Anti-psychiatry

Topics

Antipsychology
Biopsychiatry controversy
Critical psychiatry
Hearing Voices Movement
History of mental disorders
Involuntary commitment
Involuntary treatment
Medicalization
Outline of the psychiatric survivors movement
Political abuse of psychiatry
Psychiatric survivors movement
Psychiatry: An Industry of Death
Psychoanalytic theory
Recovery model
Rosenhan experiment
Self-help groups for mental health
Therapeutic community

American Association for the Abolition of Involuntary Mental

Hospitalization
Citizens Commission on Human Rights
Hearing Voices Network
Icarus Project
Mad Pride
Mental Disability Rights International
MindFreedom International
National Empowerment Center
Radical Psychology Network
Paranoia Network
Soteria

World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry

Linda Andre
Franco Basaglia

Organizations

People

Publications

Fred Baughman
Ernest Becker
Clifford Whittingham Beers
Lauretta Bender
Richard Bentall
Peter Breggin
Ted Chabasinski
Judi Chamberlin
David Cooper
Lyn Duff
Michel Foucault
Leonard Roy Frank
Erving Goffman
James Gottstein
R. D. Laing
Peter Lehmann
Kate Millett
Loren Mosher
David Oaks
Elizabeth Packard
David Smail
Thomas Szasz
Stephen Ticktin

Robert Whitaker

Against Therapy
Anatomy of an Epidemic
Anti-Oedipus
Asylums
Crazy Therapies
Doctoring the Mind
Interpretation of Schizophrenia
Liberation by Oppression
Mad in America
Madness and Civilization
The Gene Illusion
The Myth of Mental Illness
The Politics of Experience
The Protest Psychosis
The Radical Therapist

We've Had a Hundred Years of Psychotherapy And the

World's Getting Worse

 21
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Laing spent a couple of years as a psychiatrist in the British Army (Royal Army
Medical Corps; conscripted despite his asthma that made him unfit for combat),
where he found an interest in communicating with mentally distressed people. In 1953
Laing left the Army and worked at the Glasgow Royal Mental Hospital, becoming the
youngest consultant in the country.[7] Isabel Hunter-Brown, who worked at the
hospital at the same time as Laing, suggests that the Glasgow approach to mental
illness, and many of Laing's ideas, were influenced by the work of David Henderson,
who in turn credited the American Adolf Meyer.[6] During this period Laing also

participated in an existentialism-oriented discussion group in Glasgow, organised by

Karl Abenheimer and Joe Schorstein.[8]
In 1956 Laing went on to train on a grant at the Tavistock Clinic in London, widely
known as a centre for the study and practice of psychotherapy (particularly
psychoanalysis). At this time, he was associated with John Bowlby, D. W. Winnicott
and Charles Rycroft. He remained at the Tavistock Institute until 1964.[9]
In 1965, Laing and a group of colleagues created the Philadelphia Association and
started a psychiatric community project at Kingsley Hall, where patients and
therapists lived together.[10] The Norwegian author Axel Jensen became a close friend
and Laing often visited him onboard his ship, Shanti Devi, in Stockholm.[citation needed]
In October 1972, Laing met Arthur Janov, author of the popular book The Primal
Scream. Though Laing found Janov modest and unassuming, he thought of him as a
'jig man' (someone who knows a lot about a little). Laing sympathized with Janov, but
regarded his primal therapy as a lucrative business, one which required no more than
obtaining a suitable space and letting people 'hang it all out.'[11]
Inspired by the work of American psychotherapist Elizabeth Fehr, Laing began to
develop a team offering "rebirthing workshops" in which one designated person
chooses to re-experience the struggle of trying to break out of the birth canal
represented by the remaining members of the group who surround him or her.[12]
Many former colleagues regarded him as a brilliant mind gone wrong but there were
some who thought Laing was somewhat psychotic
Laing maintained that schizophrenia was "a theory not a fact"; he believed the models
of genetically inherited schizophrenia being promoted by biologically based
psychiatry were not accepted by leading medical geneticists.[14] He rejected the
"medical model of mental illness"; according to Laing diagnosis of mental illness did
not follow a traditional medical model; and this led him to question the use of
medication such as antipsychotics by psychiatry. His attitude to recreational drugs
was quite different; privately, he advocated an anarchy of experience.[15]

Controversy has often surrounded psychiatry, [153] and the anti-psychiatry message is
that psychiatric treatments are ultimately more damaging than helpful to patients.
Psychiatry is often thought to be a benign medical practice, but at times is seen by
some as a coercive instrument of oppression. Psychiatry is seen to involve an unequal
power relationship between doctor and patient, and a highly subjective diagnostic
process, leaving too much room for opinions and interpretations.[153][154] Every society,
including liberal Western society, permits compulsory treatment of mental patients.
[153]
The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes that "poor quality services and

human rights violations in mental health and social care facilities are still an everyday
occurrence in many places", but has only recently taken the first steps to improve the
situation globally.[155]
Psychiatry's history involves what some view as dangerous treatments.[153]
Electroconvulsive therapy was one of these, which was used widely between the
1930s and 1960s and is still in use today. A brain surgery called lobotomy was
another practice that was ultimately seen as too invasive and brutal.[154] In the US,
between 1939 and 1951, over 50,000 lobotomy operations were performed in mental
hospitals. Valium and other sedatives were over-prescribed, which led to an epidemic
of dependence. There was also concern about the significant increase in prescribing
psychiatric drugs for children


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Thomas Szasz ,
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Michael Foucault
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R.D. Laing ,
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David Cooper 1971.

1960-1970.
Judi Chamberlin's On Our Own: Patient Controlled Alternatives to the Mental
Health System (1978)
.
Thomas Szasz
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Michael Foucault
.
R.D. Laing ,
.

David Cooper 1971.

1960-1970.
Judi Chamberlin's On Our Own: Patient Controlled Alternatives to the Mental
Health System (1978)
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(Mental Patients' Liberation Front).