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INTRODUCCION
Las palabras pertenecen a distintas clases gramaticales. En algunas lenguas, la palabra misma nos dice a que clase pertenece. Pero en ingls hay muy pocas pistas en la palabra misma, y con frecuencia tenemos que mirar el contexto.
Adjetivo
sustantivo
preposicin
Ej.
The
little
child
ran
quickly
up
another
hill.
Articulo
verbo
adverbio
cuantificador
Adems, muchas palabras pueden funcionar como miembros de una clase en un contexto y como miembros de otra clase en otros contextos.
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Verbos
PALABRAS FUNCIONALES Establecen relaciones entre conceptos. Dependen de otras palabras para su significado. Forman un sistema cerrado
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Sustantivo
Verboide
Ejemplos: Como sujeto: A food guide pyramid is Como objeto: ... published nutrition suggestions in pyramidal representation Como complementode una preposicion: percentages of the daily diet
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DETERMINANTES Y PRONOMBRES
DETERMINANTES (preceden al sustantivo) PRONOMBRES = REFERENTES CONTEXTUALES (reemplazan al sustantivo) ---------------Indefinido: one, ones DEMOSTRATIVOS POSESIVOS This, these, that, those My, your, his, her, its, our, your, their. All, both, half, some/ any/ no, every/ each, either/ neither, most/ more/ less/ least, enough, much/ many/ several/ few/ little/rather/fairly/hardly What (ever), which (ever), who (ever), whose, where Cardinales: one, two, three Ordinales: first, second, next, last, other. s (Marys room is white) Mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs.
ARTCULOS
CUANTIFICADORES
WHNUMERALES GENITIVOS
De relativo: who, whose, whom, which, that. s (Toms is blue) Personales y reflexivos: ver tabla siguiente
PERSONALES PRONOMBRES 1ra persona 2da persona Singular Plural Singular you Plural masc. Singular fem. 3ra persona neutro Plural he she it they him her it them you yourselves Himself Herself Itself themselves Sujeto I we Objeto me us REFLEXIVOS myself ourselves yourself
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SUSTANTIVOS
ADJETIVOS
In (incomplete) Im (impossible) Un (unnatural-unconscious ) Ir (irregular) Il (illegal) Dis (disobedient) Non (non-tec hnical) Ex (exterritorial) Over (overactive) Under (underestimated)
VERBOS
ADVERBIOS
Dis (to disappear) De (to dehumidify) Mis ( to mispronounce) En (to enlarge-to enable) Re (to rebuild-to review) Fore (to foretell) Over (to overheatoveremphasize) Los mismos prefijos de los adjetivos
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El grupo verbal est formado por un verbo principal, o un verbo principal precedido por uno o ms auxiliares, que combina con un sujeto para decir lo que alguien o algo hace, o lo que les sucede. Aunque generalmente los verbos se identifican primariamente con una accin tambin pueden expresar existencia, condiciones y procesos, y relaciones. Normalmente debe haber al menos un verbo en cada oracin. Ejemplos de grupos verbales: formado por un verbo principal: raises formado por un verbo principal precedido por uno o ms auxiliares: will be, is associated, are not determined
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Clases de verbos
Verbos principales: no necesitan estar acompaados por otros verbos. expresan el sentido principal del grupo verbal.
Verbos auxiliares Se utilizan para: formar los tiempos verbales. formular preguntas y negar. dar nfasis. evitar repetir una frase completa (substitucin). hacer una evaluacin, juicio o interpretacin acerca de los que estamos diciendo o escribiendo; o para expresar nuestra actitud hacia ello.
Verbos auxiliares
AUXILIARES PRIMARIOS to be to do to have am / is / are do / does have / has was / were did had been / being done / doing had / having
MODALES
Poder can =to be able could (pudo/podra) may = puede por posibilidad o permiso) might (podra)
Condicin would
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No personales: infinitivo, participio y gerundio. ( eg. ...,the name popularly given to these technologies,...)
TIEMPOS VERBALES
Al comunicarnos, generalmente necesitamos indicar si nos estamos refiriendo a una situacin que existe ahora, que existi en el pasado o que puede existir en el futuro. El punto en el tiempo al cual se relaciona nuestro mensaje se indica generalmente en parte mediante el grupo verbal. Se denomina tiempo al grupo de formas verbales que indican un punto en el tiempo en particular o un perodo de tiempo en el pasado, presente o futuro. El grupo de formas que pertenecen a un determinado tiempo generalmente se obtienen agregando inflexiones a la forma del verbo tal como aparece en el diccionario, o mediante la inclusin de auxiliares o modales en el grupo verbal. Resumiendo, los verbos tienen varias formas. Estas formas pueden ser utilizadas solas o combinadas con verbos especiales llamados auxiliares. Los grupos verbales pueden ser personales o no personales. Si un grupo verbal es personal entonces tiene tiempo.
Lisa Brown: Hello, listeners. Welcome to you all. Today in our weekly programme Focus on Fact we are going to look at the huge changes in tourism in Western Europe in recent years. I have with me Gerry Gordon, the local director of the International Tourist Board. Hello, Gerry. Gerry Gordon: Hello, Lisa. Good morning listeners. LB: Well, the main reason for this interview today is that it is the beginning of the holiday season in this part of the world. How has tourism changed recently and what are the causes? GG: Money, mobility and air transport these are the main factors that have caused the changes. LB: OK, lets start with money. How has it influenced our holiday choices? GG: The main thing is that people in Western Europe generally now earn better wages than in the past. Many workers get paid holidays, too. These are the reasons we can spend more to go on holiday. LB: And another thing you mentioned is mobility. Does this just mean we have more cars?
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GG: Yes, thats one thing. Just think, in 1951, only 5 per cent of British families had a car. By 2000 this had increased to almost 75 per cent! And we mustnt forget about the families with two cars, or even more! LB: So we can move about more easily, cant we? GG: Yes, but greater mobility doesnt only mean we have more cars. There are also better transport systems. This means we can travel further and its much easier to get to popular tourist destinations. For example, better roads and motorways make it much easier to travel long distances by car. LB: How about other means of transport? How have they changed our holidays? GG: OK, take air transport: reduced fares, more flights, easier booking systems, larger and better airports LB: Yes, but airports are still crowded, arent they, especially during the peak season. Its often a nightmare, you know, with queues, delays, cancellations GG: Yes, of course, there are two sides to every coin
T his page has been downloaded from www.onestopclil.com. Written by Aleksandra Zaparucha. Copyright Macmillan Publishers Ltd 2008.
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Presente simple Presente continuo Presente perfecto simple Presente perfecto continuo Pasado simple Pasado continuo Pasado perfecto simple Pasado perfecto continuo Futuro Simple Futuro going to Futuro continuo Futuro perfecto simple Futuro perfecto continuo
will work am/is/are going to work will be working will have worked will have been working
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VERBOS NO PERSONALES
Los grupos verbales no personales no concuerdan con un sujeto, para formar una oracin. No hay concordancia de nmero y persona entre el verbo y el sujeto.
EXAMPLES The child tries to communicate some information to his parents. To communicate information to his parents, the child moves his hands ( Para/ de/ a + infinitivo) To communicate information to his parents means that the child feels comfortable ( infinitivo) Communicating information to his parents means that the child... (comunicar/ la comunicacin) The child communicating information to his parents tries to... (que comunica) By communicating information to his parents, the child tries to... (comunicando)
-ING
-ED (ADOIDO)
Pre modificador
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PREPOSICIONES
SIMPLES:
About above after against among around at back before behind below beneath beside between by down during except for from in inside into like near of off on opposite out outside over past round since till through to towards under underneath until up with within without acerca de por encima detrs contra entre alrededor a atrs antes atrs por debajo al lado entre al lado hacia abajo durante excepto para - por de-desde en dentro de adentro de como cerca de fuera de sobre opuesto a afuera afuera por encima pasado alrededor desde hasta a travs de a-hacia hacia debajo por debajo hasta arriba con dentro de sin
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COMPUESTAS:
According to along with as for away from because of due to except for out of owing to up to by means of in comparison with in front of in relation to de acuerdo a junto a como para fuera de a causa de debido a a excepcin de fuera de debido a hasta por medio de en comparac... frente a en relacin a
CONECTORES
CONECTORES de EJEMPLO
for example for instance e.g. (example given) i.e. (id est: that is) such as
de SUMA
and in addition furthermore moreover besides both...and not only...but also on the one/other hand ...as well as...
de CAUSA
because (of) since due to owing to as unless if whether...or
de EFECTO
as a result consequently for this reason therefore hence thus so/ that lead to
de CONTRASTE
but while whereas otherwise however nevertheless yet although though in spite of instead
in order to
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PREGUNTAS
Comienzan con: WHWHO? WHAT? WHERE? WHEN? WHY? WHOSE? WHOM? HOW? HOW much? many? often? long? far?
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