. Ngoi ra, ph thuc vo cht lng ca nguyn liu u vo, cng on sn xut ny c th lm pht sinh mt lng kh c cn phi c quan tm l hi kim loi (Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg, Ni, Cr), VOC v Bi. Ting n ti cc nh my luyn cn thp u ln do va p ca kim kh. Thng thng ti khu vc l h quang mc n ln nht c th ti 113dBA. EAF thng c vn hnh vi h thng lm mt theo chu trnh kn, v vy rt t phi x l nc thi. Tuy nhin sn xut ra 1 tn thp c cng s c khong 0,1m3 nc thi c cha cc cht nhim gm 5g du m, 4g cht rn l lng v 1,4g kim loi.
Chun b nguyn liu (st vn) (Scrap Preparation) Luyn thp bng l H quang EAF Steelmaking LAF

phi mng (Thin Stab Casting)

Rt lin tc (Continuous Casting)

thi (Ingot Casting) Cn th (Roughing Mill)

Thi mng(Thin slab)

Thi/vin (Stabs-Blooms-Bilets)
Cn mng (Strip Rolling) Cn (Section Rolling) Cn Rod and Bar Rolling

Thp cun (Section)

Thp thanh (Rebar)

Hnh 3-10 : S quy trnh cng ngh sn xut thp bng l in h quang 45

Qu trnh sn xut cng sn sinh ra mt lng ng k cht thi rn ch yu bao gm x, bi l v gch chu la. Qu trnh sn xut 1 tn thp c, lng cht thi rn s gm 146kg x, 14kg vy st, 31kg cc loi cht thi rn khc. Lng cht thi rn nh x c th dng lm ng, bi l luyn km... Theo s liu tng hp ca Vin St v Thp quc t B (1997), sn xut 1 tn thp th bng phng php ny s cn mt s nguyn nhin liu gm 1130kg vn st, 10kg hp kim v 40kg cht ph gia. Thnh phn nng lng u vo ca qu trnh sn xut ny s l 450MJ cc; 5,5GJ in (572kWh); 205 MJ oxygen; 1,3GJ kh t nhin tng ng 40m3 v 120 MJ in cc tng ng 3,5kg (hnh 3-11). Phng php luyn thp ny nh th hin trn hnh 3-10, cho thy cng s sn sinh ra mt lng ln cht thi bao gm kh thi (CO, CO2, SO2, Bi, NOx), nc thi v cht thi rn c mc nhim cao.
2,5kg CO; 60g SO2; 0,5kg NOx. 120kg CO2; 165g ht;

1130kg vn st, st nng, ngui; 10kg hp kim; 40kg cht ph gia

1 tn thp th.

2m3 nc thi (SS,du,NH3).

146kg x; 19kg bi l; 16kg vy; 2,5kg bn; 0,8kg du; 3kg khc. 17kg gch chu la.

Hnh 3-11 : Cn i vo-ra vt liu/nng lng trong sn xut thp bng l in h quang 3.1.7. Ty r, cn ngui v ti Qu trnh sn xut cng on ty r, cn ngui v ti cng s pht thi vo mi trng cc sn phm chy ca l ti, VOC, hi du (v c s dng du khi cn) v kh axit sinh ra khi ty g. Sn xut ra 1 tn sn phm cng on ny s lm pht sinh ra 14kg kh CO, 46g kh NO2 v 7g kh SO2. Nc thi c th cha cht l lng, kim loi ho tan, nh tng du (khi cn ngui) v cht axit (ty g). Cn ph v nh tng c th kh du, trung ho axit, kt ta kim loi trc khi iu chnh pH, kh cht l lng ri mi thi ra ngoi. Thng thng c lp t xng ti sinh axit, xng ny bn thn c th to ra cht thi axit (c x l ging nh cc axit ph thi), st xyt hoc st sulphua nguyn cht, tu theo loi axit dng ty g v qu trnh ti sinh c p dng. 46

Cht thi rn v ph phm bao gm cc on thp tha v c bit l s c mt lng ng k bn ca b ty g, bn ca xng x l nc thi v bn ti sinh axit. Thng thng khi sn xut 1 tn sn phm s c mt lng cht thi rn gm 1,2kg bn x l, 0,15kg du v 0,8kg bn ti sinh axit. Lng cht thi rn ny mt phn c ti ch (on thp). Nng lng u vo cn thit sn xut 1 tn thp cn s l 0,9GJ kh; 0,2GJ hi nc v 1,4GJ in nng (146kWh). Qu trnh sn xut ny tuy c lng cht thi khng ln song cng cn phi c ch bi trong thnh phn kh thi s c kh SO2, VOC, hi axt v trong nc thi l vng du, cht rn l lng v kim loi ho tan (hnh 3-12).
14kg CO2; 7g SO2. 46g NO;

1075kg thp nng; 1kg du cn; 15lt axit.

1 tn sn phm cn.

4lt nc; <1g cht rn; < 1g du.

1,2kg bn; 0,15kg du; 0,8kg bn ti sinh axit.

Hnh 3-13 : Cn i nng lng/vt liu ca cn ngui, ty g, ti. 3.1.8. Khu m, ph sn Kh thi pht sinh t khu m v ph sn gm ch yu l kh CO, NOx, SO2, VOC (cc dung mi), khi kim loi (Zn, Ni, CrVI), kh axit (t cc cng on ty lm sch km theo). Thng thng khi sn xut 1 tn thp tm m s sn sinh ra 35kg kh CO2, 21g kh NOx, 3g kh SO2 v 27g VOC. gim thiu tc ng tiu cc ln sc kho cng nhn lm vic trong cc phn xng ny, ngi ta thng trang b cc h thng qut thng thong ti ch. Ngoi ra kh VOC t dy chuyn m c thu gom v tiu hu bng l thiu i. Nc thi t cc cng on lm sch v ty g cha mt lng ng k cht rn l lng, du m , pH v kim loi nng c bit l lng CrVI . Nc thi t cng on ny do vy c mc nhim cao cn c thu gom trit , iu chnh pH v x l ring. Cht thi rn v ph phm gm nhng on st, bn thit b x l nc, bn b cha v x km. Theo UNEP, khi sn xut 1 tn thp s lm pht sinh 0,25kg bn x l v 2kg x km. Lng cht thi rn ny c th c ti ch mt phn ti s dng. Tng lng nguyn nhin liu m 1 tn thp c th hin trn hnh 3-14. Nhu cu nng lng u vo cho hot ng sn xut ny s l 0,8GJ ph phm kh;0,8 in nng(88kWh) v 0,2GJ hi nc.

47

Cht thi pht sinh t cng on m cn c quan tm trc ht l kh thi c cha hi kim loi (Zn, Ni, CrVI), VOC. Cc cht nhim trong nc thi ch yu gm cht rn l lng, du, kim loi nng v pH.

35kg CO2; 3g SO2; 1010kg thp cun; Cht ph: Zn, sn, ho cht ty ra.

21g NOx; 27g VOC.

1 tn thp tm m.

Cht rn l lng, du.

0,25kg bn x l; 2kg x km.

Hnh 3-13 : Cn i nng lng/vt liu ca dy chuyn m 3.1.9. Khu cn nng Nhng pht thi ch yu ca cn nng bao gm cc loi kh v ht sinh ra khi chy do phi gia nhit thm cc vt c (nh CO, CO2, SO2, NOx, bi ht). Nng ca cht nhim trong kh thi c mc tu thuc loi nhin liu v iu kin chy, ngoi ra c VOC bc ra t du bi trn v trc ln. Theo tnh ton, khi sn xut ra 1 tn thp cn s pht sinh mt lng kh thi gm 80kg CO2, 0,25kg NOx, 25g SO2 v 65g bi. Trong qu trnh cn c s dng cc tia nc phun vo trc vy b mt tm thp, do vy lng nc thi t cng on ny cng s b nhim bi lng cht rn l lng v du m. Sn xut 1 tn thp cng on ny s lm pht sinh 1,5m3 nc thi cha 75g cht rn l lng v 75g du m. Tuy nhin thng thng lng nc thi ny c dng li theo chu trnh kn nn s t c tim nng gy nhim mi trng nc khu vc. Cht thi rn v ph phm ca cng on sn xut ny gm vy thp hoc cc on thp ct (thng a tr li dng xng kt khi hoc BOF), Gch chu la (thi ra t l ti gia nhit), bn x l, du m v cc cht khc. Lng cht thi rn thng khng ln v d nh sn xut 1 tn thp cn s c 1,8kg vy thp, 3,0kg bn v 1,7kg du m. cn 1 tn thp nng ngoi lng nguyn nhin liu cn cn mt lng nng lng u vo gm 1GJ kh; 1,1GJ in nng (119kWh); 33 MJ hi nc v 2 MJ oxygen.

48

80kg CO2; 25g SO2;

0,25kg NOx. 65g bi ht.

1030kg thp c

1 tn thp cn nng.

1,5m3 nc thi; 75g cht rn l lng; 75g du.

1,8kg vy; 3,0kg bn; 1,7kg du; 0,5kg khc.

Hnh 3-14 : Cn bng nng lng/vt liu cn nng 3.1.10. Cc phng php khc sn xut thp Kh trc tip Phng php kh trc tip qung st thu ly st (DRI) c thc hin quy m cng nghip vo cui thp nin 50 ca th k trc v thi ngi ta tng rng c th l mt phng php thay cho phng n l cao. D on ti gia thp nin 90 s sn xut ra 100 triu tn st xp/nm bng phng php ny. Tuy nhin, trn thc t, sn lng DRI hin nay ch t 30 triu tn/nm. Khc vi l cao, DRI s dng kh t nhin hoc than lm cht kh. St xp c a vo nu EAF. Trong khi l cao c th lm vic c m khng cn cng on to khi kt, th n khng th thiu cc v im hp dn ca DRI l c th ch ra st m khng cn cc. Tuy nhin, mc tng trng d kin khng t c v kha cnh kinh t : n cn n rt nhiu ngun nng lng gi r (nh kh t nhin, than), v s pht trin bun bn vn st trn th gii lm gim nhu cu i vi st xp. DRI khng cn c coi l phng n thay th cho st l cao na, m cnh tranh hoc b sung cho st vn l EAF. C nhiu qu trnh kh kh do cc hng Midrex v Hyl tip th v qu trnh SL/RN, trong khi ch c mt t qu trnh l c dng cht rn. Cc qu trnh DRI dng kh thng dng kh t nhin np vo lm tc nhn kh. cc qu trnh ca hng Midrex v Hyl, st to thnh trong l nh a hn hp kh kh (nhn t cracking CH4) i ngc dng vi qung st. St xp to thnh c x ra ngoi lm ngui, hoc ng bnh. Qu trnh Fior dng phn ng tng si, vi sn lng 400.000 tn/nm, bao gm nhiu bc kh bt qung di 750oC nh kh kh giu H2. Cc hng o v Vnzula ang nghin cu gim nhu cu vt liu v nng lng cho qu trnh v d kin xy dng nh my c sn lng 1 triu tn/nm. Cc qu trnh ca Iron Carbide v Ciriefez cng ng dng tng si v c mt nh my vi sn lng 320.000 cacbua st/nm. 49

Hng Ciriefez sn xut kh kh bng cch kh ho than, sau trn vi bt qung trong tng si tun hon. V kh tun hon nn khng c d lng thi ra. Cc cht kh rn thng l than, qu trnh SL/GN, qung st, ph gia v than c nung trong l quay to ra st xp. S dng l quay gip linh hot hn rt nhiu i vi cc tnh cht vt l ca qung v cho php np cc qung dng vin, cc hoc bt. Fastmet v Inmetco a ra cc quy trnh dng y () l quay, nhng vn cha c khng nh quy m ln, mc d c c s sn xut, vi sn lng 500.000 tn/nm. u im ca chng l c th kh cc vin st non cha ccbon vi mi mn c hc nh nht. Kh bng phng php nu chy Hin nay pht trin mt s qu trnh mi kiu nng chy, mc d ch c hng COREX l duy nht t ti mc thc hin quy m cng nghip v trn ton th gii mi c 2 nh my ang hot ng. Nh my th nht c sn lng 300.000 tn/nm, c t lm Nam Phi nm 1989. V gn y, Nh my th hai (700.000 tn/nm) c t lm Hn Quc. Cc nh my sn lng cao hn ang nm trong k hoch, hoc c tin hnh xy dng ti Hn Quc, n v Nam Phi. ang pht trin tip cc qu trnh, nh l bin i xoy t (CCF), qu trnh kh trc tip qung lng (DIOF)... u im chnh ca cc cng ngh mi ny gm chi ph u t thp, t gy nhim mi trng (hm lng SOx, NOx, nhim nc u thp hn l cao) khng cn luyn cc v tt c cc qu trnh tr COREX u khng cn cng on phi kt m dng trc tip bt qung. Bi vy cc cng ngh ny rt thch hp vi cc ni c sn than nhng li him st vn. 3.2. NGUN GY TC NG KHNG LIN QUAN N CHT THI 3.2.1. Xc nh ti lng cht bn do nc ra tri b mt nh gi tc ng ca nc ra tri b mt trn khu vc d n i vi mi trng, p dng m hnh tnh ton nh sau : - Lu lng nc ma chy trn trong khu vc : Q = 0,278 . k . I . F (m3/s) Trong : k- H s dng chy (k=0,6), I- Cng ma (mm/h), F- Din tch lu vc (m2), - Ti lng cht nhim : Lng cht bn tch t trong mt thi gian c xc nh nh sau : G = Mmax [1 - exp (-kz.T)]. F (kg) Trong : Mmax- Lng bi tch lu ln nht trong khu vc nh my (kg/ha). kz- H s ng hc tch lu cht bn (ng-1). 50

T- Thi gian tch lu cht bn (ngy). 3.2.2. Ting n trong cng ngh luyn gang thp Ting n l ngun gy nhim kh quan trng trong hot ng sn xut ca nh my luyn gang thp. Ting n cao hn tiu chun cho php s gy cc nh hng xu n mi trng v trc tin l n sc kho ca ngi cng nhn trc tip sn xut nh mt ng, mt mi, gy tm l kh chu, gim nng sut lao ng. Tip xc vi ting n c cng cao trong thi gian di s lm cho thnh lc gim st, dn ti bnh ic ngh nghip. Kh nng ting n ti cc cng on sn xut ca nh my lan truyn ti mi trng xung quanh c xc nh nh sau : Li = Lp - Ld - Lc - Lcx (dBA) Trong : Li Mc n ti im tnh ton cch ngun gy n mt khong cch d (m). Lp Mc n o c ti ngun gy n (cch 1,5m). Ld Mc n gim theo khong cch d tn s i. Ld = 20 lg [(r2/r1)1+a] r1 Khong cch ti ngun gy n ng vi Lp (m). r2 Khong cch tnh ton gim mc n theo khong cch ng vi Li (m). a H s k n nh hng hp th ting n ca a hnh mt t. Lc - gim mc n qua vt cn. Lcx - gim mc n sau cc di cy xanh. Lcx = Ld + 1,5 Z + Bi Ld - gim mc n do khong cch (dBA) 1,5Z - gim mc n do tc dng phn x ca cc di cy xanh. Bi Tng b rng ca cc di cy xanh (m). Z S lng di cy xanh. Bi Mc n gim do m thanh b ht v khuct tn trong cc di cy xanh. - Tr s h thp trung bnh theo tn s. Mc n tng cng do cc phng tin thi cng c xc nh nh sau : L = 10 lg Trong : L - Mc n ti im tnh ton, dBA Li - Mc n ti im tnh ton ca ngun n th i, dBA T cng thc trn, tnh ton mc gy n ca cc loi thit b thi cng ti mi trng xung quanh cc khong cch v nh gi theo tiu chun. 51
0,1Li

(dBA)

(dBA)

, dBA

3.2.3. Rung trong cng ngh luyn gang thp Gia tc rung L(dB) c tnh nh sau : L = 20 log(a/ao), dB Trong : a RMS ca bin gia tc (m/s2). ao RMS tiu chun (ao=0,00001 m/s2). T cng thc trn, tnh ton mc rung ca cc cng on sn xut nh hng ti cc khu dn c, cc cng trnh ln cn v nh gi theo tiu chun. 3.2.4. Cc ngun gy tc ng khc Cc ngun gy tc ng khc nh xi mn, trt, st, l, ln t, xi l b sng, b sui, b h, b bin, bi lng... th tu theo tng v tr a im xy dng nh my, c im a hnh khu vc xc nh.

52

Chng 4. Phng php d bo nh gi mc cc tc ng ca qu trnh luyn gang thp i vi mi trng xung quanh

Yu cu : Vic nh gi tc ng ca d n luyn gang thp ti mi trng t nhin v kinh t - x hi c thc hin theo tng giai on (chun b, xy dng v vn hnh) ca d n v phi c c th ho cho tng ngun gy tc ng, n tng i tng b tc ng. Mi tc ng u phi c nh gi mt cch c th, chi tit v mc , v quy m khng gian v thi gian v so snh, i chiu vi cc tiu chun, quy chun, quy nh hin hnh. Cc tc ng phi c nh gi theo cc thnh phn mi trng c th v d bo nhng ri ro, s c mi trng do d n gy ra trong cc qu trnh thc hin d n.

4.1. NH GI NGUN THI NHIM KHNG KH 4.1.1. Kh thi giao thng Ti lng cht nhim Mc nhim giao thng ph thuc nhiu vo cht lng ng x, mt , lu lng dng xe, cht lng k thut xe qua li v s lng nhin liu tiu th. c th c tnh ti lng cht nhim c th s dng H s nhim do c quan Bo v Mi trng M (US EPA) v T chc Y t Th gii (WHO) thit lp nh sau: Bng 4-1 : Ti lng cht nhim i vi xe t s dng xng Cht nhim Ti lng nhim (g/km) ng c < 1400 cc ng c 1400-2000 cc ng c > 2000 cc Bi 0,07 0,07 0,07 SO2 NO2 CO VOC Pb 1,9 S 1,64 45,6 3,86 0,13 P 2,22 S 1,87 45,6 3,86 0,15 P 2,74 S 2,25 45,6 3,86 0,19 P

Ghi ch : - S l hm lng lu hunh trong xng du (%) - P l hm lng ch trong nhin liu (xng : max 0,4 g/l. du : 0 mg/l)

Trung bnh mt t khi tiu th 1000 lt xng s thi vo khng kh : 291 kg 11,3 kg 0,4 kg 33,2 kg CO NOx Aldehyde Hydrocarbon (THC) 53

0,9 kg 0,25 kg

Kh SO2 Pb

(S l hm lng lu hunh trong du (%), Tc xe trung bnh l 25 km/h). Bng 4-2 : Ti lng cht nhim i vi xe ti chy trn ng ph ti lng cht nhim theo ti trng xe (g/km) cht Ti trng xe < 3,5 tn Ti trng xe 3,5 16 tn nhim Trong Tp Ngoi Tp . cao Trong Tp Ngoi Tp . cao tc tc Bi 0,2 0,15 0,3 0,9 0,9 0,9 SO2 NO2 CO VOC
Ngun : WHO

1,16 S 0,7 1,0 0,15

0,84 S 0,55 0,85 0,4

1,3 S 1,0 1,25 0,4

4,29 S 1,18 6,0 2,6

4,15 S 1,44 2,9 0,8

4,15 S 1,44 2,9 0,8

V d Mt nh my cn thp c din tch 134,76ha, vi tiu chun 25 tn hng ho cho 1 ha, th tng lng hng ho vn chuyn l 3.369 tn qui ra khong 481 lt xe tiu chun lu thng ra vo, c tnh s phng tin giao thng dch v khc ca nh my l 96 xe (20% s xe tiu chun), s lng xe vng lai qua khu vc nh my l 144 xe (30% s xe tiu chun). Vy d bo lu lng xe hng ngy khu vc nh my l 721 lt xe/ngy hay 30 lt xe/h. Ti lng nhim bi, SO2, NOx, THC v Pb do cc phng tin vn ti thi ra trong cc ngy cao im ti khu vc nh my s l : 0,65 kg bi, 2,1kg kh CO, 0,09 kg kh SO2, 0,58 kg VOC, 1,04 kg NO2 v 0,04 kg Pb. Phng php nh gi tc ng do kh thi giao thng Tc ng do kh thi (bi v cc cht kh c hi) t cc phng tin vn chuyn v my mc thit b thi cng (t ti lng xc nh nng cc cht c hi, nh gi mc tc ng, phm vi v vng b nh hng). S dng m hnh d bo sau :
2 (z h ) 2 (z + h ) 0,8E.exp + exp 2 2 2 z 2 z C= z .u

(mg/m3)

Trong : C - Nng cht nhim trong khng kh (mg/m3). E - Ti lng ca cht nhim t ngun thi (mg/ms). z - cao ca im tnh ton (m). h - cao ca mt ng so vi mt t xung quanh (m). u - Tc gi trung bnh ti khu vc (m/s). 54

z - H s khuch tn cht nhim theo phng z(m). 4.1.2. Kh thi t cc ngun thi cng nghip Phng php tnh ton cn bng vt cht Ti lng ca cc cht nhim kh t ngun thi s dng nhin liu c tnh ton trn c s thnh phn v c tnh ca nhin liu t, c tnh ca ngun thi v iu kin mi trng khng kh xung quanh. T khi lng ca cc cht nhim, s xc nh c nng ca cc cht nhim ca ngun thi. Phng php tnh ton c xc nh theo lng sn phm chy (SPC), ti lng cc cht nhim thi ra khi t chy nhin liu. Thnh phn ca nhin liu gm c Carbon (C), Hydro (H), Nit (N), Oxy (O), Lu hunh (S), tro (A) v m (W). Tng cc thnh bng 100% : C + H + N + O + S + A + W = 100% Trong s cc thnh phn ca nhin liu t nu trn, ch c carbon, hydro v lu hunh l chy c v to ra nhit nng ca nhin liu theo cc phn ng : - i vi carbon : + Khi chy hon ton : hay l : 1 kg C + C + O2 CO2

32 44 kg O2 kg CO2 + 8100 kcal/kg C 12 12 C+

1 O2 CO 2

+ Khi chy khng hon ton : hay l : 1 kg C +

16 28 kg O2 kg CO + 2440 kcal/kg C 12 12 2H2 + O2 2H2O 32 36 kg O2 kg H2O + 34200 kcal/kg H2 4 4 S + O2 SO2

32 64 kg O2 kg SO2 + 2600 kcal/kg S 32 32

- i vi kh hydro : hay l : 1 kg H2 +

- i vi lu hunh : Hay l : 1 kg S +

Ti lng ca cc cht nhim kh t cc ngun thi c tnh ton trn c s thnh phn v c tnh ca cc nhin liu t, c tnh ca ngun thi v iu kin mi trng khng kh xung quanh. T khi lng ca cc cht nhim, s xc nh c nng ca cc cht nhim ca ngun thi. Phng php tnh ton c p dng nh sau : - Xc nh lu lng kh thi : + Lng khng kh kh l thuyt cn t chy 1kg nhin liu : Vo = 0,089 Cp + 0,2264 Hp - 0,0333 (Op-Sp) m3/kg + Lng khng kh m l thuyt cn cho qu trnh chy 1kg nhin liu : Va = (1 + 0,0016 d) Vo m3/kg
55

d - Dung m ca khng kh (g/kg), xc nh theo t v . + Lng khng kh m thc t : Vt = Va m3/kg

- H s khng kh tha, ly bng 1,5.

+ Lng kh SO2 trong sn phm chy : VSO2 = 0,683 10-2 Sp m3/kg + Lng kh CO trong sn phm chy : VCO = 1,865 10-2 Cp m3/kg
- H s chy khng hon ton, ly bng 0,02.

+ Lng kh CO2 trong sn phm chy : VCO2 = 1,853 10-2 (1-)Cp m3/kg + Lng hi nc trong sn phm chy : VH2O = 0,111 Hp + 0,0124 Wp + 0,0016 d Vt m3/kg + Lng kh O2 trong khng kh tha : Vo2 = 0,21 (-1) Va m3/kg + Lng kh NOx trong sn phm chy : MNOx = 3,953 10-8 Q1,18 kg/h Q - Lng nhit do nhin liu to ra trong 1 gi, kcal/h Q = [81Cp + 246Hp - 26(Op-Sp) - 6Wp] B kcal/h B - Lng nhin liu tiu th trong 1 gi, kg/h + Lng kh NOx trong sn phm chy : VNOX = MNOX / B.NOX m3/kg
NOX - Trng lng ring ca kh NOx, ly bng 2,054 kg/m3

+ Lng kh N2 trong sn phm chy : VN2 = 0,8 10-2 Np + 0,79 Vt m3/kg + Lng kh N2 tham gia phn ng ca NOx : VN2(NOX) = 0,5 VNOX m3/kg + Lng kh O2 tham gia vo phn ng ca NOx : VO2(NOX) = VNOX + Tng lng sn phm chy khi t 1kg nhin liu : VSPC=VSO2+VCO+VCO2+VH2O+VO2+VN2 -VN2(NOX) - VO2(NOX) m3/kg + Lu lng sn phm chy iu kin thc t : LSPC = [(VSPC x B) / 3600] x [(273 + tK) / 273] m3/s tK - Nhit ca khi thi (oC) 56

B - Lng nhin liu s dng trong 1 gi (kg/h)

Xc nh ti lng cc cht nhim

- Ti lng kh SO2 : MSO2 = (103 x VSO2 x B x SO2) / 3600 g/s

SO2 - Trng lng ring ca kh SO2 iu kin chun, ly bng 2,926 kg/m3

- Ti lng kh CO : MCO = (103 x VCO x B x CO) / 3600 g/s

CO - Trng lng ring ca kh CO iu kin chun, ly bng 1,25 kg/m3

- Ti lng bi : MBUI = (10 x a x Ap x B) / 3600 g/s a - H s tro bay theo khi, ly bng 0,5. - Ti lng kh NOx : MNOX = 3,953 x 10-8 x Q1,18) / 3600 g/s
Tnh ton ti lng cc cht nhim bng phng php H s nhim

Ti lng cc cht nhim ca cc ngun thi cn c th c xc nh theo phng php nh gi nhanh ca T chc Y t Th gii - WHO (Assessment of Sources of Air, Water and Land Pollution - Part one, Rapid Inventory Techniques in Environmental Pollution). T khi lng cc cht nhim tnh theo H s nhim thi ra do cc ngun thi ng vi loi hnh cng ngh luyn gang thp, s xc nh c khi lng cc cht nhim thi vo mi trng khi cc thit b x l nhim mi trng hot ng v khi cc thit b ny khng lm vic. Ti lng cc cht nhim t cc cng on sn xut c tnh ton da trn cng sut ca nh my v h s pht thi nhim xc nh theo WHO hoc USEPA nh sau : E = A . EF , kg/nm Trong : E Ti lng cht nhim, kg/nm. A Cng sut tn phi/nm EF H s ti lng pht thi theo WHO kg/tn phi.
nh gi tc ng ti mi trng khng kh xung quanh

- c im ca ngun thi : Ngun thi kh trong cng ngh luyn cn thp bao gm ngun thi cao (ng khi l thiu kt, l luyn thp) v cc ngun thi thp (cc ng thi khc) nm bn tng nh hoc trn mi nh xng sn xut chnh. V vy vic tnh ton nng cc cht nhim khuch tn ra mi trng khng kh xung quanh, cn phi xc nh c c im, c tnh k thut ca cc ngun thi. 57

Bng 4-3 : c tnh k thut ca cc ngun thi Ngun thi Thng s tnh ton Chiu cao ng ng khi ng knh ming ng khi Nhit kh thi Lu lng kh thi Nhit xung quanh ma H ng khi 1 (L thiu kt) Nhit xung quanh ma ng Cp n nh ca kh quyn Ti lng Bi Ti lng SO2 Ti lng NO2 Ti lng HCl Ti lng HF Chiu cao ng ng khi ng knh ming ng khi Nhit kh thi ng khi 2 (L luyn thp) Lu lng kh thi Nhit xung quanh ma H Nhit xung quanh ma ng Cp n nh ca kh quyn Ti lng Bi Ti lng SO2 Ti lng NO2 Ti lng HCl Ti lng HF
Ngun : CETIA

Gi tr

n v m m
o

C C C -

m3/h
o o

mg/s mg/s mg/s mg/s mg/s m m

o

C C C -

m3/h
o o

mg/s mg/s mg/s mg/s mg/s

- Phng php tnh ton ngun thi cao :

Vic tnh ton xc nh nng cht nhim trong mi trng khng kh xung quanh do ngun thi cao gy ra da trn m hnh khuch tn cht nhim theo hm Gauss. Phng trnh tnh ton nng cht nhim C ti mt im bt k c to (x, y, z) c xc nh nh sau :
C( x , y , z ) = M 2u y z
2 2 2 exp y exp ( H z ) + exp ( H + z ) 2 2 2 2 2 z 2 z y

58

Trong : C(x,y,z) - Nng cht nhim ti im c to x, y, z , mg/m3 x - Khong cch ti ngun thi theo phng x, phng gi thi, m y - Khong cch t im tnh trn mt phng ngang theo chiu vung gc vi trc ca vt khi, cch tim vt khi, m z - Chiu cao ca im tnh ton, m M - Ti lng ca cht nhim t ngun thi, mg/s u - Tc gi trung bnh chiu cao hiu qu (H) ca ng khi, m/s
y - H s khuch tn ca kh quyn theo phng ngang, phng y, m z - H s khuch tn ca kh quyn theo phng ng, phng z, m y = 156 X 0,894

Vi x 1km : z = 106,6 X1,149 + 3,3 Vi x > 1km : z = 108,2 X1,098 + 2,0 x To khong cch trn mt t tnh t chn ng khi theo chiu gi thi (km) y- To im tnh trn mt t, theo trc thng gc vi trc x (km) H - Chiu cao hiu qu ca ng khi (m) H = h + H h Chiu cao thc t ca ng khi (m)
H - nng cao ca lung khi (m)
H = 1,6 F
1 3
2

Xf

F H s ni ca lung khi (m4/s3) Xf Khong cch t im nng cao vt khi n ng khi theo chiu gi (m) u Vn tc gi cao thc t ca ng khi (m/s). (p dng trong trng hp n nh ca kh quyn vng d n l khng n nh v trung tnh Xem chng 2). Khi tnh ton, mt bng ca khu vc c chia thnh cc vung theo kch thc 100x100m, gi tr tnh c trong mi l nng ca cht nhim ti im gia ca cc . Vic tnh ton nng ca cc cht nhim lan to trong mi trng khng kh xung quanh c thc hin vo cc thng c trng ca kh hu vng : ma h v ma ng, theo cc hng gi ch o. Tng hp cc kt qu tnh ton v tr s nng cc cht nhim cc i v khong cch ln nht t gi tr cc i trn mt t c so snh vi tiu chun cho php i vi mi trng khng kh xung quanh (TCVN 5937-2005) nh gi tc ng ca cc cht nhim i vi mi trng khu vc.

59

- Phng php tnh ton ngun thi thp :

Trong nh my luyn cn thp, s chuyn ng ca khng kh cng vi cc phn t bi v hi kh c hi cha trong n khc vi trong vng trng tri khng c vt cn. Nh ca, cng trnh s lm thay i trng vn tc ca khng kh. Pha bn trn ca cng trnh vn tc chuyn ng ca khng kh tng ln, pha sau cng trnh vn tc khng kh gim xung v n khong cch no , vn tc gi mi t ti tr s ban u ca n. Pha trc cng trnh, mt phn ng nng ca gi bin thnh tnh nng v to thnh p lc d, pha sau cng trnh c hin tng gi xoy v lm long khng kh to ra p lc m. Ngoi ra trong nh my cn c cc dng khng kh chuyn ng do cc ngun nhit cng nghip thi ra, cng nh cc lng nhit bc x mt tri nung nng mi nh, ng s v sn bi gy nn s chnh lch nhit v to ra s chuyn ng ca khng kh. V vy vic tnh ton nng cc cht nhim khuch tn ra mi trng khng kh xung quanh i vi cc ngun thi thp, cn phi xc nh c c im ca cng trnh (nh c lp c chiu ngang hp, nh c lp c chiu ngang rng, nh hp trong mt khu nh, nh rng trong mt khu nh). Nng cht nhim do cc ngun thi thp gy ra c tnh ton theo phng php ca V.S.Nhikitin ng vi cc trng hp sau : + Nh hp ng c lp :

Gi 0,8Hnh

Ngun thi

Vng gi qun pha trn v sau

1,8Hn

bz

Hnh

b =< 2,5Hnh

6Hnh

Hnh 4-1 : Nh hp ng c lp V tr ming thi kh bn trong hoc bn trn vng gi qun, im tnh ton trong vng gi qun khi 0 < x 6Hnh :
Cx = 1,3.M .k 0,6 42 + [ ], mg / m 3 2 u H nh .l (1,4l + b + x)

Cy =

1,3Mk u

0,6 42 S1 , mg / m 3 + 2 H nh l (1,4l + b + x)

V tr ming thi kh bn trong hoc bn trn vng gi qun, im tnh ton ngoi vng gi qun khi x > 6Hnh :
Cx = 55Mk ; C y = C x S1 , mg / m 3 u (1,4l + b + x) 2

60

+ Nh rng ng c lp :
2,5Hnh Gi Hnh 0,8Hnh Ngun thi Vng gi qun pha sau Vng gi qun pha trn

1,8Hn

b >2,5Hnh

bz

4Hnh

Hnh 4-2 : Nh rng ng c lp V tr ming thi kh bn trong vng gi qun trn mi pha n gi, im tnh ton trong vng gi qun trn mi pha n gi khi b1 2,5Hnh :
Cx = 1,3.M .k 1 42 [ ], mg / m 3 + 2 u H nh .l (1,4l + b1 )
1 42 S , mg / m 3 + 2 H nh l (1,4l + b1 )

Cy =

1,3Mk u

V tr ming thi kh bn trong vng gi qun trn mi pha n gi, im tnh ton ngoi vng gi qun trn mi pha n gi khi b1 > 2,5Hnh :
Cx = 55Mk ; C y = C x S , mg / m 3 2 u (1,4l + b1 )

V tr ming thi kh bn trong vng gi qun trn mi pha n gi, im tnh ton trong vng gi qun sau nh khi 0 < x 4Hnh :
Cx = 5,6 Mmk ; C y = C x S1 , mg / m 3 ul.H nh

V tr ming thi kh bn trong vng gi qun trn mi pha n gi, im tnh ton ngoi vng gi qun sau nh khi x > 4Hnh :
Cx = 15Mk ; C y = C x S1 , mg / m 3 ul.(b + x)

+ Khu nh :
Gi 0,8Hnh Ngun thi Vng gi qun gia hai khu nh

1,8Hn

bz

Hnh

b =< 2,5Hnh

Hnh<x<=8Hnh

Hnh 4-3 : Khu nh, nh n gi l nh hp 61

2,5Hnh Gi 0,8Hnh

Vng gi qun pha trn

Ngun thi

Vng gi qun gia hai khu nh

1,8Hn

Hnh

b >2,5Hnh

bz

Hnh<x=<8Hnh

Hnh 4-4 : Khu nh, nh n gi l nh rng V tr ming thi kh bn trong vng gi qun trn mi pha n gi ca nh rng ng u hng gi, im tnh ton trong vng gi qun gia hai nh khi Hnh < x1 4Hnh :
Cx = 14,4 Mmk ; C y = C x S1 , mg / m 3 ul.x1

V tr ming thi kh bn trong vng gi qun trn mi pha n gi ca nh rng ng u hng gi, im tnh ton trong vng gi qun gia hai nh khi 4Hnh < x1 8Hnh :
Cx = 3,6 Mmk ; C y = C x S1 , mg / m 3 ul.H nh

V tr ming thi kh bn ngoi vng gi qun trn mi pha n gi ca nh rng ng u hng gi khi H<0,3, im tnh ton trong vng gi qun gia hai nh khi Hnh < x1 4Hnh :
Cx = 1,3.Mmk 2 42 [ + ], mg / m 3 2 u lx 1 (1,4l + x)

Cy =

1,3Mmk u

2 42 S 3 , mg / m 3 + 2 lx1 (1,4l + x)

V tr ming thi kh bn ngoi vng gi qun trn mi pha n gi ca nh rng ng u hng gi khi H<0,3, im tnh ton trong vng gi qun gia hai nh khi 4Hnh < x1 8Hnh :
Cx = Cy = 1,3.Mmk 0,5 42 [ ], mg / m 3 + 2 u lH nh (1,4l + x)

1,3Mmk 0,5 42 S 3 , mg / m 3 + 2 u lH nh (1,4l + x)

62

V tr ming thi kh bn ngoi (trn) vng gi qun trn mi pha n gi ca nh rng ng u hng gi khi H >0,3, im tnh ton trong vng gi qun gia hai nh khi Hnh < x1 4Hnh :
Cx = 1,3.Mmk 2 42 [ + ], mg / m 3 u lx 1 (1,4l + x) 2

Cy =

1,3Mmk 2 42 S 3 , mg / m 3 + 2 u lx1 (1,4l + x)

V tr ming thi kh bn ngoi (trn) vng gi qun trn mi pha n gi ca nh rng ng u hng gi khi H>0,3, im tnh ton trong vng gi qun gia hai nh khi 4Hnh < x1 8Hnh :
C x, y = 1,3.Mmk 2 20 [ + S 3 ], mg / m 3 u lx1 (1,4l + x) 2 1,3.Mmk 0,5 20 [ S 3 ], mg / m 3 + u lH nh (1,4l + x) 2

C x, y =

V tr ming thi kh bn trong hoc trn vng gi qun gia hai nh khi nh hp ng u hng gi, im tnh ton trong vng gi qun gia hai nh khi Hnh < x1 6Hnh :
Cx =
Cy =

1,3.Mk 1,5 42 [ + ], mg / m 3 2 u lx1 (1,4l + b + x)

1,3Mk 1,5 42 S1 , mg / m 3 + 2 u lx1 (1,4l + b + x )

V tr ming thi kh bn trong hoc trn vng gi qun gia hai nh khi nh hp ng u hng gi, im tnh ton trong vng gi qun gia hai nh khi 6Hnh < x1 10Hnh :
Cx =
Cy =

1,3.Mk 0,25 42 [ ], mg / m 3 + u lH nh (1,4l + b + x) 2

1,3Mk u 0,25 42 S1 , mg / m 3 + 2 lH nh (1,4l + b + x)

Trong cc cng thc trn : Cx, Cy - Nng cht nhim ti im tnh ton, mg/m3. L Lu lng kh thi ca ngun thi, m3/s. M - Ti lng cht nhim thi vo kh quyn, mg/s. k - H s k n nh hng ca cao tng i ca ngun thi. 63

u - Vn tc gi trung bnh, m/s. S, S1, S2, S3 Cc h s tnh ton nng khong cch y vi lung kh thi. m H s th hin phn kh thi gy nhim i vi vng gi qun. Hnh- Chiu cao ca nh tnh t mt t n mi, m. l - Chiu di ca nh trc giao vi hng gi, m. b - B rng ca nh theo chiu song song vi hng gi, m. x - Khong cch t mt tng pha khut gi ca nh n im tnh ton, m. x1 - Khong cch gia hai nh, m. H Chiu cao tng i ca ngun thi.
4.2. NH GI NGUN THI NHIM MI TRNG NC 4.2.1. Tc ng ca nc thi sinh hot v nc ma chy trn Nng cc cht nhim

Trong giai on thi cng cng nh trong giai on vn hnh ca mt d n ngnh cng nghip luyn gang thp u tc ng n cht lng nc mt ca vng d n. c bit trong qu trnh thi cng, nc ma mang theo cc cht nhim cng trng cng vi nc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn s lm nhim nc mt ca khu vc d n. Trong qu trnh vn hnh sn xut, nc mt b nhim do nc thi sn xut khng c x l. S nhim ny s nh hng n li ch s dng nc phc v sinh hot, phc v nng nghip... ca nhn dn trong vng. Ngay c nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi sinh hot, nu khng c quan tm x l cng lm cho cc ch tiu nh BOD, Tng N, Tng P, TSS, Coliform... trong nc thi chung ca qu trnh luyn gang thp cng rt cao (bng 7-4). Bng 4-4 : Nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi sinh hot Cht nhim Nng cc cht nhim (mg/l) Khng x l BOD5 TSS Tng N Tng P 225 - 270 350 - 725 30 - 60 4 - 20 X l bng b t hoi 85,5 - 102,6 133 - 275,5 17,4 - 34,8 2,32 - 11,6 106 - 109 105 - 106 103 TCVN 5945 - 1995 20 50 30 4

Vi sinh (NPN/100ml) Tng Coliform Feacal Coliform Trng giun sn

Ngun : CETIA

Nng cc cht nhim (mg/l)

Nc ma chy trn

64

Tc ng ca mt d n luyn gang thp n cht lng nc ma c th c d bo thng qua vn thi cc cht nhim vo kh quyn. Cc cht nhim pht sinh trong qu trnh sn xut luyn gang thp bao gm bi, cc cht kh c hi c tnh axit (SO2, NO2...), khi gp ma cc cht nhim ny s d dng ho tan vo trong nc ma lm cho nc ma b nhim khng th s dng c. Ngoi ra do s ho tan cc cht kh c tnh axit, nn nc ma cng c th lm n mn cc vt liu kt cu v cng trnh trong khu vc. Nc ma cn c th b nhim khi chy qua cc khu vc sn bi c cha cc cht thi nhim nh bi rc, khu vc bn cha nhin liu... Tnh cht nhim ca nc ma trong trng hp ny b nhim c hc (t, ct, rc), nhim hu c (dch chit trong bi rc), nhim ho cht, kim loi nng v du m. Vn nhim nc ma s ko theo s nhim ngun nc ngm ti khu vc nh my v ngun nc mt ca cc thu vc tip nhn v t gy tc ng n mi trng khu vc. nh gi tc ng ca nc ma chy trn trn khu vc ca nh my luyn gang thp i vi mi trng khu vc, p dng m hnh tnh ton nh sau : - Lu lng nc ma chy trn trong khu vc : Q = 0,278 . k . I . F (m3/s) Trong : k- H s dng chy (k=0,6), I- Cng ma (mm/h), F- Din tch lu vc (m2), i vi mt trn ma tnh ton, khi chu k trn ng P=1 th cng ma l 100 mm/h, lu lng nc ma l tng i ln. Nu cc tuyn cng thot nc c bn cn lng ng nhiu th khi nc ma thot khng kp s gy ng ngp tc thi. Nc ma v nc thi trn ln, chy theo b mt, cun theo cc cht c hi gy nhim mi trng khu dn c xung quanh. - Ti lng cht nhim : Trong nc ma t u thng cha lng ln cc cht bn tch lu trn b mt nh du, m, bi... trong nhng ngy khng ma. Lng cht bn tch t trong mt thi gian c xc nh nh sau : G = Mmax [1 - exp (-kz.T)]. F (kg) Trong : Mmax- Lng bi tch lu ln nht trong khu vc nh my luyn gang thp (Mmax=220 kg/ha) kz- H s ng hc tch lu cht bn khu gang thp (kz=0,3ng-1) T- Thi gian tch lu cht bn (ngy)
4.2.2. Tc ng ca nc thi sn xut

Nh trnh by trong chng 2, lng nc s dng trong qu trnh luyn cn thp thng t 1500 - 1700 m3 cho 1 tn thp. Trong khong 70% lng nc 65

c s dng lm ngui cc loi l, 25% c s dng lm ngui thit b, kim loi, kh thi v khong 5% s dng cho cc nhu cu khc. Phn ln nc khu vc cc l cao c s dng li trong vng cp nc tun hon. Tuy nhin cn mt phn ng k nc thi sn xut v nc thi sinh hot c thi trc tip ra cc ngun tip nhn nh ao, h, sng sui xung quanh cc nh my luyn gang thp. Phn ln nc thi sn xut khi thi ra mi trng u khng c x l. V c im cht lng nc thi ca ngnh cng nghip luyn gang thp, th ngoi qu trnh cc ho, luyn gang thp, cn thp... c cha nhiu cc cht bn, cht c hi c trng nh trnh by trong chng 6, cn c du m khong, lng du m ny phn ln cha c thu gom x l. i vi nh my cc ho, phn ln cc ch tiu COD, BOD, Phenol, Xianua v mt s ch tiu c hi khc trong nc thi u vt qu nng gii hn cho php theo quy nh ca TCVN 5945-1995. i vi cc khu vc sn xut khc ca cng ngh luyn gang thp, nc thi c hm lng cn l lng tng i cao, c mu v nhiu vng du d gy nguy hi i vi mi trng xung quanh v nht l i vi cc ngun tip nhn nc thi trong khu vc.
Phng php xc nh ti lng cc cht nhim trong nc thi

xc nh ti lng cc cht nhim trong nc thi ca ngnh cng nghip luyn gang thp, c th p dng phng php tnh nhanh theo h s nhim ca WHO i vi n v sn phm nh sau (bng 4-5) : Bng 4-5 : Ti lng cc cht nhim trong nc thi Xng luyn gang thp ca ngnh cng nghip luyn gang thp n v Khi lng BOD5 TSS Tng Tng P Cc cht nhim (U) cht thi (kg/ U) (kg/U N (kg/ U) khc (m3/U) ) (kg/ U) Tn Kg/U

I. L cao (thp hp th cht thi) : Cha x l Tn SP 12,3 29,3 0,27 Phenol F CN Cht lng ng Tn SP 12,3 1,5 0,27 Phenol F CN ng kt ha Tn SP hc v clo ho kim 12,3 0,13 0,018 Phenol 0,01 0,023 0,039 0,01 0,023 0,39 0,001

66

F CN Ti ch v clo Tn SP ho kim 0,55 0,006 0,001 Phenol F CN II. L thi xy - Thit bi lng - Lm lnh : Cha x l Tn SP 0,6 0,6 0,049 0,011 -

0,023 0,0001 0,0 0,0005 0,0

Kt bng / lng Tn SP

III. H thng Thng gi - Lm lnh : Cha x l Tn SP 1,9 1,9 0,146 0,034 -

Kt bng / lng Tn SP IV. H thng loi b ga Cha x l Tn SP

0,5 0,5

0,036 0,009

Kt bng / lng Tn SP V. L h quang in : Cha x l Tn SP

4,6 4,6

0,36 0,09

Kt bng / lng Tn SP VI. L bng : Cha x l Tn SP

3,5 3,5

0,27 0,065

Kt bng / lng Tn SP VII. Xng cn nng : Cha x l H co vy Tn SP Tn SP

42 42 42 2,3

33,9 10,8 0,76 0,04

Du Du D u D u

1,87 1,87 0,25 0,015

Lc c khung Tn SP dy Lng v ti ch Tn SP VIII. Cn ngui :

67

Cha x l

Tn SP

6,7

2,2

0,71

D u

2,05

IX. Ty bng H2SO4 : Thp cc bon Tn SP 1,8 Fe SO4 Thp khng r Tn SP 1,4 Fe SO4 Cc hp kim Tn SP 1,2 Fe SO4 X. Ty ra bng HCl : Thp cc bon Tn SP 1,2 Fe Cl Thp khng r Tn SP Fe Cl Cc hp kim Tn SP Fe Cl XI. Cng on m : Cha x l Tn SP 9,4 2,32 0,02 Fe Zn Cr M in x l Tn SP Tn SP 6,9 0,125 Zn Du Fe Zn Cr
Ngun : WHO

6,4 22.1 2,5 9,1 2,6 9,8

18,4 24,8 57,8 76,2 33,7 44,5

0,19 0,007 0,015 0,405 0,06 0,007 0,009 0,004

Phng php d bo nh gi tc ng ca nc thi

d bo nh gi nh hng ca nc thi ca cc nh my luyn gang thp i vi cht lng ca ngun nc mt (tip nhn nc thi) trong khu vc, s dng 68

m hnh khuch tn cht nhim c lp trnh theo ngn ng Turbo Pascal xc nh nng cht nhim :
C= x.v exp (1 1 + 4kDx / v 2 ) v + 4kD x 2Dx M
2

Trong :

C Nng cht bn ti im tnh ton (mg/l) M Ti lng ca cht bn (mg)

- Din tch tit din ca thi (m2)

v Vn tc trung bnh ca dng chy (m/s) k H s phn hu cht bn theo thi gian Dx H s khuch tn theo phng x (theo hng dng chy) Cc iu kin tnh ton : Lu lng ngun nc mt nh nht m bo tn sut 95% (m3/s). Vn tc dng chy nh nht (m/s). Lu lng nc thi x vo ngun nc mt (m3/s). Hm lng cht nhim trong nc thi (mg/l). Hm lng cht nhim trong ngun nc mt trc khi tip nhn nc thi (mg/l). H s phn hu cht nhim.

4.3. NH GI TC NG I VI MI TRNG T 4.3.1. Cc hot ng sn xut v ngun thi gy nhim t

Hot ng ca ngnh cng nghip luyn gang thp thng thi ra mt khi lng ln cc cht thi khc nhau gm cht thi rn, cht thi lng, bi kh cc loi. Ngun gc gy nhim mi trng t khu vc thng l cc loi kim loi nng, cc cht c hu c v du m c ch yu trong cht thi rn v cht thi lng t cc qu trnh luyn gang thp, nung cc... Cc cht thi rn sinh ra trong qu trnh luyn gang thp thng gm x than, vt liu chu la, vy st v x mt, phoi kim loi, b t n, cc hp cht cha silic, canxi, nhm, b qung... Ngoi ra nh hng ca cc cht kh thi cng gy nn nhim t v cy trng. V vy, cn phi nh gi chnh xc mc tc ng ca cc hot ng ca ngnh cng nghip luyn gang thp trong qu trnh thi cng cng nh trong qu trnh vn hnh i vi ti nguyn mi trng v h sinh thi khu vc.
4.3.2. Cc tc nhn gy nhim mi trng t

Cc cht c hi trong cht thi rn, nc thi v kh thi lan truyn vo mi trng t theo hai con ng : 69

Lan truyn t nhin : lan truyn trc tip theo cc quy lut a ho, phn b li vt cht trong t. Lan truyn nhn to : lan truyn gin tip do ngi dn trong vng s dng nc thi ti cho cc loi cy trng.

Ngun gc cc cht gy nhim t khu vc luyn gang thp l cc cht c mt trong qu trnh luyn thp, luyn gang, nung cc, bao gm st v cc kim loi ng hnh trong qung st, than v cc hp cht hu c cha trong than, cc cht sinh ra trong qu trnh luyn cc, cc cht ph gia, cc cht du m, bi trn... c chia lm ba nhm chnh trong c ch tc ng gy nhim : Cc kim loi nng v nguyn t vi lng. Cc cht c hu c. Du m.

Kim loi nng v nguyn t vi lng

Kim loi nng v nguyn t vi lng l nhng cht c hm lng thp trong mi trng, thng ch mt vi n vi trm ppm trong t v , mt n vi chc ppm trong c th ng, thc vt v vi sinh vt. Khi hm lng ny cao, chng s gy c cho sinh vt. Theo Fridlan, hm lng cc cht vi lng trong t cc khu cng ngip luyn gang thp nh sau : Bng 4-6 : Hm lng cc cht vi lng trong t Sr : 378 Co : 30 Cu : 122 V : 190 Mn : 654
Ngun : CETIA

Cr : 128 Ni : 58

Zn : 92 Bo : 59 Ti : 18

Tuy nhin trong qung st thng km theo mt lng cao cc cht Cr, Co, Pb, Cu, As, Hg, Zn, Ni... l cc kim loi ph gia luyn thp. V vy chng thng c hm lng cao trong cht thi.
Kim loi nng

Kim loi nng c th b hp th v tch lu trong cy trng, gy c hi cho cc thnh phn sinh vt ca h sinh thi v c bit, thng qua chui dinh dng, kim loi nng tch lu trong m ngi v ng vt, lm mt kh nng vn chuyn mu, gy ung th v cc bnh nghim trng khc. S di ng ca kim loi nng trong t ph thuc ch yu vo pH v s oxy ho kh.
Phenol v Xianua

Phenol v Xianua l sn phm ca cng nghip luyn gang thp v luyn cc. Khi thm vo t chng lm cho nc trong t c mi c bit. Phenol kt hp vi clo to thnh clorophenol c, c mi kh chu. Hm lng phenol trong nc di t t 25-30 mg/l s gy c cho cy trng v lm cht ng vt t. Xianua l mt nhm cht rt c hi i vi con ngi, tc ng mnh n h thn kinh. S phn 70

b cc cht c hu c ph thuc vo khong cch n cc ngun thi, phng php thi, a hnh v m ca t...
Du m

Du m sinh ra trong du cc, t qu trnh vn chuyn v bo dng my mc thit b trong qu trnh luyn gang thp. Khi ngm vo t n s gy tc ng hu dit rt ln i vi ng vt v vi sinh vt t. Do tnh cht kh thm v kh b phn hu, du m ngn cn s h hp ca ng vt v vi sinh vt t, lm gim kh nng ht nc v cht dinh dng ca r cy. t b nhim du m lm cho cy trng sinh trng km v vi sinh vt t b tiu dit khng cn kh nng phn gii cht hu c thnh cht dinh dng d tiu i vi cy trng.
4.3.3. c im v lng cht thi rn t cc cng on sn xut

Theo ti liu ca UNEP cho thy, c im v khi lng cht thi rn pht sinh t cc cng on sn xut ca ngnh cng nghip luyn gang thp c xc nh theo bng 4-7 : Bng 4-7 : c im v khi lng ctr cc cng on sn xut Cht thi rn Ngun gc Thnh phn c im Khi lng (tn/nm) X st L h quang, oxit st c ln Kch thc 16.888 gu rt canxi v silic khng ng nht G st My c oxit st ht nh 2.041 Gch chu la L h quang, Hn hp ca Vin kch thc 5.015 ph thi gu rt v gch chu la v nh v bt x st gu chuyn Bi T h thng Hn hp ca Bt mn 5.731 lc bi oxit canxi v oxit st Tng 29.675
Ngun : UNEP

4.3.4. Cc tc ng ca cht thi i vi mi trng t Thay i tnh cht nng hc ca t

Theo cc s liu nghin cu ca Vin Quy hoch v Thit k nng nghip, phn ng ca t khu vc bi thi hoc gn bi thi c xu hng kim hn so vi nn xung quanh. Khu vc c pH cao nht l cc bi thi x ca cng nghip luyn gang thp. Gi tr pH thng t 6,8 - 7,2. Nguyn nhn lm cho phn ng ca t mang tnh kim l hm lng Ca2+ v Mg2+ trong t cao. Ngun gc ca chng l t x gang, dolomit, vi (cht xc tc trong qu trnh nung chy thp). Do nc ma ra tri xung ngun nc xung quanh v theo nc thm nhp vo cc vng t thp nn cng gn cc nh my luyn gang thp pH trong t cng cao. Hm lng cht hu c v carbon trong t tng ln khu vc c bi x than, du m, cc khu vc b nh hng ca bi than theo ng kh thi. Nhn chung t trong khu vc nh my s c hm lng carbon tng s khong 1,6-1,7%. S thoi ho tnh cht vt l ca t l yu t c bn hn ch sinh trng ca cy trng cc 71

bi x, bi vt liu xy dng. Do tng t cc bi ny nng cn (5-10cm) nn s pht trin cy trng b hn ch nhiu.

Tc ng ca kim loi nng

Hm lng kim loi nng trong t khu vc b nh hng ca cht thi c xu hng tng tuy cha t n hm lng ti a cho php. Hm lng Zn, Cu v Fe thng t c cy trng hp th nn t gy c hi tim tng, tuy nhin n li tch lu nhiu trong t nn lm gim tnh c l ca t, dn n gim nng sut ca cy trng. Nhn chung, kim loi nng trong t cc khu vc b nh hng ca cht thi c hm lng tng i cao hn cc khu vc khc v s phn b thng theo quy lut sau : - Tu thuc vo ngun thi m hm lng ca kim loi cao hay thp (As c trong than v nc cc, Pb c trong qung st v ph gia, Zn v Cu c trong qung st v luyn thp). - i vi cc rung la s dng nc thi ti th rung u ngun c hm lng kim loi nng cao hn. - i vi cc khu canh tc a hnh dc th v tr di thp s tch lu nhiu kim loi nng hn v tr cao. Theo cc nghin cu ca Vin Quy hoch v Thit k nng nghip (1995) th s di ng ca kim loi nng trong mi trng t khu vc cc nh my luyn gang thp cho thy : - i vi vng t canh tc nm gn cc bi x qung, t b nh hng gin tip do nc thm qua bi vo t. Trong vng b nh hng nhiu nm bi thi ca nh my cc ho vi s tch ng hm lng Pb cao, bi thi luyn thp c hm lng Pb v Zn mc trung bnh. - Ring cc bi thi x luyn thp c tch lu nhiu hm lng Pb v Zn. Bi thi x cc ho c tch ng Cu, Pb v Zn.
Tc ng ca cc cht hu c

Cc cht hu c gy nhim mi trng t vi cc mc khc nhau. Hm lng phenol v xianua cc khu vc b nh hng l rt cao v c kh nng gy c. Khu vc c hm lng phenol cao nht l khu c nc thi luyn cc, khu l cao v khu luyn gang... Lng phenol y thng daqo ng trong khong 10,4010,50ppm, gp t 10-11 ln so vi cc khu vc khng b nh hng ca cht thi. Hm lng xianua trong t thng xut hin khu vc gn mng nc thi ca nh my cc ho. Hm lng du trong t thng cao nht khu vc ti nc thi ca nh my luyn cc (9,8%), i vi cc khu vc khc th thp hn (0,1 0,8%).
4.4. NH GI TC NG CA TING N V RUNG 4.4.1. Ting n

Trong giai on thi cng, cc ngun gy nhim ting n t cc my mc, phng tin vn chuyn nguyn, vt liu, phng tin thi cng c gii... Cn lit k tt c cc ngun gy n, mc n ca mi loi thit b, xe my. Cn xc nh thi gian trong ngy cho php hot ng i vi tng hot ng gy ting n. c bit quan 72

tm ti khong cch cn thit gia v tr thit b thi cng v cc i tng nhy cm ting n nh bnh vin, trng hc, khu dn c, khu bo tn ng vt hoang d... Trong giai on vn hnh, tc ng ca ting n cng nghip l tc ng ln nht ca cc thit b cng ngh trong qu trnh luyn gang thp. Tc ng ca ting n ph thuc vo mc n ca tng thit b gy ra. Cc tc ng ny cn c d bo, nh gi cn thn v xut cc gii php kim sot, gim thiu ting n.
4.4.2. Rung ng

Rung ng c c trng bng ba i lng : Bin (m), tc (m/s) v gia tc (m2/s). Mc rung ng cng nghip khng ch ph thuc vo tnh cht, mt ca my mc thit b m cn ph thuc vo tnh cht v trng thi nn t ti khu vc nh my v vng ph cn. Cn tin hnh quan trc thc t v cc tc ng ca rung ng trong qu trnh thi cng, ng cc mng v khi nh my i vo hot ng. Thit lp m hnh d bo trong tng lai, xut cc gii php gim thiu rung ng, c bit l i vi cc i tng nhy cm v rung ng nh sc kho cng ng dn c trong khu vc nh my, cc cng trnh vn ho, di tch lch s...
4.4.3. Phng php nh gi tc ng do ting n thi cng

Kh nng ting n ti khu vc thi cng ca d n lan truyn ti cc khu vc xung quanh c xc nh nh sau : Li = Lp - Ld - Lc , dBA Trong : Li - Mc n ti im tnh ton cch ngun gy n khong cch r2, dBA Lp - Mc n o c ti ngun gy n ch ngun gy n khong cch r1, dBA
Ld - Mc n gim theo khong cch r2 tn s i Ld = 20 lg [(r2/r1)1+a], dBA

r1 - Khong cch ti ngun gy n ng vi Lp, m r2 - Khong cch tnh ton gim mc n theo khong cch ng vi Li, m a - H s k n nh hng hp th ting n ca a hnh mt t.
Lc - gim mc n qua vt cn.

Mc n tng cng do cc phng tin thi cng c xc nh nh sau : L = 10 lg Trong : L - Mc n ti im tnh ton, dBA Li - Mc n ti im tnh ton ca ngun n th i, dBA T cng thc trn, tnh ton mc gy n ca cc loi thit b thi cng ti mi trng xung quanh cc khong cch v nh gi theo tiu chun.
4.4.4. Phng php nh gi tc ng do rung trong thi cng
0,1Li

, dBA

Gia tc rung L(dB) c tnh nh sau : L = 20 log(a/ao), dB 73

Trong : a RMS ca bin gia tc (m/s2). ao RMS tiu chun (ao=0,00001 m/s2). T cng thc trn, tnh ton mc rung ca cc phng tin thi cng nh hng ti cc khu dn c, cc cng trnh ln cn v nh gi theo tiu chun.
4.4.5. Phng php nh gi tc ng ca ting n trong vn hnh

Ting n l ngun gy nhim kh quan trng trong hot ng sn xut ca nh my luyn cn thp. Ting n cao hn tiu chun cho php s gy cc nh hng xu n mi trng v trc tin l n sc kho ca ngi cng nhn trc tip sn xut nh mt ng, mt mi, gy tm l kh chu, gim nng sut lao ng. Tip xc vi ting n c cng cao trong thi gian di s lm cho thnh lc gim st, dn ti bnh ic ngh nghip. Kh nng ting n ti cc cng on sn xut ca nh my lan truyn ti mi trng xung quanh c xc nh nh sau : Li = Lp - Ld - Lc - Lcx (dBA) Trong : Li Mc n ti im tnh ton cch ngun gy n mt khong cch d (m). Lp Mc n o c ti ngun gy n (cch 1,5m).
Ld Mc n gim theo khong cch d tn s i. Ld = 20 lg [(r2/r1)1+a]

(dBA)

r1 Khong cch ti ngun gy n ng vi Lp (m). r2 Khong cch tnh ton gim mc n theo khong cch ng vi Li (m). a H s k n nh hng hp th ting n ca a hnh mt t.
Lc - gim mc n qua vt cn. Lcx - gim mc n sau cc di cy xanh. Lcx = Ld + 1,5 Z + Bi

(dBA)

Ld - gim mc n do khong cch (dBA)

1,5Z - gim mc n do tc dng phn x ca cc di cy xanh.

Bi Tng b rng ca cc di cy xanh (m). Z S lng di cy xanh. Bi Mc n gim do m thanh b ht v khuct tn trong cc di cy xanh. - Tr s h thp trung bnh theo tn s. 4.5. TC NG CA NHIM NHIT

i vi cc cng on m cng ngh luyn gang thp c sinh nhit, th tng cc nhit lng do cng ngh sinh ra cng vi nhit bc x mt tri truyn qua tng, mi nh xng s lm cho nhit bn trong nh xng tng cao, nh hng trc tip ti qu trnh h hp ca c th con ngi, tc ng xu n sc kho v nng sut lao ng. V vy cn phi nh gi cc tc ng ca nhim nhit i vi sc kho ca ngi cng nhn. 74

Chng 5. Bin php gim thiu tc ng xu, Phng nga v ng ph s c mi trng

Yu cu : Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng xu, phng nga v ng ph s c mi trng ca d n phi c th hin i vi tng giai on (chun b, xy dng v vn hnh) ca d n, tng i tng b tc ng nh nu trong chng 4 v phi l cc bin php c th, c tnh kh thi s c p dng trong sut qu trnh thc hin d n. i vi s c mi trng phi a ra c mt phng n chung v phng nga v ng ph s c, trong nu r ni dung, bin php m ch d n ch ng thc hin vi nhng nh gi v tnh kh thi v hiu qu x l, hoc bin php cn phi c s hp tc, gip ca cc c quan nh nc v cc i tc khc. Nhng vn bt kh khng v kin ngh hng gii quyt.

5.1. NGUYN TC

Vic trin khai thc hin d n xy dng cc nh my luyn gang thp tt yu s c nhng tc ng n mi trng xung quanh. Nhng tc ng ny c th l tch cc v cng c th l tiu cc, thm ch c nhng tc hi khng th lng trc c. V vy vic nh gi tc ng mi trng ca d n phi a ra c cc gii php bo v mi trng, gim thiu cc tc ng c hi i vi mi trng trn nguyn tc : - Gim thiu ti mc ti a c th c ph hp vi cng ngh x l i vi qu trnh hot ng luyn gang thp ngay t giai on u. - Gii php bo v mi trng phi c tnh kh thi cao, ph hp vi cc mc tiu hot ng ca d n v ph hp vi ngun ti chnh ca ch u t. - Lin tc kim tra s tun th cc quy nh v mi trng m ch u t cam kt thc hin trong nghin cu kh thi ca d n c ph duyt. - Bo v mi trng v sc kho cng ng trong khu vc.
5.2. GII PHP GIM THIU TC NG N MI TRNG VT L

Cc tc ng ca nh my luyn gang thp n mi trng vt l xut pht t vic thi cc cht nhim vt qu tiu chun cho php vo mi trng v cc s c pht sinh trong qu trnh hot ng ca nh my. Do vy gim thiu cc tc ng ca d n n mi trng vt l cn phi khng ch nhim do cc cht thi v hn ch n mc thp nht kh nng xy ra s c lm nhim mi trng. Vic khng ch v gim thiu nhim do cht thi ca d n luyn gang thp phi c tin hnh bng cch kt hp 3 gii php sau y :
Gii php ngn nga nhim v s c, Gii php k thut khng ch nhim v x l cht thi, Gii php qun l v quan trc monitoring mi trng.

75

5.2.1. Gii php ngn nga nhim v s c

y l mt trong nhng gii php rt quan trng v n cho php lm gim lng cht thi ngay ti ngun thi v khc phc c nhng nh hng bt li i vi mi trng do cc cht thi nhim gy ra. Bin php ny c th c thc hin theo cc chiu hng sau : - Quy hoch hp l tng mt bng nh my trn c s xem xt n cc vn mi trng c lin quan nh : + La chn hng nh hp l s dng mt cch tt nht cc iu kin thng gi t nhin, gp phn ci thin mi trng lao ng bn trong nh xng. + Xc nh kch thc vng cch ly v sinh cng nghip gia cc hng mc cng trnh ca nh my cng nh gia cc nh my luyn gang thp v cc khu dn c m bo s thng thong gia cc cng trnh, hn ch lan truyn nhim, m bo phng chy, cha chy v gim thiu nhng nh hng trc tip do cht thi i vi con ngi v cc cng trnh xung quanh. Vng cch ly v sinh cng nghip l vng m gia nh my vi khu dn c. Kch thc ca vng cch ly v sinh cng nghip c xc nh theo khong cch v sinh m cc tiu chun nh nc cho php. Tiu chun tm thi v mi trng ca B Xy dng quy nh khong cch cch ly v sinh cng nghip ti thiu cho cc loi hnh sn xut bao gm :
Yu cu v khong cch v sinh i vi cc thit b t nhin liu. Yu cu v khong cch cch ly v sinh cng nghip cho cc nh my c kh thi, c nguy c nhim khng kh cao, c hi v cc nh my c pht sinh nhiu bi. Yu cu v khong cch an ton cho h thng kho, bn cha nhin liu theo lu lng d tr. Phn cp cc nh my v chiu rng ti thiu ca khong cch cch ly v sinh cng nghip.

Tuy nhin tu theo tn sut, hng gi ti khu vc m c th xem xt chiu rng ca khong cch cch ly v sinh cng nghip c th rng hoc hp hn. Tr s hiu chnh c xc nh bng cng thc : Li = Lo x Pi / Po Trong : Li Chiu rng vng cch ly cn xc nh theo hng i (m) Lo Chiu rng vng cch ly ly theo mc c hi ca tng nh my v ly theo cc tiu chun trn (m). Po - Tn sut gi trung bnh tnh u cho mi hng (%) Pi Tn sut gi trung bnh thc t ca hng i (%) + B tr hp l cc cng on sn xut, cc khu ph tr, kho bi, khu hnh chnh v c di cy xanh ngn cch. T l cy xanh trn tng din tch t s dng ca nh my ti thiu phi t 15%. Cc h thng thi kh, ng khi cn b tr cc khu vc thun li cho vic gim st v x l. 76

+ Khu vc b tr trm in, khu x l nc thi tp trung, x l rc thi cn c t pha cui hng gi ch o ca khu vc. - p dng cng ngh tin tin, cng ngh sn xut sch, t cht thi. - Nghim tc thc hin ch vn hnh thit b cng ngh, nh lng chnh xc nguyn vt liu, nhin liu qu trnh din ra mc n nh cao, gim bt lng cht thi, n nh thnh phn v tnh cht ca cht thi, to iu kin thun li cho vic qun l v x l cht thi. - Gim ti lng cht nhim t ngun : i vi cng ngh sn xut c s dng nhin liu t, ti lng cc cht nhim trong kh thi qua ng khi (l cao) c th s gim i nhiu nu s dng cc loi nhin liu t (than, du) c hm lng cc cht gy nhim nh nht.
5.2.2. Gii php gim thiu bng cy xanh

Cy xanh c tc dng gim ting n. Sng m truyn qua cc di cy xanh s b suy gim nng lng, mc cng m thanh gim i nhiu hay t ph thuc vo mt l cy, kch thc ca cy xanh v chiu rng ca di t trng cy. gim mc n qua cc di cy xanh c xc nh nh sau :
Lcx = Ld + 1,5 Z + Bi

- Trong :
Ld - gim mc n do khong cch cha k tc dng gim ting n do cc di cy xanh. Ld = 10 lg (r2 / r1)1+a (dBA).

1,5 Z - gim mc n do tc dng phn x ca di cy xanh.

Bi - Tng b rng ca cc di cy xanh (m). Z S lng di cy xanh. Bi - gim n do m thanh b ht v khuch tn trong di cy. - H s h thp trung bnh cho cc tn s m thanh. = 0,10-0,20.

r1 - Khong cch ti ngun n (m). r2- Khong cch tnh ton gim mc n theo khong cch (m). a - H s k n nh hng hp th ting n ca a hnh mt t.
5.3. CC GII PHP K THUT 5.3.1. Gii php k thut x l nc thi Kim sot nhim nc

- Phn loi nc thi : Nc quy c sch, nc nhim c hc, nc nhim bn ho cht v nc nhim bn du m... - Cc bin php qun l v khng ch do nhim nc thi : Tiu chun TCVN 1995 i vi ngun nc x vo ngun loi A hoc B. - Phng n x l nc thi.
Cc gii php x l k thut

77

Cng ngh x l nc thi thng ng dng cc qu trnh x l c hc, sinh hc v ho l x l cn l lng (SS), cht huc (BOD5, COD), c, du m v kim loi nng... H thng x lnc thi thng c chia lm ba h thng ph l : X l bc 1 (Primary Treatment), X l bc 2 (Secondary Treatment) v X l bc 3 bc cao (Tertiary Treatment). - X l bc 1 : nhm tch cc cht rn khng ho tan ra khi nc thi. Cn c kch thc ln c th c loi b bng tm chn rc hoc c nghin nh bng thit b nghin. Cn v c nh ct, sn, mnh kim loi... c tch ra khi qua b lng ct. Cn l lng hu c oc loi b trong b lng t 1. - X l bc 2 : thng ng dng cc qu trnh ho hc v sinh hc loi b ht cc cht hu c. - X l bc 3 : trong qu trnh x l bc cao, cc qu trnh c hc, ho sinh c ng dng kh cc thnh phn khc nh cn l lng, c, mu... m chng cha b kh hoc b kh khng ng k trong x l bc 2.
Phng n x l nc thi cng nghip ti ngun

Nc thi ca ngnh cng nghip luyn gang thp sau khi x l s b phi t cc gi tr trong bng 8-1 : STT 1 2 3 pH BOD Bng 5-1 : Tiu chun nc thi sau khi x l s b Ch tiu Nng STT Ch tiu Nhit 30-40oC 5,5-9 100 mg/l 4 5 6 SS Tng N KLN v cht c hi Nng 150 mg/l 60 mg/l khng

Ngun : TCVN 5945-2005.

- Tun hon v x l nc thi qu trnh lm sch kh l cao :

Bin php c bn hn ch x cht thi ra mi trng bn ngoi, m bo cho sn xut n nh l x l, thu hi v x dng li cht thi. Tng khu sn xut c mc yu cu cng nh cng ngh sn xut khc nhau. Mt trong nhng khu to nhiu cht thi l khu vc l cao luyn gang. Kh than l cao c nhit t 150-200oC, cha t 28-32% kh CO v mt lng ln bi hn hp cn c x l lc v thu hi ti s dng. H thng x l kh l cao hot ng theo phng php t. Kh l qua h thng ng dn chu nhit n thp lm ngui v lc bi th, sau kh l c dn qua h thng lc bi t bng cc b phun scruber. Nc thi sau qu trnh lc bi l cao thng c lu lng ln, nhit t 45-50oC, hm lng cn l lng t 1500-1800 mg/l... d gy tc cc cng thot nc v lm nhim mi trng bn ngoi. V vy hn ch x cht thi ra mi trng bn ngoi, nc thi ca qu trnh lc bi c x l s b v s dng tun hon tr li trong vng nc cp tun hon cho qu trnh lc bi kh l cao. Nc thi sau qu trnh x l c nhit t 30-320C, hm lng cn l lng t 80-150 mg/l c bm cng vi nc b sung v thp lc bi (hnh 5-1).

78

f a d c

5 6

a e c

2 3

Hnh 5-1 : S cp nc tun hon h thng kh bi l cao 1- H thng kh bi 6- Trm bm bn cn bi b- Nc thi sau qu trnh lng d- Nc cp b sung cn Theo s trn, phn ln nc s dng trong h thng l cao luyn gang thp c tun hon tr li, bn cn cha nhiu bt qung c thu hi chuyn sang xng thiu kt lm nguyn liu. Lng nc thi x vo h thng thot nc c hn ch. Trong h thng cp nc tun hon carbonat c kh bng CO2 ca kh l trong b cha trc trm bm. hn ch vic s dng nc v x cht thi vo mi trng, cn p dng h thng lc bi kh bng cc thit b lc bi tnh in. Gii php ny cho php gim c lng nc thi trong l cao xung cn t 20-30%.
- X l nc thi nh my cc ho :

2- B lng

3- Trm bm nc tun hon 5- B cha bn cn ti s dng a- Nc thi sau qu trnh lc c- Nc thi a i lm ngui

4- Thp lm ngui nc tun hon

e- Nc cp tun hon

f-

Bn

Trong qu trnh dp cc, mt lng ln nc c s dng (180-250 m3/h). Lng nc thi cha phenol c to thnh (30-40 m3/h), loi nc thi ny c cha hm lng phenol ln (hng trm mg/l). Khi x ra mi trng, mc d c th c pha long vi cc loi nc thi khc, nhng hm lng phenol vn rt ln (thng gp hn 200 ln gii hn cho php theo quy nh ca TCVN 5945-2005 i vi nc thi x ra ngun loi A). V vy cn thit phi t chc hp l h thng thot nc v x l nc thi ca nh my cc ho, tch phenol, amoniac, du v cc tp cht khc. Mt trong nhng gii php x l nc thi c cha phenol bng 79

phng php vi sinh vt c p dng trong ngnh cng nghip luyn gang thp c trnh by trong s hnh 5-2 :
Nc thi c phenol
LNG TCH DU NI LNG TCH DU CC

H THNG KH NN

B AEROTEN

B TI SINH BN HOT TNH

B LNG T 2

Nc thi x l

Cht b sung

MY P BN

Nc bn

BN KH

Hnh 5-2 : S cng ngh x l nc thi cha phenol

- X l nc thi sn xut nhim du :

Tu thuc vo hm lng du v tnh cht cng nh dng phn tn ca du, cht bo trong nc thi m c th p dng loi b du m bng b tch du c hoc khng c sc kh hoc tuyn ni (hnh 5-3).
1 4 2 5 3 6
1- Nc thi nhim du 2- Nc thi sch du 3- H thng sc bt kh 4- C cu gt du 5- Mng thu hi du 6- Thu hi cn

Hnh 5-3 : S x l nc thi nhim du

- X l nc thi luyn cn thp :

Trong qu trnh luyn cn thp, nc c s dng ra cao lanh trn khun cn, lm ngui khun, l, my mc, thit b... Lng nc s dng theo cng sut luyn cn thp. Nc thi sau qu trnh ny ch yu nhim du, cc cht rn v c v c nhit cao. tit kim nc v hn ch x nc thi ra mi trng, 80

nc thi cn c x l s b sau a tr li vng cp nc tun hon. H thng cp nc tun hon cho qu trnh luyn thp c phn thnh hai loi : H thng cp nc c, H thng cp nc trong,

Trong h thng cp nc c, nc thi ca qu trnh luyn cn thp (nc ra v nc lc bi) c cha hm lng cn l lng t 1000-4000 mg/l, hm lng du t 5-20 mg/l, nhit t 30-40oC c x l trong cc b lng kt hp tch du. Hm lng cn l lng sau qu trnh x l s c gim xung di 150 mg/l. Sau nc c bm v qu trnh cn, ra my, khun v cc b phn khc (hnh 5-4).
Nc thi
B LNG KT HP TCH DU B M TNG P THIT B LM MT

BM BN CN V BI X

BM CP NC CHO SN XUT

Nc cp b sung

Hnh 5-4 : S h thng tun hon cp nc c i vi h thng cp nc trong, nc ch yu c dng lm ngui thit b l luyn thp, chp thi khi, ng thi oxy. Nc sau khi s dng thng khng b nhim bn, nhng c nhit cao (trn 40oC). Nc c lm mt v bm tun hon tr li cho sn xut (hnh 5-5).
Nc thi (t > 40oC)
B LNG B M THP LM MT

H THNG CP NC SN XUT

BM CP NC C < 50mg/l SN XUT o (t < 32 C)

Nc b sung Cp nc cho sn xut

Hnh 5-5 : S h thng tun hon cp nc trong

- Trm x l nc thi tp trung :

Nc thi sau khi x l s b t chy v trm x l nc thi tp trung, qua song chn rc (1) vo b tp trung iu ho nc thi (2). T y bm chm (3) a nc thi vo b Aeroten (4) vi lu lng n nh (hnh 5-6). Ti b Aeroten, qu trnh sinh hc c thc hin, qun th vi sinh vt hiu kh thc hin qu trnh chuyn ho sinh hc, phn hu cc cht hu c thnh cc cht v c v hi cho mi trng nh CO2, H2O. 81

Trong qu trnh hot ng cc vi sinh vt hiu kh c cung cp oxy bi h thng lm thong (5), sau thi gian lu ti b Aeroten, nc thi cng qun th sinh vt chy sang b lng (6).
5 1 (a) 2 3 6 4 (b) 8 (f) (d) (c) 7 5 9 (e)

Hnh 5-6 : S nguyn l trm x l nc thi tp trung

Ch thch : a. Nc thi c x l s b c. Bn d 1- Song chn rc 4- B Aeroten 2- B thu nc thi b. Bn hot tnh tun hon d. Nc d t b nn bn 3- My bm chm

e. Nc x l a ra h iu ho f. Bn kh lm phn bn. 5- Thit b khuy trn 6- B lng 9- B tip xc kh trng

7- B nn bn 8- My lc p bn

Ti b lng, cc qun th sinh vt trong trng thi l lng c tch ra khi nc thi, m bo nng cc cht l lng trong nc thi khi x ra mi trng khng vt qu tiu chun cho php. ng thi ti b lng, cc qun th sinh vt c nn di y b, sau chng c a quay tr li b Aeroten tip tc qu trnh x l sinh hc. Nng qun th sinh vt (bn hot tnh) trong b Aeroten c gi nng thch hp cho qu trnh x l, lng bn hot tnh d c a ra khi h thng x l sinh hc, do hm lng cht rn trong bn d cn thp (khong 1%), chng c a vo b nn bn (7) nng hm lng cht rn trong bn d ln 2,5%. Sau bn c x l ln men k kh v c tip tc lm kh my nn bn kiu bng ti (8) hoc sn phi bn c din tch 0,5ha. Sau khi c p bt nc, hm lng cht rn c nng ln 20%, bn ny c th dng lm phn bn cho cy trng. Phn cht ni t h thng ht bt ca b lng, cng c a v x l ln men k kh cng vi bn. Nc d t b nn bn v my p bn c a tr li b Aeroten. Trong khi nc c x l t b lng c kh trng t b tip xc (9) trc khi c ti s dng lm nc gii nhit hoc x ra mi trng. Cht lng nc thi sau khi x l c a ra h iu ho trc khi x ra sng, m 82

bo an ton theo tiu chun quy nh ca TCVN 5945-1995 i vi ngun loi B (bng 5-2) : STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 pH BOD5 COD SS Kim loi nng Cht c hi Bng 5-2 : Cht lng nc thi sau khi x l Ch tiu phn tch n v Nng mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l 6,0 - 9,0 < 20 < 50 < 50 Khng Khng

Ngun : CETIA

- X l nc ma t u :

Nh trnh by trong chng 3, nu trong mt thng khng ma, trn ma u tin trn din tch rng ln ca nh my luyn gang thp s a mt lng cn rt ln v nhiu cht c hi khc t b mt vo cc h thng mng, cng thot nc, gy tc ng ng thot nc v gy nhim ngun nc xung quanh khu vc. V vy nc ma t u cn phi c x l trong cc cng trnh ring. Cng nc ma Ging tch nc ma t u Cng x nc ma H lng ct, x qung Cng dn nc ma x l ra mng thot nc Hnh 5-7 : S x l nc ma t u
5.3.2. Gii php k thut x l kh thi Khng ch nhim khng kh

Nh xng phi c thit k m bo iu kin v sinh cng nghip, m bo thng thong v m bo ch vi kh hu bn trong cng trnh nht l ti v tr thao tc ca ngi cng nhn. Cc bin php k thut c p dng : - H thng thng gi t nhin bng cc ca mi nh cng nghip. - H thng thng gi ht hoc thi cc b. - H thng thng gi chung, h thng lc bi v x l kh thi.
Gii php k thut x l kh thi

83

Trong cng ngh luyn gang thp, nhng cng on pht sinh nhim bi v cc cht kh c hi nh c trnh by trong chng 3 cn s dng cc thit b lc bi ng tay o, thit b lc bi ti, lc bi tnh in. i vi nng ca cc cht c hi nh SO2, NO2, CO, VOC... thi vo mi trng xung quanh c th s dng phng php hp th, phng php ny c thc hin bng thit b x l hp th dng m hoc dng a. Dung dch hp th c th l nc hoc dung dch kim long. Nu s dng nc th hiu qu ch t 50-60% i vi cc cht kh nh SO2 v NO2. Tuy nhin nu s dng dung dch kim long th hiu qu c th t n 85-90%. Nc thi ra khi thit b hp th kh c cha cc cht kh ho tan mang tnh axit hoc cha cc cht kt ta v mui v c, do cn phi a v trm x l nc thi trc khi thi ra mi trng. la chn phng n x l bi kh thi cho tng cng on sn xut, iu u tin cn c xem xt l nguyn l, tnh nng k thut, u khuyt im ca tng phng n x l bi p dng cho ph hp (bng 5-3). Bng 5-3 : Bng tng hp cc phng n x l bi Phng php u im Khuyt im Bung lng bi - Lng trng lc ht bi c - Hiu sut x l thp (40kch thc 100-2000m, h/t 70%) n gin Xyclon - Kch thc ht t 5 n - Hiu qu thp 45-85% - Ch lc c bi c kch 100m. - Xyclon t hp c th t hiu thc tng i ln. sut cao (95%) Lc tay o - Lc c cc loi bi c kch - Tr lc cao - Ch dng c vi bi kh, thc nh (2-10m) nhi t thp (<100oC). - Hiu sut cao 85-99,5% Lc tnh in - Lc c bi c kch thc - Tn nng lng, kh vn rt nh (t 0,005 n 10m) hnh v khng p dng vi loi kh thi c kh nng - Hiu sut lc cao (85-99%) chy, n Lc t - Lc c cc ht bi kh mn - Tiu hao nng lng in, nc. (0,1-100m) - Phi x l nc thi - Hiu sut cao (85-99%). - Hp th mt phn kh thi.
Ngun : CETIA

Mt h thng x l kh thi hon chnh bao gm cc cng on chnh sau :

Thit k quy hoch hp l cc phn xng sn xut. Lc bi : Bi trong kh thi cn phi lc trc khi i qua thp hp th hoc hp ph nhm trnh gy tc nghn thp v ng ng. Trong trng hp x l cc cht kh (SO2) c thu hi sn phm th cng on lc bi cn c tc dng trnh nhim bn cho sn phm. Hp th (absorption) : hoc hp ph (adsorption) hoc xy ho kh, qu trnh ny s lm gim nng cc cht nhim trong kh thi.

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 X l nc thi : t cc h thng x l kh thi c s dng nc. Thng thong cho nh xng sn xut.

H thng x l kh thi ch yu l x l bi bng Cyclon t hp, qu trnh ny s lm gim nng cht nhim trong kh thi (hnh 5-8).

Kh thi

H
Cyclon Qut ng khi

Hnh 5-8 : S x l bi
- i vi l luyn cc:

Kh than l cc cha ch yu l hn hp hydrocarbon nh, CO, SO2 v H2 c nhit kh cao, do c tn dng li lm nhin liu phc v sn xut. Kh than theo h thng ng dn ti thp lm ngui, c lc bi nc v c a i phn phi cho cc h s dng (thiu kt qung st, nung cn, sn xut cc...). V vy cng on ny s khng c kh l cc thi trc tip vo mi trng khng kh. Sau khi c thu hi, x l v cp cho cc h s dng, cn li l kh thi s thot ra ngoi qua ng khi.
- i vi khu thiu kt qung st :

Cc yu t gy nhim mi trng khng kh y ch yu l khi, bi, phng x v ting n. Khi t cc thit b thiu kt phi c lc sch bi bng h thng cc thit b lc bi xoy trc khi thi ra ngoi qua ng khi. Cc khu vc phi liu, nghin v sng qung thiu kt l cc khu pht sinh nhiu bi cn c b tr lp t cc thit b lc bi v cn c thit k kt hp vi h thng thng gi t nhin bng ca mi nh xng. Lng bi thu hi t cc thit b lc bi phi c tp trung v nh k a tr li kho nguyn liu ti s dng. Cn p dng cc bin php chng phng x pht sinh t cc l thiu kt qung st i vi v tr lm vic ca ngi cng nhn.
- i vi khu luyn thp l cao :

Kh than l cao v nc thi l hai yu t ch yu gy nhim mi trng khu vc ny. Kh than nh l cao thng c nhit t 150-250oC, cha khong 28-32% kh CO, SO2, NO2, VOC v mt lng ln bi. T nh l, kh than i qua h thng ng dn chu nhit n thp lm ngui bng nc. Sau khi c lc th, bi c lc tip bng thit b lc bi tnh in t ti nng cho php trc khi 85

c a i phn phi s dng dng gia nhit cho cc l gi nng v cc nhu cu khc, sau thi ra ngoi qua ng khi l cao. Bi l cao thng c cha nhiu st, qua khu lm ngui v thit b lc bi, bi s lng ng trong cc b lng thu hi li v c nh k chuyn sang xng thiu kt lm nguyn liu (hnh 5-9).

QUT KHI

H THNG PHUN NC LM NGUI V KH KH SO2

THIT B LC BI TAY O HOC TNH IN

Hnh 5-9 : S h thng x l kh thi l cao S cng ngh x l kh thi cng on ny cng c th c p dng theo hnh 5-10 c lp t thit b trao i nhit v h thng tun hon nc thi sau x l (H thng x l kh thi tng hp).
Nc vi
THIT B SY KH THIT B TRAO I NHIT KH THI THIT B LC TI

Carbon hot tnh

H thng tun hon ng c iu ho

H thng thi tro

Hnh 5-10 : S h thng x l kh thi tng hp

X l, thu hi v s dng li bi :

c tnh ring bit trong cng ngh x l kh thi ca ngnh cng nghip luyn gang thp l vn thu hi v s dng li bi sau khi x l. Lng bi to ra trong qu trnh luyn gang thp l tng i ln. Phn ln l bi nng, c hm lng st cao. Lng bi ny sau khi c x l qua thp lm ngui, thit b lc bi tay o, lc bi ti, lc bi tnh in c thu hi v nh k chuyn sang thiu kt lm nguyn liu (hnh 5-11).

86

L LUYN THP

NG XON C C IU CHNH HNH HC

CHP HT KHI B KH NC CT CONG

NG KHI LM NGUI

NG XON KIU CHY TRN

THIT B PHUN M NC THIU K T

QUT HT B KH NC CT CONG NG KHI

Hnh 5-11 : S h thng lc v thu hi bi khi l luyn thp

5.3.3. Gii php khng ch nhim ting n v rung Gii php khng ch nhim do ting n

Cc gii php khng ch nhim ting n t cc hot ng sn xut ca cng ngh luyn gang thp c thc hin nh sau : S dng m chng n c lp ti chn ca qut v thit b. Nhng ni iu hnh sn xut c cch ly ring. Kim tra s cn bng ca my khi lp t. Kim tra mn chi tit v cho du bi trn thng k. Thit lp tng chn hoc thit b bc m.

Cc gii php khng ch rung ng

chng rung cho my mc thit b, cn thc hin cc gii php sau : - c mng my khi lng (b tng mc cao), tng chiu su mng, o rnh ct kh hoc than ci trnh rung theo mt nn. - Lp t m cao su v l so chng rung i vi cc thit b c cng sut ln.
5.3.4. Hn ch cc tc ng do giao thng vn ti

Trong qu trnh hot ng, hng ngy c nhiu cc phng tin vn ti ra vo nh my. gim nh tc ng do hot ng giao thng vn ti gy ra n mc thp nht, cn p dng cc bin php qun l nh sau :

87

 Bin php qun l

Li xe c hc y v lut giao thng v s c giao trch nhim qun l, bo qun xe c th. Khi k hp ng vn chuyn, yu cu xe cng nh ch xe phi m bo cc iu kin v k thut xe, cng nh cc yu cu khc v vn chuyn trn ng.
Bin php k thut

Cc phng tin xe, my phi c kim tra k thut nh k, bo dng theo ng quy nh, m bo cc thng s kh thi ca xe t yu cu v mt mi trng. Xe ch ng trng ti danh nh v chp hnh nghim chnh cc quy nh v xe lu thng trn ng ph nh ph bt chng bi...
5.4. BIN PHP X L CHT THI RN

Cht thi rn trong qu trnh luyn gang thp phi c thu gom x l. Vic thu gom v x l cht thi rn c thc hin theo nguyn tc sau (hnh 5-12):
5.4.1. Thu gom v x l cht thi rn

Cht thi rn ca nh my luyn gang thp bao gm cht thi rn sinh hot, cht thi rn cng nghip thng thng v cht thi nguy hi. S thu gom v x l cht thi rn c trnh by trong hnh sau :

CHT THI RN SINH HOT

CHT THI RN CNG NGHIP

CHT THI NGUY HI

CHT THI THNG THNG

CHT THI TI SINH

CHT THI TI S DNG

CHT THI HU C M T

CHT THI KHNG CHY C

CHT THI CHY C

THU GOM V X L THEO QUY NH

Hnh 5-12 : S thu gom v x l cht thi rn

5.4.2. Kim sot cht thi rn

Gii php tng hp qun l cht thi rn trong luyn cn thp l va gii quyt vn nhim mi trng, va gp phn nng cao hiu qu kinh t trong qu trnh sn xut do thu hi cht thi ti s dng, tit kim c nguyn liu 88

cho sn xut.
Gim thiu nhim do cht thi rn

Thay i, ci tin

Ti s dng

cng ngh sn xut

cht thi rn

Thu gom, x l cht thi rn

Nng cao hiu qu kinh t

Hnh 5-13 : S nguyn tc v gii php tng hp qun l cht thi rn

Composting CTR sinh hot L t CTR
Bi chn lp CTR Ti ch/ thu hi ti s dng

CTR t luyn cn thp

CTR cng nghip thng thng

CTR cng nghip nguy hi

Hnh 5-13 : S nguyn l kim sot CTR t cng ngh luyn cn thp
5.5. PHNG NGA V NG CU S C MI TRNG 5.5.1. Phng chng chy n

Trong cc nh my luyn gang thp, cc b phn c th gy s c mi trng nh nh my luyn cn thp, nh my cc ho, nh my c kh, nh my sn xut gch chu la. Chy n c th do mng li cung cp v truyn dn in, l t... m bo an ton, cn thc hin cc bin php sau : Xy dng phng n phng chng chy, n. Ni quy an ton chy, n. Trang b h thng bo chy v cha chy t ng. Xy dng b cha nc d tr . Trang b cc dng c cha chy cm tay, bnh dp la bng kh CO2.

i vi b phn nhp thp ph liu phi gim st, kim tra cht ch cc loi vt liu n v cc ho cht c hi c th ln trong st thp ph li. i vi xng sn xut oxy, phi m bo quy trnh cng ngh cht ch, cc chai oxy phi lun c kim tra trc khi np liu. i vi cc xng cn thp c th bc l nung, cc cht thi rn trn nn nh xng c th gy thng tch khi cng nhn i li. Do cn b, cng nhn trong nh my phi nghim tc thc hin tt ni quy v k lut lao ng. 89

5.5.2. H thng chng st

i vi h thng chng st, ct thu li phi c lp t ti v tr cao nht ca mt cng trnh trong nh my. in tr tip t xung kch ca h thng chng st 10 khi in tr sut ca t < 50.000 /cm2 v 10 khi in tr sut ca t > 50.000 /cm2.
5.5.3. V sinh cng nghip v an ton lao ng

Gio dc thc v sinh mi trng v v sinh y t cho ton b cn b, cng nhn vin trong nh my, ng thi thc hin nghim tc cng tc bo h lao ng cho CBCNV nh qun o, khu trang, gng tay... o to v cung cp thng tin v v sinh an ton lao ng, c chng trnh kim tra, khm sc kho nh k cho cng nhn. m bo t tiu chun v cc yu t vi kh hu cng nh cc loi hi kh c hi khc v iu kin lao ng theo quy nh ca B Y t m bo sc kho cho ngi lao ng.

90

Chng 6. Chng trnh qun l v gim st mi trng

Yu cu : ra mt chng trnh nhm qun l cc vn v bo v mi trng trong qu trnh chun b, xy dng cc cng trnh ca d n v trong qu trnh d n i vo vn hnh. Chng trnh qun l mi trng c xy dng trn c s tng hp t cc chng trnh by trn di dng bng, bao gm cc thng tin v cc hot ng ca d n trong qu trnh chun b, xy dng v vn hnh, cc tc ng mi trng, cc bin php gim thiu tc ng c hi (cc cng trnh x l v qun l cht thi km theo ch dn c th v chng loi v c tnh k thut, cng trnh x l mi trng i vi cc yu t khc ngoi cht thi, cc bin php phng chng s c mi trng, cc bin php phc hi mi trng nu c, chng trnh gio dc, o to v mi trng v cc bin php gim thiu rc tc ng c hi khc). Kinh ph thc hin, thi gian biu thc hin v hon thnh, c quan thc hin v c quan gim st thc hin chng trnh qun l mi trng. ra chng trnh gim st mi trng nhm gim st cc cht thi pht sinh trong sut qu trnh chun b, xy dng v vn hnh ca d n.

6.1. CHNG TRNH QUN L MI TRNG 6.1.1. Qun l v quan trc mi trng

Quan trc cht lng mi trng l nhim v quan trng hng u trong cng tc qun l mi trng. Quan trc mi trng l mt qu trnh tng hp cc bin php khoa hc, k thut, cng ngh v t chc nhm kim sot, theo ri cht ch v c h thng cc bin i cht lng mi trng. Quan trc cht lng mi trng c th c nh ngha nh l mt qu trnh "quan trc - o c - ghi nhn - phn tch - x l v kim sot mt cch thng xuyn, lin tc cc thng s cht lng mi trng". Quan trc cht lng mi trng l cng c c lc cc nh qun l, cc nh chuyn mn qun l cht ch cc ngun thi gy nhim mi trng, iu chnh cc k hoch sn xut v gim nh cc chi ph cho vic khc phc, x l nhim v bo v mi trng mt cch hu hiu nht cho s nghip pht trin bn vng. Qun l v quan trc cht lng mi trng i vi ngnh cng nghip luyn gang thp l theo ri s bin i ca cc ch tiu c ch th qua cc thng s l hc, ho hc v sinh hc ca mi trng. Kt qu ca qu trnh gim st cht lng mi trng mt cch lin tc, lu di c mt ngha quan trng khng ch i vi vic pht hin nhng thay i v mi trng xut cc bin php x l, bo v m cn gp phn nh gi mc chnh xc ca cc d bo tc ng mi trng c cp n trong Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ngnh cng nghip luyn gang thp. Vic thit lp h thng cc im quan trc gim st cht lng mi trng cng nh chng trnh quan trc cht lng mi trng ni chung cu khu vc phi da trn c s s liu v iu kin t nhin, kh tng, thu vn, a cht thu vn v hin trng cht lng mi trng khu vc nh my. 91

6.1.2. Mc tiu ca chng trnh quan trc mi trng

Mc tiu ca chng trnh qun l v quan trc cht lng mi trng ngnh cng nghip luyn gang thp l thu thp mt cch lin tc cc thng tin v s bin i cht lng mi trng, kp thi pht hin nhng tc ng xu n mi trng ca d n v xut cc bin php ngn nga v gim thiu nhim. Mt khc quan trc cht lng mi trng ca khu vc cn nhm bo m cho cc h thng x l nhim, h thng x l nc thi, h thng x l kh thi v cc h thng khc trong khu vc hot ng ca nh my luyn gang thp c hiu qu, bo m cht lng nc v kh thi sau khi x l t tiu chun x vo ngun nc v vo mi trng khng kh theo quy nh ca TCVN 1995, TCVN 2001. Ngoi ra mc tiu ca chng trnh qun l v quan trc cht lng mi trng ca ngnh cng nghip luyn gang thp cn m bo ph hp vi cc bin php gim thiu ra trong bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng, m bo chng trnh qun l ng n v cc chc nng qun l cht thi, a ra c c cu phn ng nhanh cc vn v s c mi trng khng c d tnh trc xy ra v qun l gii quyt khn cp cc s c mi trng khng lng trc c (hnh 6-1).

BO CO TM CHI TIT (EIA REPORT) BIN I EMP CHNG TRNH QLMT (EMP)

CAM KT MC TIU BVMT

V TR C TH (SEMP)

O TO - HNG DN QUN L O TO NHN VIN CHUYN TRCH THAY I THIT K THC HIN D N LUYN GANG THP QUAN TRC MI TRNG V GIM ST THI CNG BO CO QTMT (MONITORING REPORT)

Hnh 6-1 : Chng trnh qun l mi trng Cc thng tin thu c trong qu trnh quan trc cht lng mi trng phi m bo c cc thuc tnh c bn sau y :

92

 chnh xc ca s liu : chnh xc ca s liu gim st c nh gi bng kh nng tng ng gia cc s liu v thc t. Tnh c trng ca s liu : s liu thu c ti mt im quan trc phi i din cho mt khng gian nht nh. Tnh ng nht ca s liu : cc s liu thu thp c ti cc a im khc nhau vo nhng thi im khc nhau ca khu vc nghin cu, phi c kh nng so snh c vi nhau. Kh nng so snh ca cc s liu c gi l tnh ng nht ca cc s liu. Tnh ng b ca s liu : s liu phi bao gm ln cc thng tin v bn thn yu t v cc yu t c lin quan. 6.1.3. Ni dung ca chng trnh quan trc mi trng

Ni dung ca chng trnh quan trc cht lng mi trng bao gm : Quan trc cht lng mi trng khng kh, ting n trong giai on xy dng v vn hnh ca d n. Quan trc cht lng mi trng nc trong giai on xy dng c bn v giai on vn hnh ca d n. Quan trc cht lng mi trng t trc v sau khi nh my luyn gang thp i vo hot ng. Kim tra sc kho nh k cho cn b v cng nhn vin lm vic trong cc nh my luyn gang thp.

6.1.4. C s quan trc cht lng mi trng

Quan trc cht lng mi trng khu vc nh my luyn gang thp phi c da theo cc quy nh ca php lut v cc iu kin k thut sau y : Lut bo v mi trng v cc vn bn php l lin quan ca Vit Nam. Tiu chun Vit Nam v mi trng TCVN 1995 v 2001. D bo nhim mi trng theo bo co TM. Hin trng cht lng mi trng khu vc.

6.2. QUN L MI TRNG TRONG GIAI ON XY DNG 6.2.1. C cu t chc

Tc ng mi trng xu nht ca d n luyn gang thp xy ra trong giai on xy dng ch yu l do qu san i mt bng v thi cng lp t my mc thit b, nh xng. Cc vn v mi trng v cc bin php gim thiu lin quan s c iu khin v theo ri bao gm : Qu trnh san i to mt bng thi cng, Bi do qu trnh thi cng xy dng v vn chuyn nguyn vt liu, thit b, Cng tc khoan v thi cng ng cc, lp t my mc v thit b, Xy dng ng giao thng ni b, 93

Tc ng kinh t x hi i vi khu dn c xung quanh.

Do vy, Ban qun l d n khi k hp ng thi cng xy dng vi cc nh thu, cn c cc iu khon m bo rng Nh thu s thc thi cc bin php gim thiu nhim mi trng trong giai on chun b v thi cng xy dng ra trong bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ca d n. Trong giai on xy dng, cc nh thu s chu trch nhim chnh trong vic thc hin tt c cc bin php gim thiu v cc yu cu quan trc mi trng. Ban qun l d n s c nhn vin chuyn trch theo ri v gim st trc tip trong sut qu trnh xy dng nh my, m bo rng nhng bin php gim thiu v cc yu cu quan trc c nu trong k hoch qun l mi trng s c thc hin trn thc t (hnh 6-2).
CH U T D N NH MY LUYN GANG THP

CNG TY T VN THIT K XY DNG

BAN QUN L D N N/M LUYN GANG THP

NH THU THI CNG XY DNG

Qun l mi trng

Hnh 6-2 : C cu t chc ca ban qun l d n

6.2.2. Cc hng mc c th

Cc hng mc c th trong k hoch qun l mi trng giai on xy dng cc nh my luyn gang thp bao gm :
i vi hot ng xy dng c s h tng

Qun l cng tc chun b v thi cng xy dng, Qun l bi v cc bin php gim thiu, K hoch an ton trong cng tc thi cng, Qun l cht cn lng v nc thi sinh hot, Qun l ting n v bin php gim thiu, Qun l giao thng v cc phng tin giao thng vn ti, 94

Thi cng xy dng

Gim sta thit k

Qun l k hoch

Qun l ti chnh

Qun l thi cng

Qun l vt t, thit b thi cng v kho tng, bn bi, Qun l ph thi t xy dng, Qun l cc cht thi nguy hi. K hoch v tin thi cng cc hng mc cng trnh, K hoch v tin lp t my mc, thit b, l luyn gang thp, Qun l cc phng tin thi cng c gii, Qun l khu vc thi cht thi rn v nc thi sinh hot. Phng chng chy n v an ton lao ng trong thi cng xy dng.

i vi hot ng xy dng nh xng v lp t thit b

6.3. QUN L MI TRNG TRONG GIAI ON HOT NG 6.3.1. C cu t chc

C cu t chc qun l mi trng trong giai on hot ng ca cc nh my luyn gang thp c trnh by trong s hnh 6-3.
TNG GIM C

PH TG K THUT

PH TG KINH DOANH

PH TG U T - TB

PHNG KT

PHNG KH-CT

PHNG KT-TC

PHNG TCLL

PHNG HC-BV

PHNG TB

PX THIU KT QUN L HC QUN L SX TRC C IN

PX LUYN GANG QUN L HC QUN L SX TRC C IN

PX LUYN THP QUN L HC QUN L SX TRC C IN

PX NG LC NC CP NC THI LC BI IN L

TRM OXY TRM X L NC TRM BIN TH

PHNG AN TON V V SINH MI TRNG

Hnh 6-3 : C cu qun l mi trng trong giai on vn hnh

95

6.3.2. Bin php qun l

Trong giai on hot ng luyn gang thp, cc vn v mi trng v cc bin php gim thiu s c trin khai thc hin bao gm : Qun l kh thi qua cc ng khi, Cc cht thi rn v cht thi nguy hi, Qun l nc thi, Qun l an ton v mi trng trong hot ng luyn cn thp. S c xy ra c th lng trc v khng lng trc c.

K hoch qun l mi trng trong giai on hot ng ca cc nh my luyn gang thp s c thc hin v xem xt ti cc vn sau : Qun l ting n v nh sng, bin php gim thiu, Qun l giao thng v cc phng tin giao thng vn ti ra vo nh my, Qun l nhp nguyn vt liu v xut sn phm, Qun l nc thi ra mi trng xung quanh, Qun l cht thi rn v cht thi nguy hi, K hoch i ph vi cc s c mi trng c th xy ra.

6.4. CHNG TRNH GIM ST MI TRNG

Chng trnh gim st mi trng c thc hin trong giai on xy dng v hot ng luyn gang thp. Trong giai on xy dng cc nh my luyn gang thp, mi trng s b thay i quan trng. S thay i mang tnh cht tm thi nh s gia tng ca ting n, bi, khng kh v ngun nc trong khu vc. Mc tiu ca chng trnh quan trc v phn tch mi trng l m bo cc thng s mi trng ph hp vi cc tiu chun Vit Nam v Quc t v mi trng trong giai on xy dng v m bo sc kho cng ng v s an ton cho dn c sinh sng xung quanh nh my cng nh cng nhn xy dng. Trong giai on hot ng luyn gang thp, tuy kh nng tc ng ti mi trng c gim i, nhng s qun l v kim sot c cc din bin v mi trng c bin php phng chng hu hiu nht.
6.4.1. Gim st cht lng mi trng khng kh Mc tiu gim st cht lng mi trng khng kh

Mi trng khng kh bn trong cc nh my luyn gang thp cng nh mi trng xung quanh nht l cc khu vc dn c ngoi hng ro nh my phi c gim st thng xuyn. Mc tiu quan trc mi trng khng kh gm : Quan trc nng cc cht nhim khng kh khu vc. Quan trc thng s kh tng nh hng n s pht tn cht nhim. nh gi v d bo s gia tng ti lng cc cht nhim khng kh t cc ngun thi c gii php gim thiu v x l nhim khng kh. 96

 Mng li gim st cht lng mi trng khng kh

Gim st cht lng mi trng khng kh phi c tin hnh i vi tt c cc ngun thi kh trong khu vc nh my v mi trng khng kh xung quanh khu vc dn c ln cn. Vic quan trc, gim st cht lng mi trng khng kh c phn lm hai loi : Gim st ngun thi, Gim st mi trng xung quanh,

V tr cc im quan trc mi trng khng kh

V tr cc im quan trc gim st cht lng mi trng khng kh gm : + Khu vc nh my hp kim st v t n, + Khu vc nh my c kh, + Khu vc nh my cc ho, + Khu vc luyn gang l cao, + Khu vc nh my luyn cn thp, + Khu vc nh my sn xut gch chu la, + Khu vc cui hng gi cch ngun thi 300m, 500m, 800m v 1000m, i vi cc thng vo cc ma chuyn tip nh thng 10, thng 11 v thng 4 v thng 5 nn ch n s thay i hng gi. Ngoi ra hng gi cng c th thay i khc nhau theo thi gian trong ngy, do vic gim st iu kin kh tng thu vn v ghi li cc iu kin mi trng c trng cng l iu quan trng v ht sc cn thit phc v cho cng tc nh gi v nhn xt kt qu quan trc.
Cc thng s gim st mi trng kh

Cc thng s quan trc cht lng mi trng khng kh bao gm : Kh tng : Nhit (oC), m (%), vn tc gi (m/s), hng gi, p sut kh quyn (mmHg). Bi v cc cht kh CO, SO2, NO2, HCl, HF, VOC v hi axit. Ting n : LAeq, LAmax v mc n theo cc di octa. i vi cc yu t kh tng : cn tun th theo ng quy nh ca ngnh kh tng thu vn. i vi cc yu t mi trng : cc cht kh c hi, bi, ting n... c ly mu phn tch vi tn sut 2 ln trong 1 nm vo ma kh v vo ma ma. Thi gian quan trc lin tc trong ngy, cc ch tiu c phn tch theo cc tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN v tiu chun quc t ISO.

Quy nh v quan trc v phn tch mu

6.4.2. Gim st cht lng mi trng nc

Gim st cht lng mi trng nc l cng tc cn thit trong qun l mi trng, c bit i vi ngnh cng nghip luyn gang thp hng ngy c s dng 97

hng chc nghn m3 nc v x vo mi trng nc thi vi nhiu loi cht bn khc nhau. phc v cho cng tc quan trc cht lng mi trng nc, trc tin cc nh my luyn cn thp phi c phng kim nghim nc vi y cc loi thit b v phng tin cn thit phn tch cht lng nc nhm mc ch thng xuyn kim tra, gim st cht lng nc cp cho sinh hot, nc sn xut, nc thi v cht lng nc sng sui, ao h xung quanh chu tc ng ca nc thi nh my.
Cc thng s quan trc mi trng nc

- Thng s quan trc : Nhit nc, pH, hm lng cn l lng, c, tng khong ho, DO, BOD5, CODKMnO4, Cl-, NH3, NH4+, NO2-, NO3-, PO43-, CN-, Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu, As, Phenol, Du, Coliform.
V tr cc im quan trc mi trng nc

+ im ly nc cp cho luyn gang thp, + im x nc thi ca nh my luyn gang thp, + Ngun nc mt trong khu vc, + Ngun nc ngm trong khu vc,
Quy nh quan trc v phn tch mu

i vi cc ch tiu mi trng nc c ly mu v phn tch vi tn sut 2 ln trong 1 nm, vo ma kh v vo ma ma. Cc ch tiu c phn tch theo cc tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 1995, TCVN 2001. Thit b ly mu v phng php phn tch : theo TCVN.

6.4.3. Gim st mi trng t

Cng nh cc yu t mi trng nc v mi trng khng kh, cc yu t mi trng t cng cn c quan trc thng xuyn. Tuy nhin tn sut gim st cc yu t mi trng t c th tha hn (1 nm/ln), nhm nh gi cht lng mi trng t v theo di s dch chuyn ca cc cht c hi, kim loi nng trong t.
Cc thng s cn quan trc

Cc thng s mi trng t cn quan trc bao gm : pHKCl, phenol, du, Pb, Zn, As, v CN-.
V tr cc im quan trc

Cc bi thi x, Khu vc thot nc ca nh my luyn gang thp,

Cc s liu v quan trc v phn tch mi trng phi c cp nht ho, c nh gi theo quy nh ca TCVN v ghi nhn kt qu thng xuyn. Nu pht hin thy c s dao ng ln hoc gia tng v mt nng cc cht nhim, cn phi c cc bin php x l nhanh chng v kp thi.

98

Chng 7. Tham vn kin cng ng

Yu cu : Ch d n gi vn bn thng bo v cc hng mc u t chnh, cc vn mi trng, cc gii php bo v mi trng ca d n v ngh U ban Nhn dn, U ban Mt trn T quc cp x ni thc hin d n tham gia kin. Ni dung c th ca thng bo bao gm : nhng ni dung chnh ca d n, nhng tc ng tiu cc ca d n n mi trng t nhin v kinh t x hi, nhng bin php gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc s p dng v nhng cam kt khc ca ch d n v bo v mi trng km theo nhng s (bn , bn v) th hin r v tr ca d n trong mi lin h vi cc i tng t nhin v kinh t x hi xung quanh, s (bn v) tng mt bng ca d n vi cc hng mc cng trnh chnh ca d n v cc cng trnh x l v qun l cht thi ca d n, cc cng trnh bo v mi trng i vi cc yu t khc ngoi cht thi. - Trong thi hn c quy nh ti Khon 4 iu 1 Ngh nh s 21/2008/N-CP, U ban Nhn dn v U ban Mt trn T quc cp x c trch nhim : + Cng b cng khai nhn dn bit v tr li ch d n bng vn bn. + Thng bo bng vn bn yu cu ch d n phi hp thc hin i thoi i vi trng hp cn thit. Kt qu i thoi gia ch d n, U ban Nhn dn, U ban Mt trn T quc cp x v cc bn c lin quan c ghi thnh bin bn, trong c danh sch i biu tham gia v phn nh y nhng kin tho lun, kin tip thu hoc khng tip thu ca ch d n, bin bn c ch k ca i din ch d n v i din cc bn lin quan tham d i thoi. - Nhng kin tn thnh, khng tn thnh ca U ban Nhn dn, U ban Mt trn T quc cp x, ca i biu tham gia i thoi phi c tng hp v th hin trung thc trong ni dung bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng. - Cc vn bn tham vn cng ng ca ch d n, vn bn gp kin ca U ban Nhn dn, U ban Mt trn T quc cp x, bin bn cuc i thoi v cc vn bn tham vn cng ng khc (nu c) phi c sao v nh km trong phn ph lc ca bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng. - i vi tng ni dung kin, yu cu ca UBND v UBMTTQ cp x, ch d n cn nu r quan im ca mnh ng hay khng ng . Trng hp ng th cn nu r cc cam kt ca ch d n p ng cc kin, yu cu trn. Trng hp khng ng

7.1. PHNG PHP THAM VN KIN CNG NG 7.1.1. Theo UNEP

- Li cun cng ng vo qu trnh TM d n : + Nhng ngi c ch nh qun l v thc hin qu trnh TM (ch u t d n, c quan t vn v cc nhm chuyn gia). + Nhng ngi c th ng gp cc s kin, tng hoc cc kha cnh cn quan 99

tm n qu trnh TM d n (cc nh khoa hc, kinh t, k thut, chnh sch v i din cng ng dn c c quan tm hoc b nh hng). + Nhng ngi c trch nhim trc tip n vic cp php, kim tra hoc sa i d n, nhng ngi ra quyt nh (ch d n, ch u t, cc nh chuyn mn, gim st v cc nh chnh sch). - Cc bc thu ht cng ng (hnh 7-1):

- Gii thiu d n v phm vi TM - Hin trng mi trng khu vc d n

Tham kho kin cng ng

- D bo cc tc ng mi trng - nh gi tc ng mi trng

- Xy dng cc bin php gim thiu - Xem xt li quy trnh TM

Hnh 7-1 : Cc bc thu ht cng ng (UNEP)
7.1.2. Theo WB

Ngn hng Th gii (WB) yu cu phi tin hnh tham vn i vi nhng ngi b nh hng bi d n v cc t chc phi chnh ph. Vic tham vn phi c thc hin cng sm cng tt trong chu trnh d n cc kin thu thp c c th c cn nhc n trong thit k d n v trong qu trnh la chn cc bin php gim thiu. Ngn hng Th gii cng quy nh hot ng tham vn phi c tip tc trong qu trnh xy dng v thc hin d n. Ngn hng Th gii yu cu quy trnh v cc kt qu tham vn cng ng phi c trnh by trong bo co TM, iu ny cho php nhng ngi nh gi d n v cc bn lin quan c th kim tra mc tham gia ca cng ng trong qu trnh TM v nh gi xem liu nhng kin v ng gp ca ngi dn c c gii quyt mt cch tho ng hay khng.
7.2. MC TIU CA THAM VN TRONG QU TRNH TM

- Giai on xc nh phm vi (bng cc cuc hp, cu hi, hi tho) : + Xc nh cc bn lin quan. + Gii thiu d n v cc vn mi trng lin quan. + Hin trng s dng t. Nhng yu t mi trng cha c nhn bit. - Giai on hon thnh bo co TM (t chc hp dn, hp nhm, hi tho ph bin tm tt bo co TM, ly kin) : 100

+ Bo co v tho lun cc kt qu TM. + Ly kin phn hi v thng nht cc kt qu. + M rng qu trnh tham vn i vi nhng d n m cc bn lin quan tr thnh cc i tc cng tham gia vo vic thit k, thc hin d n v qu trnh ra quyt nh.
7.3. LA CHN K THUT THAM VN CNG NG

K thut tham vn cng ng khng ch cung cp hng dn cho nhng ngi lm thc t trong qu trnh TM, m cn l ti liu minh ho cho cc bc cn thc hin (lm cho qu trnh tham vn d dng hn). Qu trnh tham vn cng ng cn c tip tc sau khi cc quyt nh c hnh thnh. Kt qu ca qu trnh tham vn cn c thng bo cho cc bn lin quan v gii thch r qu trnh xem xt cc kin ca ngi dn, l do a ra mt quyt nh. Bng 7-1 : La chn k thut tham vn cng ng Thu thp thng tin Ph bin thng tin Tham vn Tham gia Bng cu hi, iu Truyn thng Hp nhm, hi Chnh quyn tra kho st v ly (i, TV, bo) tho thn, x kin Phng vn Trng by, trin Hi ngh, hi tho Hp lm chuyn nh gi cc vn Hp dn Cc vn mi Cc hot ng i mi trng trng n s ng thun
Ngun : CETIA Cc hot ng tham gia ca cng ng cn thc hin. Cc bin php cn thit tin hnh cc hot ng . NI DUNG Vai tr v chc nng ca cc bn tham gia. Kh nng ngn sch.

Lch trnh thc hin.

Hnh 7-2 : K thut tham vn cng ng

7.4. NI DUNG CA BO CO THAM VN CNG NG 7.4.1. Gii thiu

- Tng quan v mc tiu ca d n. 101

- Mc ch ca tham vn cng ng trong qu trnh TM. - Yu cu v tham vn cng ng. - Xc nh cc nhm ngi b nh hng. - cng bo co tham vn cng ng.
7.4.2. Tm tt cc hot ng tham vn thc hin

- Khi qut v thi im v ngi c tham vn. - Tm tt v nhng ngi c tham vn.
7.4.3. Kt qu tham vn trong qu trnh xc nh phm vi d n

- Nhng vn c cc bn lin quan nhn din. - Nhng vn c cn nhc dn nh th no.

7.4.4. Cc xut cho phn ph lc

- Tm tt v d n (cc tc ng tim n, cc bin php gim thiu tc ng mi trng). - Bin bn ca cc hot ng tham vn. - Danh sch nhng ngi tham gia cc hot ng tham vn.
7.4.5. Nhng quy nh v tham vn cng ng ca Thng t 05/2008/TTBTNMT ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng

Ch d n gi vn bn thng bo v cc hng mc u t chnh, cc vn mi trng, cc gii php bo v mi trng ca d n v ngh U ban Nhn dn, U ban Mt trn T quc cp x ni thc hin d n tham gia kin. Ni dung c th ca thng bo bao gm : nhng ni dung chnh ca d n, nhng tc ng tiu cc ca d n n mi trng t nhin v kinh t x hi (trong cn ch r chng loi km theo nng , thi lng cc loi cht thi), nhng bin php gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc s p dng v nhng cam kt khc ca ch d n v bo v mi trng (trong cn ch r cng ngh, thit b v cng trnh x l cht thi, mc x l theo cc thng s c trng ca cht thi so vi tiu chun, quy chun quy nh v cc bin php khc v bo v mi trng) km theo nhng s (bn , bn v) th hin r v tr ca d n trong mi lin h vi cc i tng t nhin v kinh t x hi xung quanh, s (bn v) tng mt bng ca d n vi cc hng mc cng trnh chnh ca d n v cc cng trnh x l v qun l cht thi ca d n, cc cng trnh bo v mi trng i vi cc yu t khc ngoi cht thi (th hin r cc im u ni h tng c s, k c cc cng trnh x l v qun l cht thi ca d n vi h thng h tng c s v cc i tng t nhin bn ngoi hng ro khu vc d n. Trong thi hn c quy nh ti Khon 4 iu 1 Ngh nh s 21/2008/NCP, U ban Nhn dn v U ban Mt trn T quc cp x c trch nhim : - Cng b cng khai nhn dn bit v tr li ch d n bng vn bn. - Thng bo bng vn bn yu cu ch d n phi hp thc hin i thoi i vi trng hp cn thit. Kt qu i thoi gia ch d n, U ban Nhn dn, U ban Mt trn T quc cp x v cc bn c lin quan c ghi thnh bin bn, trong c danh sch i biu tham gia v phn nh y nhng kin tho lun, 102

kin tip thu hoc khng tip thu ca ch d n, bin bn c ch k ca i din ch d n v i din cc bn lin quan tham d i thoi. Nhng kin tn thnh, khng tn thnh ca U ban Nhn dn, U ban Mt trn T quc cp x, ca i biu tham gia i thoi phi c tng hp v th hin trung thc trong ni dung bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng. Cc vn bn tham vn cng ng ca ch d n, vn bn gp kin ca U ban Nhn dn, U ban Mt trn T quc cp x, bin bn cuc i thoi v cc vn bn tham vn cng ng khc (nu c) phi c sao v nh km trong phn ph lc ca bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng. i vi tng ni dung kin, yu cu ca U ban Nhn dn cp x v U ban Mt trn T quc cp x, ch d n cn nu r quan im ca mnh ng hay khng ng . - Trng hp ng th cn nu r cc cam kt ca ch d n p ng kin, yu cu ny c trnh by ni dung (chng, mc) no ca bo co. - Trng hp khng ng th cn nu r l do ti sao. Cc cam kt ca ch d n v thc hin chng trnh qun l mi trng, chng trnh gim st mi trng nh nu trong chng 6 (bao gm cc tiu chun, quy chun k thut mi trng m d n bt buc phi p dng); thc hin cc cam kt vi cng ng; tun th cc quy nh chung v bo v mi trng c lin quan n cc giai on ca d n gm : - Cc cam kt v gii php, bin php bo v mi trng s thc hin v hon thnh trong cc giai on chun b v xy dng n thi im trc khi d n i vo vn hnh chnh thc. - Cc cam kt v cc gii php, bin php bo v mi trng s c thc hin trong giai on t khi d n i vo vn hnh chnh thc cho n khi kt thc d n. - Cam kt n b v khc phc nhim mi trng trong trng hp cc s c, ri ro mi trng xy ra do trin khai d n. - Cam kt phc hi mi trng theo quy nh ca php lut v bo v mi trng sau khi d n kt thc vn hnh.

103

Chng 8 Khung hng dn k thut lp bo co tm D n u t xy dng nh my luyn gang thp

PHN M U I. XUT X CA D N 1. M u Theo quy nh ti iu 19, Mc 2, Lut BVMT do Quc hi Nc CHXHCN Vit Nam ban hnh ngy 29 thng 11 nm 2005 v c hiu lc thi hnh t ngy 01 thng 07 nm 2006, Ngh nh 80/2006/N-CP ngy 09 thng 08 nm 2006, Ngh nh s 21/2008/N-CP ngy 28 thng 02 nm 2008 ca Chnh ph v Hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut BVMT, th cc d n u t pht trin kinh t x hi phi lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM) trnh C quan Qun l Nh nc ph duyt. Thng t 05/2008/TT-BTNMT hng dn v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng. 2. Xut x ca d n - Tm tt v xut x, hon cnh ra i v s cn thit ca d n u t. - C quan, t chc c thm quyn duyt d n u t. - Mi quan h ca d n vi cc quy hoch pht trin do c quan qun l nh nc c thm quyn thm nh v ph duyt. - Nu r d n c nm trong khu kinh t, khu cng ngh cao, khu cng nghip, khu ch xut hay khng? Nu c th nu y tn gi v nh km bn sao : + Quyt nh ph duyt (nu c) bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ca d n u t xy dng kt cu h tng ca khu kinh t, khu cng ngh cao, khu cng nghip, khu ch xut do c quan c thm quyn cp. + Vn bn xc nhn (nu c) thc hin/hon thnh cc ni dung ca bo co v yu cu ca quyt nh ph duyt bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng do c quan c thm quyn cp (i vi trng hp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ca d n xy dng kt cu h tng khu cng nghip, khu ch xut, khu cng ngh cao c ph duyt sau ngy 01/7/2006). II. CN C PHP LUT V K THUT CA VIC THC HIN NH GI TC NG MI TRNG (TM) 1. Cc cn c php lut Lit k cc vn bn php lut lm cn c cho vic thc hin TM v lp bo co TM d n (s hiu, m hiu, thi gian, cp ban hnh). 2. Cc cn c k thut Lit k cc vn bn k thut lm cn c cho vic thc hin TM v lp bo co TM d n (s liu, m hiu, thi gian, cp ban hnh). 3. Cc tiu chun, quy chun p dng Lit k cc tiu chun, quy chun p dng bo gm cc Tiu chun Vit Nam, Quy chun Vit Nam, tiu chun, quy chun ngnh, cc tiu chun, quy chun quc t hoc cc tiu chun, quy chun khc c nu trong bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ca d n.

104

III. NGUN S LIU, D LIU 1. Ngun ti liu, d liu tham kho Lit k cc ngun ti liu, d liu s dng trong qu trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng (tn gi, xut x thi gian, tc gi, ni pht hnh ca ti liu, d liu). Tng hp vo bng theo mu sau : Bng : Ngun ti liu, d liu tham kho TT Ngun ti liu, d liu tham kho Ni pht hnh, tc gi

2. Ngun ti liu, d liu do ch d n t to lp Lit k cc ngun ti liu, d liu do ch d n t to lp, xut x thi gian, a im m ti liu, d liu c to lp. Tng hp vo bng theo mu sau : Bng : Ngun ti liu, d liu do ch d n to lp TT Ngun ti liu, d liu tham kho Xut x thi gian, a im III. PHNG PHP P DNG TRONG QU TRNH TM 1. Danh mc cc phng php nh gi tc ng mi trng - Phng php thng k : Phng php ny nhm thu thp v x l cc s liu kh tng thu vn v kinh t x hi ti khu vc d n. - Phng php tham vn cng ng : c s dng trong qu trnh phng vn ly kin ca lnh o U ban Nhn dn, U ban Mt trn T quc cp x, phng v cng ng dn c xung quanh khu vc d n. - Phng php iu tra kho st v ly mu hin trng : Phng php nhm xc nh v tr cc im o v ly mu cc thng s mi trng phc v cho vic phn tch v nh gi hin trng cht lng mi trng khu vc d n. - Phng php phn tch v x l s liu trong phng th nghim : c thc hin theo quy nh ca TCVN 1995 phn tch cc thng s mi trng phc v cho vic nh gi hin trng cht lng mi trng khu vc d n. - Phng php so snh : Dng nh gi cc tc ng trn c s Tiu chun Vit Nam v mi trng TCVN 1995, 2000 v TCVN 2005. - Phng php ma trn : Xy dng ma trn tng tc gia hot ng xy dng, qu trnh s dng v cc tc ng ti cc yu t mi trng xem xt ng thi nhiu tc ng. - Phng php nh gi nhanh : c thc hin theo quy nh ca T chc Y t Th gii (WHO) nhm c tnh ti lng ca cc cht nhim trong kh thi v nc thi nh gi cc tc ng ca d n ti mi trng. - Phng php m hnh ho : S dng m hnh tnh ton d bo nng trung bnh ca cc cht nhim trong kh thi v nc thi t cc ngun thi ca cng ngh luyn cn thp vo mi trng. - Phng php phn tch tng hp xy dng bo co : Phn tch, tng hp cc tc ng ca d n n cc thnh phn mi trng t nhin v kinh t x hi khu vc thc hin d n. 2. Cc thit b quan trc mi trng s dng Thit b quan trc mi trng nc c s dng Lit k cc loi thit b quan trc, ly mu v phn tch cc thng s mi trng nc s dng phc v cho cng tc TM d n. Thit b quan trc v phn tch mi trng khng kh c s dng 105

Lit k cc loi thit b quan trc, ly mu v phn tch cc thng s mi trng khng kh s dng phc v cho cng tc TM d n. Thit b o v quan trc ting n Lit k cc loi thit b quan trc, o c cc thng s ting n s dng phc v cho cng tc TM d n. IV. T CHC THC HIN TM - Nu t chc thc hin TM v lp bo co TM ca ch d n, trong ch r vic c thu hay khng thu dch v t vn lp bo co TM d n. - Trng hp c thu dch v t vn lp bo co TM d n, cn nu r : + Tn c quan cung cp dch v ( c ng k ti Vit Nam). + a ch vn phng ti Vit Nam. + Tn ngi i din cao nht ca c quan cung cp dch v. + Chc v ngi i din. + S in thoi v s fax ti Vit Nam. + Giy ng k hot ng khoa hc v cng ngh v mi trng. - Danh sch nhng ngi trc tip tham gia lp bo co TM ca ch d n (bao gm cc thnh vin ca ch d n v cc thnh vin ca c quan t vn, hc v, chuyn ngnh o to ca tng thnh vin) : + H tn, n v v Chc v. + Trnh chuyn mn. + Chuyn ngnh mi trng. V. QUY TRNH THC HIN NH GI TC NG MI TRNG Trn c s cc quy nh ca Lut Bo v mi trng nm 2005, Ngh nh 80/2006/N-CP ngy 09 thng 08 nm 2006, Ngh nh s 21/2008/N-CP ngy 28 thng 02 nm 2008 ca Chnh ph, bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng d n nh my luyn cn thp c thc hin vi cc bc sau : - Bc 1 : Nghin cu d n u t. - Bc 2 : Nghin cu v cc iu kin t nhin v KTXH ti khu vc d n. - Bc 3 : Kho st, o c v nh gi hin trng cc thnh phn mi trng ti khu vc d n. - Bc 4 : Xc nh cc ngun gy tc ng, i tng, quy m b tc ng, phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng ca d n ti mi trng. - Bc 5 : Xy dng cc bin php gim thiu cc tc ng xu, phng nga v ng ph s c mi trng ca d n. - Bc 6 : Xy dng cc cng trnh x l mi trng, chng trnh qun l v gim st mi trng ca d n. - Bc 7 : Lp d ton kinh ph cho cc cng trnh x l mi trng. - Bc 8 : T chc tham vn ly kin ca UBND v UBMTTQ x, phng. - Bc 9 : Xy dng bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ca d n. - Bc 10 : Trnh thm nh bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ca d n.
Chng 1. M T TM TT D N 1.1. TN D N Nu chnh xc nh tn trong bo co u t/bo co kinh t k thut/d n u t hoc ti liu tng ng ca d n. 1.2. CH D N - Tn c quan ch d n ( c ng k ti Vit Nam).

106

- a ch lin h : Vn phng ti Vit Nam. - S in thoi v s fax ti Vit Nam. - H tn v chc danh ca ngi ng u c quan ch d n. - Quc tch : ghi r quc tch ca ngi ng u c quan ch d n. 1.3. V TR A L CA D N 1.3.1. V tr d n - V tr a l (gm c ta theo quy chun hin hnh, ranh gii...) ca a im thc hin d n trong mi tng quan vi cc i tng t nhin (h thng ng giao thng, h thng sng sui, ao h v cc vc nc khc, h thng i ni...), cc i tng kinh t x hi (khu dn c, khu th, cc i tng sn xut - kinh doanh dch v, cc cng trnh vn ha tn gio, cc di tch lch s...) v cc i tng khc xung quanh khu vc d n. - Cc hnh nh, s , bn th hin v tr d n trn a bn khu vc v cc i tng xung quanh d n nh cc KCN, CCN, cc nh my, cc khu dn c trn a bn phng/x, qun/huyn, cc di tch lch s v cng trnh vn ho c gi tr, mng li giao thng, mng li sng sui... 1.3.2. Khong cch t v tr d n n cc cng trnh xung quanh Khong cch t v tr d n n cc cng trnh xung quanh c c tnh c th ti : - Cc nh my xung quanh gn nht. - Cc khu dn c xung quanh gn nht. - Cc cng trnh, h tng c s phc v trin khai thc hin d n : ngun nc, ngun in, x l cht thi... - Cc i tng nhy cm : Cc khu vc bo tn, bo tng, khu sinh thi nhy cm, cc di tch lch s v cng trnh vn ho... - Cc i tng khc nh m khai thc qung, sn bay, cu cng... 1.3.3. V tr tip gip ca d n Nu r cc i tng tip gip vi d n (da trn bo co u t ca d n v qua qu trnh kho st) : - Pha Bc (ng Bc), - Pha ng (ng Nam), - Pha Nam (Ty Nam), - Pha Ty (Ty Bc). 1.3.4. Hin trng khu t ca d n Hin trng khu t ca d n cn nu r (da trn bo co u t ca d n v qua qu trnh kho st) : - Thng k hin trng s dng t : mc ch s dng t, din tch. - Thng k s lng nh trong khu vc d n : loi nh, s lng. - Thng k s h dn trong khu vc d n : s h dn ang sinh sng, s h dn c t canh tc. - Ngun ti nguyn, khong sn c gi tr khu vc d n. - M khai thc qung phc v cho d n. 1.3.5. Cc li ch kinh t x hi ca d n - Tng thu cho ngn sch. - Thc y s pht trin ca cc ngnh kinh t lin quan. - To cng n vic lm cho ngi lao ng. - To kim ngch xut khu v gp phn gia tng GDP ca a phng. - Gp phn thc y pht trin sn xut cng nghip a phng. 107

- To ng lc thc y sn xut, thng mi, dch v v giao thng kinh t. 1.3.6. Nhn xt - V tr d n ph hp hay khng ph hp vi quy hoch pht trin chung ca vng, ca khu vc. - Nhng kh khn v thun li khi thc hin d n ti v tr quy hoch, c th v cc vn n b, gii phng mt bng, tiu thot nc ma v nc thi, thu gom v x l cht thi... - Hng gi ch o ca khu vc v vng c kh nng b nh hng. - Cc vn v x hi ti khu vc d n. - Cc vn nhy cm v mi trng khu vc d n. 1.4. C IM V CNG NGH LUYN CN THP 1.4.1. Quy m ca d n v phng n sn phm - Quy m ca d n. - Sn phm ca d n. 1.4.2. Nguyn liu v nhin liu Nguyn liu - Thnh phn qung st. - Thnh phn thp ph liu. - Thnh phn cc cht ph gia... Nhin liu - Thnh phn du. - Thnh phn than . - Thnh phn than cok. - Nng lng in, nc. - Thnh phn cht tr dung... 1.4.3. Cc cng on sn xut Ngun nguyn liu v chun b nguyn liu - Ngun nguyn liu. - Bi nguyn liu. - Chun b nguyn liu. Cng ngh thiu kt + c im cng ngh. + S cng ngh vi cc dng thi. + Thit b cng ngh (chng loi, cng sut, s lng, hng, nm sn xut). Cng ngh luyn gang l cao + c im cng ngh. + S cng ngh vi cc dng thi. + Thit b cng ngh (chng loi, cng sut, s lng, hng, nm sn xut). Cng ngh luyn thp v c lin tc + c im cng ngh. + S cng ngh vi cc dng thi. + Thit b cng ngh (chng loi, cng sut, s lng, hng, nm sn xut). Cng ngh cn thp + c im cng ngh. + S cng ngh vi cc dng thi. + Thit b cng ngh (chng loi, cng sut, s lng, hng, nm sn xut). 108

1.5. CC CNG TRNH CA D N 1.5.1. Phn khu chc nng - M t c cu khng gian nh my theo tng hng mc cng trnh trn mt bng s dng t (bn v tng mt bng nh my). - Mi hng mc cng trnh phi th hin r v tr xy dng, din tch v hng ca cc cng trnh. - Phn tch, nh gi, so snh tnh u vit v mt kinh t k thut cng nh x hi ca cc phng n la chn v tr d n. Trn c s la chn v tr xy dng ca d n m bo v mt mi trng v pht trin bn vng, nh hng gi ch o ca khu vc, khong cch ti khu dn c, ngun tip nhn nc thi, c s h tng ca khu vc... 1.5.2. Cc cng trnh ca d n Ngoi nhng trnh by khi qut v c im v quy m cng trnh ca d n, cn trnh by r cc ni dung sau : - M t chi tit cu trc mt bng cng trnh, - c im cc hng mc cng trnh ca d n (k c cc cng trnh ph tr). 1.6. CC CNG TRNH H TNG K THUT CA D N 1.6.1. Cng tc san nn - Cao nn t t nhin theo h chun quc gia. - Cao nn t thit k. - Loi vt liu san nn, khi lng, phng php vn chuyn, san nn. - Phng n khai thc t san nn. 1.6.2. H thng giao thng - Giao thng bn ngoi nh my : cc tuyn ng ni nh my vi bn ngoi. - Giao thng trong nh my : chiu di, l gii, chiu rng (mt ng, h...). - Bn v km theo th hin r mng li giao thng ca d n. 1.6.3. H thng cp in - Tng nhu cu s dng in. - Ngun cp in (k c h thng pht in d phng). - Tng hp mng li phn phi in : hng mc, n v, khi lng. 1.6.4. H thng cp nc - Tng nhu cu s dng nc. - Ngun cp nc (k c khai thc nc ngm). - Tng hp mng li cp nc : hng mc, n v, khi lng. - Bn v km theo th hin r mng li cp nc ca d n. 1.6.5. H thng thot nc ma - Hng tuyn thot nc ma. - Ngun tip nhn nc ma. - Quy cch xy dng. - Tng hp khi lng h thng thot nc ma : n v, khi lng. - Bn v km theo th hin r h thng thot nc ma ca d n. 1.6.6. H thng thu gom nc thi - Hng tuyn thot nc thi. - Ngun tip nhn nc thi, v tr x thi. - Quy cch xy dng. - Tng hp khi lng h thng thot nc thi : hng mc, n v, khi lng - Bn v km theo th hin r h thng thot nc thi ca d n.

109

1.6.7. Trm x l nc thi - Lu lng nc thi. V tr trm x l nc thi trn tng mt bng nh my. - Cng ngh x l nc thi. - Tiu chun nc thi u vo, tiu chun nc thi u ra. - Ngun tip nhn nc thi sau x l (im x nc thi ra ngun tip nhn). 1.6.8. Khu lu gi cht thi rn - Chc nng. - V tr v din tch. 1.6.9. Phng n thi cng Trong phn ny cn trnh by c th cc phng n thi cng v phng n cung cp nguyn vt liu phc v cho thi cng cng trnh ca d n, khi lng v phng php thi cng o v p t. - Phng n thi cng mng v cc cng trnh nh xng. - Phng n thi cng cc cng trnh h tng k thut. 1.6.10. Nhng gii php mi trng c lng ghp trong ni dung ca d n Trnh by nhng xem xt, cn nhc di gc mi trng v nhng ni dung mi trng nh phng n thay th, cc thit k k thut, cc bin php thi cng... c lng ghp trong bo co u t d n. 1.7. CHI PH U T CA D N 1.7.1. Tng chi ph u t ca d n Da trn bo co nghin cu kh thi hoc bo co u t ca d n. 1.7.2. Chi ph cho tng hng mc u t ca d n Da trn bo co nghin cu kh thi hoc bo co u t ca d n. 1.8. T CHC QUN L D N - Qun l thc hin d n (th hin trn s ). - Nhn lc thc hin. - B phn chuyn trch v mi trng. 1.9. TIN THC HIN D N Nu c th lch trnh thc hin cc hng mc cng trnh ca d n t giai on chun b, thi cng n giai on hon thnh a nh my vo hot ng. Chng 2. IU KIN T NHIN, MI TRNG V KINH T X HI KHU VC D N 2.1. CC IU KIN T NHIN KHU VC D N Hot ng ca ngnh cng nghip luyn cn thp pht thi mt lng kh thi ln c cha cc cht kh c hi vi nng cao nh Bi TSP, Kh SO2, CO, CO2, NOx, HCl, HF. Qu trnh lan truyn, pht tn v chuyn ho cc cht nhim trong kh thi ph thuc rt nhiu vo cc iu kin t nhin khu vc. Do , trong nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Nh my luyn cn thp cn phi c nhng nh gi y v c im iu kin t nhin, hin trng mi trng v tnh hnh kinh t x hi khu vc bao gm : 2.1.1. iu kin v a l, a cht V tr khu t ca d n - Mt bng khu t, hng, mi lin h vi cc vng xung quanh. - Cao a hnh, hng thot nc. Ta v tr khu t. - Th hin v tr khu t trn bn nn khu vc d n. a cht cng trnh

110

- Tnh cht vt l ca cc lp t . - Tnh cht c hc ca cc lp t . a cht thu vn - Tr lng nc di t. - Cht lng nc di t. Nhn xt - nh gi kh nng chu ti mi trng ca khu vc d n. - nh gi gi tr ngun ti nguyn nc di t v kh nng b nhim do hot ng ca d n gy ra.
2.1.2. iu kin v kh tng, thu vn Qu trnh lan truyn v chuyn ho cc cht nhim ph thuc rt nhiu vo iu kin kh hu ti khu vc d n. Cc yu t l : - Nhit khng kh v m tng i ca khng kh - Lng ma, nng v bc x mt tri. - Tc gi, hng gi v tn sut gi. - Mt s hin tng kh tng c th nh sng m, bo l, ging... V iu kin kh tng khu vc d n phi da vo ngun s liu thng k ti cc Trm Kh tng gn v tr d n v thuc a bn ni d n s c xy dng. S liu phi c thng k trong vng t 10-20 nm gn nht vi cc c trng sau : Nhit khng kh Nhit khng kh c nh hng n s lan truyn v chuyn ho cc cht nhim trong khng kh gn mt t v ngun nc. Cc gi tr c trng v nhit khng kh nh sau : Bng : Nhit trung bnh thng cc nm khu vc d n n v tnh : oC Thng I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Trm-nm Trung bnh
Ngun : Trm Kh tng - Thu vn.

m khng kh m ca khng kh ln to iu kin cho vi sinh vt t mt t pht tn vo khng kh pht trin nhanh chng, lan truyn trong khng kh v chuyn ho cc cht nhim trong khng kh gy nhim mi trng. Cc gi tr c trng v m ti khu vc d n nh sau : Bng : m tng i trung bnh thng cc nm khu vc d n n v tnh : % Thng I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Trm-nm Trung bnh
Ngun : Trm Kh tng - Thu vn.

Nng v bc x Ch nng lin quan cht ch vi ch bc x v tnh trng my. Cc thng s c trng v nng ca khu vc nh sau : 111

Tng s gi nng trung bnh nm. Thng c s gi nng trung bnh ln nht. Thng c s gi nng trung bnh thp nht. Bng : S gi nng trung bnh thng cc nm khu vc d n n v tnh : gi Thng I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Trm-nm
Trung bnh
Ngun : Trm Kh tng - Thu vn.

Tc gi, hng gi v tn sut gi Gi l yu t kh tng c bn nht c nh hng n s lan truyn cc cht nhim trong khng kh v lm xo trn cc cht nhim trong nc. Cc thng s c trng v tc gi v hng gi khu vc d n nh sau : - Vn tc gi trung bnh nm. - Vn t gi trung bnh thng ln nht. - Vn t gi trung bnh thng nh nht. - Hng gi ch o v ma h. - Hng gi ch o v ma ng. Bng : Tc gi trung bnh thng cc nm khu vc d n n v tnh : m/s Thng I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Trm-nm Trung bnh
Ngun : Trm Kh tng - Thu vn.

Bng : Tn sut gi trung bnh thng cc nm khu vc d n n v tnh : % Thng I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Trm-nm
Trung bnh
Ngun : Trm Kh tng - Thu vn.

Lng ma Ma c tc dng lm sch mi trng khng kh v pha long cht thi lng. Cc thng s c trng ti vng d n nh sau : - Lng ma trung bnh nm. - Lng ma trung bnh thng cao nht v thp nht. Bng : Lng ma trung bnh thng cc nm khu vc d n n v tnh : mm Thng I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Trm-nm Trung bnh
Ngun : Trm Kh tng - Thu vn.

112

 bn vng kh quyn bn vng kh quyn c xc nh theo tc gi v bc x mt tri vo ban ngy v che ph my vo ban m. Da vo bng sau xc nh n nh kh quyn khu vc d n. Bng : Phn loi bn vng kh quyn (Pasquill, 1961) Tc gi ti Bc x mt tri ban ngy my ban m cao Mnh Trung bnh Yu It my Nhiu my 10m (m/s) ( cao mt ( cao mt ( cao mt < 4/8 > 4/8 tri >60) tri 35-60) tri 15-35) B A-B A <2 F E C B A-B 2-3 E D C B-C B 3-5 D D D C-D C 5-6 D D D D C >6
Ghi ch : A - Rt khng bn vng B - Khng bn vng loi trung bnh C - Khng bn vng loi yu D - Trung ho E - Bn vng trung bnh F - Bn vng

c im ch thu vn khu vc d n M t mng li thu vn ti khu vc d n, c th l ngun tip nhn nc ma v nc thi ca d n. c im ch thu vn phi th hin c cc c trng sau: - Tn sng, sui. - Hnh thi v c trng : chiu di, rng, su, lu lng, dng chy, tc dng chy... 2.2. HIN TRNG CC THNH PHN MI TRNG T NHIN Cc thnh phn mi trng t nhin bao gm thnh phn vt l (khng kh, ting n, rung, nc mt, nc di t, nc bin ven b, t v trm tch) v thnh phn sinh hc (ng vt, thc vt, h sinh thi di nc v h sinh thi trn cn, ng vt hoang d v thc vt qu him). Cc thnh phn mi trng t nhin s chu tc ng trc tip hoc gin tip trong thi gian ngn hay di ca qu trnh thc hin d n. Do vy vic nh gi cc thnh phn mi trng t nhin trc khi thc hin d n s gip cho cc nh qun l s b nh gi c sc chu ti mi trng ca khu vc d n, cng nh d bo din bin mi trng khu vc khi d n i vo hot ng. Cc s liu quan trc cc thnh phn mi trng t nhin c th ly t nhiu ngun t liu khc nhau t cc Trm Quan trc mi trng Quc gia v tnh thnh, cc cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc, kho st trong nhiu nm c cng b chnh thc hoc d n t tin hnh quan trc mi trng. S liu quan trc mi trng phi c cp nht ti thi im lp d n. Mi trng nn l mi trng khu vc trc khi thc hin d n v s chu tc ng ca qu trnh thc hin d n. nh gi mi trng nn l qu trnh xc nh hin trng mi trng ca khu vc m d n d nh s thc hin. Do vy phn ni dung ny phi th hin c mt cch nh lng cc thnh phn mi trng nn cu khu vc thng qua cc s liu quan trc, o c cc ch tiu mi trng s chu tc ng trc tip ca d n trong tng lai. Cc s liu mi trng nn s l c s kim sot, nh gi tnh hiu qu ca cng tc TM sau ny. S liu mi trng nn cn t tiu chun cht lng sau :

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- C tin cy, r rng v phi r ngun gc xut x. - Cc s liu, ti liu phi bao gm nhng yu t, thnh phn mi trng trong khu vc chu tc ng trc tip hay gin tip ca d n. - Cc s liu phi c x l s b, h thng ho, r rng gip cho ngi phn tch tng hp, nhn nh c im ca vng nghin cu. - Phng php o lng kho st, phn tch, thng k phi tun th cc quy chun k thut ca h thng Tiu chun Vit Nam v Mi trng (TCVN). - Ch tin hnh thu thp, o c, iu tra cc s liu v mi trng v ti nguyn thin nhin nhng khu vc c lin quan trc tip hoc gin tip n d n v nhng ch tiu mi trng s b tc ng bi d n. 2.2.1. Hin trng cht lng mi trng nc mt Cc ngun nc ch yu trong khu vc - Nc sng, sui, ao h, - Nc knh mng thu li, - Nc bin ven b, Hin trng cht lng mi trng nc khu vc d n - Ly mu nc mt : + V tr cc im o c v ly mu nc mt : m t r im quan trc ly mu trn sng sui no, khong cch t v tr ly mu n v tr d n. + iu kin kh hu ti thi im ly mu, to im ly mu. + Thi gian ly mu v phng php ly mu. + Phng php o c v phn tch cho tng thng s mi trng nc phi c thc hin theo quy chun k thut TCVN v QA, QC. + V tr cc im ly mu phi th hin trn bn nn khu vc d n. - Cc thng s phn tch nc mt : + Nhit , pH, + Cc ch tiu v c, hm lng cn l lng, DO, TDS. + Nhu cu oxy ho sinh ho (BOD5) v oxy ho ho hc (COD), + Cc ch tiu v cht dinh dng : NH4+, NO2-, NO3-, PO43-, Cl-, N, P, + Cc ch tiu v hm lng kim loi nng : Fe, Zn, Pb, As, CrVI, CN-, + Hm lng phenol, + Hm lng du m, + Tng s Coliform. - Kt qu phn tch : Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc mt c th hin theo mu bng sau : Bng : Kt qu phn tch cht lng mi trng nc mt ST Thng s phn n v Mu Mu Mu TCVN T tch W1 W2 W3 5942-1995 o 1 Nhit nc C 2 pH 3 c NTU 4 SS mg/l 5 DO mg/l 6 TDS mg/l 7 BOD5 mg/l 8 COD mg/l 9 NH4+ mg/l 114

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

NO2NO3PO43ClTng N Tng P St (Fe) Km (Zn) Ch (Pb) Asen (As) Crom IV (CrVI) Cyanua (CN-) Phenol Du m Coliforms

mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l MPN/100ml

Ghi ch : TCVN 5942-1995 (A hoc B) - Tiu chun Vit Nam v cht lng nc mt.

- Nhn xt : + nh gi so snh cc thng s phn tch vi TCVN. + Kt lun v cht lng nc mt ti khu vc d n v phn tch nguyn nhn
2.2.2. Hin trng cht lng mi trng nc di t Cc ngun nc ch yu trong khu vc - Nc ging o (mch nng). - Nc ging khoan. Hin trng cht lng mi trng nc khu vc d n - Ly mu nc di t : + V tr cc im o c v ly mu nc di t : m t r im quan trc ly mu l ging khoan hay ging o, su, tn ch h, a ch. + iu kin kh tng ti thi im ly mu, to im ly mu. + Thi gian ly mu, phng php ly mu v phn tch phi c thc hin theo quy chun k thut TCVN v QA, QC. + V tr cc im ly mu phi th hin trn bn nn khu vc d n. - Cc thng s phn tch nc di t : + Nhit , pH, + Ch tiu v cng theo CaCO3, hm lng cn l lng, DO. + Cc ch tiu v cht dinh dng : NH4+, NO3-, SO42-, Cl-, + Cc ch tiu v hm lng kim loi nng : Fe, Zn, Pb, As, CrVI, CN-, + Hm lng phenol, + Tng s Coliform. - Kt qu phn tch : Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc i t c th hin theo mu bng sau : Bng : Kt qu phn tch cht lng mi trng nc di t ST Thng s phn tch n v Mu Mu Mu TCVN T GW1 GW2 GW3 5944-1995 1 pH -

115

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

cng CaCO3 SS NH4+ NO3SO42ClSt (Fe) Km (Zn) Ch (Pb) Asen (As) CromIV (CrVI) Cyanua (CN-) Phenol Coliforms

mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l MPN/100ml

Ghi ch : TCVN 5944-1995 - Tiu chun Vit Nam v cht lng nc ngm.

- Nhn xt : + nh gi so snh cc thng s phn tch vi TCVN. + Kt lun v cht lng nc di t khu vc d n, phn tch nguyn nhn.
2.2.3. Hin trng cht lng mi trng nc bin ven b Ly mu nc bin ven b + V tr cc im o c v ly mu nc bin ven b : m t r im quan trc ly mu trn b bin no, khong cch t v tr ly mu n v tr d n. + iu kin kh tng ti thi im ly mu, to im ly mu. + Thi gian ly mu, phng php ly mu v phng php phn tch phi c thc hin theo quy chun k thut TCVN v QA, QC. + V tr cc im ly mu phi th hin trn bn nn khu vc d n. - Cc thng s phn tch nc bin ven b : Nhit nc, pH, DO, SS, BOD5, NH4+, Zn, Pb, As, Cd, Du m, Coliform. + Nhit , pH, + Cc ch tiu v c, hm lng cn l lng, DO, TDS. + Nhu cu oxy ho sinh ho (BOD5) v oxy ho ho hc (COD), + Cc ch tiu v cht dinh dng : NH4+, NO2-, NO3-, PO43-, Cl-, N, P, + Cc ch tiu v hm lng kim loi nng : Fe, Zn, Pb, As, CrVI, CN-, + Hm lng phenol, + Hm lng du m v Tng s Colifform. - Kt qu phn tch : Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc bin ven b th hin theo mu bng sau :

Bng : Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc bin ven b ST Thng s phn n v Mu Mu Mu T tch W1 W2 W3 o 1 Nhit nc C 2 pH 3 c NTU 4 SS mg/l 116

TCVN 5943-1995

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

DO TDS BOD5 COD NH4+ NO2NO3PO43ClTng N Tng P St (Fe) Km (Zn) Ch (Pb) Asen (As) Crom IV (CrVI) Cyanua (CN-) Phenol Du m Coliforms

mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l MPN/100ml

Ghi ch : TCVN 5943-1995 - Tiu chun Vit Nam v cht lng nc bin ven b.

- Nhn xt : + nh gi so snh cc thng s phn tch vi TCVN. + Kt lun v cht lng nc bin ven b ti khu vc d n v phn tch nguyn nhn.
2.2.4. Hin trng cht lng mi trng khng kh Cc ngun gy nhim mi trng khng kh - Bi TSP, kh CO, SO2, NO2 do hot ng giao thng trong khu vc d n. - Bi TSP, kh c CO, CO2, SO2, NO2, HCl, HF t cng ngh luyn cn thp. - Bi v kh c do sinh hot ca nhn dn trong vng. Hin trng cht lng mi trng khng kh khu vc d n - Ly mu khng kh : + V tr cc im o c v ly mu khng kh : m t r im quan trc ly mu nm bn trong hay bn ngoi d n, nu nm ngoi th c tnh khong cch t v tr ly mu n v tr d n v v pha no. Phi c cc im ly mu cc khu dn c xung quanh theo hng gi ch o v cc ma. + iu kin kh tng ti thi im ly mu, to im ly mu. + Thi gian ly mu v phng php ly mu. + Phng php o c v phn tch cho tng thng s mi trng khng kh phi c thc hin theo quy chun k thut TCVN v QA,QC. + V tr cc im ly mu phi th hin trn bn nn khu vc d n. - Cc thng s phn tch : + Nhit , m, hng gi, vn tc gi, p sut kh quyn. + Bi TSP, Bi PM10, + Kh CO, CO2, SO2, NO2, HCl, HF,

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- Kt qu phn tch : Kt qu phn tch cht lng khng kh c th hin theo mu cc bng sau : Bng : S liu quan trc kh tng Hng gi Vn tc gi Nhit m p sut Thi gian (m/s) (oC) (%) (mbar) quan trc Bng : Gi tr trung bnh nng cc cht kh v bi im quan trc A1 A2 A3 TCVN 5937-2005 (24h)*
CO (mg/m3) CO2 (mg/m3) SO2 (mg/m3) NO2 (mg/m3) HCl (mg/m3) HF (mg/m3) TSP (mg/m3) PM10 (mg/m3)

Ghi ch : (*) Tiu chun Vit Nam v cht lng mi trng khng kh xung quanh (24h).

- Nhn xt : + nh gi so snh cc thng s phn tch vi TCVN 5937-2005 (TB 24h). + Kt lun v cht lng mi trng khng kh ti khu vc d n v phn tch nguyn nhn.
2.2.5. Hin trng ting n Cc ngun gy ting n - Hot ng giao thng trong khu vc d n v sinh hot ca nhn dn. - Hot ng do luyn cn thp. Hin trng ting n khu vc d n - o ting n : + V tr cc im o c ting n : cng vi im quan trc ly mu mi trng khng kh. + iu kin kh tng ti thi im o, to im o ting n. + Thi gian o v phng php o phi c thc hin theo quy chun k thut TCVN v QA, QC. + V tr cc im o phi th hin trn bn nn khu vc d n. - Cc thng s phn tch ting n tch phn : LAeq, LAmax (dBA). - Cc thng s phn tch ting n theo cc di Octa : 63-16000Hz. - Kt qu phn tch : Kt qu phn tch ting n c th hin theo mu cc bng sau : Bng : Gi tr trung bnh ting n im quan trc Mc m (dBA) LAeq LAmax N1 N2 TCVN 5949-1998
Ghi ch : TCVN 5949-1998 : Gii hn ti a cho php ting n ti khu dn c (khu vc 2).

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im quan trc NO1 NO2 NO3 TCCP 37332002/Q-BYT

Bng : Gi tr trung bnh ca ting n theo cc di Octa Mc n cc di Octa (dBA) 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz

16000 Hz

Ghi ch : TCCP 3733-2002/Q-BYT : Mc n cho php theo cc di Octa.

- Nhn xt : + nh gi so snh cc thng s phn tch vi TCVN v TCCP ca BYT. + Kt lun v ting n ti khu vc d n v phn tch nguyn nhn.
2.2.6. Hin trng mc rung Cc ngun gy rung ng - Hot ng giao thng trong khu vc d n. - Hot ng sn xut trong khu vc. - Sinh hot ca nhn dn trong vng. Hin trng mc rung khu vc d n - o mc rung : + V tr cc im o mc rung : cng vi im quan trc ly mu mi trng khng kh. + iu kin kh tng ti thi im o, to im o mc rung. + Thi gian o v phng php o phi c thc hin theo quy chun k thut TCVN v QA, QC. + V tr cc im o phi th hin trn bn nn khu vc d n. - Cc thng s phn tch mc rung : Lva(x), Lva(y), Lva(z) - Kt qu phn tch : Kt qu phn tch mc rung c th hin theo mu bng sau :

Bng : Gi tr trung bnh mc rung im quan trc Mc rung (dBA) Lva(x) Lva(y) V1 V2 V3 TCVN 6962-2001

Lva(z)

Ghi ch : TCVN 6962-2001 : Mc rung ti a cho php i vi mi trng khu cng cng v khu dn c.

- Nhn xt : + nh gi so snh cc thng s phn tch vi TCVN. + Kt lun v mc rung ti khu vc d n v phn tch nguyn nhn.

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2.2.7. Hin trng cht lng mi trng t - Ly mu t : + V tr cc im o c v ly mu t : m t r im quan trc ly mu l loi t g, su, nm trong hay ngoi d n, nu nm ngoi th c tnh khong cch t v tr ly mu n v tr d n v nm v pha no. Phi c cc im ly mu ti khu vc xung quanh chu tc ng bi d n. + iu kin kh tng ti thi im ly mu, to im ly mu. + Thi gian ly mu v phng php ly mu. + Phng php o c v phn tch cho tng thng s mi trng t phi c thc hin theo quy chun k thut TCVN v QA, QC. + V tr cc im ly mu phi th hin trn bn nn khu vc d n. - Cc thng s phn tch mi trng t : + pHKCL, + Phenol, + Du, + Nit tng s, + Pht pho tng s, + Kim loi nng : Fe, Zn, Pb, As, CrVI, CN- Kt qu phn tch : Kt qu phn tch mi trng t th hin theo mu bng sau : Bng : Cht lng mi trng t n v tnh : mg/kg im Zn Pb As CrVI CNpHkcl Tng Tng Phenol Du Fe quan trc N P S1 S2 S3 TCVN 7209-2002*
Ghi ch : (*) Tiu chun Vit Nam v cht lng mi trng t.

- Nhn xt : + nh gi so snh cc thng s phn tch vi TCVN. + Kt lun v cht lng t ti khu vc d n v phn tch nguyn nhn.
2.2.8. Hin trng cht lng trm tch - Ly mu trm tch : + V tr cc im o c v ly mu trm tch : m t r im quan trc ly mu sng sui hay b bin, khong cch t v tr ly mu n v tr d n. + iu kin kh tng ti thi im ly mu, to im ly mu. + Thi gian ly mu v phng php ly mu. + Phng php o c v phn tch cho tng thng s trm tch phi c thc hin theo quy chun k thut TCVN v QA, QC. + V tr cc im o phi th hin trn bn nn khu vc d n. - Cc thng s phn tch trm tch : + pHKCL, + Phenol, + Du,

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+ Nit tng s, Pht pho tng s, + Kim loi nng : Fe, Zn, Pb, As, CrVI, CN- Kt qu phn tch : Kt qu phn tch trm tch th hin theo mu bng sau : Bng : Cht lng trm tch im quan trc Sd1 Sd2 Sd3 TCVN 1995* pHkcl Tng N Tng P Phenol Du Fe Zn
n v tnh : mg/kg Pb As CrVI CN-

Ghi ch : (*) Tiu chun Vit Nam v cht lng trm tch.

- Nhn xt : + nh gi so snh cc thng s phn tch vi TCVN. + Kt lun v cht lng bn y ti khu vc d n v phn tch nguyn nhn.
2.2.9. H sinh thi trn cn Thu thp thng tin t liu iu tra c bn ca vng v kho st ti ch b sung bao gm : - H thc vt : cc loi thc vt chim u th, cc loi thc vt qu him. - H ng vt : cc loi ng vt chim u th, cc loi ng vt hoang d, cc loi ng vt c trong sch . - nh gi mc nhy cm ca h sinh thi trn cn. 2.2.10. H sinh thi di nc Thu thp thng tin t liu iu tra c bn ca vng v kho st ti ch gm : - Thc vt phiu sinh : thnh phn loi, s lng, mt , loi chim u th. - ng vt phiu sinh : thnh phn loi, s lng, mt , loi chim u th. - ng vt y : thnh phn loi, s lng, mt , cc loi chim u th. - nh gi mc nhy cm ca h sinh thi di nc. 2.3. IU KIN KINH T - X HI 2.3.1. iu kin v kinh t khu vc - Tm tt tnh hnh kinh t trong khu vc d n v vng k cn b tc ng bi d n trong nm gn nht, da trn bo co v tnh hnh pht trin kinh t x hi hng nm ca chnh quyn a phng, tp trung vo cc hot ng sau : + Cng nghip + Nng nghip + Giao thng vn ti + Khai khong + Du lch + Thng mi + Dch v + Cc ngnh khc

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- iu tra kho st trn a bn x, phng ni thc hin d n : s dng mu phiu iu tra, phng vn trc tip i din ca chnh quyn a phng, c xc nhn ca chnh quyn a phng. - iu tra kho st cc h dn trong vng d n : s dng mu phiu iu tra, phng vn trc tip ngi dn ti khu vc d n. 2.3.2. iu kin v x hi khu vc - Tm tt tnh hnh x hi trong khu vc d n v vng k cn b tc ng bi d n trong nm gn nht, da trn bo co v tnh hnh pht trin kinh t x hi hng nm ca chnh quyn a phng, tp trung vo cc ni dung sau : + Cc cng trnh vn ho + X hi + Tn gio, tn ngng + Di tch lch s + Khu dn c, khu th + Cc cng trnh lin quan khc + Tnh hnh sc khe cng ng, cc loi bnh thng gp. - iu tra kho st trn a bn x, phng ni thc hin d n : s dng mu phiu iu tra, phng vn trc tip i din ca chnh quyn a phng, trm y t x, phng c xc nhn ca chnh quyn a phng v trm y t x. - iu tra kho st cc h dn trong vng d n : s dng mu phiu iu tra, phng vn trc tip ngi dn ti khu vc d n.
Chng 3. NH GI CC TC NG MI TRNG CA D N 3.1. NH GI TC NG TRONG GIAI ON LP D N 3.1.1. nh gi v vic la chn a im xy dng nh my i vi d n u t xy dng Nh my luyn cn thp th a im xy dng cn c y cc yu t v iu kin cn thit : - Nm u mi giao thng, thun li cho vic vn chuyn cung cp nguyn nhin liu, cc vt liu khc phc v cho sn xut v vn ti ti cc th trng trong nc cng nh xut khu. - a im nm xa trung tm dn c, cng trnh v th ln, hn ch c tm nh hng n mi trng khu dn c v cc cng trnh trong khu vc. - iu kin kh hu, thu vn t c bin ng ln, a cht cng trnh khu vc m bo khng phi x l mng bng cc gii php gy tn km cho chi ph u t. - C s h tng k thut, cng trnh xy dng, trang thit b phc v cho sn xut v sinh hot, cng trnh phc li x hi phi hon chnh, tit kim c chi ph u t v pht huy c hiu qu u t. 3.1.2. nh gi v cng ngh luyn cn thp Loi hnh d n xy dng nh my luyn cn thp cn c nghin cu u t trn quan im la chn mt dy chuyn sn xut c mc tin tin, hin i nhm to ra cc sn phm c cht lng cao, n nh v khng gy nhim mi trng. Cc yu cu chnh la chn cng ngh cn p ng l : - Cng ngh sn xut ph hp vi c im v iu kin cht lng, kh nng cung ng nguyn, nhin liu thc t. - Vic la chn thit b c quan tm n kh nng chuyn i v lp t. - Gii php cng ngh la chn ph hp nhm nng cao thi gian hot ng hu ch, gim chi ph vn hnh v bo dng.

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- Mt bng v dy chuyn cng ngh b tr ph hp vi quy hoch chung v iu kin t nhin ca khu vc d n. - Cng ngh sn xut c tnh ton v la chn hot ng sn xut khng gy nh hng ti mi trng, cc ch tiu v nng bi, ting n, cht thi... ph hp vi Tiu chun Vit Nam v mi trng hin hnh. 3.1.3. nh gi v mt bng dy chuyn sn xut Mt bng dy chuyn cc hng mc cng trnh chnh ca dy chuyn sn xut phi m bo cc yu t sau : - V tr cc ngun thi phi nm cui hng gi ch o ca khu vc. - Nh xng sn xut : c ca mi ly nh sng t nhin v thng gi. 3.1.4. Dng thi t cc cng on luyn cn thp T s dy chuyn cng ngh luyn cn thp, ch r cc dng thi cc cht nhim t cc cng on sn xut i vi : - Ngun kh thi, ting n. - Ngun nc thi. - Cht thi rn v cht thi nguy hi. 3.2. NH GI TC NG TRONG GIAI ON GPMB 3.2.1. Ngun gy tc ng lin quan n cht thi Ngun tc ng i vi mi trng khng kh - Kh thi ca cc phng tin vn ti. - Bi pht tn t mt bng thi cng v ng giao thng trn cng trng. Giai on ny ch yu l nhim do kh thi t cc phng tin vn chuyn t san lp mt bng. Mc nhim giao thng ph thuc nhiu vo cht lng ng x, mt , lu lng dng xe, cht lng k thut xe qua li v s lng nhin liu tiu th. c th c tnh ti lng cht nhim c th s dng H s nhim do c quan Bo v Mi trng M (USEPA) v T chc Y t Th gii (WHO) thit lp. Ngun tc ng i vi mi trng nc Trong giai on san i mt bng ca d n, ngun pht sinh nc thi ch yu l nc thi ca cng nhn thi cng chun b mt bng trn cng trnh. i vi nc thi sinh hot ch yu cha cc cht cn b, cc cht l lng (SS), cc hp cht hu c (BOD/COD), cc cht dinh dng (N,P) v cc vi sinh vt. Xc nh ti lng cc cht nhim t cc ngun thi ny.
Ngun nhim cht thi rn - Cht thi rn t qu trnh ph d, san i mt bng. - Cht thi rn sinh hot ca cng nhn xy dng. 3.2.2. Ngun tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi Ngun tc ng do chim dng t Trong giai on GPMB, cn xc nh c th din tch t b chim dng (thu hi) cho d n, nht l din tch t nng nghip, t rng, t nui trng thu sn, rng ngp mn... Ngun tc ng do di di, ti nh c - S h dn phi di di, ti nh c. S m m phi di di. - S nh ca, cng trnh phi n b. - Cy ci, hoa mu phi n b. 3.2.3. nh gi tc ng trong giai on gii phng mt bng - Tc ng do chim dng t.

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- Tc ng do phi di di, ti nh c. - Tc ng ti cuc sng ca ngi dn b nh hng bi d n. - Tc ng ti mi trng khng kh t qu trnh san lp mt bng (nh gi da theo nng cht nhim, phm vi b tc ng, vng b nh hng). - Tc ng ti mi trng nc t qu trnh san lp mt bng (nh gi da theo nng cht nhim, phm vi b tc ng, vng b nh hng). - Tc ng do cht thi rn t qu trnh san lp mt bng (nh gi da theo chng loi, thnh phn ca cht thi rn). - Ri ro v s c mi trng trong qu trnh san lp mt bng. 3.2.4. i tng v quy m b tc ng - Cc i tng b tc ng. - Quy m tc ng v khng gian v thi gian. - Phm vi vng b nh hng (lu c bit n cc khu dn c xung quanh). - Mc tc ng. 3.3. NH GI TC NG GIAI ON THI CNG XY DNG 3.3.1. Ngun gy tc ng lin quan n cht thi Ngun tc ng i vi mi trng khng kh Trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng, s c nhiu phng tin, my mc tham gia thi cng. Ngoi ra, s lng xe ch nguyn vt liu n cng trnh cng s lm gia tng lu lng giao thng ti khu vc. Cc thit b ny khi hot ng trn cng trng s gy nn cc tc ng i vi mi trng khng kh : - nhim do bi t, ct. - nhim do kh thi t cc phng tin vn ti ra vo khu vc d n. - nhim do kh thi t cc phng tin thi cng c gii. c trng gy nhim mi trng khng kh ca cc phng tin vn chuyn v thi cng c gii trn cng trng xy dng ca d n. Da vo c trng ca cc ngun gy nhim mi trng khng kh, xc nh ti lng cc cht nhim cho tng ngun thi. Ngun tc ng i vi mi trng nc Trong giai on thi cng xy dng cng trnh, ngun pht sinh nc thi ch yu l t qu trnh dng h b tng, lm mt my mc thit b thi cng, nc thi ca cng nhn xy dng trn cng trng. - Nc thi t qu trnh thi cng xy dng, dng h b tng, lm mt thit b, lp t my mc thit b c cha nhiu cn lng, vt liu thi, du m... (xc nh ti lng cc cht nhim). - Nc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn xy dng c cha cc cht l lng, cht hu c, cc cht cn b v vi sinh... (xc nh ti lng cc cht nhim). Ngun nhim do cht thi rn Cht thi rn sinh ra trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng ca d n l cc cht t t cng tc lm ng, lm mng cng trnh nh gch, , xi mng, st thp v g, giy... t cng vic thi cng v hon thin cng trnh, lp t my mc, thit b v rc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn hot ng trn cng trng. Cn xc nh c th thnh phn v tnh cht, khi lng c th theo 3 loi cht thi rn sinh hot ca cng nhn, cht thi xy dng v cht thi nguy hi.
3.3.2. Ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi Ngun tc ng do ting n Trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng ca d n, ting n gy ra ch yu do cc

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my mc thi cng, cc phng tin vn ti trn cng trng v do s va chm ca my mc thit b, cc loi vt liu bng kim loi, my p cc b tng... Mc gy ting n ca cc thit b thi cng c xc nh t ngun i vi tng chng loi thit b s dng ca d n. Ngun tc ng do nc ra tri b mt Trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng ca d n, cc cht c hi t sn bi cha nguyn vt liu, t mt bng thi cng, bi rc, khu cha nhin liu... khi gp ma s b cun tri v d dng ho tan vo trong nc ma gy nhim cc thu vc tip nhn, nc ngm trong khu vc d n. Ngoi ra nc ma b nhim cng c th lm n mn cc vt liu kt cu v cng trnh trong khu vc. Tnh cht nhim ca nc ma trong trng hp ny b nhim c hc (t, ct, rc), nhim hu c (dch chit trong bi rc), nhim ho cht, kim loi nng v du m. nh gi tc ng ca nc ra tri b mt trn khu vc d n i vi mi trng, p dng m hnh tnh ton hng dn trong chng 4. Ngun tc ng gy nhim nhit - nhim nhit do thi tit kh hu. - Do cc my mc sinh nhit. 3.3.3. nh gi tc ng trong giai on thi cng xy dng nh gi tc ng do kh thi Tc ng do kh thi (bi v cc cht kh c hi) t cc phng tin vn chuyn v my mc thit b thi cng (t ti lng xc nh nng cc cht c hi, nh gi mc tc ng, phm vi v vng b nh hng). S dng m hnh d bo hng dn trong chng 4. Kt qu tnh ton m hnh phi d bo c nng cht nhim ln nht t c khong cch ti i tng b tc ng v c th hin bng biu tnh ton. nh gi tc ng do nc thi - i vi nc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn xy dng ch yu cha cc cht cn b, cc cht l lng (SS), cc hp cht hu c (BOD/COD), cc cht dinh dng (N,P) v cc vi sinh vt. T ti lng cc cht nhim trong nc thi sinh hot giai on thi cng xy dng, xc nh nng cc cht nhim tc ng ti cc thu vc xung quanh. - i vi nc thi t qu trnh thi cng xy dng nh nc ra nguyn vt liu, nc v sinh my mc thit b thi cng, nc dng h b tng c hm lng cht l lng v hm lng cc cht hu c cao gy nhim ti nc sng, nc knh mng thu li, nc ao h trong khu vc. Xc nh nng cc cht nhim tc ng ti cc thu vc xung quanh. nh gi tc ng do ting n Trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng ca d n, ting n gy ra ch yu do cc my mc thi cng, cc phng tin vn ti trn cng trng v do s va chm ca my mc thit b, cc loi vt liu bng kim loi, ng cc b tng... Kh nng ting n ti khu vc thi cng ca d n lan truyn ti cc khu vc xung quanh c xc nh theo hng dn trong chng 4 tnh ton mc gy n ca cc loi thit b thi cng ti mi trng xung quanh cc khong cch v nh gi theo tiu chun. nh gi tc ng do rung Ngun gy rung ng trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng ca d n l t cc my mc thi cng, cc phng tin vn ti trn cng trng, ng cc b tng, cc khoan nhi... Mc rung c th bin thin ln ph thuc vo nhiu yu t v trong 125

cc yu t nh hng quan trng nht l nn t, mng cng trnh v tc khc nhau ca dng xe khi chuyn ng. Rung l s chuyn dch, tng v gim t mt gi tr trung tm v c th m phng bng dng sng trong chuyn ng iu ho. Bin rung l s chuyn dch (m), vn tc (m/s) hay gia tc (m/s2). Gia tc rung L(dB) c xc nh theo hng dn trong chng 4. Tnh ton mc rung ca cc phng tin thi cng nh hng ti cc khu dn c, cc cng trnh ln cn v nh gi theo tiu chun. nh gi tc ng do cht thi rn Cht thi rn sinh ra trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng ca d n l cc cht t t cng tc lm ng, lm mng cng trnh, xy dng cng trnh nh gch, , xi mng, st thp v g, giy, bao b... t cng vic thi cng v hon thin cng trnh, lp t my mc, thit b v rc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn hot ng trn cng trng. Xc nh thnh phn, tnh cht, khi lng ca cht thi rn theo 3 loi : cht thi rn sinh hot, cht thi rn xy dng v cht thi nguy hi.
nh gi tc ng do thi cng cc khoan nhi Khi thi cng mng cc cng trnh cao tng, l thiu kt, l luyn gang, luyn thp... thng s dng phng php cc khoan nhi. V vy cn xc nh c th lng cht thi betonit gy tc ng ti mi trng xung quanh, nht l cc thu vc tip nhn. nh gi tc ng do s c mi trng Trong giai on thi cng xy dng ca d n, cc ri ro, s c mi trng nh chy n, tai nn lao ng... c th xy ra gy tc ng xu ti mi trng. nh gi tc ng ti cuc sng ca ngi dn xung quanh d n nh gi nh hng ca qu trnh thi cng xy dng ti cuc sng ca ngi dn xung quanh khu vc d n. nh gi tc ng ti h sinh thi mi trng khu vc nh gi nh hng ca qu trnh thi cng xy dng ti h sinh thi mi trng khu vc. 3.3.4. i tng v quy m b tc ng i tng v quy m b tc ng trong giai on thi cng xy dng ca d n cn c tng hp theo bng sau : Bng : i tng, quy m chu tc ng giai on thi cng xy dng i tng b tc Yu t tc ng Quy m tc ng ng Bi khuch tn t mt bng thi Mi trng khng kh khu cng, giao thng trn cng vc thc hin d n v ln Mi trng khng trng; Bi, kh thi, nhit ca cn (phm vi b tc ng, kh cc my mc thit b thi cng khong cch). xy dng. Nc thi sinh hot ; Nc thi Thu vc nc trong khu Mi trng nc vc d n (phm vi). xy dng. Cht thi rn sinh hot v cht a cht, nc ngm khu Mi trng t thi xy dng. vc thc hin d n. Nc thi, kh thi, cht thi H sinh thi khu vc thc H sinh thi rn trong giai on thi cng xy hin d n (trn cn, di dng. nc) Vn ho - x hi Gia tng dn s tm thi, cuc Khu vc thc hin d n 126

v ln cn (i tng c th). Dn c xung quanh khu Bi, kh thi, cht thi rn, vc thc hin d n (i Sc kho cng ng ting n, rung ng. tng c th, khong cch). Ngi dn b tc ng Cuc sng ca Cuc sng v i li ca ngi trc tip bi d n (i ngi dn dn xung quanh b nh hng tng)
3.4. NH GI TC NG GIAI ON HOT NG CA D N 3.4.1. Ngun gy tc ng lin quan n cht thi Ngun tc ng i vi mi trng khng kh Trong qu trnh luyn gang thp, cc ngun pht sinh kh thi (bi v cc cht kh c hi) ph thuc vo tng cng on sn xut, tng loi thit b cng ngh v gy nh hng n mi trng khng kh. c trng cht thi v cc tc ng ti mi trng t cc cng on luyn gang thp nh sau : Bng : Ngun pht sinh cht thi v tc ng mi trng Cng on sn xut Cht nhim Tc ng mi trng X l nguyn liu Bi Kt ta bi cc b To khi kt/vin Bi (PM10), CO, CO2, SO2, nhim khng kh v NOx, VOCs, methane, t, sinh ra ozn mt t, Cl/HF, cht phng x, CTR ma axit, nng ln ton cu. Luyn cc Bi (PM10), PAHs, benzen, nhim khng kh v NOx, VOCs, methane, kim t, sinh ra ozn mt t, loi nng, HCl/HF, cht ma axit, nng ln ton cu. phng x, CTR... Lu kho, x l ph liu Du, kim loi nng Nhim bn t v nc, st n L cao Bi (PM10), H2S, CO, CO2, nhim khng kh v SO2, NOx, bi phng x, nc mt, ma axit, sinh xianua, cht thi rn... ra ozn mt t, nng ln ton cu. L xy Bi (PM10), kim loi (Zn), nhim khng kh v CO, VOCs, HCl/HF, nc mt, sinh ra ozn CTR... mt t. L h quang Bi (PM10), kim loi (Zn, nhim kh, nc, n Pb, Hg), CTR... Tinh luyn th cp Bi (PM10), kim loi, nhim kh, nc, n CTR.. Rt khun (c) Bi (PM10),kim loi, nhim kh, nc, n du,CTR Cn nng Bi (PM10), du, CO, CO2, nhim kh, nc, zn SO2, NOx, VOCs, CTR... mt t, ma axit Cn ngui Du, bi du, CO, CO, nhim kh, nc, zn CO2, SO2, NOx, VOCs, mt t

sng ca ngi dn.

127

Ph / m X l nc thi Lc kh Tng tr ho cht

axit, CTR. Bi (PM10), VOCs, kim loi nng, du Kim loi, pH, du, ammoni, cht thi rn... Bi, kim loi Cc ho cht khc

nhim kh, nc, zn mt t, mi nhim nc, nc ngm v lp trm tch nhim t, nc nhim nc, nc ngm

Thng thng qu trnh sn xut thp bng phng php kt hp s sn sinh ra mt lng kh ln cc cht thi kh, lng v rn. Theo UNEP, sn xut ra 1 tn thp th, hot ng sn xut s sn sinh ra mt lng kh thi gm : - 28 kg CO, - 2,3 tn CO2, - 2,2 kg SO2, - 0,3 kg VOC, - 2,3 kg NOx, - 1,1 kg bi, - 65 kg kh kim loi. Khu x l, chun b nguyn liu Hot ng sn xut chnh ca khu x l v chun b nguyn liu l vn chuyn, bc d, nghin, sng lc v kh b cc tp cht (trong st), khong cht khng cn thit (trong than). Do vy ngun gy nhim mi trng ch yu s l bi v ting n. Khu thiu kt to khi, to vin Nhng pht thi qu trnh thiu kt to khi ch yu cng on x l nguyn liu (gy ra bi) v do t v l. Cc kh chy v l c cha bi, CO, CO2, SOx, NOx v cc ht. Nng ca cc cht nhim trong kh thi ph thuc vo iu kin chy v nguyn liu s dng. Ngoi ra cn c nhng pht thi khc gm VOC do loi vt liu d bay hi trong than cm gy ra, cn du, cc kim loi (gm c cht phng x) bc hi ra t nguyn liu s dng, hi axit (HCl, HF) do nguyn liu c cha halogen. Theo UNEP, khi to ra 1 tn khi kt, qu trnh sn xut ny c th pht sinh ra 20kg CO, 150kg CO2, 1,5kg SO2, 0,2kg bi v 0,6kg NOx. Ngoi ra ph thuc vo thnh phn tp cht ca nguyn liu u vo ch yu l st vn v hp kim, cng on ny c th pht sinh mt s loi kh thi c hi cn quan tm gim st v x l l bi, hi ch, cadimi, cht phng x (210pb, 210Po) v hp cht hu c bay hi (VOC), hi axit HCl, HF. Cng on to vin t hn hp qung st, nc v cht kt dnh thnh nhng khi cu ng knh 12mm v c lm rn li nh sy v nung ln nhit 1.300oC lm pht sinh mt khi lng ln cht thi, tuy nhin qu trnh ny ph thuc vo iu kin hot ng v nguyn liu s dng. Kh thi ca qu trnh sn xut ny thng cha cc kh c. Khi to ra 1 tn vin sn phm, qu trnh ny s sn sinh ra 470g kh CO; 35kg kh CO2; 100g kh SO2; 350g bi v 500g kh NOx. Ngoi ra cng nh khu to khi, do c im ca nguyn liu u vo, cng on sn xut ny cng c tim nng pht sinh ra cc loi kh c hi khc nh hi ch, cadimi, cht phng x (210pb, 210Po) v hp cht hu c bay hi (VOC), hi axit 128

HCl, HF. y l cc loi kh c c tnh rt cao cn ht sc ch gim st thu gom v x l trit . Cc kh thi ca qu trnh chy phn ln thng c lm sch bng thit b lc bi tnh in (ESP), c kh nng x l c nhng khi lng kh thi ln pht sinh trong qu trnh kt khi nguyn liu. Thit b ny c tc dng tt i vi bi nhng t tc dng i vi nhng pht thi kh. Do vy, cc kh thi c hi c th gim thiu mc no bng cch la chn cc tham bin ca qu trnh v nguyn liu mt cch thch hp. Bi do ESP thu gom c thng em phi kt v ti s dng. Khu luyn cok Kh thi t qu trnh luyn cok c th l gin on v lin tc, lin quan n cc hot ng t, np, y, ti, chuyn vn sng. Kh thi c th xut hin nhiu ngun nh ca l, np l, ng khi... Mi quan h gia nguyn liu u vo, sn phm u ra v cht thi c th hin mt cch nh lng (chng 1). Kh thi ca cng on ny l mt hn hp phc tp gm hydro, methane, CO, CO2, NOx, hi nc, oxy, nit, H2S, cyanua, ammoni, benzen, du nh, hi hc n, naphthalene, hyro cacbon, polyaromatic hyrocacbon (TAH) v cc ht ngng t. Kh pht thi c th do giong ca, np khng kn v khc phc bng cch quan tm cht ch n vic bo dng v vn hnh. Ngoi ra kh thi ca cng on sn xut ny cn c mi kh chu nn cn phi c quan tm x l nu c s sn xut ny gn khu dn c. L cao Kh thi ca l cao thng cha vt liu ht, ch yu l st xyt v nhng ht pht sinh trc trong qu trnh tho l, cng nh mt s cng on ph, v tu thuc vo vic x l x m c th cha cc lng H2S v SO2 c mi kh chu. Chnh v l m xng c c th c trang b h thng lc, tch bi. Lng bi gom c c th c kt khi ti s dng. Thng thng khi sn xut ra 1 tn gang lng, l cao s thi ra mi trng mt lng kh thi gm 1kg CO; 300g CO2; 140g SO2; 85g Bi ht v 90g NOx. Luyn thp bng l oxy Kh v bi thi ra t ming l trong thi gian thi xy. Kh thi ch yu l CO v CO2. Lng CO2 ny ph thuc vo thit k b chp khi ming l. Nu hm lng CO kh cao th c th thu gom lm ngun nng lng gi tr, cn khng th cho thot ra ngoi. Ngoi ra trong thnh phn kh thi cn c c H2 do khi np c ln hyrcacbon v hi nc. Bi pht sinh ch yu l st v CaO, ngoi ra c th cha vn kim loi nng nh km, x v vi. Lng bi ny ph thuc vo h thng thi kh, iu kin vn hnh (tc lung kh, cht lng vn st). Khi np nguyn liu, kh thi pht sinh do rt kim loi nng ln st vn trong l v khi n tip xc vi kh v thnh phn ca n ph thuc vo loi tp cht trong st vn. Thng thng lng kh thi ny c thu gom nh thit b lc tnh in, hoc h thng lc. Cc pht thi th cp xy ra trong thi gian thi kh v do s r r ca np chp khi pha trn l v cng c thu gom v x l ging nh nhng pht thi khi np. Ngoi ra cn c cc pht thi khc sinh ra t cc cng on vn chuyn kim loi v tin x l. Chng cng c khuynh hng bay ln trn v c thu gom cng cc cht thi khi np v cht thi th cp. gim bt s to thnh cht thi t cc ngun ny ngi ta c th s dng kh tr. Vi cng ngh hin nay, khi sn xut 1 129

tn thp s sn sinh ra 1kg kh CO, 30kg kh CO2; 140g kh SO2, 85g bi v 90g NOx.
Luyn thp bng l h quang (EAF) Luyn thp bng l h quang c da trn nguyn tc lm nng chy st vn nh nhit ca h quang pht sinh gia in cc v vn st. Cc cht kh pht sinh trong l c rt ly qua mi (c gi l l th 4) cng nh trong b tin gia nhit cho bt st (gia nhit s b). Tip , kh x c dn qua bung t gia nhit cho d lng CO v cc phn hu c (qu trnh ny ch yu bo v st non chy t h thng tch rt, khi b qu nhit, nhng c th c khng ch va gim c mi, va gim kh nng to ra cc hp cht hu c c hi). Oxy c phun vo pha trn hoc vo trong lp x c th gip kh x chy tt hn, nh vy gim c nhu cu in nng ni chung. Sau khi ri khi l, kh chy c dn qua b trao i nhit gim nhit , tip c th trn vi lng kh th cp c thu gom pha trn mi l v thng c lm sch bng kh lc. Nh vy, pht thi chnh ca qu trnh gm : - Kh thi pht sinh t khng kh lt vo l qua nhng ch h nh ca thot x v khu vc gia thnh l v mi l. Nhng kh thi khc gm cc kh chy do nhin liu ho thch v cc hp cht hu c c vn st gm ch yu l CO, CO2, SO2 v NOx. - Bi, ch yu l st xyt v cc kim loi khc (Zn, Pb) bc hi t lp m hoc st vn a vo. Lng Zn trong bi c th chim 30% v ton b lng bi pht thi c th ln 10-18 kg/1 tn thp. Gn 90% lng bi pht thi l pht thi s cp. - Nhng pht thi th cp pht sinh nhng cng on np v tho liu, hoc dng khi d bay hi khi st nng chy. Mc d thi gian np liu ngn, nhng nhng pht thi khi np chim mt t l ln trong nhng pht thi th cp. Thnh phn cht thi ch yu lin quan n cht lng st vn. Theo UNEP, qu trnh sn xut 1 tn thp c bng l h quang s to ra kh thi gm 2,5kg CO, 51kg CO2, 50g SO2, 100g bi ht v 0,25kg NOx. Ngoi ra, ph thuc vo cht lng ca nguyn liu u vo, cng on sn xut ny c th lm pht sinh mt lng kh c cn phi c quan tm l hi kim loi (Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg, Ni, Cr), VOC v Bi. Ty r, cn ngui v ti Qu trnh sn xut cng on ty r, cn ngui v ti cng s pht thi vo mi trng cc sn phm chy ca l ti, VOC, hi du (v c s dng du khi cn) v kh axit sinh ra khi ty g. Sn xut ra 1 tn sn phm cng on ny s lm pht sinh ra 14kg kh CO, 46g kh NO2 v 7g kh SO2. Khu m, ph sn Kh thi pht sinh t khu m v ph sn gm ch yu l kh CO, NOx, SO2, VOC (cc dung mi), khi kim loi (Zn, Ni, CrVI), kh axit (t cc cng on ty lm sch km theo). Thng thng khi sn xut 1 tn thp tm m s sn sinh ra 35kg kh CO2, 21g kh NOx, 3g kh SO2 v 27g VOC. gim thiu tc ng tiu cc ln sc kho cng nhn lm vic trong cc phn xng ny, ngi ta thng trang b cc h thng qut thng thong ti ch. Ngoi ra kh VOC t dy chuyn m c thu gom v tiu hu bng l thiu i. Khu cn nng Nhng pht thi ch yu ca cn nng bao gm cc loi kh v ht sinh ra khi chy do phi gia nhit thm cc vt c (nh CO, CO2, SO2, NOx, bi ht). Nng 130

ca cht nhim trong kh thi c mc tu thuc loi nhin liu v iu kin chy, ngoi ra c VOC bc ra t du bi trn v trc ln. Theo tnh ton, khi sn xut ra 1 tn thp cn s pht sinh mt lng kh thi gm 80kg CO2, 0,25kg NOx, 25g SO2 v 65g bi. Vic tnh ton ti lng cc cht nhim t cc ngun thi trong cc cng on luyn cn thp c hng dn trong chng 4. Ngun tc ng i vi nc thi sn xut Theo UNEP, sn xut ra 1 tn thp th, hot ng sn xut s sn sinh ra mt lng nc thi sn xut l 3m3 trong cha : - 1,6kg cht rn l lng, - 150g du m, - 110g amoni, - 8g gm phenol, cyanide. Khu x l, chun b nguyn liu khc phc nhim bi cng on ny, thng phun nc, gi cho bnh xe v ng x sch s v t a im x l xa khu vc dn c. Nc thi t cc bi x l nguyn liu phi c thu gom x l, tch ht l lng v du m.\
Khu thiu kt to khi, to vin Nc thi ch yu pht sinh t khu to vin. Theo UNEP, to ra 1 tn vin sn phm, qu trnh sn xut ny s sn sinh ra 1m3 nc thi c mc nhim cao cht rn l lng, kim loi nng v du m (0,5kg). Tuy nhin, phn ln lng nc thi ny c x l v ti s dng. Khu luyn cok Nc thi ca nh my ph phm cha nhiu cht nhim tiu biu l cyanua, phenol, trioafarat v cc cht rn khc. L cao Nc thi t khu sn xut ny khng ln ch khong 0,2m3/tn gang trong cha 10g cht rn l lng, 20g du, 1g cyanide v 2g kim loi nng. Luyn thp bng l oxy Nc thi ch yu t thit b ra kh vi khi lng khong 0,1m3/1 tn gang v thng thng cha 5g du, 4g cht rn l lng v 1,4g kim loi nng. Nc thi c x l cht l lng, du, kim tra pH v c ti s dng. Luyn thp bng l h quang (EAF) EAF thng c vn hnh vi h thng lm mt theo chu trnh kn, v vy rt t phi x l nc thi. Tuy nhin sn xut ra 1 tn thp c cng s c khong 0,1m3 nc thi c cha cc cht nhim gm 5g du m, 4g cht rn l lng v 1,4g kim loi. Ty g, cn ngui v ti Nc thi c th cha cht l lng, kim loi ho tan, nh tng du (khi cn ngui) v cht axit (ty g). Cn ph v nh tng c th kh du, trung ho axit, kt ta kim loi trc khi iu chnh pH, kh cht l lng ri mi thi ra ngoi. Thng thng c lp t xng ti sinh axit, xng ny bn thn c th to ra cht thi axit (c x l ging nh cc axit ph thi), st xyt hoc st sulphua nguyn cht, tu theo loi axit dng ty g v qu trnh ti sinh c p dng. Khu m, ph sn

131

Nc thi t cc cng on lm sch v m, ph sn cha mt lng ng k cht rn l lng, du m, pH v kim loi nng c bit l lng CrVI . Nc thi t cng on ny do vy c mc nhim cao cn c thu gom trit , iu chnh pH v x l ring. Khu cn nng Trong qu trnh cn c s dng cc tia nc phun vo trc vy b mt tm thp, do vy lng nc thi t cng on ny cng s b nhim bi lng cht rn l lng v du m. Sn xut 1 tn thp cng on ny s lm pht sinh 1,5m3 nc thi cha 75g cht rn l lng v 75g du m. Tuy nhin thng thng lng nc thi ny c dng li theo chu trnh kn. Ngun tc ng i vi cht thi rn - Cht thi rn t qu trnh sn xut : Trong hot ng ca nh my, cht thi rn cng nghip pht sinh t cc qu trnh luyn cn thp, vn chuyn nguyn vt liu, sn phm, t cc thit b x l bi, x than, vt liu chu la qua s dng, t cc phn xng sa cha xe my, c kh, in... - Cht thi rn sinh hot : Lng cht thi rn trong sinh hot ca cn b cng nhn ca nh my, thnh phn bao gm cc loi vn phng phm qua s dng, thc phm tha v bao b cc loi. Theo UNEP, sn xut ra 1 tn thp th, hot ng sn xut s sn sinh ra mt lng ht thi rn ng k ch yu l x vi 455kg, 56kg bn thi, 16kg vy st, 4kg gch chu la, 0,8kg du v 54kg cc loi khc. Khu luyn cok Cc cht thi rn c trng ca cng on sn xut ny l gch chu la sau khi dng, bn gom t thng cha, bn thi ca BETP... Lng cht thi rn ny thng thng c th c ti s dng (bn BETP) hoc chuyn n ni cha rc. L cao X l ph phm chnh ca l. C th x l n bng nhiu cch nh lm ngui, nghin hoc kt khi dng lm nguyn liu cho ngnh xy dng v sn xut xi mng. Bn thi ca h thng lm sch kh c x l cc tp cht v ti s dng chuyn n bi rc, hoc nu c lp thit b kh b mt s nguyn t cn thit c th tn dng phn ln cho cng on kt khi. Lng cht thi rn khi sn xut 1 tn gang s l 324kg x; 0,4kg bi v 19kg bn.
Luyn thp bng l oxy Cc cht thi rn v ph phm gm cn thp, x, gch chu la, bi v bn. Thng thng khi sn xut 1 tn thp s thi ra 131kg x, 25kg bn, 4kg grit, 4kg gch chu la ph thi, 14kg vy st v 65g du thi. Luyn thp bng l h quang (EAF) Qu trnh sn xut cng sn sinh ra mt lng ng k cht thi rn ch yu bao gm x, bi l v gch chu la. Qu trnh sn xut 1 tn thp c, lng cht thi rn s gm 146kg x, 14kg vy st, 31kg cc loi cht thi rn khc. Lng cht thi rn nh x c th dng lm ng, bi l luyn km... Ty g, cn ngui v ti Cht thi rn v ph phm bao gm cc on thp tha v c bit l s c mt lng ng k bn ca b ty g, bn ca xng x l nc thi v bn ti sinh axit. Thng thng khi sn xut 1 tn sn phm s c mt lng cht thi rn gm 1,2kg bn x l, 0,15kg du v 0,8kg bn ti sinh axit. Lng cht thi rn ny mt phn c ti ch (on thp). 132

 Khu m, ph sn Cht thi rn v ph phm gm nhng on st, bn thit b x l nc, bn b cha v x km. Theo UNEP, khi sn xut 1 tn thp s lm pht sinh 0,25kg bn x l v 2kg x km. Lng cht thi rn ny c th c ti ch mt phn ti s dng. Khu cn nng Cht thi rn v ph phm ca cng on sn xut ny gm vy thp hoc cc on thp ct (thng a tr li dng xng kt khi hoc BOF), Gch chu la (thi ra t l ti gia nhit), bn x l, du m v cc cht khc. Lng cht thi rn thng khng ln v d nh sn xut 1 tn thp cn s c 1,8kg vy thp, 3,0kg bn v 1,7kg du m. 3.4.2. Ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi Ngun tc ng do ting n Khi d n i vo hot ng, ting n pht ra ch yu t cc ng c my bm, my qut, l thiu kt, l cao, l luyn cok. l luyn thp, my c lin tc, my cn nng, my cn ngui, my nn kh v cc phng tin vn chuyn nguyn liu, vt liu, sn phm ca nh my. Khu lin kt to khi, to vin Cc thit b qut gi dng trong qu trnh thiu kt to khi cng c th gy ra ting n nu khng c lp b gim m hoc bo dng thch hp. L cao Ting n c th sinh ra t cc van iu p v n x. Luyn thp bng l h quang (EAF) Ting n ti cc nh my luyn cn thp u ln do va p ca kim kh. Thng thng ti khu vc l h quang mc n ln nht c th ti 113dBA. Ngun tc ng do rung - T cng on thiu kt, luyn cok. - T cng on l cao, luyn thp. - T cng on vn chuyn nguyn vt liu v sn phm. Ngun tc ng nhim nhit - Ngun nhim nhit ca cng on thiu kt, luyn cok. - Ngun nhim nhit ca cng on l cao, luyn thp. - Ngun nhim nhit ca cng on c lin tc, cn nng. 3.4.3. Nhng ri ro v s c mi trng Ngun gc - Qu trnh thi cht c hi t cng ngh luyn cn thp. - Qu trnh vn chuyn nguyn vt liu v sn phm. - S c n lc bi tnh in, chy ti vi lc bi. - Cc tc ng ca thin nhin nh ln st t, ng t... Cc yu t xc nh - Bi (TSP, PM10). - Kh c hi (CO, CO2, SO2, NO2, HCl, HF). Cc ri ro v s c mi trng - Ri ro s c do n lc bi tnh in, chy ti vi lc bi. - Ri ro s c hng h thng bng ti vn chuyn. - Ri ro s c ln st l thiu kt, l cao, l luyn. 3.4.4. i tng v quy m chu tc ng 133

Thng k v nh gi y cc i tng v quy m chu tc ng trong qu trnh hot ng ca d n i vi tng cng on sn xut theo bng sau : Bng : i tng, quy m chu tc ng i tng b tc ng Yu t tc ng Quy m tc ng Mi trng khng kh Mi trng nc Mi trng t H sinh thi Khu dn c xung quanh
3.4.5. nh gi tc ng i vi mi trng khng kh Nguyn tc nh gi Nguyn tc nh gi tc ng i vi mi trng khng kh ca d n, c da trn hin trng mi trng khu vc, quy m u t xy dng, cng ngh sn xut, cc ngun thi gy tc ng ti mi trng ca d n, cc bin php gim thiu cc tc ng xu, phng nga, ng ph s c nhim mi trng v hiu qu ca d n (s dng phng php ma trn nh gi). Tnh ton ti lng cc cht nhim bng phng php h s nhim Ti lng cc cht nhim ca cc ngun thi cn c th c xc nh theo phng php nh gi nhanh ca T chc Y t Th gii - WHO (Assessment of Sources of Air, Water and Land Pollution - Part one, Rapid Inventory Techniques in Environmental Pollution). T khi lng cc cht nhim tnh theo H s nhim thi ra do cc ngun thi ng vi loi hnh cng ngh sn xut, s xc nh c khi lng cc cht nhim thi vo mi trng khi cc thit b x l nhim mi trng hot ng v khi cc thit b ny khng lm vic. nh gi tc ng ti mi trng khng kh xung quanh c im ngun thi : Ngun thi kh trong cng ngh luyn cn thp bao gm ngun thi cao (ng khi l thiu kt, l luyn thp) v cc ngun thi thp (cc ng thi khc) nm bn tng nh hoc trn mi nh xng sn xut chnh. V vy vic tnh ton nng cc cht nhim khuch tn ra mi trng khng kh xung quanh, cn phi xc nh c c im, c tnh k thut ca cc ngun thi. Phng php xc nh c im, c tnh k thut ca cc ngun thi, tnh ton nng cht nhim t cc ngun thi cao, ngun thi thp ca cng ngh luyn cn thp c hng dn trong chng 4. Kt qu tnh ton phi c tng hp trong bng v nh gi nng cht nhim max khong cch max ng vi trng hp v ma H, ma ng, ch tc thi (1h) v ch trung bnh (24h). Bng : Nng cht nhim trong khng kh xung quanh

Ch tnh ton Nng tc thi (1h)

Thi gian Ma H Ma ng

Nng cc i (mg/m3)

Khong cch ti ngun thi (m)

TCVN 5937-2005 (mg/m3)

134

Nng trung bnh (24h)

Ma H Ma ng

3.4.6. nh gi kh nng chu ti mi trng ca d n Kh nng chu ti v bi t tt c cc ngun thi T nhng phn tch, nh gi trong mc trn, nh gi kh nng tc ng tng cng ca Bi t tt c cc ngun thi n mi trng xung quanh. Kh nng chu ti v kh c t tt c cc ngun thi T kt qu tnh ton nng trung bnh 1 gi v 24 gi ca cc cht kh c hi do cc ngun thi gy ra, nh gi kh nng tc ng tng cng ca cc cht kh c hi t tt c cc ngun thi n mi trng xung quanh. 3.4.7. nh gi tc ng i vi mi trng nc Tc ng ca nc thi sinh hot Da trn s cn b cng nhn vin lm vic ti cc khu vc ca nh my, ti lng cc cht nhim trong nc thi sinh hot xc nh trn, xc nh nng cc cht nhim khi thi ra mi trng v nh gi theo tiu chun quy nh. nh gi tc ng ca nc thi sn xut Lng nc s dng trong qu trnh luyn cn thp thng t 1500-1700m3 cho 1 tn thp. Trong khong 70% lng nc c s dng lm ngui cc loi l, 25% c s dng lm ngui thit b, kim loi, kh thi v khong 5% s dng cho cc nhu cu khc. Phn ln nc khu vc cc l cao c s dng li trong vng cp nc tun hon. Tuy nhin cn mt phn ng k nc thi sn xut v nc thi sinh hot c thi trc tip ra cc ngun tip nhn nh ao, h, sng sui xung quanh cc nh my luyn cn thp. V c im cht lng nc thi ca ngnh cng nghip luyn cn thp, th ngoi qu trnh cc ho, luyn gang thp, cn thp... c cha nhiu cc cht bn, cht c hi c trng cn c du m khong, lng du m ny phn ln khng c thu gom x l. i vi nh my cc ho, phn ln cc ch tiu COD, BOD, Phenol, Cyanua v mt s ch tiu c hi khc trong nc thi u vt qu nng gii hn cho php theo quy nh ca TCVN 5945-1995. i vi cc khu vc sn xut khc ca cng ngh luyn cn thp, nc thi c hm lng cn l lng cao, c mu v nhiu vng du d gy nguy hi i vi mi trng xung quanh v nht l i vi ngun tip nhn nc thi. Phng php xc nh ti lng cc cht nhim trong nc thi, phng php d bo tc ng ca nc thi ca ngnh cng nghip luyn cn thp c hng dn trong chng 4. 3.4.8. nh gi tc ng do cht thi rn Tc ng ca cht thi rn sinh hot Cht thi rn sinh hot ca cn b cng nhn nh my c thnh phn gm cc loi vn phng phm qua s dng, thc phm tha v bao b cc loi. Tng lng rc sinh hot, thnh phn v tnh cht. Tc ng ca cht thi rn cng nghip Theo UNEP, c im v khi lng cht thi rn pht sinh t cc cng on sn xut ca ngnh cng nghip luyn cn thp c xc nh nh sau :

135

Bng : c im v khi lng CTR cc cng on sn xut Cht thi rn X st G st Gch chu la ph thi Bi
Tng
Ngun : UNEP

Ngun gc

Thnh phn

c im

L h quang, oxit st c ln Kch thc gu rt canxi v silic khng ng nht My c oxit st ht nh L h quang, Hn hp ca Vin kch gu rt v gch chu la v thc nh v gu chuyn x st bt T h thng Hn hp ca Bt mn lc bi oxit canxi v oxit st

Khi lng (tn/nm) 16.888 2.041 5.015 5.731

29.675

3.4.9. nh gi tc ng ca ting n Ting n l ngun gy nhim kh quan trng trong hot ng sn xut ca nh my luyn cn thp. Ting n cao hn tiu chun cho php s gy cc nh hng xu n mi trng v trc tin l n sc kho ca ngi cng nhn trc tip sn xut nh mt ng, mt mi, gy tm l kh chu, gim nng sut lao ng. Tip xc vi ting n c cng cao trong thi gian di s lm cho thnh lc gim st, dn ti bnh ic ngh nghip. Kh nng ting n ti cc cng on sn xut ca nh my lan truyn ti mi trng xung quanh c hng dn nh gi trong chng 4. Kt qu tnh ton mc gy n t cc cng on sn xut ca nh my ti mi trng xung quanh cc khong cch khc nhau theo bng sau : Bng : Mc n gy ra t cc cng on luyn cn thp Mc n Mc n Mc n Mc n TT Thit b sn xut im cch im cch khong khong my 1,5m my 50m cch 150m cch 300m Tiu chun TCVN 3985-1999 85 TCVN 5949-1998 75 75 75 3.4.10. nh gi tc ng ca rung ng Rung ng c c trng bng ba i lng : Bin (m), tc (m/s) v gia tc (m2/s). Mc rung ng cng nghip khng ch ph thuc vo tnh cht, mt ca my mc thit b m cn ph thuc vo tnh cht v trng thi nn t ti khu vc nh my v vng ph cn. Cn tin hnh quan trc thc t v cc tc ng ca rung ng trong qu trnh thi cng, ng cc mng v khi nh my i vo hot ng. Thit lp m hnh d bo trong tng lai, xut cc gii php gim thiu rung ng, c bit l i vi cc i tng nhy cm v rung ng nh sc kho cng ng dn c trong khu vc nh my, cc cng trnh vn ho, di tch lch s...

136

3.4.11. nh gi tc ng ti mi trng t Cc hot ng sn xut v ngun thi gy nhim t Hot ng ca ngnh cng nghip luyn cn thp thng thi ra mt khi lng ln cc cht thi khc nhau gm cht thi rn, cht thi lng, bi kh cc loi. Ngun gc gy nhim mi trng t khu vc thng l cc loi kim loi nng, cc cht c hu c v du m c ch yu trong cht thi rn v cht thi lng t cc qu trnh luyn cn thp, nung cc... Ngoi ra nh hng ca cc cht kh thi cng gy nn nhim t v cy trng. V vy, cn phi nh gi chnh xc mc tc ng ca cc hot ng ca ngnh cng nghip luyn cn thp trong qu trnh thi cng cng nh trong qu trnh vn hnh i vi ti nguyn mi trng v h sinh thi khu vc. Cn c cc gii php phng nga v kim sot cc tc ng ny. Cc tc nhn gy nhim t Cc cht c hi trong cht thi rn, nc thi v kh thi lan truyn vo mi trng t theo hai con ng : - Lan truyn t nhin : lan truyn trc tip theo cc quy lut a ho, phn b li vt cht trong t. - Lan truyn nhn to : lan truyn gin tip do ngi dn trong vng s dng nc thi ti cho cc loi cy trng. Ngun gc cc cht gy nhim t khu vc luyn cn thp l cc cht c mt trong qu trnh luyn thp, luyn gang, nung cc, bao gm st v cc kim loi ng hnh trong qung st, than v cc hp cht hu c cha trong than, cc cht sinh ra trong qu trnh luyn cc, cc cht ph gia, cc cht du m, bi trn... c chia lm ba nhm chnh trong c ch tc ng gy nhim : - Cc kim loi nng v nguyn t vi lng. - Cc cht c hu c. - Du m. Cc tc ng ca cht thi i vi mi trng t - Thay i tnh cht nng hc ca t. - Tc ng ca kim loi nng. - Tc ng ca cc cht hu c. 3.4.12. Tc ng ca nhim nhit i vi cc cng on sn xut m cng ngh luyn cn thp c sinh nhit, th tng cc nhit lng do cng ngh sinh ra cng vi nhit bc x mt tri truyn qua tng, mi nh xng s lm cho nhit bn trong nh xng tng cao, nh hng trc tip ti qu trnh h hp ca c th con ngi, tc ng xu n sc kho v nng sut lao ng. V vy cn phi nh gi cc tc ng ca nhim nhit i vi sc kho ca ngi cng nhn, cc bin php gim nh nhim nhit c p dng trong vn gii quyt mi trng lm vic nh cc h thng thng gi c kh, thng gi t nhin... 3.4.13. nh gi tc ng ti sc kho con ngi - S xm nhp cht c hi t qu trnh luyn cn thp. - Cc tc ng ti sc kho con ngi khi tip xc. 3.4.14. nh gi ri ro mi trng trong qu trnh vn hnh - Ri ro v an ton s dng in. - Ri ro v chy n. - Ri ro v tai nn lao ng. 3.4.15. nh gi s c mi trng trong qu trnh vn hnh

137

- S c v tai nn lao ng trong sn xut. - S c n lc bi tnh in, chy ti vi lc bi. - S c n l thiu kt, l luyn thp. Chng 4. CC BIN PHP GIM THIU TC NG XU, PHNG NGA V NG PH S C MI TRNG 4.1. NGUYN TC Vic trin khai thc hin d n xy dng cc nh my luyn cn thp tt yu s c nhng tc ng n mi trng xung quanh. Nhng tc ng ny c th l tch cc v cng c th l tiu cc, thm ch c nhng tc hi khng th lng trc c. V vy vic nh gi tc ng mi trng ca d n phi a ra c cc gii php bo v mi trng, gim thiu cc tc ng c hi i vi mi trng trn nguyn tc : - Gim thiu ti mc ti a c th c ph hp vi cng ngh x l i vi qu trnh hot ng luyn cn thp ngay t giai on u. - Gii php bo v mi trng phi c tnh kh thi cao, ph hp vi cc mc tiu hot ng ca d n v ph hp vi ngun ti chnh ca ch u t. - Lin tc kim tra s tun th cc quy nh v mi trng m ch u t cam kt thc hin trong nghin cu kh thi ca d n c ph duyt. - Bo v mi trng v sc kho cng ng trong khu vc. 4.2. GII PHP BVMT T KHI LP D N U T 4.2.1. B tr mt bng sn xut - Tng dy chuyn hot ng c lp nhng vn c kh nng phi hp, h tr nhau trong qu trnh vn hnh t hiu qu. - Bo m vic phn khu chc nng cng nh vic t chc tt h thng giao thng vn chuyn ni b. - B tr mt bng sn xut trn khu t c cu to a cht khng phc tp, khng phi x l nn mng tit kim chi ph u t. - Qu trnh t chc chun b mt bng, thi cng xy dng, lp t thit b khng lm nh hng n mi trng xung quanh. 4.2.2. Phn khu chc nng cc hng mc cng trnh k thut Cc hng mc cng trnh k thut cn b tr theo phn khu chc nng gm : + Bi nguyn liu + Thiu kt + Luyn cok + L cao + Luyn thp bng l oxy + Luyn thp bng l h quang (EAF) + Luyn thp bng l Consteel (LF). + c lin tc + Ty g, cn ngui v ti + M, cn nng + Vn chuyn v cha sn phm - H thng k thut : + H thng cp in v iu khin + H thng cp v x l nc + H thng kh nn 138

4.2.3. Gii php kin trc v kt cu cng trnh Cc hng mc cng trnh ln nh thiu kt, luyn cok, l cao, l luyn thp, ng khi, c lin tc, cn ngui, cn nng... 4.2.4. Gii php ngn nga nhim v s c y l mt trong nhng gii php rt quan trng v n cho php lm gim lng cht thi ngay ti ngun thi v khc phc c nhng nh hng bt li i vi mi trng do cc cht thi nhim gy ra. Bin php ny c th c thc hin theo cc chiu hng sau : - Quy hoch hp l tng mt bng nh my trn c s xem xt n cc vn mi trng c lin quan nh : + La chn hng nh hp l s dng mt cch tt nht cc iu kin thng gi t nhin, gp phn ci thin mi trng lao ng bn trong nh xng. + Xc nh kch thc vng cch ly v sinh cng nghip gia cc hng mc cng trnh ca nh my cng nh gia nh my luyn cn thp v cc khu dn c m bo s thng thong gia cc cng trnh, hn ch lan truyn nhim, m bo phng chy, cha chy v gim thiu nhng nh hng trc tip do cht thi i vi con ngi v cc cng trnh xung quanh.

Vng cch ly v sinh cng nghip l vng m gia nh my vi khu dn c. Kch thc ca vng cch ly v sinh cng nghip c xc nh theo khong cch v sinh m cc tiu chun nh nc cho php. Tiu chun tm thi v mi trng ca B Xy dng quy nh khong cch cch ly v sinh cng nghip ti thiu cho cc loi hnh sn xut bao gm : Yu cu v khong cch v sinh i vi cc thit b t nhin liu. Yu cu v khong cch cch ly v sinh cng nghip cho cc nh my c kh thi, c nguy c nhim khng kh cao, c hi v cc nh my c pht sinh nhiu bi. Yu cu v khong cch an ton cho h thng kho, bn cha nhin liu theo lu lng d tr. Phn cp cc nh my v chiu rng ti thiu ca khong cch cch ly v sinh cng nghip. Tuy nhin tu theo tn sut, hng gi ti khu vc m c th xem xt chiu rng ca khong cch cch ly v sinh cng nghip c th rng hoc hp hn. Tr s hiu chnh c xc nh bng cng thc : Li = Lo x Pi / Po Trong : Li Chiu rng vng cch ly cn xc nh theo hng i (m) Lo Chiu rng vng cch ly ly theo mc c hi ca tng nh my v ly theo cc tiu chun trn (m). Po - Tn sut gi trung bnh tnh u cho mi hng (%) Pi Tn sut gi trung bnh thc t ca hng i (%) + B tr hp l cc cng on sn xut, cc khu ph tr, kho bi, khu hnh chnh v c di cy xanh ngn cch. T l cy xanh trn tng din tch t s dng ca nh my ti thiu phi t 15%. Cc h thng thi kh, ng khi cn b tr cc khu vc thun li cho vic gim st v x l. + Quy hoch trng cy xanh. Cy xanh c tc dng gim ting n. Sng m truyn qua cc di cy xanh s b suy gim nng lng, mc cng m thanh gim i nhiu hay t ph thuc vo mt l cy, kch thc ca cy xanh v chiu rng 139

ca di t trng cy. Phng php xc nh gim mc n qua cc di cy xanh c hng dn trong chng 4. - p dng cng ngh tin tin, cng ngh sn xut sch, t cht thi. - Nghim tc thc hin ch vn hnh thit b cng ngh, nh lng chnh xc nguyn vt liu, nhin liu qu trnh din ra mc n nh cao, gim bt lng cht thi, n nh thnh phn v tnh cht ca cht thi, to iu kin thun li cho vic qun l v x l cht thi. - Gim ti lng cht nhim t ngun : i vi cng ngh sn xut c s dng nhin liu t, ti lng cc cht nhim trong kh thi qua ng khi (l cao) c th s gim i nhiu nu s dng cc loi nhin liu t (than, du) c hm lng cc cht gy nhim nh nht. 4.3. GII PHP N B V GII PHNG MT BNG 4.3.1. Gim thiu tc ng trong n b Phng n n b t ai, nh ca b thu hi. 4.3.2. Gim thiu tc ng do ti nh c Phng n ti nh c m bo cuc sng ca ngi dn b di di do gii phng mt bng ca d n. 4.4. GII PHP BVMT TRONG THI CNG XY DNG 4.4.1. Gim thiu tc ng trong san nn to mt bng Bin php gim thiu nhim bi khuch tn t qu trnh san nn to mt bng xy dng nh my. 4.4.2. Gim thiu nhim mi trng khng kh Bin php gim thiu nhim bi v cc cht kh c hi, hn ch cc tc ng xu ti mi trng xung quanh. 4.4.3. Gim thiu ting n v rung ng Bin php gim thiu ting n v rung ng trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng. 4.4.4. Gim thiu nhim do nc thi Bin php gim thiu, hn ch tc ng ca nc thi trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng ca d n. 4.4.5. Gim thiu nhim do nc ra tri b mt Nc ma chy trn s cun theo t cc cht thi, vt liu ri vi, du m trn b mt t vo ngun nc, gy tc ng n mi trng t, nc. Bin php hn ch nhim do nc ma chy trn trn b mt. 4.4.6. Bin php kim sot nhim do cht thi rn trong xy dng - i vi cht thi rn sinh hot. - i vi cht thi xy dng. - i vi du m thi. 4.4.7. Bin php t chc thi cng xy lp - B tr mt bng t chc thi cng. - Yu cu v thit b, my phc v thi cng cng trnh. - Bin php thi cng cc khoan nhi. 4.4.8. Bin php gim thiu cc tc ng khc - i vi sc kho ngi lao ng. - i vi vn an ton lao ng. - i vi vn x hi. 4.5. GII PHP BVMT TRONG GIAI ON HOT NG 4.5.1. Gii php k thut x l nc thi Kim sot nhim nc 140

- Phn loi nc thi : Nc quy c sch, nc nhim c hc, nc nhim bn ho cht v nc nhim bn du m... - Cc bin php qun l v khng ch do nhim nc thi : Tiu chun TCVN 5945-2005 i vi ngun nc x vo ngun loi A hoc B. - Phng n x l nc thi. Cc gii php x l k thut Cng ngh x l nc thi thng ng dng cc qu trnh x l c hc, sinh hc v ho l x l cn l lng (SS), cht huc (BOD5, COD), c, du m v kim loi nng... H thng x l nc thi thng c chia lm ba h thng ph l : X l bc 1 (Primary Treatment), X l bc 2 (Secondary Treatment) v X l bc 3 bc cao (Tertiary Treatment). - X l bc 1 : nhm tch cc cht rn khng ho tan ra khi nc thi. Cn c kch thc ln c th c loi b bng tm chn rc hoc c nghin nh bng thit b nghin. Cn v c nh ct, sn, mnh kim loi... c tch ra khi qua b lng ct. Cn l lng hu c oc loi b trong b lng t 1. - X l bc 2 : thng ng dng cc qu trnh ho hc v sinh hc loi b ht cc cht hu c. - X l bc 3 : trong qu trnh x l bc cao, cc qu trnh c hc, ho sinh c ng dng kh cc thnh phn khc nh cn l lng, c, mu... m chng cha b kh hoc b kh khng ng k trong x l bc 2. Phng n x l nc thi luyn cn thp ti ngun Nc thi ca ngnh cng nghip luyn cn thp sau khi x l s b phi t cc gi tr trong bng ti chng4. Phng n x l nc thi luyn cn thp ti ngun c tham kho theo hng dn trong chng 4. 4.5.2. Gii php k thut x l kh thi Khng ch nhim khng kh Nh xng phi c thit k m bo iu kin v sinh cng nghip, m bo thng thong v m bo ch vi kh hu bn trong cng trnh nht l ti v tr thao tc ca ngi cng nhn. Cc bin php k thut c p dng : - H thng thng gi t nhin bng cc ca mi nh cng nghip. - H thng thng gi ht hoc thi cc b. - H thng thng gi chung, h thng lc bi v x l kh thi. Gii php k thut x l kh thi Trong cng ngh luyn cn thp, nhng cng on pht sinh nhim bi v cc cht kh c hi cn s dng cc thit b lc bi ng tay o, thit b lc bi ti, lc bi tnh in. i vi nng ca cc cht c hi nh SO2, NO2, CO, HCl, HF, VOC... thi vo mi trng xung quanh c th s dng phng php hp th, phng php ny c thc hin bng thit b x l hp th dng m hoc dng a. Dung dch hp th c th l nc hoc dung dch kim long. Nu s dng nc th hiu qu ch t 50-60% i vi cc cht kh nh SO2 v NO2. Tuy nhin nu s dng dung dch kim long th hiu qu c th t n 85-90%. Nc thi ra khi thit b hp th kh c cha cc cht kh ho tan mang tnh axit hoc cha cc cht kt ta v mui v c, do cn phi a v trm x l nc thi trc khi thi ra mi trng. la chn phng n x l bi kh thi cho tng cng on luyn cn thp, cn xem xt nguyn l, tnh nng k thut tng phng n x l p dng (xem hng dn trong chng 4). Mt h thng x l kh thi hon chnh bao gm cc cng on chnh sau : 141

 Thit k quy hoch hp l cc phn xng sn xut. Lc bi : Bi trong kh thi cn phi lc trc khi i qua thp hp th hoc hp ph nhm trnh gy tc nghn thp v ng ng. Trong trng hp x l cc cht kh (SO2) c thu hi sn phm th cng on lc bi cn c tc dng trnh nhim bn cho sn phm. Hp th (absorption) : hoc hp ph (adsorption) hoc xy ho kh, qu trnh ny s lm gim nng cc cht nhim trong kh thi. X l nc thi : t cc h thng x l kh thi c s dng nc. Thng thong cho nh xng sn xut. Cc gii php k thut x l kh thi trong cng ngh luyn cn thp c hng dn p dng trong chng 4. - i vi l luyn cc : Kh than l cc cha ch yu l hn hp hydrocarbon nh, CO, SO2 v H2 c nhit kh cao, do c tn dng li lm nhin liu phc v sn xut. Kh than theo h thng ng dn ti thp lm ngui, c lc bi nc v c a i phn phi cho cc h s dng (thiu kt qung st, nung cn, sn xut cc...). V vy cng on ny s khng c kh l cc thi trc tip vo mi trng khng kh. Sau khi c thu hi, x l v cp cho cc h s dng, cn li l kh thi s thot ra ngoi qua ng khi. - i vi khu thiu kt qung st : Cc yu t gy nhim mi trng khng kh y ch yu l khi, bi, phng x v ting n. Khi t cc thit b thiu kt phi c lc sch bi bng h thng cc thit b lc bi xoy trc khi thi ra ngoi qua ng khi. Cc khu vc phi liu, nghin v sng qung thiu kt l cc khu pht sinh nhiu bi cn c b tr lp t cc thit b lc bi v cn c thit k kt hp vi h thng thng gi t nhin bng ca mi nh xng. Lng bi thu hi t cc thit b lc bi phi c tp trung v nh k a tr li kho nguyn liu ti s dng. Cn p dng cc bin php chng phng x pht sinh t cc l thiu kt qung st i vi v tr lm vic ca ngi cng nhn. - i vi khu luyn thp l cao : Kh than l cao v nc thi l hai yu t ch yu gy nhim mi trng khu vc ny. Kh than nh l cao thng c nhit t 150-250oC, cha khong 2832% kh CO, SO2, NO2, HCl, HF, VOC v mt lng ln bi. T nh l, kh than i qua h thng ng dn chu nhit n thp lm ngui bng nc. Sau khi c lc th, bi c lc tip bng thit b lc bi tnh in t ti nng cho php trc khi c a i phn phi s dng dng gia nhit cho cc l gi nng v cc nhu cu khc, sau thi ra ngoi qua ng khi l cao. Bi l cao thng c cha nhiu st, qua khu lm ngui v thit b lc bi, bi s lng ng trong cc b lng thu hi li v c nh k chuyn sang xng thiu kt lm nguyn liu. 4.5.3. Kim sot nhim ting n v rung Cc gii php khng ch nhim do ting n Cc gii php khng ch nhim ting n t cc hot ng sn xut ca cng ngh luyn cn thp c thc hin nh sau : - S dng m chng n c lp ti chn ca qut v thit b. - Nhng ni iu hnh sn xut c cch ly ring. - Kim tra s cn bng ca my khi lp t. Kim tra mn chi tit v cho du bi trn thng k. - Thit lp tng chn hoc thit b bc m. 142

Ting n truyn ra mi trng xung quanh c xc nh theo m hnh truyn m t ngun n sinh ra v tt dn theo khong cch, gim i qua vt cn cng nh cn k n nh hng nhiu x ca cng trnh v kt cu xung quanh. Phng php tnh ton d bo c hng dn trong phn ph lc. Cc gii php khng ch rung ng chng rung cho my mc thit b, cn thc hin cc gii php sau : - c mng my khi lng (b tng mc cao), tng chiu su mng, o rnh ct kh hoc than ci trnh rung theo mt nn. - Lp t m cao su v l so chng rung i vi cc thit b c cng sut ln. Hn ch cc tc ng do giao thng vn ti Trong qu trnh hot ng, hng ngy c nhiu cc phng tin vn ti ra vo nh my. gim nh tc ng do hot ng giao thng vn ti gy ra n mc thp nht, cn p dng cc bin php qun l nh sau : - Bin php qun l : Li xe c hc y v lut giao thng v s c giao trch nhim qun l, bo qun xe c th. Khi k hp ng vn chuyn, yu cu xe cng nh ch xe phi m bo cc iu kin v k thut xe, cng nh cc yu cu khc v vn chuyn trn ng. - Bin php k thut : Cc phng tin xe, my phi c kim tra k thut nh k, bo dng theo ng quy nh, m bo cc thng s kh thi ca xe t yu cu v mt mi trng. Xe ch ng trng ti danh nh v chp hnh nghim chnh cc quy nh v xe lu thng trn ng ph nh ph bt chng bi... 4.5.4. Kim sot cht thi rn Gii php tng hp qun l cht thi rn trong luyn cn thp l va gii quyt vn nhim mi trng, va gp phn nng cao hiu qu kinh t trong qu trnh sn xut do thu hi cht thi ti s dng, tit kim c nguyn liu cho sn xut. Phng php hng dn cho trong chng 4. 4.5.5. Cc gii php phng nga v ng cu s c mi trng Phng chng chy n Trong cc nh my luyn cn thp, cc b phn c th gy s c mi trng nh nh my luyn cn thp, nh my cc ho, nh my c kh, nh my sn xut gch chu la. Chy n c th do mng li cung cp v truyn dn in, l t... m bo an ton, cn thc hin cc bin php sau : - Xy dng phng n phng chng chy, n. Ni quy an ton chy, n. - Trang b h thng bo chy v cha chy t ng. B cha nc. - Trang b cc dng c cha chy cm tay, bnh dp la bng kh CO2. i vi b phn nhp thp ph liu phi gim st, kim tra cht ch cc loi vt liu n v cc ho cht c hi c th ln trong st thp ph li. i vi xng sn xut oxy, phi m bo quy trnh cng ngh cht ch, cc chai oxy phi lun c kim tra trc khi np liu. i vi cc xng cn thp c th bc l nung, cc cht thi rn trn nn nh xng c th gy thng tch khi cng nhn i li. Do cn b, cng nhn trong nh my phi nghim tc thc hin tt ni quy v k lut lao ng. H thng chng st i vi h thng chng st, ct thu li phi c lp t ti v tr cao nht ca mt cng trnh trong nh my. in tr tip t xung kch ca h thng chng st 10 khi in tr sut ca t < 50.000 /cm2 v 10 khi in tr sut ca t > 50.000 /cm2. 143

 V sinh cng nghip v an ton lao ng Gio dc thc v sinh mi trng v v sinh y t cho ton b cn b, cng nhn vin trong nh my, ng thi thc hin nghim tc cng tc bo h lao ng cho CBCNV nh qun o, khu trang, gng tay... o to v cung cp thng tin v v sinh an ton lao ng, c chng trnh kim tra, khm sc kho nh k cho cng nhn. m bo t tiu chun v cc yu t vi kh hu cng nh cc loi hi kh c hi khc v iu kin lao ng theo quy nh ca B Y t m bo sc kho cho ngi lao ng. Chng 5. CHNG TRNH QUN L V GIM ST MI TRNG CA D N 5.1. CHNG TRNH QUN L MI TRNG 5.1.1. Mc tiu ca chng trnh Mc tiu ca chng trnh qun l v quan trc cht lng mi trng ngnh cng nghip luyn cn thp l thu thp mt cch lin tc cc thng tin v s bin i cht lng mi trng, kp thi pht hin nhng tc ng xu n mi trng ca d n v xut cc bin php ngn nga v gim thiu nhim. Mt khc quan trc cht lng mi trng ca khu vc cn nhm bo m cho cc h thng x l nhim, h thng x l nc thi, h thng x l kh thi v cc h thng khc trong khu vc hot ng ca nh my luyn cn thp c hiu qu, bo m cht lng nc thi v kh thi sau khi x l t tiu chun x vo ngun nc v vo mi trng khng kh theo quy nh ca TCVN 5945-2005, TCVN 5937-2005, TCVN 5939-2005. Ngoi ra mc tiu ca chng trnh qun l v quan trc cht lng mi trng ca ngnh cng nghip luyn cn thp cn m bo ph hp vi cc bin php gim thiu ra trong bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng, m bo chng trnh qun l ng n v cc chc nng qun l cht thi, a ra c c cu phn ng nhanh cc vn v s c mi trng khng c d tnh trc xy ra v qun l gii quyt khn cp cc s c mi trng khng lng trc c. 5.1.2. Qun l mi trng trong giai on thi cng xy dng Tc ng mi trng xu nht ca d n luyn cn thp xy ra trong giai on xy dng ch yu l do qu san i mt bng v thi cng lp t my mc thit b, nh xng. Cc vn v mi trng v cc bin php gim thiu lin quan s c iu khin v theo ri bao gm : - Qu trnh san i to mt bng thi cng, - Bi do qu trnh thi cng xy dng v vn chuyn nguyn vt liu, thit b, - Cng tc khoan v thi cng ng cc, - Lp t my mc v thit b, - Xy dng ng giao thng ni b, - Tc ng kinh t x hi i vi khu dn c xung quanh.

144

BO CO TM CHI TIT (EIA REPORT) CAM KT MC TIU BVMT BIN I EMP CHNG TRNH QLMT (EMP)

V TR C TH (SEMP)

O TO - HNG DN QUN L O TO NHN VIN CHUYN TRCH THAY I THIT K THC HIN D N LUYN CN THP QUAN TRC MI TRNG V GIM ST THI CNG BO CO QTMT (MONITORING REPORT)

Hnh : Chng trnh qun l mi trng

CH U T D N NH MY LUYN CN THP

CNG TY T VN THIT K XY DNG

BAN QUN L D N N/M LUYN CN THP

NH THU THI CNG XY DNG

Qun l mi trng

Hnh : C cu t chc ca Ban qun l d n 145

Thi cng xy dng

Qun l k hoch

Qun l ti chnh

Gim st thit k

Qun l thi cng

- Cng trnh x l kh thi: M t chi tit c tnh k thut, s lng, chng loi cc cng trnh x l mi trng ca d n p dng trong giai on thi cng xy dng. D ton kinh ph thc hin. Tin thi cng v hon thnh cc cng trnh x l. - Cng trnh x l nc thi : M t chi tit c tnh k thut, s lng, chng loi cc cng trnh x l mi trng ca d n p dng trong giai on thi cng xy dng. D ton kinh ph thc hin. Tin thi cng v hon thnh cc cng trnh x l. - Cng trnh x l ting n v rung : M t chi tit c tnh k thut, s lng, chng loi cc cng trnh x l mi trng ca d n p dng trong giai on thi cng xy dng. D ton kinh ph thc hin. Tin thi cng v hon thnh cc cng trnh x l. - Cng trnh x l cht thi rn v cht thi nguy hi : M t chi tit c tnh k thut, s lng, chng loi cc cng trnh x l mi trng ca d n p dng trong giai on thi cng xy dng. D ton kinh ph thc hin. Tin thi cng v hon thnh cc cng trnh x l. 5.1.3. Qun l mi trng trong giai on vn hnh - C cu t chc : C cu t chc qun l mi trng trong giai on hot ng ca cc nh my luyn cn thp c trnh by trong s sau : - Bin php qun l : Trong giai on hot ng luyn cn thp, cc vn v mi trng v cc bin php gim thiu s c trin khai thc hin bao gm : - Qun l kh thi qua cc ng khi, - Cc cht thi rn v cht thi nguy hi, - Qun l nc thi, - Qun l an ton v mi trng trong hot ng luyn cn thp. - Qun l ting n v nh sng, bin php gim thiu, - Qun l giao thng v cc phng tin giao thng vn ti ra vo nh my, - Qun l nhp nguyn vt liu v xut sn phm, - Qun l nc thi ra mi trng xung quanh, - K hoch i ph vi cc s c mi trng c th xy ra. - Cng trnh x l kh thi : M t chi tit c tnh k thut, s lng, chng loi cc cng trnh x l mi trng ca d n p dng trong giai on vn hnh d n. D ton kinh ph thc hin. Tin thi cng v hon thnh cc cng trnh x l. - Cng trnh x l nc thi : M t chi tit c tnh k thut, s lng, chng loi cc cng trnh x l mi trng ca d n p dng trong giai on vn hnh d n. D ton kinh ph thc hin. Tin thi cng v hon thnh cc cng trnh x l.

146

TNG GIM C

PH TG K THUT

PH TG KINH DOANH

PH TG U T - TB

PHNG KT

PHNG KH-CT

PHNG KT-TC

PHNG TCLL

PHNG HC-BV

PHNG TB

PX THIU KT QUN L HC QUN L SX TRC C IN

PX LUYN GANG QUN L HC QUN L SX TRC C IN

PX LUYN THP QUN L HC QUN L SX TRC C IN

PX NG LC NC CP NC THI LC BI IN L

TRM OXY TRM X L NC TRM BIN TH

PHNG AN TON V V SINH MI TRNG

Hnh : C cu qun l mi trng trong giai on vn hnh - Cng trnh x l ting n v rung : M t chi tit c tnh k thut, s lng, chng loi cc cng trnh x l mi trng ca d n p dng trong giai on vn hnh d n. D ton kinh ph thc hin. Tin thi cng v hon thnh cc cng trnh x l. - Cng trnh x l cht thi rn v cht thi nguy hi : M t chi tit c tnh k thut, s lng, chng loi cc cng trnh x l mi trng ca d n p dng trong giai on vn hnh d n. D ton kinh ph thc hin. Tin thi cng v hon thnh cc cng trnh x l. 5.2. CHNG TRNH GIM ST MI TRNG 5.2.1. Gim st cht thi - Mc tiu gim st : + Ngun kh thi. + Ngun nc thi. + Cht thi rn. - Thng s gim st : Gim st cc thng s nhim c trng ca cht thi theo tiu chun v quy chun hin hnh ca Vit Nam. - Tn sut gim st : Gim st cc ngun thi theo quy nh. 5.2.2. Gim st mi trng xung quanh Gim st cht lng mi trng khng kh : - V tr cc im quan trc mi trng khng kh : + Khu vc nh my hp kim st v t n, + Khu vc nh my c kh, 147

+ Khu vc nh my cc ho, + Khu vc luyn gang l cao, + Khu vc nh my luyn cn thp, + Khu vc nh my sn xut gch chu la, + Khu vc cui hng gi cch ngun thi 300m, 500m, 800m v 1000m, - Cc thng s quan trc mi trng kh : + Kh tng : Nhit (oC), m (%), vn tc gi (m/s), hng gi, p sut kh quyn (mmHg). + Bi TSP, bi PM10 v cc cht kh CO, CO2, SO2, NO2, HCl, HF. + Ting n : LAeq, LAmax v mc n theo cc di octa (LAocta). - Quy nh v quan trc v phn tch mu kh : + i vi cc yu t kh tng : cn tun th theo ng quy nh ca ngnh kh tng thu vn. + i vi cc yu t mi trng : cc cht kh c hi, bi, ting n... c ly mu phn tch vi tn sut 2 ln trong 1 nm vo ma kh v vo ma ma. Thi gian quan trc lin tc trong ngy, cc ch tiu c phn tch theo cc tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN v tiu chun quc t ISO. Gim st cht lng mi trng nc : - Cc thng s quan trc mi trng nc : - Thng s quan trc : Nhit nc, pH, hm lng cn l lng, c, tng khong ho, DO, BOD5, CODKMnO4, Cl-, NH3, NH4+, NO2-, NO3-, PO43-, CN-, Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu, As, Phenol, Du, Coliform. - V tr cc im quan trc mi trng nc : + im x nc thi ca nh my luyn cn thp, + Ngun nc mt trong khu vc, + Ngun nc ngm trong khu vc, - Quy nh quan trc v phn tch mu nc : + i vi cc ch tiu mi trng nc c ly mu v phn tch vi tn sut 2 ln trong 1 nm, vo ma kh v vo ma ma. Cc ch tiu c phn tch theo tiu chun TCVN 5945-2005. + Thit b ly mu v phng php phn tch : theo TCVN. V tr cc im gim st mi trng phi c th hin trn bn khu vc d n ng vi cc thnh phn mi trng cn gim st. Gim st cht lng mi trng t : Cng nh cc yu t mi trng nc v mi trng khng kh, cc yu t mi trng t cng cn c quan trc thng xuyn. Tuy nhin tn sut gim st cc yu t mi trng t c th tha hn (1 nm/ln), nhm nh gi cht lng mi trng t v theo di s dch chuyn ca cc cht c hi, kim loi nng trong t. - Cc thng s cn quan trc : Cc thng s t cn quan trc bao gm : pHKCl, phenol, du, Pb, Zn, As, v CN-. - V tr cc im quan trc : + Cc bi thi x. + Khu vc thot nc ca nh my luyn cn thp. 5.2.3. Gim st khc Gim st cc yu t xi mn, trt, st l, ln t, xi l b sng, b sui, b h, b bin, bi lng lng sng, lng sui, lng h, y bin, thay i mc nc mt, nc ngm, xm nhp phn, xm nhp mn v cc tc ng ti cc i tng t nheien v kinh t x hi khc (nu c) vi tn sut ph hp nhm theo di c 148

s bin i theo khng gian v thi gian ca cc yu t ny. Cc im gim st phi c th hin c th trn s vi ch gii r rng v ta theo quy chun hin hnh.
Chng 6. THAM VN KIN CNG NG 6.1. MC TIU V BIN PHP THAM VN KIN CNG NG 6.1.1. Mc tiu - Xc nh cc bn lin quan. - Gii thiu d n v cc vn mi trng lin quan. - Hin trng s dng t. Nhng yu t mi trng cha c nhn bit. - Ly kin phn hi v thng nht cc kt qu. - M rng qu trnh tham vn i vi nhng d n m cc bn lin quan tr thnh cc i tc cng tham gia vo vic thit k, thc hin d n v qu trnh ra quyt nh. 6.1.2. La chn k thut tham vn cng ng Bng : La chn k thut tham vn cng ng Thu thp thng tin Ph bin thng tin Tham vn Tham gia Bng cu hi, iu Truyn thng Hp nhm, hi Chnh quyn tra kho st v ly (i, TV, bo) tho thn, x kin Phng vn Trng by, trin Hi ngh, hi tho Hp lm chuyn nh gi cc vn Hp dn Cc vn mi Cc hot ng i mi trng trng n s ng thun 6.1.3. Bin php tham vn cng ng Ch d n gi vn bn n U ban Nhn dn v U ban Mt trn T quc cp x, phng thng bo v nhng ni dung c bn ca d n, nhng tc ng xu v mi trng ca d n, nhng bin php gim thiu tc ng xu v mi trng s p dng v ngh gp kin bng vn bn. Trong trng hp U ban Nhn dn hoc U ban Mt trn T quc cp x, phng c yu cu i thoi, ch d n phi phi hp thc hin. Kt qu cuc i thoi c ghi thnh bin bn, trong phn nh y nhng kin tho lun, kin tip thu hoc khng tip thu ca ch d n, bin bn c ch k (ghi h tn, chc danh) ca ngi ch tr cuc i thoi v ch d n hoc i din ch d n, km theo danh sch i biu tham d.

Nhng kin tn thnh, khng tn thnh ca U ban Nhn dn, U ban Mt trn T quc cp x, phng, ca a biu tham d cuc i thoi phi c th hin trong ni dung bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ca d n. Cc vn bn gp kin ca U ban Nhn dn, U ban Mt trn T quc cp x, phng, bin bn cuc i thoi v cc vn bn tham vn cng ng khc phi c sao v nh km trong phn ph lc ca bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ca d n. 6.2. kin ca UBND cp x Nu r cc kin c th ca UBND cp x v cc vn lin quan n bo v mi trng ca d n. 149

6.3. kin ca UBMTTQ cp x Nu r cc kin c th ca UBMTTQ cp x v cc vn lin quan n bo v mi trng ca d n. 6.4. kin phn hi v cam kt ca ch d n v cc kin ca UBND v UBMTTQ cp x i vi tng ni dung kin, yu cu cu UBND cp x v UBMTTQ cp x, Ch d n cn nu r quan im ca mnh ng hay khng ng . Trng hp ng th cn nu r cc cam kt ca ch d n p ng kin, yu cu ny c trnh by ni dung (chng, mc) no ca bo co. Trng hp khng ng th cn nu r l do ti sao. Mu vn bn tham vn kin cng ng ca d n c thc hin theo hng dn ca Thng t 05/2008/TT-BTNMT. Kt lun. KT LUN, KIN NGH V CAM KT I. KT LUN Phi c kt lun v nhng vn nh nhn dng v nh gi c ht nhng tc ng cha, cn ci g cha r, nh gi tng qut v mc , quy m ca nhng tc ng xc nh, mc kh thi ca cc bin php gim thiu tc ng, nhng tc ng tiu cc no khng th c bin php gim thiu v vt qu kh nng cho php ca ch d n v kin ngh vi cc cp, cc ngnh lin quan hng gii quyt. II. KIN NGH Kin ngh vi cc cp, cc ngnh lin quan gip gii quyt nhng vn vt kh nng gii quyt ca d n. III. CAM KT 1. Cam kt tun th phng n thit k quy hoch Ch u t phi cam kt tun th phng n thit k quy hoch d n nh my luyn cn thp nh i vi quy m v tnh cht ca d n, phng n thit k tng mt bng, phn khu chc nng cc cng trnh ca d n, h thng ng giao thng, h thng cung cp nc, h thng thot nc, x l nc thi... 2. Cam kt thc hin cc bin php bo v mi trng trong giai on lp d n u t Ch u t phi cam kt thc hin cc bin php bo v mi trng trong giai on lp d n u t nh cam kt phi hp cht ch vi cc cp chnh quyn a phng thc hin cng tc n b v gii phng mt bng, tun th cc quy nh hin hnh ca php lut Vit Nam v bo v mi trng trong qu trnh trin khai v thc hin d n nh xut trong bo co TM. 3. Cam kt thc hin cc bin php bo v mi trng trong giai on thi cng xy dng Ch u t phi cam kt s thc hin cc bin php gim thiu cc tc ng xu trong giai on thi cng xy dng nh trnh by trong chng 4, gm : - Gim thiu cc tc ng trong cng tc san i mt bng. - Gim thiu nhim mi trng khng kh. - Gim thiu nhim ting n v rung ng. - Gim thiu nhim nhit. - Gim thiu nhim nc thi. - Gim thiu nhim do nc ma chy trn. - Thc hin v sinh mi trng v an ton lao ng

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4. Cam kt thc hin cc bin php bo v mi trng trong giai on hot ng ca d n Ch u t phi cam kt thc hin cc bin php gim thiu tc ng xu trong giai on hot ng ca d n nh trnh by trong chng 4, gm : - Bin php x l kh thi. - Bin php x l nc thi sinh hot. - Bin php x l nc thi t cc cng on sn xut xi mng. - Bin php thu gom v x l cht thi rn v cht thi nguy hi. - Bin php gim thiu khng ch nhim i vi mi trng vt l . - Bin php phng chng chy n, an ton v s c mi trng. 5. Cam kt tun th cc tiu chun mi trng bt buc p dng Ch u phi t cam kt tun th nghim tc cc Tiu chun Vit Nam v mi trng m d n bt buc phi p dng. 6. Cam kt gim st mi trng - Ch u t phi cam kt s thc hin chng trnh gim st mi trng (nh trnh by trong chng 5). - Kinh ph dnh cho gim st mi trng ca d n. 7. Cam kt n b v khc phc nhim Ch d n phi cam kt n b v khc phc nhim mi trng trong trng hp cc s c, ri ro mi trng xy ra do trin khai thc hin d n. 8. Cam kt phc hi mi trng Ch d n phi cam kt phc hi mi trng theo quy nh ca php lut v bo v mi trng sau khi d n kt thc vn hnh. Ph lc. CC PH LC CA D N I. Ph lc 1 Cc vn bn php l ca d n. II. Ph lc 2 Cc vn bn tham vn cng ng v iu tra kinh t x hi ca d n. III. Ph lc 3 Kt qu quan trc v phn tch mi trng khu vc d n. IV. Ph lc 4 Danh mc cc thit b chnh ca cng ngh luyn cn thp (tn thit b, c tnh k thut, s lng, hng sn xut, nm sn xut). V. Ph lc 5 Cc bn v thit k ca d n.

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