CHALLENGE OF BIOFUEL AS TRANSPORTATION FUEL IN INDONESIA

Zarrah Duniani Research & Development Processing Directorate zduniani@pertamina.com

Mas Putra Agung Technology Process Services Processing Directorate

Asian Petroleum Technology Symposium Vietnam, February 18-20, 2009

OUTLINE

GOVERNMENT ENERGY POLICY BACKROUND OF PERTAMINA BIOFUELS PROGRAM PERTAMINA BIOFUELS PROGRESS CONCLUSION

INDONESIAN GOVERNMENT POLICY ON DEVELOPING BIOFUEL

TARGET: ENERGY ENERGY MIX MIX 2025 2025 TARGET:

RegNo. No.30/2007 30/2007 Reg On: On: Energy: Energy: Diversification - -Diversification Conservation - -Conservation

(The Presidential Decree No. 5/2006)

Fuel, 20% Gas, 30%
RE,17%

BF 5%
Geothermal, 5% Biomass, Nuclear, Hydro, Solar Energy, wind, 5% Coal Liquefaction, 2%

Coal , 33%

ThePresidential PresidentialDecree DecreeNo. No.10/2006 10/2006 The onforming formingThe TheNational NationalTeam Teamfor for on BiofuelDevelopment Development Biofuel toincrease increasethe thedomestic domesticincome income to

ThePresidential PresidentialInstruction InstructionNo. No.1/ 1/2006 2006on on The preparingand andusing usingof ofBiofuel Biofuel preparing asalternative alternativefuel fuel as TheMinisterial Ministerialof ofESDM ESDMRegulation Regulation The No.32/2008 32/2008 No. onpreparing, preparing,using usingand andmanaging managingthe themarket market on of biofuel biofuelas asan analternative alternativefuel fuel of

RECOMMENDA RECOMMENDA TION TION

BLUEPRINT/ BLUEPRINT/ ROADMAP ROADMAP

EVALUATION EVALUATION

IMPLEMENTATION IMPLEMENTATION
3

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 5 YEAR 2006 NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY

ENERGI MIX GOAL 2025
Hydro Power, 3.11% Geothermal, 1.32% Natural Gas, 28.57%

National (Primary) Energy Mix

Oil 51.66%

National (Primary) Energy Mix of 2025 (BaU Scenario)

Power Plant, 1.9% Mini/micro Hydro Power Plant, 0.1% Geothermal, 1.1%

Coal, 15.34%

Energy Mix Year 2025 National Energy Mix 2025 (Perpres No. 5/2006) (Presidential Decree Scenario)
Oil, 20%

Gas, 20.6%

Gas, 30%
Oil, 41.7%

Biofuel, 5%

OPTIMIZING ENERGY MANAGEMENT

Coal , 33%

RE,17%

Geothermal, 5% Biomass, Nuclear, Hydro Solar Energy, Wind Power, 5% Coal Liquefaction 2%

Coal 34.6%

ENERGY RESOURCES
(January 2006)
TYPE OF FOSSIL ENERGY Oil Gas Coal NON FOSSIL ENERGY Hydro Geothermal Mini/Micro hydro Biomass Solar Wind Uranium 24.112 Tons*
*) only in Kalan region, West Kalimantan

RESOURCES 86.9 billion bbl 384.7 TSCF 57.8 billion Ton RESOURCES 845 Million BOE 219 Million BOE 458.75 MW

RESERVES 9.1 185.8 19,3 EQUIVALEN T 75,670 MW 27,000 MW 458.75 MW 49,810 MW 4.8 kWh/m2/day 9,287 MW 3 GW

PRODUCTION 387 million bbl 2.95 TSCF 132 Million Ton UTILIZATION 6,851,000 MWh 2,593,500 MWh

R/P (YEARS) 23 62 146 INSTALLED CAPACITY 4,200 MW 807 MW 54 MW 302.4 MW 5 MW 0.5 MW

ENERGY DIVERSIFICATION PROGRAM

Types of fuel Gas LPG BBG Coal Coal Briquet Coal gasification Coal liquefaction Biofuel Bio-ethanol Bio-diesel Bio-oil Geothermal Other Renewable Energy Biomass Nuclearr Water Solar cell Wind CBM Hidrogen / Fuel Cell Oil Shale Biogenic Gas Household Transportation Industry Power Plant

BIOFUEL COMMODITIES

Palm Jatropha Curcas Sugarcane Cassava

LAND AND CLIMATE COMPATIBILITY MAP FOR PALM

(3 million hectares)

LAND AND CLIMATE COMPATIBILITY MAP FOR JATROPHA CURCAS

(million hectares)

LAND AND CLIMATE COMPATIBILITY MAP FOR SUGARCANE

(0.5 million hectares)

POTENTIAL LAND FOR CASSAVA PLANTATION (million hectares)

Potential land : < 75 ha : 75 200 ha : 201 400 ha : 401 1.800 ha

PERTAMINA POLICY BACKGROUND IN PRODUCE CLEAN PRODUCT

Support government
Regulation: Ratified Kyoto, Montreal

Environment :
Earth Climate :Ozone Depletion Global Warming/atmospheric pollution

Overcome energy and resource shortage Reduction in oil import, subsidy Improvement Efficiency Non-Fossil/alternative Fuel

Value added:
Employee, Customer, Stakeholder, Public

Energy Security

Continuous development / improvement and production : -Fuel Business Atm. Pollution Reduction :Cleaner & Quality Fuels -Non Fuel Business Envi. (Non-ODS, Non-GWP) products

PERTAMINAS IN DEVELOPING CLEAN ENERGY FOR TRANSPORTATON FUELS HAD BEEN A LONG JOURNEY & COMMITTED TO CONTINUE DOWN THE ROAD
Biofuel: BioPremium, BioSolar Biofuel: BioPertamax Solar-48 Euro-4 Gasoline

Euro-2 Gasoline, Diesel*

2

TEL content

In 2002, UL gasolines supply are extended for Depok, Bali, Batam and Cirebon.

1 0

2004

Jun-06

Gradually from 2004 till June 2006, the TEL content in Premium-88 was reduced from 1.8 to 0.3 cc/USG.
2003 2004 2005

PERTAMINA stopped producing leaded Gasoline

1990

2001

2002

2006

2007

2008

2012

CNG : BBG

Unleaded Gasolines : UL Premium-88, UL Premix-92 (later changed as Pertamax-92), UL Super TT-98 (later changed as Pertamax Plus-95) are supplied from Balongan Refinery since 2001 for Jakarta & surrounding cities.

In Aug 2005, a 52 MBSD Balongan Blue Sky Project was commissioned, and imported HOMC volume is significantly reduced. This project was proposed to the Government since February 1996.

LPG : V-Gas

*Note : Perta-Dex

BACKGROUND OF PERTAMINAS BIOFUEL PROGRAM

Presidential Instruction No.1/2006 to 13 central and regional government institutions on supply and utilization of biofuels as alternative energy (January 2006) Presidential Regulation No.5/2006 on National Energy Policy, calling for 5% biofuels in the energy mix by 2025 (January 2006) Presidential Decree No.10/2006, established by the National Team for Biofuels Development to coordinate industry expansion (July 2006) SK Dirjen Migas 3675K/DM/2006 re. Specification & 3674K/DM/2006 SNI (Indonesian Standard) PERTAMINAs Commitment to provide green fuel and energy diversification by utilizing renewable biofue Min ESDM regulation No 32/2008,a mandatory to blend 5% biofuels in fuels if Fame and etanol available

LAUNCHING OF PERTAMINA BIOFUELS

1. BIO SOLAR (B5)
The Minister of ESDM and The BOD of Pertamina launched the mass selling of Bio Solar for industry in Jakarta on May 20, 2006 and followed it in Surabaya and Denpasar on November 11, 2008.
Launching of Bio Solar in Jakarta on May 20, 2006 by HE The Minister of ESDM, Mr. Purnomo Yusgiantoro

2. BIO PERTAMAX (E5)

It launched to the market place in Jakarta on December 11, 2006,and Surabaya and Malang and Denpasar.
Launching of Bio Pertamax, in Jakarta December 11, 2006

3. BIO PREMIUM (E5)

It launched in Malang on August 13, 2006 and then in Jakarta for 13 stations.

Launching of Bio Pertamax and Bio Solar in Denpasar on November 13, 2007

BY : NPD

15

PERTAMINA BIOFUELS
BIOPREMIUM

BIOSOLAR : - FAME blended solar/diesel oils (5% FAME) Properties according to Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Degree N0.3675K/24/DJM/2006, March 17, 2006 BIODIESEL / Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) or mono-alkyl esters derived from vegetable oils or animal fats and other biomass-derived oils that shall be technically proven and approved for use in diesel engines, with quality specifications in accordance with the SNI( Indonesia National Standards ) Most of biodiesel in Indonesia derived from Palm oil. Other feedstock are Coconut oil and Jatropa

BIOPREMIUM
BIO PERTAMAX : Etanol unhydrous denaturated (99.5%purity) blended Pertamax (3- 5% Etanol) BIOPREMIUM : Etanol unhydrous denaturated (99.5%purity) blended Premium (3- 5% Etanol) Properties according to Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Degree N0.3674K/24/DJM/2006, March 17, 2006 Most of Bioetanol in Indonesia derived from sugarcane Molasse & cassava
=

Tetes Tebu

Prosentase Prosentase Biofuel Biofuel blended blended

Penurunan Penurunan kadar kadar Juni 2007

launced launced

11 11 April April 2008 2008

1 1 Nov Nov 2008 2008

Bio Solar

20 Mei 2006 B-5 13 Des 2006 E-5 18 Agustus 2006 E-5

B-2.5

B-1 Malang

B-5 Malang E-5 Jakarta E-2 E-5

Bio Premium

E-3

E-5 Jakarta E-2 E-5

Bio Pertamax

E-3

By 11 November 2008, injeksi FAMEinjection become 5% For transportation & industries sectors,if FAME & Ethanol avable.
BY : NPD

BIOFUELS DISTRIBUTION & MARKETING SYSTEM

BIOFUEL Producer BLENDING BIOFUEL & FOSSIL FUEL CONSUMEN/END USER

IMPOR FAME FAME Producer Producer

MOBIL FAME / ETHANOL

INSTALATION / TERMINAL PERTAMINA

MOBIL BIO SOLAR/ BIO PREMIUM/ BIO PERTAMAX

INDUSTRIES

TANKER FAME

Ethanol Ethanol Producer DALAM Producer NEGERI

Inline Blending Bio Fuel

TANKER BIO SOLAR

STATIONS

PENYEDIAAN
BY : NPD

WHERE ARE NOW ? PERTAMINA BIOFUEL PROGRESS

Jakarta November 1, 2008 4 big industries Volume 173 KL

Denpasar Bio Solar : 11 stations Volume 2.100 KL/M

Bio Pertamax : 14 stations Volume 200 KL/M

Jakarta Bio Solar : 381 stations Volume 76.900 KL/M Bio Pertamax : 22 stations Volume 1.100 KL / M Bio Premium : 13 stations Volume 9.100 KL / M

Total : Bio Solar : 411 stations Vol : 80.600 KL/M Bio Premium: 14 stations Vol : 9.500 KL / M Bio Pertamax : 46 stations Vol : 1.651 KL / M

Malang
Bio Premium : 1 stations Volume 400 KL / M Bio Pertamax : 3 stations Volume 55 KL / M

Surabaya Bio Solar : 19 stations Volume 1.600 KL / M Bio Pertamax : 7 stations Volume 296 KL / M
BY : NPD

PERTAMINA BIO PREMIUM

ROLL OUT PLAN PERTAMINA BIOFUEL

November 08
LOCATION

December 08
LOCATION
JAVA

2009
LOCATION SUMATRA
Part of KALIMANTAN &

2010
LOCATION INDONESIA

EXISTING & WEST JAVA

+ EAST JAVA & BALI

SULAWESI Product: BIOSOLAR BIOPREMIUM BIO PERTAMAX Product: BIOSOLAR BIOPREMIUM BIO PERTAMAX BIO M. DIESEL BIO KEROSENE BIO M. BAKAR
FAME : ETHANOL : 18,981 KL 540 KL FAME : ETHANOL : 25,157 KL 560 KL FAME : 1,025,117 KL ETHANOL : 805,479 KL

Product: BIOSOLAR BIOPREMIUM BIO PERTAMAX

Product : BIOSOLAR BIOPREMIUM BIO PERTAMAX BIO M. DIESEL BIO KEROSENE BIO M. BAKAR
FAME : ETHANOL : 1,278,621 KL 1,123,608 KL

Assumption: price of FAME MOPS Biofuel content: 5%

BY : NPD

ROADMAP BIOSOLAR
In 2009 : Solar BioSolar JAVA

November 08
-D. Plumpang -Inst. Tj. Priok
LAUNCHING

Desember 08
-ISG -D. Malang -D. Madiun -D. Kediri -D. Sangaran -D. Tj. Wangi

2009
- P. Jawa -Part of Sumatra -Part of Kalimantan

2010
- P. Jawa - Sumatra - Kalimantan -Sulawesi

-TT. Tj. Gerem -D. Padalarang -D. Ujung Berung -D. Tasikmalaya

Potential of Biofuel supply and demand

Fuel Consumption average per year Subsidized Subsidized Premium/Gasoline KL Gas Oil KL Kerosene KL 17.000.000 KL 11.000.000 KL 9.900.000 KL 250.000 15.000.000 100.000 Non

Indonesian gov. policy on biofuel. max 10% biofuel in fuel and 2% biofuel in kerosene As the gov. regulation, it must be max 10% of biofuel injected in the common fuel except 2% for Kerosene

Biofuel demand per year (max 10% injection) except Kerosene (2%) Subsidized Ethanol (Gasohol E-10) Fame (Biodiesel B-10) Kerosene 1.700.000 KL 1.100.000 KL 198.000 KL Industry 25.000 KL 1.500.000 KL 2.000 KL

Biofuel potential for domestic demand

THE AVAILABILITY OF BIOFUEL SUPPLY

FAME ETHANOL
BY : NPD

YEARS (CAPACITIES - KL) 2008

1.588.300 144.500

2009
2.521.000 212.500

Market Development

Source: The Association of Indonesian Biofuel Producer (APROBI)

BIOETHANOL PRODUCT CAPASITY & LOCATION

No

PERUSAHAAN

LOKASI

2008
CAPASITY (KL) Domestic (KL)

2009
CAPASITY (KL) Domestic (KL)

Anugrah Kurnia Abadi PT./ BPPT Ethanol Medco Group

Lampung

2.500

2.500

2.500

2.500

Lampung

60.000

60.000

Molindo Raya Industrial

Lawang & Lampung Lampung

12.000

12.000

50.000

50.000

Sugar Group

70.000 144.500 14.500

100.000 212.500 52.500

TOTAL

BY : NPD

BIODIESEL PRODUCT CAPASITY & LOCATION(Status Sept. 2008)

PERUSAHAAN

LOKASI
Capasity MT/y

2008
Domestic MT/y

2009
Kapasitas MT/y Domestic MT/y

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Asian Agri TbK Energi Alternatif Indonesia . Eterindo Wahanatama Tbk Darmex Biofuel PT. Ganesha Energy Group Indo Biofuels Energy PT. Multikimia Intipelangi PT. Musim Mas Group Permata Hijau Group Sumi Asih PT. Wilmar Group TOTAL

Lubuk Gaung,Dumai

200.000 300 120.000 150.000 3.000 60.000 5.000 50.000 200.000 100.000 700.000
1.588.300

70.000 300 120.000 30.000 3.000 60.000 5.000 10.000 75.000 50.000 300.000
723.300

200.000 1.000 240.000 150.000 10.000 160.000 10.000 350.000 200.000 200.000 1.000.000
2.521.000

80.000 1.000 240.000 60.000 10.000 100.000 10.000 100.000 120.000 100.000 300.000
1.121.000

Jakarta Gresik & Cikupa Bekasi Medan Merak Bekasi Medan Duri Bekasi & Lampung Dumai

BY : NPD

PRICE FAME,ETHANOL VS CRUDE OIL,GASOLINE

140

120

CPO

100
OLEIN

80
FAME
MOPS HSD

g (

MOPS GASOLINE

60
ETHANOL

40
CRUDE OIL

20

MEI

SEPT OKTO NOVE DESEJANU FEBR MAR APRI MEI JUNI JULI AGUS 2006

JUNI JULI AGUS SEPT OKTO NOVE DESEJANU FEBR MAR APRI MEI JUNI 2007 2008

CPO OLEIN ETHANOL FAME MOPS HSD MOPS GASOLINE CRUDE OIL 44.0 42.6 45.2

61.4 70.7 78.4 84.7 82.8 87.2 86.6 87.8 86.6 93.8 97.6 111. 113. 101. 101. 102. 46.75 45.5548.51 55.1252.15 50.9856.15 61.18 65.7064.38 65.4376.20 82.28 86.2083.30 89.1892.99 89.7393.23 81.59 105.7 118. 118.3105.0 110.0 105. 55.2 54.9 54.7 55.0 55.3 55.4 55.4 54.8 55.2 56.8 55.9 55.4 53.6 53.9 55.1 54.2 53.8 53.42 54.7 54.7354.57 54.09 53.9 52.57 52.0655.07 58.5757.16 54.7053.91 56.96 61.6360.40 60.8765.18 69.32 76.0777.59 75.1177.19 84.9883.53 82.91 85.79 91.2 104.395.28 99.88 99.2 52.94 54.0154.26 54.2747.70 44.7644.02 43.87 41.5644.41 46.2550.47 51.34 51.5153.93 52.2057.05 59.8067.93 67.21 66.48 69.9 79.3987.00 99.76 104. 49.8252.70 44.3939.07 38.06 37.3340.69 46.7551.19 54.45 51.8852.22 47.0750.35 54.1459.97 60.10 61.63 64.4 67.6072.48 80.50 85.7 47.8 51.9 57.9 57.5 57.92 59.7 64.8568.75 78.41 83.2

BY : NPD

January 2009 45.8 39.3 35.1 35.1Sept 37.8 33.2 36.2 , 38.6 42.7 47.4 45.4 Fame (Jan 2008 avg) = 43.1 Rp 43.4 8500/ltr Fame ( Oct Des 2008 avg) = waktu Rp 5000/ltr Ethanol avg = Rp 5500/ltr Solar = Rp 5.137 5800/ltr Gasoline = Rp 5400- Rp 5600/ltr

CPO Price

CHALLANGES IN BIOFUELS PROGRAM :

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GOVERNMENT POLICY

PRICE OF BIOFUELS FEED STOCKS PRICE OF BIOFUEL PRODUCT VS FOSSIL FUEL SECURITY OF SUPPLY OF FAME & ETHANOL COMPETION FEEDSTOCKS FOR FOOD & FUELS THE GEOGRAPHY OF INDONESIA QUALITY OF FUELS ISSUES ( EURO 4,WWFC CAT 4)

Perusahaan Minyak & Gas Nasional

THANK YOU

Properties Produk Biodiesel Generasi Ke 2 yang dibandingkan Dengan Ultra Low Sulfur Petroleum Diesel dan FAME
Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (Fossil) % OXYGEN SPECIFIC GRAVITY HEATING VALUE, MJ / kg SULFUR, ppm CLOUD POINT, oC DISTILLATION, oC CETANE STABILITY
SUMBER : UOP

BIODIESEL (FAME) 11 0.88 38 <1 - 5 to + 15 340 - 355 50 - 65 MARGINAL

BIODIESEL GENERASI 2 0 0.78 44 <1 - 10 to + 20 265 - 320 70 - 90 GOOD

0 0.84 43 < 10 -5 200 - 350 40 GOOD

BY : NPD

SPESIFIKASI BIO SOLAR MENGACU SPESIFIKASI SOLAR 48 (Dirjen Migas No. 3675 K/24/DJM/2006)
No. 1 Karakteristik Bilangan Cetana : - Angka Cetana atau - Indeks Cetana Berat Jenis ( pada suhu 15 C ) Viskositas ( pada suhu 40 C ) Kandungan Sulfur Distilasi : T 95 Titik Nyala Titik Tuang Residu Karbon Kandungan Air Biological growth *) Kandungan FAME *) Kandungan Methanol dan Ethanol *) Korosi Bilah Tembaga Kandungan Abu Kandungan sedimen Bilangan Asam Kuat Bilangan Asam Total Partikulat Penampilan visual Warna Satuan Batasan Min. 48 45 815 2.0 60 nihil 10 D 4815 D 130 - 94 D 482 - 95 D 473 D 664 D 664 D 2276 - 99 D 1500 tak terdeteksi kelas 1 0.01 0.01 0 0.6 Jernih dan terang 3.0 Maks. 870 5.0 0.35 1) 370 18 0.1 500 Metode Uji ASTM D 613 - 95 D 4737 - 96a D 1298 atau D 4052 - 96 D 445 - 97 D 2622 - 98 D 86 - 99a D 93 - 99c D 97 D 4530 - 93 D 1744 - 92

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

kg/m mm/s % m/m C C C % m/m mg/kg % v/v % v/v menit % m/m % m/m mg KOH/g mg KOH/g mg/l No.ASTM

*) Khusus untuk Minyak Solar yang mengandung Bio Diesel, jenis dan spesifikasi Bio Diesel nya mengacu ketetapan Pemerintah. Catatan Umum : 1.Aditif haris kompatibel dengan minyak mesin (tidak menambah kekotoran mesin/kerak) Aditif yang mengandung komponen pembentuk abu (ash forming) tidak diperbolehkan. 1.Pemeliharaan secara baik untuk mengurangi kontaminasi (debu, air, bahan bakar lain, dll) 2.Pelabelan pada pompa harus memadai dan terdefinisi. Catatan Kaki : 1) Batasan 0,35% m/m setara dengan 3500 ppm.
BY : NPD

SPESIFIKASI BIO SOLAR MENGACU SPESIFIKASI SOLAR 48 (Dirjen Migas No. 3675 K/24/DJM/2006)
No. 1 Karakteristik Bilangan Cetana : - Angka Cetana atau - Indeks Cetana Berat Jenis ( pada suhu 15 C ) Viskositas ( pada suhu 40 C ) Kandungan Sulfur Distilasi : T 95 Titik Nyala Titik Tuang Residu Karbon Kandungan Air Biological growth *) Kandungan FAME *) Kandungan Methanol dan Ethanol *) Korosi Bilah Tembaga Kandungan Abu Kandungan sedimen Bilangan Asam Kuat Bilangan Asam Total Satuan kg/m mm/s % m/m C C C % m/m mg/kg % v/v % v/v menit % m/m % m/m mg KOH/g mg KOH/g Batasan Min. Maks. 48 45 815 2.0 60 nihil 10 tak terdeteksi kelas 1 0.01 0.01 0 0.6 D 4815 D 130 - 94 D 482 - 95 D 473 D 664 D 664 870 5.0 0.35 1) 370 18 0.1 500 Metode Uji ASTM D 613 - 95 D 4737 - 96a D 1298 atau D 4052 - 96 D 445 - 97 D 2622 - 98 D 86 - 99a D 93 - 99c D 97 D 4530 - 93 D 1744 - 92

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

18 yang Partikulat mg/l D 2276 - 99 *) Khusus untuk Minyak Solar mengandung Bio Diesel, jenis dan spesifikasi Bio - Diesel nya- mengacu ketetapan 19 Penampilan visual Jernih dan terang Pemerintah. Catatan Umum : 20 Warna No.ASTM 3.0 D 1500 1.Aditif haris kompatibel dengan minyak mesin (tidak menambah kekotoran mesin/kerak) Aditif yang mengandung komponen pembentuk abu (ash forming) tidak diperbolehkan. 1.Pemeliharaan secara baik untuk mengurangi kontaminasi (debu, air, bahan bakar lain, dll) 2.Pelabelan pada pompa harus memadai dan terdefinisi. Catatan Kaki : 1) Batasan 0,35% m/m setara dengan 3500 ppm.
BY : NPD

Spesifikasi Standar Bioetanol Terdenaturasi untuk No Sifat Unit, min/max Spesifikasi1) Gasohol (SNI DT 27-0001-2006)
1 Kadar etanol %-v, min 99,5 (sebelum denaturasi)2) 94,0 (setelah denaturasi) 300 1 2 5 0,1 30 Jernih dan terang, tidak ada endapan dan kotoran mg/L, max mg/L, max mg/100 ml, max 40 50 5,0 6,5 - 9,0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Kadar metanol Kadar air Kadar denaturan Kadar tembaga (Cu) Keasaman sebagai CH3COOH Tampakan Kadar ion klorida (Cl-) Kandungan belerang (S) Kadar getah (gum), dicuci pHe mg/L, max %-v, max %-v, min %-v, max mg/kg, max mg/L, max

1) Jika tak diberikan catatan khusus, nilai batasan (spesifikasi) yang diterakan adalah nilai untuk bioetanol yang sudah didenaturasi. 2) FGE atau etanol kering biasanya memiliki berat jenis dalam rentang 0,7936 0,7961 (pada kondisi (15,56/15,56 oC), atau berat jenis dalam rentang 0,7871 0,7896 (pada kondisi 25/25 oC), diukur dengan cara piknometri atau hidrometri yang sudah sangat lazim diterapkan di dalam industri Alkohol.
BY : NPD

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