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T
HE
S
CHUMPETER 
 
The Economics Society Magazine
The Need for More Skyscrapers in London
 
David Osborne
 
Financing Student Life
Francesca Satturley
 
Another Fine Mess
Adrian Booth
 
Lessons from the Great Depression
Adrian Booth
 Issue 3
News and ExtraSuperpowers of World Past, Present & Future
Fahad Memon
 
Going on the Cheap
Habeeba Anjum
 
Islamic Banking Explained
Anaam Raza
 
theschumpeter.blogspot.com
 
The Economics Society Magazine is funded bymember contributions, and relies on the contributionof students and lecturers for articles. If you wouldlike to get involved writing for us please email:
econsocnews@city.ac.uk
 
 
Another Fine Mess
By Adrian Booth
he art of economics, as described by Henry
Hazlitt, “consists in looking not merely at
the immediate but at the longer effects of any act or policy; it consists in tracing theconsequences of that policy not merely for one
group but for all groups”
1
. Using this quote weneed to analyse not just the short term effects of a policy decision by central bankers and policymakers, but the intermediate and longer termeffects on the structure of the economy. Tomany economists, Ben Bernanke, the chairmanof the Federal Reserve, has saved the worldeconomy from collapse and should beapplauded. Toothers, he isseen asnothing but amoney printerhell bent ondestroying theAmazonrainforest forthe sake of bailing out thebanks. Thelatter arguethat with the unprecedentedexplosion of the monetary base(the total amount of money in circulation plusbank reserves) double digit inflation is a likelyscenario (See the chart).The likes of Alan Greenspan, former Chairmanof the Federal Reserve, and Martin Wolf,Financial Times Economics Editor, have bothargued that expansionary government policiescould produce significant inflation in themedium to long term if excess reserves andnewly printed money are not reined in. "It'scritically important the Fed's doubling of itsbalance sheet be reversed," Greenspan said. "If you allow it to sit and fester, it would create a
serious problem.”
2.
An expansion of the moneysupply on that scale would have producedcatastrophic inflation in normal times. The factis; we no longer live in normal times.The new money that central banks have issued isnot circulating the economy and therefore notproducing inflation in prices. The excessreserves are currently deposited at central banksearning tiny amounts of interest. We need to ask the question; what happens once the banks lendthe money out and prices start to rise? Willcentral bankersrein in themoney supplyor allow afurtherweakness inthe currency inorder to easethe debtburden. It isnot in theinterest forthose countriesin debt, like the US and UK, tohave stronger currencies and haveto pay back debt in higher valued paper. Nor,rather, is it in their interest for a currencycollapse. Harvard professor Kenneth Rogoff came out recently and recommended a 6%
inflation rate to ease the debt burden. “I’m
advocating 6 percent inflation for at least acouple of years, it would ameliorate the debtbomb and help us work through the
deleveraging process.”
4
He is correct in sayingthat policymakers are aiming for an inflationrate around that level to help with the giganticdebt mountain.
T
Source: research.stlouisfed.org (2009)
 
 
T
HE
S
CHUMPETER 
 NOTHER 
F
INE
M
ESS
 
In a recent article,
The Economist 
expressedconcern over the future of the international
monetary system we’ve had since 1971. On
August 15
th
of that year Richard Nixon closedthe gold window and took the world off the goldstandard. For the first time in history, the entire
world’s monetary system was based on fia
tmoney. This monetary experiment has beenrunning for 38 years and some would arguecontributed to global trade imbalances thatcontributed to the crisis and the huge build up of 
debt in the western world. “It is hard to think of 
a parallel in history. A country heavily in debt toforeigners, with a government deficit it ismaking little attempt to control, is creating vastamounts of additional currency. Yet it is allowed
to get away with very low interest rates”
3
.We have heard for some time now that recoveryis imminent and that government policies haveaverted total collapse. Some economists arguethat the crisis has not been averted, but merelypostponed. The transfer of debt from banks andthe private sector onto the balance sheets of central banks and governments poses a seriousrisk of a sovereign debt default or currencycrisis in the medium to long term.We could yet have another phase where, insteadof credit drying up for banks and privatebusinesses, credit dries up for governments andinterest rates sky rocket along with inflation.David Bowers of Absolute Strategy Research
says; “It’s the last game of pass the parcel.
When the tech bubble burst, balance sheetproblems were passed to the household sector(through mortgages). This time they are beingpassed to the public sector (through
governments’ assumption of banks’ debts).There’s nobody left to pass it to in the future.”
5
 Economists Philipp Bagus and Markus H.Schiml recently wrote an article on the FederalReserve showing that its balance sheet isleveraged at 50:1. This means that a 2% fall in
the value of the fed’s assets would declare the
central bank insolvent.
6
Even the Bank of International Settlements (BIS) has expressed
concern with recent policy actions. “The big and
 justifiable worry is that, before it can bereversed, the dramatic easing in monetary policywill translate into growth in the broader
monetary and credit aggregates”. This will “lead
to inflation that feeds inflation expectations or itmay fuel yet another asset-price bubble, sowingthe seeds of the next financial boom-bust
cycle.”
7
 With the central bank of the US on the edge of insolvency and the US government having toborrow $6 billion a day just to survive, wecannot expect the world economy (particularlythe West) to begin a period of healthy economicexpansion. Russell Napier, stock markethistorian and author of Anatomy of the Bear,recently said in an interview that "The mostmispriced financial instrument on the planettoday is US government debt and the unwindingof that will be the story of this generation," Withbond vigilantes and gold bugs circling the USDollar and Treasuries like vultures, we can onlyexpect further crises in the future; only this timegovernments and central banks being the mainfocus
.
 
References:
1.
 
 Economics in One Lesson,
Henry Hazlitt, Three RiversPress 1946, pg 17, lines 9-12.
 2.
 
Greenspan says Fed balance sheet an inflation risk 
http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSTRE5913TX20091002
 
3.
 
The Economist,
Chucking the buck, September 26
th
-October 2
nd
, pg. 90.4.
 
U.S. Needs More Inflation to Speed Recovery, SayMankiw, Rogoff, Bloomberg, Rich Miller, 19/05/095.
 
Financial Times,
A Risky Revival, John Authers,26/09/09, pg 8.6.
 
The Insolvency of the Fed,Philipp Bagusand Markus H.Schiml| Posted on 2/5/2009, http://mises.org/story/3281. 
7.
 
 BIS Sees Risk Central Banks Will Raise Interest RatesToo Late,
Simone Meier, Bloomberg,http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601068&sid=aOnSy9jXFKaY
 
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