KTE407.

6 - Thng 1/2011 1
1
MN HC
KINH T CNG CNG
Ths. NGUYN KIM LAN
Khoa Kinh t quc t
i hc Ngoi thng
Ki ml an_ftu@yahoo.com
2
NI DUNG MN HC
Chng I: TNG QUAN V VAI TR CA CHNH PH TRONG NN KINH
T TH TRNG V I TNG NGHIN CU CA MN HC KINH
T CNG CNG
Chng II: CHNH PH VI VAI TR PHN B NGUN LC NHM NNG
CAO HIU QU KINH T
Chng III: CHNH PH VI VAI TR PHN PHI LI THU NHP V M
BO CNG BNG X HI
Chng IV: CHNH PH VI VAI TR N NH KINH T V M
Chng V: LA CHN CNG CNG
Chng VI: NHNG CNG C CHNH SCH CAN THIP CH YU CA
CHNH PH TRONG NN KINH T TH TRNG
3
CHNG 1
TNG QUAN V VAI TR CA
CHNH PH TRONG NN KINH T
TH TRNG V I TNG
NGHIN CU CA MN HC KINH
T CNG CNG
4
NI DUNG CH NH
1. CHNH PH TRONG NN KINH T TH
TRNG
2. C S KHCH QUAN CHO S CAN THIP
CA CHNH PH VO NN KINH T
3. CHC NNG, NGUYN TC V NHNG
HN CH TRONG S CAN THIP CA
CHNH PH VO NN KINH T TH
TRNG
4. I TNG, NI DUNG V PHNG PHP
NGHIN CU MN HC
5
1. CHNH PH TRONG NN KINH T TH
TRNG
1.1 Qu trnhpht trin nhn thc v vai tr
ca Chnh Ph
1.2 S thay i vai tr Chnh Ph trong thc
tinpht trin ca th k 20
1.3 c imchung ca khu vc cng cng
1.4 Khuvc cng cng Vit Nam
1.5 Chnh Ph trong vng tunhon kinht
6
1.1 Qu trnhpht trin nhn thc v vai
tr ca Chnh Ph
Khi nim Chnh Ph: CP l mt t chc
c thit lp thc thi nhng quyn lc
nht nh, iu tit hnh vi ca cc c nhn
sng trong x hi nhmphc v cho li ch
chung ca x hi v ti tr cho vic cung
cp nhng hng ha, dch v thit yu m
x hi c nhu cu.
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 2
7
1.1 Qu trnhpht trin nhn thc v vai
tr ca Chnh Ph
Chc nng ca Chnh ph:
- iu tit hnh vi ca cc c nhn.
- Phc v li chchungca X hi
- Cung cp hngho v dch v cng
cng
8
1.1 Qu trnhpht trin nhn thc v vai
tr ca Chnh Ph
L thuyt Bntay v hnhca Adam
Smith
nn KTTT thun ty
Quan imca Karl Marx, Angel, Lenin
nn KT k hoch ha tp trung
Ci cchkinht (trong c VN)
nn KT hn hp
9
1.2 S thay i vai tr CP trong thc tin
pht trin ca th k 20
Thp k 50-70: Chnh ph ng vai tr
quantrng
Thp k 80: thu hp s can thipca
Chnh ph
Thp k 90: kt hp vi KVTN trong qu
trnh pht trin
10
1.3 c imchung ca khuvc cng
cng
Khi nimkhu vc cngcng
Phn b ngunlc:
Theo c ch th trng
Theo c ch phi th trng
11
1.3 c imchung ca khuvc cng
cng (tip)
Cc lnh vc c bn c coi l KVCC:
H thng cc c quan quyn lc caNN
H thng quc phng, an ninh, trt t an ton
XH
H thng KCHT k thut v x hi
Cc lc lngkinh t caChnh ph
H thng an sinh x hi
12
1.3 c imchung ca khuvc cng
cng
Quy m ca KVCC:
Ln hay nh ty thuc vo quan h gia
KVCC v KVTN
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 3
13
1.4 Khuvc cngcng Vit Nam
Trc nm 1986
KVCC gi vai tr ch o
KVTN nh b, b bp nght
Sau nm 1986
Ngh quyt H ng ln th VI: chuyn nn KT sang
vn hnh theo c ch TT
KVCC c chuyn bin su sc
KVCC bc l nhng yu kmcha theo kp yu cu
i mi
Nguyn nhn nhng yu kmca KVCC
14
1.5 CP trongvngtun hon kinht
9
11
9
6
4
10
8 2 1
2
7
8
CC H GIA NH
DOANH NGHIP
CHNH PH
Th trng yu
t sn xut
Th trng
vn
Th
trng
hng
ha
3 5
Hinh 1.1: Chinh phtrong vng tun hon kinh t
15
2. C S KHCH QUAN CHO S CAN
THIP CA CP VO NN KINH T
2.1 Tiuchun v hiuqu s dng ngun
lc
2.2 nh l c bnca Kinh t hc Phc li
2.3 Tht bi ca th trng c s Chnh
ph can thip vo nnkinht
16
2.1 Tiuchunv s dng ngunlc
2.1.1 Hiu qu Pareto v honthin Pareto
Hiu qu Pareto: Mt s phn b ngun
lc c gi l t hiu qu Pareto nu
nh khng c cch no phn b li cc
ngun lc lm cho t nht mt ngi
c li hn m khng lm thit hi n
bt k ai khc
17
2.1 Tiuchunv s dng ngunlc
Hon thin Pareto:Nu cn tn ti mt
cch phn b li cc ngun lc lmcho t
nht mt ngi c li hn m khng
phi lm thit hi cho bt k ai khc th
cch phn b li cc ngun lc l hon
thinPareto so vi cchphn b ban u.
18
2.1 Tiuchunv s dng ngunlc
2.1.2 iukin hiu qu Pareto
iu kinhiu qu sn xut:
MRTS
X
KL
= MRTS
Y
KL
Hiu qu trong sn xut t c khi v ch
khi t sut chuyn i k thut bin gia 2
ngun lc ca cc ngnh bng nhau
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 4
19
2.1.2 iu kin hiu qu Pareto
iu kinhiu qu phn phi:
MRS
A
XY
= MRS
B
XY
Hiu qu phn phi t c khi v ch khi
t l thay th bi n gia 2 loi hng ho ca
cc c nhn bng nhau
20
iu kinhiu qu hn hp:
MRT
XY
= MRS
A
XY
= MRS
B
XY
Hiu qu hn hp t c khi v ch khi t
l chuyn i bin gia 2 hng ho bng t
l thay th bi n ca cc c nhn.
2.1.2 iu kin hiu qu Pareto
21
2.1 Tiuchunv s dng ngunlc
- MB>MC:cha hiu
qu v tng sn lng
cn lmtng c
PLXH
- MB<MC: cha hiu
qu v gimsn lng
lmtng PLXH
- MB=MC: sn xut t
hiu qu
2.1.3 iukin bin v tnh hiuqu
E
G
H
B
A
S=MC
D=MB
W W
MB,MC
0 Q
1
Q
0
Q
2
Q
22
2.2 nhl c bn ca Kinht hc phc
li
2.2.1 Ni dung nhl
Nu nn kinh t cn l cnh tranh hon
ho v trong nhng iu kin n nh th s
phn b ngun lc theo c ch th trng
chc chn m bo t hiu qu Pareto.
23
2.2 nhl c bn ca Kinht hc phc
li
2.2.2 Hn ch ca tiuchun Pareto v
nh l c bn ca Kinh t hc Phc li
- nh lc bn ca Kinh t hc Phc li ch ng trong
mi trng cnh tranh hon ho
- Hiu qu Pareto ch quan tmn hiu qu m khng
quan tmn cng bng
- nh lch ng trong nn kinh t ng
- nh lch ng trong nn kinh t n nh
24
2.3 Tht bi ca th trng c s CP
can thipvo nnkinh t
Tht bi ca th trng: l nhng trng
hp m th trng cnh tranh khng th sn
xut ra hng ha v dch v mc nh x
hi mong mun.
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 5
25
2.3 Tht bi ca th trng c s CP
can thipvo nnkinh t
2.3.1 Tht bi v tnhhiu qu (C2)
- c quyn
- Ngoi ng
- Hng ha cngcng
- Thng tin khngi xng
26
2.3 Tht bi ca th trng c s CP
can thipvo nnkinh t
2.3.2 Tht bi do s bt nnh mang tnh
cht chuk ca nn kinht (C4)
2.3.3 Tht bi v cng bng (C3)
2.3.4 Hng ha khuyndng v phi
khuyndng
27
3. CHC NNG, NGUYN TC V NHNG
HN CH TRONG S CAN THIP CA CP
VO NN KTTT
3.1 Chc nng ca CP
3.1.1 Phn b ngun lc nhm nng cao
hiu qu kinh t
3.1.2 Phn phi li thu nhp v m bo
cng bng x hi
3.1.3 n nh ha kinh t v m
3.1.4 i din cho quc gia trn trng
quc t
28
3.2 Nguyn tc c bncho s can thip
ca CP vo nn KTTT
3.2.1 Nguyn tc h tr
3.2.2 Nguyn tc tng hp
29
3.3 Nhng hn ch ca Chnh ph khi
can thip
3.3.1 Hn ch do thiuthng tin
3.3.2 Hn ch do thiukh nng kimsot
phn ng ca cc c nhn
3.3.3 Hn ch do thiukh nng kimsot
b my hnhchnh
3.3.4 Hn ch do qu trnh ra quyt nh
cngcng
30
4. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU MN HC
4.1 Phng php phn tch thc chng l
mt phng php phn tch khoa hc nhm
tm ra mi quan h nhn qu gia cc bin s
kinh t
4.2 Phng php phn tch chun tc l
phng php phn tch da trn nhng nhn
nh ch quan c bn v iu g ng c hoc
cn lm t c nhng kt qu mong
mun
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 6
31
CHNG 2
CHNH PH VI VAI TR PHN B
NGUN LC NHM NNG CAO
HIU QU KINH T
32
1. C QUYN
1.1 c quyn thng
1.1.1 Khi nim
c quyn thng l trng thi th trng
ch c duy nht mt ngi bn v sn
xut ra sn phm khng c loi hng ha
no thay th gn gi.
33
1.1 c quyn thng
1.1.2 Nguyn nhn xut hin c quyn
c quyn xut hin l kt qu ca qu
trnh cnh tranh
Do c CP nhng quyn khai thc th
trng
Do ch bn quyn i vi pht minh,
sng ch v s hu tr tu
Do s hu c mt ngun lc c bit
Do c kh nng gim gi thnh khi m
rng sn xut c quyn t nhin
34
1.1 c quynthng (tip)
1.1.3 Tn tht phc li do c quyn
thng gy ra
Cnh tranh: MB = MC = P
c quyn: MR = MC
dt ABC l dt mt trng hay
tn tht v ch do c quyn
(CM)
Li nhun c quyn =
Q
1
(P
1
- AC
(Q1)
)
0 Q1 Q0 Q
c quyn thng
D = MB
P
P1
P0
MR
C
AC
MC
A
B
35
1.1 c quyn thng (tip)
1.1.4 Cc gii php can thipca CP
OBan hnh lut php v chnh sch chng
c quyn
OKimsot gi c
Onh thu
OS hu nh nc
36
1.2 c quyn t nhintrng hp ca
cc ngnh dchv cng
1.2.1 Khi nim
c quyn t nhin l tnh trng trong cc
yu t hm cha trong qu trnh sn xut
cho php hng c th lin tc gim chi ph sn
xut khi quy m sn xut m rng, do
dn n cch t chc sn xut hiu qu nht
l ch thng qua mt hng duy nht.
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 7
37
1.2 c quyn t nhin trnghp
ca cc ngnhdchv cng
1.2.2 S phi hiu qu ca c quyn t nhin
khi cha b iu tit
CP s lm th no iu tit th
trng QTN?
E
G B M
$
A
AC
MC
MR D
Q
1
Q
2
Q
0
Q
P
2
P1
F
N
P
0
0
38
1.2 c quyn t nhin trnghpca
cc ngnh dchv cng (tip)
1.2.3 Cc chin lc iu tit QTN ca CP
Mc tiu: gim P, tng Q n mc sn lng ti
u i vi x hi.
Gii php:
- t gi trn P
C
= P
0
.
u im:
nhc im:
39
1.2 c quyn t nhin trng hp ca
cc ngnh dch v cng (tip)
- nh gi trn P
C
= AC
u im:
nhc im:
- nh gi hai phn:
u im:
nhc im:
40
2. NGOI NG
2.1 Khi nim v phn loi
2.1.1 Khi nim: Khi hnh ng ca mt i
tng (c th l c nhn hoc hng) c nh
hng trc tip n phc li ca mt i tng
khc, nhng nhng nh hng li khng
c phn nh trong gi c th trng th nh
hng c gi l cc ngoi ng.
41
2.1 Khi nimv phnloi (tip)
2.1.2 Phn loi: gm 2 loi
Ngoi ng tiu cc & ngoi ng tch cc
Ngoi ng tiu cc
Ngoi ng tch cc
42
2.1 Khi nimv phnloi (tip)
2.1.3 c im
OChng c th do c hot ng sn xut ln
tiu dng gy ra
ONgoi ng tch cc v tiu cc ch l tng
i, ph thuc vo i tng chu tc ng.
OTt c cc ngoi ng u phi hiu qu, nu
xt di quan imx hi.
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 8
43
2.2 Ngoi ng tiu cc
2.2.1S phi hiu qu ca ngoi ng tiu cc
Gi s nh my ha cht v
mt HTX nh c ang s
dng chung mt ci h.
MPC+MEC=MSC
Mc sn lng ti u th
trng: Q
1
: MPC =MB
Mc sn lng ti u x
hi: Q
0
: MSC =MB
Q
1
>Q
0
=>tn tht PLXH =
dt ABC
A
0 Q0 Q1 Q
Ngoi ng tiu cc
E
b
a
MB, MC
Thit hi
HTX phi
chu thm
Li
nhun
nh
my
c
thm
MEC
B
C
MSC = MPC + MEC
MPC
44
2.2 Ngoi ngtiucc (tip)
Cc gii php ca Chnh ph
- nh thu Pigou: Thu
Pigou l loi thu nh vo
mi n v sn phm u ra
ca hng gy nhim, sao cho
n ng bng chi ph ngoi
ng bin ti mc sn lng ti
u x hi.
=> Hn ch
Mc tiu: gim sn lng ca hng gy N tiu cc v sn
lng ti u XH
b a
E
A
MSC=MPC+MEC
MB, MC
MPC + t
0 Q0 Q1 Q
nh thu i vi ngoi ng tiu cc
MEC
B
MPC
C
MB
45
- Tr cp: vi mi n v
sn lng m nh my
ngng sn xut th chnh
ph s tr cp cho h mt
khon bng MEC ti Q
O
=> Hn ch
E
A
0 Q0 Q1 Q
Tr cp i vi ngoi ng tiu cc
C
MB, MC
B
MPC
MEC
a b
MB
MSC=MPC+MEC
2.2 Ngoi ng tiu cc (tip)
46
2.2 Ngoi ng tiu cc (tip)
2.2.2 Gii php khc phc ngoi ng tiu cc
Cc gii php ca t nhn
O Quy nh quyn s hu ti sn: nh l Coase
pht biu rng, nu chi ph giao dch l khng ng
k th c th a ra mt gii php hiu qu i vi
ngoi ng bng cch trao quyn s hu cc ngun
lc c cc bn s dng chung cho mt bn no
. Ngoi ng s bin mt thng qua m phn
giacc bn.
47
2.2 Ngoi ngtiu cc (tip)
Gi s quynSH h c trao cho NMHC. HTX snsng nb:
MEC ti J Mc n b MB-MPC ti J
Gi s quynSH h c trao cho HTX. NMHC snsng nb:
MEC ti J Mc n b MB-MPC ti J
Hn ch:
Vic trao QSH ngun lc chung cho bn no c ngha phn phi
khc nhau.
l Coase ch p dng trong TH chi ph mphn ko ng k.
nh l ny cng ngmnh l ch s hu ngun lc c th xc
nh c nguyn nhn gy thit hi cho ti sn ca h v c th
ngn chn iu bng lut php.
48
2.2 Ngoi ng tiu cc (tip)
Sp nhp: ni ha ngoi ng bng
cch sp nhp cc bn lin quan vi
nhau.
Dng d lun x hi: S dng d lun,
tp tc, l thi x hi. Kh ph bin gp
phnci thinmi trng sinh thi.
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 9
49
2.3 Ngoi ngtch cc
Khi khng c s iu tit
ca CP, tn tht PLXH ti
mc tiu dng Q
1
l dt
UVZ.
Gii php: Mc tiu tng
sn lng ln mc sn
lng ti u ca x hi.
0 Q1 Q0 Q
Ngoi ng tch cc
V
MPB
MC
MSB = MPB + MEB
MB, MC
MEB
Z
U T
50
2.3 Ngoi ng tch cc (tip)
Tr cp Pigou: l mc tr
cp trn mi n v sn
phm u ra ca hng to ra
ngoi ng tch cc, sao cho
n ng bng li ch ngoi
ng bin ti mc sn lng
ti u x hi
MPB mi = MPB + s
sn lng ti u ti Q
0
0 Q1 Q0 Q
Tr cp i vi ngoi ng tch cc
M
N
MPB+s
V
MPB
MC
MSB = MPB + MEB
MB, MC
MEB
Z
U T
51
2.3 Ngoi ngtch cc (tip)
Hn ch:
- Tr cp to gnh nng cho ngi tr
thu
- Mt hnh ng to ra li ch cho XH
cha ngh tr cp cho hnh
ng .
52
3. HNG HA CNG CNG
3.1 Khi nim v thuc tnh c bn ca HHCC
3.1.1 Khi nim chung v HHCC:
Hng ha cng cng l nhng loi hng ha
m vic mt c nhn ny ang hng th li
ch do hng ha to ra khng ngn cn
nhng ngi khc cng ng thi hng th
li ch ca n.
53
3.1 Khi nimv thuc tnh c bnca
HHCC (tip)
3.1.2 Thuc tnhc bnca HHCC:
O Khng c tnh cnh tranh trong tiu dng: khi c
thm mt ngi s dng HHCC s khng lm
gim li ch tiu dng ca nhng ngi tiu
dng hinc.
Khng c tnh loi tr trong tiu dng:
khng th loi tr hoc rt tn km nu
mun loi tr nhng c nhn t chi khng
chu tr tin cho vic tiu dng ca mnh.
54
3.1 Khi nimv thuc tnh c bnca
HHCC (tip)
3.1.3 HHCC thun ty v HHCN thunty
O HHCN thun ty va c tnh cnh tranh trong
tiu dng, va d dng loi tr tt c nhng ai
khng sn sng thanh ton theo mc gi th
trng.
O HHCC thun ty l HHCC c y hai thuc
tnhni trn
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 10
55
3.1 Khi nimv thuc tnh c bnca
HHCC (tip)
3.1.3 HHCC thun ty v khng thun ty
OHHCC thun ty: l nhng hng ha c y
hai thuc tnh c bn ca HHCC
OHHCC khng thun ty: l nhng hng ha ch
c mt trong hai thuc tnh c bn ca HHCC
hoc c c hai thuc tnh nhng mt trong hai
thuc tnh m nht
56
3.1 Khi nimv thuc tnh c bnca
HHCC (tip)
HHCC khng thuntygm2 loi:
Loi 1: HHCC c th loi tr bng gi : l nhng th
hng ham li chdo chngto ra c th nh gi.
V d: thu ph qua cu
Loi 2: HHCC c th tc nghn: l nhng hng
ha m khi c thm nhiu ngi cng s dng
chng th c th gy ra s tc nghn khin li ch
ca nhng ngi tiu dng trc b gim st.
57
3.2 Cung cp Hng ha cngcng
Phn bit 4 khi nim
Cung cp cngcng #cng cngcung cp
Cung cp t nhn # T nhncung cp
(c nhn) (c nhn)
58
3.2.1. CungcpHHCC thun ty
Xt th trng ch gm2 c nhn A, B
tiu dng mt loi HHCN X.
Lng cu tng hp: q
X
= q
A
+ q
B
TT cnh tranh HH nn: p
X
= p
A
= p
B
ng cu tng hp v HHCN xc
nh bng nguyn tc cng ngang
cc ng cu c nhn ca HHCN.
a. Xy dng ng cu tng hp
ng cu tng hp v HHCN
S
X
P
p E
D
A
D
B
D
X
0 q
A
q
B
Q
X
HHCN(X)
Cng ngang ng cu HHCC
im cn bng E l giao ca ng cu tng hp vi ng cung l
im phn b hng ha X t hiu qu Pareto
59
3.2.1. CungcpHHCC thun ty (tip)
- ng cu tng hp v HHCC
Xt th trng gm2 c nhn A v B,
tiu dng mt loi HHCC l pho hoa
G
G l HHCC nn: q
A
= q
B
= q
G
Tng li ch bin ca XH: MB
G
= MB
A
+ MB
B
Nguyn tc ny c gi l nguyn
tc cng dc cc ng cu c
nhn ca HHCC.
S
G
E
D
G
D
B
D
A
MB,T
T
*
t
B
t
A
F
0 Q
*
HHCC (G)
Cng dc ng cu HHCC
a thmng cung HHCC, imcn bng trn th trng HHCC ti
imF, c lng HHCC cung cp l Q
0
t hiu qu Pareto.
Ghi ch: Sn lng tiu dng cng nhiu th ng cu v HHCN cng
thoi nhng ng cu v HHCC cng dc
60
Nguyn tc t nguyn( Khu vc t nhn
cung cp) : tt c cc c nhn s phi tr tin
cho 1 n v sn lng tiu dng ng = li ch
bin h nhn c t HHCC k n khng
b. Cung cp HHCC thun ty v vn k n khng
3.2.1. CungcpHHCC thun ty (tip)
K n khng l nhng ngi tm cch hng th
li ch ca HHCC m khng ng gp mt ng no
cho chi ph sn xut v cung cp HHCC .
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 11
61
3.2.2. Cung cp HHCC khng thun ty
a. HHCC c th loi tr bng gi
Quan im chung l nn dng gi c
loi tr bt vic tiu dng HHCC.
Tuy nhin, khi hng ha khng b
tc nghn, s dng gi lm gim
mc tiu dng th s gy tn tht
FLXH
62
3.2.2. Cungcp HHCC khng thunty
V d: thu ph qua mt chic cu
Cng sut thit k (im tc
nghn: Qc)
Lt qua cu ti a: Qm
Nu Qm Qc MC =0.
Nu Qm>Qc MC >0.
P =0, PLXH ?
P >0, PLXH?; Tn tht PLXH ?
Kt lun: Nu HH c th loi tr
bng gi, nhng MC =0 th nn
cung cp min ph hay cung cp
cng cng.
A
Ph
Tn tht phc li khi thu ph qua cu
im
tc nghn
0 Q* Qm Qc
P
*
E
S lt
qua cu
(Q)
63
3.2.2. Cungcp HHCC khng thunty
b. HCCC c kh nng tc nghn
i vi nhng HHCC c th tc nghn, nn
loi tr bt vic tiu dng trnh tnh
trng tc nghn.
Nu chi ph thc hin vic loi tr li
qu ln th CP s phi chp nhn cung cp
cng cng hng ha ny.
64
3.2.2. Cung cpHHCC khng thun ty(tip)
V d: thu ph qua mt cy cu.
Khi Q>Qc th MC >0 v tng dn Ti u
ti E (P*,Q*). thc hin thu ph qua cu
xhin chi ph giao dch ph tng ln n
P
1
C 2 la chn:
Cung cp c nhn (P
1
,Q
1
) chng minh?
dt TTPLXH W
1
=dt BQ
1
QcE
Cung cp cng cng (0,Qm) chng minh?
dt TTPLXH W
2
=dt ECQm.
Nu W
1
>W
2
cung cp cng cng hiu
qu
W
2
>W
1
cung cp t nhn hiu qu.
ng cu
P($)
A
P1
P*
0 Q1 Qc Q* Qm Q
Cung cp HHCC m vic loi tr tn km
B
E
Cng sut thit k
C
MC
65
3.3 Cung cpcngcng Hngha c nhn
3.3.1 Khi no HHCN c cung cp cng cng
Do mc ch t thin
Khi chi ph ca vic cung cp c nhn ln hn so vi chi
ph ca vic cung cp cng cng
P
0 Q
1
Q
M
Q
P
P
1
P
0
Tuy nhi n vi c cung cp
cng cng HHCN s dn n
hi n tng ti u dng qu
mc
66
3.3.2 Khc phc hin tng tiu dng qu mc
ng cung SX c gi thit l
ng nm ngang MC.
-Khng hn ch tiu dng: Qm
- tiu dng ti u ti Q*.
-Hn ch tiu dng bng cch nh
sut ng u mc tiu dng
Q*/2.
-- u im
-- Hn ch
D
A
D
B
D
X
0 q
1
Q* q
2
Q* Qm Q
2
nh sut ng u
MC
P
nh sut ng u l hnh thc
cung cp mt lng HHCN nh
nhau cho tt c mi ngi, khng
cn c vo cu c th ca h.
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 12
67
3.3.2 Khc phc hin tng tiu dng qu mc
Xp hng: L vic thc hin nguyn tc ai
n trc c phc v trc hay buc c
nhn phi tr gi cho hng ho c cung
cp min ph bng thi gian ch i.
=>Hn ch
68
4. THNG TIN KHNG I XNG
Tht bi v thng tin ca th trng
gm c 2 dng:
Thng tin mang tnh cht ca HHCC nn
tht bi ging mi HHCC khc.
Tht bi v thng tin khng i xng hay
tnh trng xut hin trn th trng khi mt
bn no tham gia giao dch th trng
c c thng tin y hn bn kia v
cc c tnh ca sn phm.
69
4.1 Tnh phi hiu qu ca TT do thng tin
khng i xng
P0
D1
D0
A
B
C
P
P1
0 Q1 Q0 Q
Thng tin khng i xng v pha
ngi mua lmth trng cung cp
di mc hiu qu
S
V d 1: TT ko i xng v pha ngi
mua
Dt ABC l tn tht PLXH do vic tiu
dng di mc hiu qu (do ngi mua
nhn c thng tin ko i xng bng
ngi bn)
Do , nu ngi SX c th cung cp
thng tin v cht lng ch thc ca sn
phm cho ngi TD vi chi ph nh hn
phn mt trng th nn xc tin vic cung
cp thng tin .
70
4.1 Tnh phi hiu qu caTT do thng tin khngi
xng (tip)
V d 2: TT ko i xng v pha ngi bn
Th trng bo him. Thng tin khng i
xng lm th trng cung cp nhiu hn
mc ti u x hi (ngi bn nhn c
thng tin khng i xng bng ngi mua)
71
4.2 Nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng
thng tin ko i xng
Nu mi th khc nh nhau th chi ph ny s ph thuc
vo cc nhn t ch yu sau:
Chi ph thm nh hng ho
Tnh ng nht trong mi quan h gia gi c
v cht lng hng ho
Mc thng xuyn mua sm hng ho ca
ngi tiu dng.
72
4.3. Mc nghim trng ca TTKX
cc loi hng ho
- Hng ho c th kimnh trc khi tiu dng, c chi
ph kimnh =0 nn tn tht do thng tin khng i xng
l khng ng k.
- Hng ho ch c th kimnh khi tiu dng, c chi ph
kimnh =gi hng ho nn tn tht do thng tin khng
i xng s ph thuc gi.
- Hng ho ch c th kimnh khi tiu dng s lng ln
hoc khng th kimnh c, c chi ph kimnh v
cng ln nn tn tht do thng tin khng i xng rt ln.
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 13
73
4.4. Gii phpkhc phc thng tin khng i
xng
Cc gii php ca t nhn
- Xy dng thng hiu v qung co
- Bo hnh sn phm
- Chng nhn ca cc t chc c lp, cc
hip hi ngh nghip
- Cung cp thng tin
74
4.4. Gii phpkhc phc thng tin khng i
xng (tip)
Cc gii php ca Chnh Ph
- Xy dng cc khun kh php l
- Chnh ph ng ra lm c quan cp
chng nhn, chng ch
- H tr vic cung cp thng tin
75
CHNG 3
CHNH PH VI VAI TR
PHN PHI LI THU NHP V
M BO CNG BNG X HI
76
1. CNG BNG X HI TRONG
PHN PHI THU NHP
1.1 Khi nim cng bng
1.1.1 Cng bng dc
Cng bng dc l s i x c phn bit gia
nhng ngi c v tr khc nhau trong x hi.
Nguyn tc chung: Nu hai ngi c v tr khc
nhau trong x hi th sau khi s tc ng ca chnh
sch phn phi li th khong cch gia h phi
gim xung.
77
1.1 Khi nimcng bng (tip)
Cng bng ngang l s i x nh nhau i
vi nhng ngi c v tr ban u nh nhau trong
x hi.
Nguyn tc chung: Nu hai ngi c v tr ban
u nh nhau trong x hi th sau khi s tc ng
ca c/sch phn phi li th h vn phi c v tr
nh nhau.
1.1.2 Cng bng ngang
78
1.1 Khi nimcng bng (tip)
1.1.3 Mt s lu
Cc chnh sch v cng bng thng
gy ra tranh ci rt ln v vic hiu
nh th no v s cng bng, tranh ci
xut pht t s m h v khi nim
v tr nh nhau.
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 14
79
1.2 Thc o mc bt bnhng
trong phn phi thu nhp
Khi nim: ng cong Lorenz biu th mi
lin h gia t l phn trm thu nhp quc dn
cng dn v phn trm dn s cng dn tng ng.
1.2.1 ng Lorenz
80
1.2.1 ng Lorenz (tip)
Cc bc xydngng cong Lorenz:
- B1: Sp xp dn c theo th t c thu nhp tng dn.
- B2: chia dn s thnh cc nhmc s dn bng nhau
(thng chia thnh 5 nhm, mi nhmc gi l ng
phn v).
- B3: Tnh phn trm thu nhp quc dn cng dn ca
phn trm dn s cng dn tng ng.
- B4: a phn trm thu nhp quc dn cng dn vo
trc tung, % dn s cng dn vo trc honh. Ni cc
imphn nh %TNQD cng dn ca % dn s cng
dn tng ng, ta c ng cong Lorenz.
81
u im:
- ng Lorenz phn nh t l phn trm ca tng
TNQD cng dn c phn phi tng ng vi t l phn
trm cng dn ca cc nhm dn s bit.
- ng L cung cp mt ci nhn trc gic v BB thu
nhp
- ng L trong thc t lun nm gia ng B tuyt
i v BB tuyt i.
1.2.1 ng Lorenz (tip)
82
1.2.1 ng Lorenz (tip)
Hn ch:
- Cha lng ha c mc BB thnh
mt ch s do mi s so snh ch mang
tnh cht nh tnh.
- Trong trng hp cc ng L giao nhau th
kh c c mt cu kt lun nht qun i
vi mc BB.
83
1.2 Thc o mc bt bnh ngtrong
phnphi thu nhp (tip)
1.2.2 H s Gini
Khi nim: H s Gini l h s cho bit
t l gia din tch to ra bi ng
phn gic OO v ng Lorenz vi din
tch tam gic OEO.
84
1.2.2 H s Gini (tip)
Kt lun v h s Gini:
u im: L mt thc o kh thun li so snh
s BB gia cc quc gia, cc vng min qua cc giai
on khc nhau.
Hn ch:
- Khng c kt lun nht qun khi hai ng L ct
nhau.
- Cha tch c s BB chung thnh cc nguyn
nhn khc nhau gy ra s BB .
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 15
85
1.2 Thc o mc bt bnhng trong
phn phi thu nhp (tip)
Khi nim: Ch s Theil L l i lng xc nh s
BB da trn l thuyt thng tin/ xc sut.
Ch s Theil L c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
1.2.3 Ch s Theil L
n
i=1
y
i
N
Y
L = ln
86
1.2.3 Ch s Theil L (tip)
u im ca ch s Theil L:
- Lm tng trng s ca ngi c thu nhp thp
- Khc vi h s Gini, ch s Theil L cho php chng ta
phn tch s bt bnh ng chung thnh bt bnh ng
trong tng nhm nh.
87
T s Kuznets: L t trng thu nhp ca x% ngi giu nht
chia cho y% ngi ngho nht. Nhng gi tr ca t s ny
thc tht l nhng mu nm trn ng Lorenz.
1.2.4 Cc ch s khc
Thu nhp x% giu nht
Thu nhp y% ngho nht
k = % thu nhp =
u im
Nhc im
88
1.2.4 Cc ch s khc
T trng thu nhp / tiu dng ca x% dn
s ngho nht: khc phc c nhc
im ca G v L l bin thin khi c s
phn phi thay i, bt k s thay i
din ra nh, y hay gia. Thc o
trc tip ny ko bin thinkhi c thay i
nh.
89
1.3 Nguyn nhn gy ra s bt bnh
ng trong phn phi thunhp
1.3.1 Bt bnh ng trong phn phi thu nhp
t ti sn
Nhm cc nhn t nh sn: y l nhng
nhn t gy ra s bt bnh ng v thu
nhp nm ngoi kh nng kim sot v chi
phi ca cc c nhn.
90
1.3.1 Bt bnh ng trong phn phi thu nhpt ti
sn (tip)
Thu nhp ny c hnh thnh t cc
ngun:
+ Do c tha k ti sn
+ Do hnh vi tiu dng v tit kim khc
nhau ca cc c nhn nh hng ln
n s khc nhau v ca ci tch ly
c.
+ Do kt qu kinh doanh
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 16
91
1.3 Nguyn nhngyra s bt bnh ng
trong phnphi thu nhp (tip)
1.3.2 Bt bnh ng trong phn phi thu nhp
t lao ng
Nhm cc nhn t do ti nng v cng sc
ca cc c nhn chi phi: cc c nhn c k
nng lao ng, iu kin lao ng v tnh
cht ngh nghip khc nhau s dn n thu
nhp khc nhau
92
1.3.2 Bt bnhngtrong phnphi thu
nhpt lao ng (tip)
Mt s nguyn nhn dn n bt bnh ng trong
phn phi TN t lao ng:
+ Do khc nhau v kh nng, k nng L dn n
khc nhau v thu nhp.
+ Do khc nhau v cng lmvic
+ Do khc nhau v ngh nghip v tnh cht cng
vic
+ Do nhngnguyn nhn khc
93
1.4 L do can thip ca Chnh ph nhm
mbo cng bng x hi
+ Th trng c th tc ng n phn b ngun lc
nng cao hiu qu s dng ngun lc nhng li ko tc
ng c x hi cng bng hn
+ Phn phi li thu nhp tuy khng lm tng mc ca ci
chung ca x hi nhng c kh nng lm tng mc
PLXH
+ m bo cng bng l m bo kh nng tip cn cc
dch v c bn m con ngi phi c hng vi t
cch l cc quyn ca cng dn. Do , phn phi li
thu nhp c th coi nh to ra mt ngoi ng tch
cc
94
2. CC L THUYT V PHN
PHI LI THU NHP
Hm phc l i x hi : L mt hm ton hc biu th mi quan h
gia mc PLXH v tha dng ca tng cc nhn trong x hi.
2.1 Mt s khi nim c bn
im ti u ha PLXH: l tip im gia ng bng quan x
hi v ng gii hn kh nng tha dng v l im ti u m
mi x hi u c gng tm cch t c.
95
2.1 Mt s khi nimc bn(tip)
Khi nim: l qu tch
ca tt c cc im kt
hp gia tha dng
ca mi thnh vin trong
x hi m nhng im
mang li mc PLXH bng
nhau.
tho dngcnhnA (U
A
)
ng bng quan x hi

tho
dng
c
nhn
B (U
B
)
0
W
1
W
2
M E
N
ng bng quan x hi
96
2.1 Mt s khi nimc bn (tip)
- Khi nim: Cho bit
nhng kh nng ti a v
phc li m mt x hi vi
nhng iu kin v ngun
lc v cng ngh nht
nh c th mang li cho
cc thnh vin ca mnh

tho
dng
ca
nhm
B
(U
B
)
tho dng ca nhm A (U
A
)
ng KNTD &
phn phi FLXH ti u
0
W
1
W
3
- M
E
-
N
-
W
2
ng gii hn kh nng tha dng
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 17
97
2.2 Thuyt v li
2.2.1 Ni dung vHmphcli
2.2.2 Mt
2.2.3 Phnphi thunhptheothuyt v
li
98
2.2.1 Ni dung v hmFLXH
Ni dung:
FLXH suy cho cng ch ph thuc vo tha dng
ca cc c nhn. FLXH l tng i s tha dng
catt c ccthnhvintrongxhi vmc tiuca
xhi lphi ti a hatngi s .
Hm phc li x hi:
W = U
1
+ U
2
+ ... + U
n
= U
i
n
i = 1
99
2.2.2 M t
0
ngbngquanx hi theo
thuytvl i
thadngcanhmA (U
A
)
tha
dng
ca
nhmB
(U
B
)
100
2.2.3 Phn phi thunhp theo thuyt v li
Gi nh:
- Hmtho dng ca cc c nhn l nh
nhau.
- Cc c nhn u tun theo qui lut tho
dng bin gimdn.
- Tng thu nhpkhng thay i trong qu
trnh phn phi li.
101
Phn tch
tho
dng
bin
caA
(MU
A
)

tho
dng
bin
caB
(MU
B
)
O O'
m b
a
n
f
e
MU
B
MU
A
ThunhpcaA ThunhpcaB
c
d
102
nh gi
+u im
- a ra mt nguyn tc v phn phi li l
phn phi cho n khi tha dng bin ca
tt c cc c nhn trong x hi bngnhau.
- Nu cc gi nh ca thuyt v li c tha
mn th phn phi li thu nhp cui cng s
m bo s bnh ng tuyt i gia tt c
cc thnh vin.
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 18
103
nh gi (tip)
+Nhc im
- Ba gi nh c nh gi l qu cht
ch, ko c trnthc t.
- Nu hm tha dng bin l khng bng
nhau th PP li ti imm cha chc
xa b c s phn cch giu ngho
- Khi tin hnh phn phi li c th b tht
thot ngunlc
104
Kt lun
Phn phi thu nhp ti u theo thuyt
v li s l phn phi thunhp c:
MU
A
= MU
B
Khi , phn phi thu nhp tuyt i
bnhng
105
2.3 Thuyt cci thpnht (Thuyt Rawls)
2.3.1 Ni dung vHmphcli
2.3.2 Mt
2.3.3 Phntch
2.3.4 Kt lun
106
2.4.1 Ni dung v Hmphc li
Ni dung
FLXH ch ph thuc vo li ch ca ngi ngho
nht. V vy, mun c FLXH t ti a th phi cc
i ha tha dngca ngi ngho nht
Hm FLXH
Rawls t trng s bng 1 i vi ngi c
tha dng thp nht, cn nhng ngi khc c
trngs bng0.
W = mi ni mum {U
1
, U
2
,, U
n
}
107
2.4.2 M t
ng bng quan x
hi theothuyt Rawls

tha
dng
ca
nhm
B (U
B
)
tha dng ca nhmA (U
A
) O
U
1
U
2
Phn phi thu nhp ti u theo
thuyt cc i thp nht
W
1
W*
E
108
2.4.3 Phn phi thu nhptheo thuyt
Rawls
a. Phn tch
b. nh gi
c. Kt lun
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 19
109
a. Phntch
Bt u t vic phn phi li bng cch
tng tha dng cho ngi ngho nht
n khi a v ca h c ci thin s
chuyn sang i tng khc m lc ny
c mc li ch thpnht trong x hi.
110
b. nh gi
u im
- Khc phc c mt phn nhc
im ca thuyt v li do t trng s
100% vo phc li ca ngi ngho.
- Nu gi thit ca thuyt ny c
tha mn th phn phi phc li cui
cng s m bo s bnh ng tuyt
i.
111
b. nh gi (tip)
Nhc im
- Thuyt ny d dn n ch ngha bnh qun lm
gimnglc phn u nhmngi ngho v
gim ng c lm vic nhm ngi c nng
lc, do lmgimnng sut lao ng x hi.
- Thuyt nyvn chpnhn cch phn phi lm
cho li ch ca ngi giu tng nhiu hn li ch
ca ngi ngho.
112
c. Kt lun
Kt qu cui cng phn phi ti u x
hi s t c khi:
U
A
= U
B
113
2.5 Ccquanimkhngdatrn
tho dngcnhn
Cn quan tmn mt mc sng ti thiu m tt c
mi c nhn trong x hi c quyn c hng,
c xc nh trc tip bng thu nhp m bng
nhng hng ho tiu dng c coi l thit yu
nh thc phm, qun o, hc hnh, cha bnh,
nh .... Chi ph cho nhng khon tiu dng ti
thiu ny s c tp hp li tnh ra mc thu
nhpti thiu m nhngai c thu nhpdi mc ti
thiu s c chnh ph gip qua cc chng
trnhtr cpv ASXH.
114
3. Quan h gia hiu qu kinh t
v cng bng x hi
3.1 Quan imgia hiuqu v cngbng
c mu thun.
3.2 Quan im gia hiu qu v cng
bngkhngc mu thun.
3.3 Quan h gia hiu qu v cng bng
trong thc t.
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 20
115
3.1 Quan imgia hiu qu v cng
bng c mu thun.
+Qutrnhphnphi li thunhplmtng
chi ph hnhchnh.
+Gimngc lmvic.
+Gimngc tit kim.
+Tcngv mt tml
116
3.2 Quan im gia hiu qu v cng
bng khng c muthun.
+Tng thu nhp cho ngi ngho s kch
cutrongnc.
+PPTN cngbngkchthchpht trinlnh
mnh.
+Thu nhp thp nh hng ti sc kho,
dinhdngvgiodc.
+Ngi giu c xu hng dngnhiu hng
xax.
117
3.3 Quan h gia hiu qu v cng
bng trong thc t.
H
s
Gini
GDP trnungi
ng Kuznets hnh ch U ngc
118
4. I NGHO V CC GII PHP
XA I GIM NGHO
4.1 Quan nim v i ngho v thc
o i ngho
4.2 Tnh hnh i ngho Vit Nam v
nh hng chnh sch xa i
gimngho
119
4.1 Quan nimv i ngho v thc o
i ngho
4.1.1 i ngho v cc kha cnh
ca i ngho
4.1.2 Thc o i ngho
120
4.1.1 i ngho v cc kha cnhca
i ngho
+S khn cng v vt cht, c o
lng theo mt tiu ch thch hp v thu
nhphoc tiu dng.
+S hng th thiu thn v gio dc v
y t.
+Nguy c d b tn thng v d gp ri
ro, tnh trng khng c ting ni v
quyn lc ca ngi ngho.
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 21
121
4.1.2 Thc o i ngho
a. Xc nh cc ch s phc li
b. La chn v c tnh ngngngho
c. Cc thc o i ngho thng dng
122
a. Xc nh cc ch s phc li
+Phi tint
+Tint: Thu nhphay chi tiu?
123
b. La chn v c tnh ngng
ngho
Khi nim ngng ngho:
Ngng ngho l ranh gii phn bit
gia ngi ngho v ngi khng
ngho
124
b. La chn v c tnh
ngng ngho (tip)
Ngng ngho tuyt i: l chun tuyt
i v mc sng c coi l ti thiu cn
thit c nhn hoc h gia nh c th
tn ti kho mnh.
Ngng ngho tng i: c xc nh
theo phn phi thu nhp hoc tiu dng
chung trong c nc phn nh tnh
trng ca mt b phn dn c sng di
mc trung bnhca cng ng
125
c. Cc thc o i ngho thng
dng
+Cng thc:
+yi l mc chi tiu (hoc thunhp) tnh trn
u ngi, tnhcho ngi th i, z l
ngngngho, N l tngdn s, Ml s
ngi ngho v l i lngo mc
quantmns bt bnh nggia
nhngngi ngho.


P
o
=

M
i
i
z
y z
N 1
) ( 1

126
Gii thchcngthc
=0, ng thc phn nh ch s m u
hay t l i ngho.
=1, ng thc th hin khong ngho.
Khong ngho c tnh l tng cc mc
thiu ht ca tt c ngi ngho trong nn kinh
t.
o =2, ta c ch s bnh phng khong
ngho. Ch s ny th hin mc nghim
trng (hay cng) ca i ngho
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 22
127
Khongngho
Thu
nhp
hng
nm
V
P
0 50 %dn
s
Nc A
Thu
nhp
hng
nm
V
P
0 50 %dn
s
NcB
So snh khong ngho gia cc nc
128
4.2 Tnh hnhi ngho Vit Nam v
nhhngchnh sch XGN
+Tho lun
129
CHNG 5
LA CHN CNG CNG
130
NI DUNG CHNH
1. Li ch ca la chn cng cng.
2. La chn cng cngtrong c ch
biu quyt trc tip.
3. La chn cng cngtrong c ch
biu quyt i din.
131
1. LI CH CA LA CHN
CNG CNG
1.1. Khi nimca la chn cng cng
1.2. c imca la chn cng cng
1.3. Li ch ca la chn cng cng
132
1.1. Khi nimca LCCC
La chn cng cng l mt qu trnh m
trong mun ca cc c nhn c kt
hp li trong mt quyt nh tp th.
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 23
133
1.2. c imca LCCC
+Tnh cht khng th phnchia
+Tnh cht cng ch
+Tc dng ca LCCC: huy ng c
ngun lc v sc mnh tp th t n
ngkh nng li ch.
134
1.3. Li ch ca la chn cngcng
- Min I
-Min II
(II
A
; II
B
)
-Min III
U
B
tho
dng
ca B
0 U
A
tho dng ca A
Cc kt cc c th xy ra khi c
hnh ng tp th
II
B
I
III II
A
135
2. LA CHN CNG CNG TRONG C
CH BiU QUYT TRC TIP
2.1 Cc nguyn tc la chn cng cng
2.2 Cc phin bn ca nguyn tc biu
quyt theo a s
2.3 nh lBt kh thi ca Arrow
136
2.1 Cc nguyntc la chn cng
cng
2.1.1 Nguyn tc nht tr tuyt i
2.1.2 Nguyn tc biuquyt theo a s
ginn (tng i)
2.1.3 Nguyn tc biuquyt theo a s
tuyt i
137
2.1.1 Nguyn tc nht tr tuyt i
a. Ni dung ca nguyn tc
b. M t m hnhLindahl
c. Tnh kh thi ca m hnhLindahl
d. Hnch ca m hnh Lindahl
138
a. Ni dung ca nguyn tc
Nguyn tc nht tr tuyt i l mt nguyn
tc quy nh: mt quyt nh ch c thng
qua khi v ch khi c s thng nht (ng )
ca tt c cc thnh vin (100%) trong mt
cng ng no .
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 24
139
b. M t m hnh Lindahl
+Hon cnh nghin cu
+M t - Gii thch
+Phn tch
+Kt lun
140
Hon cnh nghin cu
C 2 c nhn A v B ang bn bc ra
quyt nh thu ngi bo v.
Gi t
A
l gi thu m ngi A phi tr
thu ngi bo v;
t
B
l gi thu ca ngi B phi tr.
=>t
A
+t
B
=1.
141
M t - Gii thch
O'
O
t* E
D
B
D
A
Q*
Q
Q
t
B
t
A
S ngi bo v
S ngi bo v
Gi thu
M hnh Lindahl
142
Phn tch
+Nu t
A
#t
*
(hay tng ng l t
B
#1-t
*
) th
cha c mt s nht tr chung v lng
dchv c cung cp.
+Nu t
A
=t
*
(hay tng ng l t
B
=1-t
*
) th
c mt s nht tr chung v lng dch
v c cungcp l Q
*
.
143
Kt lun
Cn bng Lindahl l mt cp gi Lindahl
m ti cp gi , mi c nhn u nht
tr v mt lng HHCC nh nhau.
Cn bng Lindahl l cn bng c thc
hin da trn nguyn tc nht tr tuyt
i.
144
c. Tnh kh thi ca m hnh Lindahl
Nu tmra c cn bng ny th s m
bo mc cung ng HHCC l hiu qu v
phn nh c ng li ch m tng c
nhnnhn c t HHCC .
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 25
145
d. Hnch ca m hnh Lindahl
+Nu c ngi mun thnh k n khng th cn
bng Lindahl s tht bi.
+Tn thi gian t c nht tr tuyt i do
chi ph quyt nh thng cao, t hiu qu.
+Sc mnh ph quyt ca mt ngi bng tt
c biu quyt ca nhng ngi khc nn rt
kh a ra quyt nh chung
+Nguyn tc ny dng kim ch quyn lc
ca nhau.
146
2.1.2 Nguyn tc biuquyt theo a s
tng i
a. Ni dung ca nguyn tc biuquyt
theo a s tng i
b. Hnch ca nguyn tc biu quyt theo
a s tng i
c. C tri trunggian v nh l c tri trung
gian
147
a. Ni dung ca nguyn tc biuquyt theo
a s tng i
+ Nguyn tc
+ Hon cnh nghin cu
+ M t
+ Phn tch
148
Nguyn tc
Nguyn tc biu quyt theo a s l mt
nguyn tc quy nh: mt vn ch c
thng qua khi v ch khi c hn mt na
s ngi b phiu (50%) cng nht tr
149
Hon cnh nghin cu
Kt qu phng vn th t u tin cc
phng php hc i vi 3 sinh vin nh
sau:
Phng n A: t hc
Phng n B: hc trnlp
Phng n C: hc nhm
150
M t
A A C u tin 3
C B B u tin 2
B C A u tin 1
SV 3 SV 2 SV 1 La chn
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 26
151
Phn tch
u cp
A vs B: B thng
B vs C: B thng
B thng
Cch chn cpu khc
A vs C: C thng
C vs B: B thng
B thng
Kt lun chung: cho d thayi lch trnh u cp,
kt qu cui cngvn nh nhau
Hin tngCn bngbiu quyt
152
b. Hn ch ca nguyntc biu quyt
theo a s tng i
b1. S p ch ca a s
b2. Hin tng quay vng trong biu
quyt
153
b1. S p ch ca a s
Nu s ngi chn
phng n A chima
s v B chimthiu s
th min II
A
cng tr
thnh min la chn v
khi chn min ny em
li li chcho a s.
U
B
(thiu s)
0 U
A
(a s)
II
B
I
III II
A
154
b2. Hin tng quay vngtrong
biu quyt
+ M t
+ Phn tch
+ Nguyn nhn ca hin tng quay
vng trong biu quyt
+ Kt lun
155
M t
A B C u tin 3
C A B u tin 2
B C A u tin 1
SV 3 SV 2 SV 1 La chn
156
Phn tch
u cp:
A vs B: A thng
B vs C: B thng
B vs C: C thng
A thng B, B thng C, theo tnh cht bc
cu c th kt lun A thng.
Nhng nu A u vi C th C li thng
Hin tng quay vng trongbiu quyt
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 27
157
Khi nimc lin quan
Cn bng biu quyt: L tnh trng trong biu
quyt theo a s tm ra c mt phng n
cui cng m kt qu b phiu l nht qun
v khng ph thuc vo lch trnh b phiu.
Quay vng trong biu quyt: L tnh trng din ra
khi la chn theo nguyn tc a s gin n
khng tm ra c mt phng n thng cuc
cui cng m nht qun vi tt c cc lch trnh
b phiu.
158
Nguyn nhn ca hin tng quay vng
Khi ni m c lin quan
+nh trong s la chn ca c nhn
+La chn n nh
+La chn a nh
159
M t
0 A B C phng
n hc tp
Biu m t s la chn ca cc c tri
Li
ch La chn a
nh ca c tri 2
La chn n
nh ca c tri 1
La chn n
nh ca c tri 3
160
nh l v la chn n nh
+Nu tt c cc c tri u c la chn n nh
th nguyn tc biu quyt theo a s s t
c cn bng biu quyt v s khng c
nghch l biu quyt.
+Nhng nu c mt ngi c la chn a nh,
cha chc c quay vng biu quyt cng nh
cn bng biu quyt. y l nh l ca biu
quyt theo a s gin n.
161
c. C tri trung gian v nh l c tri
trung gian
+Khi nimc tri trung gian
+nh l c tri trung gian
+V d minhha
+Kt lun
162
Khi nimc tri trung gian
C tri trung gian l ngi c s la chn
nm chnh gia trong tp hp la chn
ca tt c cc c tri
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 28
163
nh l c tri trung gian
nh l c tri trung gian: nu tt c cc
c tri u c la chn n nh th kt qu
biu quyt theo a s phn nh ng s
la chnca c tri trung gian.
164
2.1.3 Nguyn tc biuquyt theo a s
tuyt i
Nguyn tc biu quyt theo a s tuyt
i l mt nguyn tc quy nh: Mt vn
ch c thng qua khi v ch khi c nhiu
hn mc a s gin n (t 50% - 100%)
s ngi b phiu cng nht tr, chng hn
phi t c hai phn ba s phiu thun.
165
2.1.3 Nguyntc biuquyt theo a s
tuyt i (tip)
Nguyn tc ny l trung gian gia ngtc biu
quyt theo a s gin n v ngtc nht tr
tuyt i (t 50% - 100%).
Ty theo t l quy nh v s ngi tn thnh
cng ln th cng c u nhc im ging
ngtc nht tr tuyt i, cng nh cng c u
nhc imging ngtc biu quyt theo a s
gin n.
166
2.2 Cc phin bnca nguyn tc biu
quyt theo a s
2.2.1 Hnh thc u cp phin bn
nguyn tc biu quyt theo
a s gin n
2.2.2 Mt s phin bn nguyn tc
biu quyt theo a s tuyt
i
167
2.2.1 Hnhthc ucpphinbnnguyn tc biu
quyt theo a s gin n
a. Hn ch
Hnh thc u cp ch c ngha khi cc
phng n biu quyt c th sp xp c
theo mt tiu ch chung thngnht
Ngay khi iu kin trn c tha mn th kt
qu cn bng biu quyt theo phng php
u cp vn ph thuc vo la chn ca mt
c nhn l c tri trung gian.
168
2.2.1 Hnhthc ucpphinbnnguyn tc biu
quyt theo a s gin n (tip)
b. Nguyn nhn
Biu quyt theo phng php u cp
quan tmn vic c nhn u tin p/n
no nht nhng cha phn nh c
mc quan trng ca tng c nhn
theo p/na ra.
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 29
169
2.2.2 Mt s phin bnnguyn tc biu
quyt theo a s tuyt i
a. Nguyn tc biu quyt cng lc
b. Nguyn tc biu quyt cho im
c. Linminh trong biuquyt theo a s
170
a. Nguyn tc biu quyt cnglc
+Trnh t thc hin
+u nhc imca nguyn tc
171
Trnh t thc hin
Biu quyt nhiu phng n cng lc.
Mi c tri s xphng cc phng n theo th
t u tin. Phng n no c u tin nht
s c xpv tr th 1.
Tnh tng s xp hng ca cc c tri cho tng
phng n.
Phng n no c tng s xp hng nh nht
s l phng n c chn.
172
u nhc imca nguyn tc
+u im: Khc phc c hin tng
quay vng trongbiuquyt
+Nhc im: Khng cho php cc c
nhn phn nh mc a thch ca
mnhi vi cc phng n
173
b. Nguyn tc biu quyt cho im
+Trnht thc hin
+u nhc imca nguyntc
174
Trnh t thc hin
Mi c tri c mt s imnht nh.
Cc c tri c th phn phi imgia cc
phng nkhc nhauty thch.
Cng im m cc c tri phn phi cho
cc phng n.
Phng n no c s im ln nht l
phng nc la chn.
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 30
175
u nhc imca nguyn tc
u im: Cho php cc c tri phn
nh mc a thch ca mnh i vi
cc phng n.
Nhc im: Mi ngi u cho im
ti a phng n ca mnh. C th xy
ra hin tng cc c tri s dng chin
lc trong biu quyt, lin minh trong
biuquyt.
176
c. Linminhtrong biu quyt theo a
s
+Khi nim
+Linminh bu c lmtng phc li x
hi
+Linminh bu c lmgimphc li x
hi
177
Khi nim
Lin minh l mt h thng cho php
cc c nhn c trao i phiu bu vi
nhau v do c th bc l c mc
quan tm khc nhau ca c nhn i
vi tng vn c biu quyt.
178
Linminh buc lmtng PLXH
Hon cnhnghincu:
Mt cng ng ang xemxt ba d n xy
dng bnh vin, trng hc hay th vin.
Cng ng ny c ba c tri X, Y v Z.
Mi c tri c quyn cho imt do tng
phng n m khng b gii hn bi tng
s imc php.
179
M t
220 400 -60 -120 Th vin
80 -30 150 -40 Trng hc
95 -55 - 50 200 Bnh vin
Z Y X
Tng li
ch rng
C tri
D n
180
Phn tch
Nu khnglin minh th c phng n
no c thng qua khng?
Nu c th linminh gia cc c tri no?
Khng/c linminh th nh hng ti
PLXH nh th no?
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 31
181
Linminh buc lmgimFLXH
-10 400 -140 -270 Th vin
-10 -120 150 -40 Trng hc
-15 -105 - 110 200 Bnh vin
Z Y X
Tng li
ch rng
C tri
D n
Thayi mc nh gi li ch 3 d n ca cc
c tri
182
Phn tch
Nu khng lin minh th c phng n
no c thng qua khng?
Nu c th linminh gia cc c tri no?
Khng/c lin minh th nh hng ti
FLXH nh th no?
183
2.3 nhlBtkh thi caArrow
t vn :
Tt c cc phng n bu phiu
chng ta xt u c nhc im
ring.
Liu c th tmc mt c ch bu
phiu no m mbo cng bngv
hiu qu?
184
2.3 nhlBt kh thi ca Arrow
Ni dung nh l
1. Nguyn tc ra quyt nh tp th phi c tnh cht
bc cu.
2. Cc phng n la chn phi c kh nng sp xt
th t u tin
3. Nguyn tc ra quyt nh phi theo ng s la chn
ca cc c nhn.
4. Nguyn tc ra quyt nh phi m bo tnh khch
quan.
5. Khng cho php tn ti s c ti.
185
2.3 nh lBt kh thi ca Arrow (tip)
ngha ca nh l:
Nu hin tng quay vng xy ra th ai c
kh nng kim sot lch trnh b phiu, s
c c hi thao tng la chnca x hi.
Cc bn yu th c th to ra s quay vng
trnh kt cc ko c li cho mnh
186
CHNG 6
CC CNG C CHNH SCH
CAN THIP CH YU
CA CHNH PH TRONG
NN KINH T TH TRNG
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 32
187
NI DUNG CHNH
1. Nhmqui nhphpl
2. Nhmc ch thc y th trng
3. Nhmn by kinht
4. Nhms dngkhu vc nh nc
5. Nhmbo himv gimnh nguy c
tn thng
188
1. NHM QUY NH PHP L
1.1 Qui nh khung
1.2 Cc quy nhkimsot trc tip
189
1.1 Qui nhkhung
+L nhng hnh lang php l cn thit m
chnh ph phi xy dng v bo v nhm
mboth trngt do c th vnhnh
mcti u.
190
1.2 Cc quy nh kimsot trc tip
1.2.1 Qui nh v gi
1.2.2 Qui nh v lng
1.2.3 Qui nh v cungcp thng tin
191
1.2.1 Qui nh v gi
a. Gi trn
b. Gi sn
192
a. Gi trn
Khi nim:
Gi trn l mc gi ti a c php
trao i trn th trng
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 33
193
a. Gi trn
M t
P
Q
0
D
S
P
0
Gi trn
P
c
Q
0
P
X
A
B
C
E
Q
1
Q
2
Hnh6.1: Tcngcagi trn
194
a. Gi trn
Phntch:
o V tnhhiu qu:ko hiu qu
o V tnhcng bng: cha r rng
195
b. Gi sn
EKhi nim:
Gi sn l mc gi ti thiu c trao i
trn th trng
196
b. Gi sn
M t P
Q 0
D
S
P
0
Gi sn
Q
0
P
f
A
B
C E
Q
1
Q
2
Hnh6.2: Tcngcagi sn
F
M
197
b. Gi sn
Phn tch: Gii phpca chnhph c hn
ch g?
Kt hp kim sot gi sn vi vic kim sot
bng nh lng
Chnh ph mua lng d cung trn th trng
(Q
1
Q
2
) ri bn li cho ngi tiu dng
Chnh ph mua ton b lng d cung ri thiu
hy (hoc vin tr khng hon li cho nc
khc)
198
1.2.1 Qui nh v gi (tip)
Kt lun: Cc gii php qui nh gi u a
n nhng tc ng phn phi nht nh,
nhng i tng chnh sch c thc s
c li hay khng l iu cha r rng.
Ch c mt iu chc chn l cc gii php
u phi hiuqu.
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 34
199
1.2.2 Qui nh v lng
+ Mt
Hnh 6.3: Tc ng ca hn ch v lng
P
Q
0
D
S
P
0
Q
0
P
q
A
B
C
Q
q
M
S
q
S
200
1.2.2 Qui nh v lng (2)
Nu CP ch cho php sn xut Qq v phn
pht hn ngch sx cho cc DN theo s
lng tng ng th ng cung S s dc
ln n B, sau c chiu thng ng nh
ng Sq. Lng cung dng li Qq, v
gi s tng ln n Pq. X hi s mt trng
dintchABC.
201
1.2.3 Qui nh v cung cp thng
tin (1)
Cung cp thng tin trc tip: CP yu cu
ngi sn xut cung cp cc thng tin lin
quan n c tnh, cht lng, thnh phn
c bn ca sn phm
Cung cp thng tin gin tip: Chnh ph
thng qua vic cp giy php, giy chng
nhn chng t ngi sn xut c cp
php c iu kin hnhngh
202
1.2.3 Qui nh v cung cp thng
tin (2)
Phn bit:
- Giy php hnhngh
- Chng ch ngh nghip
203
2. NHM CNG C CHNH SCH TO C
CH THC Y TH TRNG
2.1 T do ho th trng
2.2 H tr s hnh thnh th trng
2.3 M phng th trng
204
2.1 T do ho th trng
2.1.1 Ni lng s iu tit
2.1.2 Hp thc ho
2.1.3 a dng ho cc loi hnh cungcp
hngho dch v
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 35
205
2.2 H tr s hnh thnh th trng
2.2.1 Xc lpquyn v ti sn i vi
nhnghngho hinc
2.2.2 To ra nhng hngho mi c th
trao i trn th trng
206
2.3 M phng th trng
U THU HOC U GI
207
3. NHM CNG C CHNH SCH IU
TIT BNG THU V TR CP
3.1 Thu
3.1.1 Thu nh bncung
3.1.2 Thu nh bncu
3.2 Tr cp
3.2.1 Tr cpbncung
3.2.2 Tr cpbncu
208
3.1 Thu
Thu: l khon ng gp bt buc ca cc
c nhn v doanh nghip cho NSNN
trang tri chi ph cung cp HHCC hoc hn
ch lng cung hng ho trn th trng.
209
3.1.1 Thu nh bn cung (1)
Thu u ra: l thu nh vo sn lng
do cc doanh nghip sn xut ra
Thu quan: l loi thu nh vo hng
ho nhpkhu
210
3.1.1 Thu nh bn cung (2)
M t
P
0 Q
S
t
S
D
A
B
C
G
E
F
P
m
P
0
P
b
Q
1 Q
0
Tc ng ca thu bn cung
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 36
211
Kt lun:
Tc ng thc s ca thu khng ph thuc vo
vic lut thu qui nh thu do bn mua hay bn
bn np m chu nh hng ca co gin
ngcung v ng cu.
Ngi mua v ngi bn khi phi chu thu u
c gng chuyn bt thu sang cho ngi kia.
Kh nng chuyn thu ca h cng cao khi h
c th phn ng cng mnh vi s thay i gi
c, tc l ng cu (hoc cung) cng co gin
212
3.2 Tr cp
Tr cp: l chuyn giao ca chnh ph to
ra mt khon m gia gi m ngi tiu
dng tr v chi ph sn xut khin cho gi
thp hn chi ph bin.
Tr cp c th c p dng cho bn cung
hoc bncu.
213
3.2.1 Tr cp bncung (1)
Tr gi hay b l: vi mi n v hng
ho sn xut ra, chnh ph s tr cp cho
mt s tin hoc theo mt t l nht nh.
Tr thu sn xut: cho php ngi sn
xut c tr bt mt khon nht nh
khi thu nhp chu thu ca doanh nghip
mnh.
214
3.2.1 Tr cpbncung (2)
M t
D
P
0 Q
S
S
s
P
0
Q
0
P
m
Q
1
P
b
A
B
C
Tc ng ca tr cp bn cung
215
3.2.2 Tr cpbncu
Tr cp bng hin vt
Tem phiu
M t v phn tch tng t nh tr cp
bn cung
216
Kt lun chungcho thu v tr cp
Tc ng ca thu hoc tr cp khng ph thuc
vo vic nh thu (hay tr cp) cho bn cunghay
bn cu m ph thuc vo co gin ca ng
cungv ngcu
Nu cc yu t khc nh nhau th ng cung
(hoc cu) cng co gin th ngi bn (hoc
ngi mua) cng phi chu t thu (hoc c
hngt li ch ca tr cp).
C hai cng c ny u i kmvi ci gi phi hy
sinh v tnh hiu qu, l tn tht v ch do thu
(hoc tr cp) gyra.
KTE407.6 - Thng 1/2011 37
217
4. NHM CNG C CHNH SCH S DNG KHU
VC KINH T NH NC THAM GIA CUNG NG
HNG HO DCH V
4.1 Chnh ph cung ng trc tip
4.1.1 Cung ng trc tip qua b my hnh
chnh s nghip
4.1.2 Cung ng qua cc doanh nghip nh
nc
4.2 Chnh ph cung ng gin tip
218
5. NHM CNG C CHNH SCH V BO
HIM V GIM NH NGUY C TN THNG
5.1Bo him
5.1.1 Bo himbt buc
5.1.2 Tr cpbo him
5.2Gim nh nguy c tn thng
5.2.1 D tr quc gia
5.2.2 n btmthi
5.2.3 Tr cpkh khn
219
5.1 Bo him - Mt s khi nim
La chn ngc l hin tng xy ra
khi nhng ngi c nhiu kh nng nhn li
phc li t cng ty bo him nht li chnh
l nhng ngi c xu hng tham gia mua
bo him
220
5.1 Bo him (2)
Hnh vi li dng bo lnh, c lm
liu. l s gia tng nguy c ri ro phi
bi thng i vi cng ty bo him do s
thay i hnh vi ca i tng c bo
him gy ra
Hi chng bn th ba tr tin