7. PROBABILITY 7.1.1 Sample Space and Events a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h 7xperiment is an activity that "e carry out to observe a result.

9utcome is the result of an experiment that "e observed. #ample space is set of all the possible outcomes or results! in an experiment The sample space is denoted by the letter S. 7vent is the set of all the possible outcomes or results! in the sample space that "e "ish to get. An event can be denoted by any capital letters except S . n S! denotes the number of possible outcomes in the sample space. n A! denotes the number of possible outcomes in the event A.

Task A : Determine the number of possible outcomes in the sample space and the event by listing the outcomes. 1. An experiment is conducted by rolling a fair dice '. In an experiment "here a fair coin is tossed t"ice, once. If A is the event of getting an even score, (T represents an outcome "here the first toss a! express, in set notation, results in a )head* and the second toss results in a i! the sample space, )tail*. If + is the event of obtaining at least one ii! the event A, )tail*, b! determine the number of possible outcomes in a! express, in set notation, i! the sample space, i! the sample space, ii! the event A. ii! the event +, b! determine the number of possible outcomes in Ans"er : a! i! # $ % & i! the sample space, ii! the event +. a! ii! A $ % & Ans"er : a! i! # $ b! i! n #! $ a! ii! + $ b! ii! n A! $ b! i! n #! $ b! ii! n +! $ ,. A card is picked randomly from the follo"ing cards. .. In an experiment, t"o numbers are randomly chosen, the first from set A $ %, , / , 01 and the second from set + $ % ' , . , 2&. If D is the event of getting a total score at least 13, a! express, in set notation, 45ote : x , y! represents an outcome "here x A and y +1 i! the sample space, ii! the event D, b! determine the number of possible outcomes in i! the sample space, ii! the event D. Ans"er : a! i! # $ a! ii! D $ b! i! n #! $ b! ii! n D! $
'. # $ %((,(T,T(,TT&6 + $ %(T,T(,TT&6 n #! $ .6 n +! $ , .. # $ % ,,'!, ,,.!, ,,2!, /,'!, /,.!, /,2!, 0,'!, 0,.!, 0,2!& 6 n #! $ 8 D $ % ,,2!, /,2!, 0,.!, 0,2!& n D! $ .

If - is the event of obtaining vo"el, a! express, in set notation, i! the sample space, ii! the event -, b! determine the number of possible outcomes in i! the sample space, ii! the event -. Ans"er : a! i! #$

a! ii! - $ b! i! n #! $

b! ii! n -! $
Ans"ers: 1. # $ %1,',,,.,/,0&6 A $ %',.,0&6 n #! $ 06 n A! $ , '. # $ %(,7,+,A,T&6 - $ %7,A&6 n #! $ /6 n -! $ '

Probability

Task +: Determine the number possible outcomes in the sample space and the event "ithout listing the outcomes. 1. A box contains , black balls, ' '. A box contains cards of "hich ,. The table sho"s a set of green balls and / red balls. A each card is "ritten "ith an numbers. A number is chosen at ball is dra"n at random from alphabet from the "ord random from the set. the box. If A represents the )TA:+A(A5*. A card is 13 11 1/ event not getting the black dra"n at random from the box. 1; '' 18 balls, determine If + represents the event of 10 '/ 12 a! n #!, obtaining vo"el card, determine If - represents the event of b! n A!. a! n #!, choosing number that is multiple b! n +!. of /, determine Ans"ers : a! n #! $ a! n #!, Ans"ers : a! n #! $ b! n -!. b! n A! $ b! n +! $ Ans"ers : a! n #! $ b! n -! $ .. There are 1. fans in a hall, each controlled by a s"itch. It is kno"n that four fans are spoilt. T"o s"itches are turned on at random in an experiment. <iven that D is the event "here only one of the t"o fans "orks, determine a! n #!, b! n D!. Ans"ers : a! n #! $ Ans"ers : a! n #! $ b! n D! $ b! n 7! $ ;. Aour?digit numbers are to be formed from the digits ', ., 0, ; and 8 "ithout repetitions of digits. All the numbers that can be formed are "ritten in small pieces of papers and put into a hat. 9ne number is chosen at random from the hat. If < is the event getting even number, determine a! n #!, b! n <!. Ans"ers : a! n #! $ Ans"ers : a! n #! $ b! n <! $ b! n (! $
Ans"ers : 1. a! 13 b! ; ;. a! 1'3 b! ;' '. a! 2 b! , 2. a! ,/ b! 12 ,. a! 8 b! , .. a! 81 b! .3 8. a! ;'3 b! .23 /. a! 1'3 b! .2

/. The letters from the "ord )#=>A5* are to be used to form a five?lettered code. All the possible codes are "ritten in cards and put in a box. A card is dra"n from the box. If 7 represents the event of getting code "hich has both the vo"els next to each other, determine a! n #!, b! n D!.

0. A box contains ; blue marbles and / yello" marbles "here all the marbles are of the same si@e. T"o marbles are dra"n from the box randomly. If A is the event getting t"o marbles of the same colour, determine a! n #!, b! n A!. Ans"ers : a! n #! $ b! n A! $

2. A .?member committee of a club is chosen from . boys and , girls. 7ach of the possible .?member committee formed is "ritten on a card and put into a box. 9ne of the cards is dra"n at random from the box. If ( represents the event of obtaining a committee that has eBual number of boys and girls, determine a! n #!, b! n (!.

8. -ode "ords are to be formed using all the letters of the "ord )-9C=:5*. 7ach of the possible code "ords is "ritten in a small strip of paper and put into a bag. 9ne of the code "ords is chosen from the bag at random. If C represents the event of obtaining code "ord that begins "ith a consonant, determine a! n #!, b! n C!. Ans"ers : a! n #! $ b! n C! $
0. a! 00 b! ,1

Probability

'

7.1.2 Probabilit o! an Event a! b! The probability that an event A occurs is represented by P A! number of outcomes in A n( A) = +y classical definition, P ( A) = , "here 3 P ( A) 1 number of outcomes in S n( S )

c! d! e!

If P A! $ 3, then the event is sure to fail or is a certain impossibility!. If P A! $ 1. then the event is sure to succeed or is an absolute surety!
The probability that an event A does not occur is represented by P A! "here P A! $ 1 G P A!

Task A : Determine the Drobability of #imple 7vents. 1. A bag contains ; red balls, / '. A card is picked randomly from green balls and 0 pink balls. A a pack of cards "hich contains ball is picked at random. Aind . red cards and 0 yello" cards. the probability that a red ball is Aind the probability that a picked. yello" card is picked. Ans"er : E $ 7vent red ball is picked n(R) = 7, n(S) = 18 n R! P R! = n S! ; = 12 Ans"er :

,. A letter is selected at random from the "ord )D(F#I-#*. Aind the probability of selecting letter S. Ans"er : A $ 7vent of selecting letter S

Y $ 7vent of picking yello" card n A! $ n(Y) = n S! $ n(S) =

n Y! P Y! = n S! = P A! = = n A! n S!

, /

' ;

Probability

.. A fair dice is flipped once. Hhat is the probability of obtaining a score greater than .I Ans"er : B $ 7vent of obtaining a score greater than .. n B! $ n S! $

/. Identical cards numbered from '3 to .3, are put in a bag. A card is dra"n randomly from the bag. Aind the probability that the number on the card is a prime number.

0. 7ach of the letters from the "ord )TA:+A(A5* is "ritten on identical cards and then put in a box. If a card is dra"n at random from the box, calculate the probability that the card dra"n is a vo"el.

1 ,

. '1

, 2

;. A box containing all the letters of the "ord )DE9+A+ICITF* "ritten on identical cards. If one card is dra"n at random from the box, find the probability that the card dra"n sho"s a consonant.

2. A card is dra"n at random from a bag "hich contains '0 identical cards "ritten "ith all the different letters of the alphabet. Aind the probability that the card dra"n sho"s a letter from the "ord )+A(A#A*.

8. A fair dice is rolled t"ice. -alculate the probability of getting numbers "ith a sum more than 2.

; 11

' 1,

/ 12

Probability