UPOTREBA PASIVA Pasiv se koristi pri naglaavanju radnje.

Nije vano, ili nije potrebno znati ko ili ta je vrilac radnje. Dakle, naglasak se stavlja na radnju. Primjer: My bike was stolen. U ovom primjeru naglaeno je da je moje biciklo ukradeno. Meutim, nepoznat je vrilac te radnje. Ponekad navod izreen u pasivu zvui pristojnije nego li isti izreen u aktivu. Primjer: A mistake was made. U ovom primjeru, izbjegavajui okriviti nekoga za pogreku, naglaava se sama pogreka. (Ti si pogrijeio.). TVORBA PASIVA Subjekat + odreeni odgovarajui oblik pomonog glagola to be + proli ili past particip (trea kolona nepravilnih glagola) Primjer: A letter was written Kad reenicu napisanu u aktivu prebacujemo u pasiv tada: - Objekat aktivne postaje subjekat pasivne reenice. - Tad se odreeni oblik glagola mijenja (to be + past particip). - Subjekat aktivne reenice postaje objektom pasivne reenice(ili se izostavlja) Primjeri pasiva : Vrijeme Subjekat Glagol Objekat

Simple Present

Aktiv: Pasiv:

Rita A letter Rita A letter

writes

a letter.

is written wrote was written

by Rita. a letter. by Rita.

Simple Past

Aktiv: Pasiv:

Present Perfekt

Aktiv: Pasiv:

Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter

has written has been written will write will be written can write can be written

a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita.

Futur I

Aktiv: Pasiv:

(Modalni-Pomoni Aktiv: glagoli) Pasiv:

Vrijeme

Subjekat

Glagol

Objekat

Present continuous

Aktiv: Pasiv:

Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita

is writing

a letter.

is being written was writing was being written had written had been written will have written will have been written would write would be written would have written

by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter.

Past continuous

Aktiv: Pasiv:

Past Perfekt

Aktiv: Pasiv:

Future II

Aktiv: Pasiv:

Kondicional I

Aktiv: Pasiv:

Kondicional II

Aktiv:

Pasiv:

A letter

would have been written

by Rita.

PASIVNE REENICE SA DVA OBJEKTA Prebacivanjem aktivne reenice s dva objekta u pasiv, jedan objekat e postati subjekat, dok e drugi ostati objekat. Koji e objekat postati subjektom zavisi od toga ta u reenici elimo naglasiti. Subjekat Glagol Objekat 1 Objekat 2

Aktiv: Pasiv: Pasiv:

Rita A letter I

wrote

a letter

to me.

was written was written

to me a letter

by Rita. by Rita.

Kao to se vidi, dodavanje drugog objekta (by Rita) ne zvui lijepo, tako da se taj dio obino izostavlja, ali nije pogreno ni napisati. IMPERSONAL PASSIVE (BEZLINI PASIV) Personal Passive znai da objekat aktivne reenice postaje subjekat pasivne, tako da svaki glagol kojem je potreban objekat(prelazni glagol) moe formirati a personal passive. Primjer: They build houses. Houses are built. Glagoli bez objekta tj. neprelazni glagoli ne mogu postati prelazni osim ako im se ne doda prijedlog. Takav pasiv se naziva bezlinim jer pri tvorbi koristimo bezlinu konstrukciju. Primjer: he says it is said Bezlini pasiv nije uobiajeno koristiti u engleskom jeziku, a mogue ga je koristiti samo uz glagole opaanja ( npr. say, think, know)

subjekat + pomoni glagol "to be" + particip proli glavnog glagola

Trpno stanje (pasiv) mogu imati samo prelazni glagoli, tj. takvi koji uza se mogu imati objekat. Pasiv pokazuje da subjekat ne vri radnju, ve da se radnja vri na subjektu: The road has been repaired. (put je popravljen) Pasivni oblici se tvore tako to se uzme ono vrijeme glagola "to be" koje nam je potrebno i doda se particip proli glagola kojeg mijenjamo. To znai, da se pasivni prezent tvori od prezenta glagola "to be" i participa prolog glagola koji mijenjamo. Aktivnu reenicu moemo pretvoriti u pasivnu ako se glagol stavi u trpno stanje, subjekat aktivne reenice postaje objekat pasivne, i ispred njega se stavlja prijedlog "by":

A: Everybody drinks water. (svi piju vodu) P: W ater is drunk by everybody. (voda se pije od sviju) aktiv pasiv subjekat Everybody W ater glagol drinks is drunk objekat water by everybody.

A: I wrote this letter. (ja sam napisao ovo pismo) P: This letter was written by me . (pismo je napisano od mene) Neprelazni glagoli mogu postati prelazni ako im se doda prijedlog.

Trpno stanje se upotrebljava mnogo ee u engleskom jeziku nego u naem, koristi se:

kada subjekat koji vri radnju nije poznat: My car has been stollen. (ukradeno mi je auto) She was given a nice birthday present . (dobila je lijep poklon za roendan)

ako se ne eli pomenuti vrilac radnje: I have been told that you are engaged. (reeno mi je da ste se vjerili) She was said to have left her husband. (pria se da je ostavila svog mua)

ako nije potrebno pomenuti vrioca radnje jer to proizilazi iz konteksta (smisla) reenice ili nije bitno za smisao da mora biti pomenut: Mistakes are always made . (greke se uvijek prave)

ako je subjekat pasivne reenice vaniji od vrioca radnje: The "Tower" was written by Mea Selimovi. (Roman "Tvrava" je napisana od strane Mee Selimovia) (autor nas manje interesuje) The boy was punished by his father. (deko je kanjen od svog oca) Ahmed was attended by his sister during his illness. (Ahmeda je njegova sestra njegovala za vrijeme bolesti)

Bezlini oblici u naem jeziku kao to su "kae se", "razumije se", "podrazumijeva se" u engleskom jeziku se iskazuju u treem licu jednine srednjeg roda: it is understood (razumije se, podrazumijeva se) that is known (to se zna) it is said (pria se)

Konjugacija pasiva u veini moguih vremena: infinitiv present simple past future conditional present continous past future conditional present perfect simple past future conditional present perfect continous past future conditional to be called it is called it was called it will be called it would be called it is being called it was being called it will be being called it would be being called it has been called it has been called it will have been called it would have been called it has been being called it had been being called it will have been being called it would have been being called