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Restitution of Benefit Obtained Through the  '


1980 ,Appropriation of Property or the Commission of a Wrong
 ,( : )Columbia Law Review

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Daniel Friedmann, Restitution of Benefit Obtained through the Appropriation of


: )Property or the Commission of a Wrong, 80 Colum L. Rev. 504 (1980)

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. 
.  40
Jack Beatson, The Nature of Waiver of Tort, The Use and Abuse of Unjust
.Enrichment 206 (1991)
Hanoch Dagan, Unjust Enrichment A Study of Private Law and Public
.Values (1997)
Ernest J. Weinrib, Restitutionary Damages as Corrective Justice, 1 Theoretical
.Inq. L. 1 (2000)
Daniel Friedmann, Restitution for Wrongs: The Basis of Liability, Restitution-

2
3
4
5
6

Past, Present and Future 133 (Cornish, Nolan, OSullivan and Virgo eds., 1998); Daniel
Friedmann, Restitution for Wrongs: The Measure of Recovery, 79 Tex. L. Rev. 1879
(2001); Daniel Friedmann, The Protection of Entitlements via the Law of Restitution
.Expectancies and Privacy, 121 L. Q. R. 400 (2005)

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.unjustly enriched at the expense of another is required to make restitution to the other

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restitution may be justified on the general principle that a person who obtains
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appropriation of a property or quasi-property interest held by the other person is unjustly
enriched and should be liable to the other for any benefit attributable to the
33.appropriation   

28
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30
31
32
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Pavey & Matthews Pty Ltd v. Paul, 162 C.L.R. 221 (1987); K. Mason & J. Carter
).Restitution Law in Australia 4-5 (1995
     Deglman v.
,Guaranty Trust Co. of Canada [1954] 3 D.L.R. 785
30 . .White v. Central Trust Co. [1984] 7 D.L.R. (4th) 236, 245 P.
).Maddaugh & J. McCamus, The Law of Restitution 17-36 (2nd ed., 2004
Lipkin Gorman (a firm) v. Karpnale Ltd [1991] 2 A.C. 548 (H.L.); A. Burrows,
).Restitution Where Do We Go From Here?, 50 C.L.P. 95 (1997

  , " ,7' .7978


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" " ,' .653
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assumption that certain interests qualify as property, it does not itself provide a means
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,Beatson" .3
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  Friedmann, Restitution for Wrongs: The Basis of
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 . Chase Manhattan Bank. NA v. Israel-British Bank (London) Ltd [1981] Ch.
195; Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale v. Islington London Borough Council
[1996] AC 669, 714-715 (per Lord Browne-Wilkinson) (H.L); Graham Virgo, The
).Principles of the Law of Restitution 628-637 (1999

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).Teaching the Wrongdoer that Tort Does Not Pay, 73 Can. Bar Rev. 320 (1994
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788
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Virtual Specific Performance, The Theory of Efficient Breach, and the Indifference
).Principle in Contract Law, 93 Cal. L. Rev. 975 (2005

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   , Janet Osullivan,

Reflections on the Rule of Restitutionary Damages to Protect Contractual Expectation,


).Unjustified Enrichment 327 (David Johnston & Reinhard Zimmerman eds., 2002

789
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 113.
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113 , ,Ruxley    
 , 21,560" , 
, 2,500" .  
.    
 : ) Lloyd  (Keith
 ; ) Mustill  Bridge ( ,
,   
 . ) (Jauncey  
)  (.
114 Hobhouse  The loss is a reasonable :Blake
valuation of what the plaintiff ought to have had but did not get. It is not just the amount
(if any) by which his property has a lower market value than that it would have had if
))) the contract had been performed (A.G v. Blake [2001] 1 AC 268, 298 (H.L.:
 .(Blake 2001 Griffiths Linden Gardens Trust Ltd
).v. Lenesta Sludge Disposals Ltd [1994] 1 AC 85, 97 (H.L.
115 , Mustill .Ruxley " . 113

791
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 116,  
117.

   .  ...
118
 .  
,     
 . 
 ? 119 ,
, , 
.   .
, ... 120,

116  ,
  .
,  ,
 
.
117 ," ,1' .524522 Woolf Blake
1998  Justice surely demands an :
award of substantial damages in such a case, and the amount of expenditure which the
defendant has saved by the breach provides an appropriate measure of damages. This
could be achieved by presuming that the plaintiff has suffered a loss of an amount
corresponding to the amount by which he has been overcharged for the service actually
provided; and the presumption could be justified by invoking the notion of 'the
consumer surplus'. But it would surely be preferable, as well as simpler and more open,
;to award restitutionary damages ,Blake 1998" ,8' .846845

118 , ..." ;60    


,"" .60
119  .
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   123. 

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 .
121  
 . Christopher T. Wonnell, The
) .Abstract Character of Contract Law, 22 Conn. L. Rev. 437, 448-462 (1990 
   , ,   ,
,    
.
122  .  Strand Electric and
Engineering Co. v. Brisford Entertainments [1952] 1 All E.R. 796 (C.A.); Robert J.
Sharpe & S.M. Waddams, Damages for Lost Opportunity to Bargain, 2 Oxford J. of
) .Legal Studies 290 (1982  ," ,1' .432427

123" , ' 280/73" )) (1974) 597 (1 : (


  ..." : .Actus legis nemini facit iniuriam
 , ;
 .     , ,
    " ) ,' .(601 ,
   .
 " , ' 243/83" )113 (1
) ;(1985" ,"  " '  732/80" )) (1984) 645 (2 :

793
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   ,
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125" , ' "   541/89" ).(1991) 506 (2

794
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 ,  
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,   
.
  ,Smithkline126  2006 
, , .
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  ) : (.
 2002-2001 ) : (
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.
,    
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 127.
   ,

.   ,Lord Justice Jacob  , 
 128.
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129  

126
127
128
129

 ,Smithkline" .8

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  , ," ,123
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795
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.  " "
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 " " 130.  
,  131,
, ,  "" ,
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 .
 Smithkline
  
.   if A has
had the use of Bs property, he must account for the benefit he has had from that use its

.fruit ,  '  .
"" . Jacob
"" , ) a mere
(freedom to trade ) (business opportunity

130
131
132
133

 ," ,16' .9389


  
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796
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 135.  
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 137Hoffmann-La Roche
, .

134  ,Smithkline" ,8' 71 74.


135' 80  ,
, Jacob I cannot see that the deterrent is necessarily a bad thing.
A party who may have to recompense third parties significantly damaged by an interim
injunction, is likely to weigh carefully whether he really has a case which he is likely to
.win at trial, as opposed to one which raises no more than a serious issue to be tried

 ,   , 
,  ? 
.
136 John Leubsdorf, Preliminary
).Injunctions: In Defense of the Merits, 76 Fordham L. Rev. 33 (2007
137

F. Hoffmann-La Roche & Co. v. Secretary of State for Trade and Industry [1975] AC

] .295 [H.L.    Smithkline


.  ,Smithkline" ,8' 3635 .

797
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.

798
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139,   .
, 
.  " " ,
. 
.     
  .   
.  
  , 
140
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 ( . 142,
  143.

139
140
141

142

,  '  .
,Dagan" .4    " :
"  ) 650632 ,601"(.
" , ' " 44/76" )) (1976) 785 (3 :
( ) ( . " , ' 6339/97" )(1
) (1999) 199    (.
" ) ( ,' ' 1068/96 ) .(2001
 .
,
)( .  
)  ( 
. 
, ) 
( .
.
  ,   , Boomer v.
) ;Atlantic Cement Co., 26 N.Y. 2d 219, 257 N.E, 2d 870 (1970 
).Wrotham Park Estates v. Parkside Homes Ltd [1974] 1 W.L.R. 798 (Ch.
 Wortham Park 
,  5%
. ,  

799
PM 1:34 1/17/2008 z:\books\fridman\20071223\friedman09.doc

.3
   "
"   
.  
 144, , ,   145.

) ) ,Jaggard v. Sawyer [1995] 1 W.L.R 269 (C.A.


 , , ,Blake 2001 " 114' .(283
  ) Wortham Park  
(      
 . )) Horsford v. Bird [2006] UKPC 3 (P.C. 
 ,
(; ]Lunn Poly Ltd v. Liverpool & Lancashire Properties Ltd [2006
)) EWCA Civ 430 (C.A.  
( .  
, ,  
.Blake 2001 ,
  Blake 2001
, WWF World Wide Fund for Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund) v.
)) World Wrestling Federation Entertainment Inc [2007] EWCA Civ 286 (C.A.:
 .(WWF
143 ' 48  ] [ ," ,1968 " 
  ,   
   ,  
   ; 
        
 " .  ,
" .140
  ' 96  ,
  . "  ' 700/88
," ) ;(1991) 720 (3" ) ' 1769/04  ,  .(13.7.06
144  Gareth Jones, The Recovery of Benefits
Gained from a Breach of Contract, 99 L. Q. Rev. 443 (1983); Allen Farnsworth, Your
Loss or My Gain? The Dilemma of the Disgorgement Principle in Breach of Contract,
94 Yale L.J. 1339 (1985); Peter Birks, Profits of Breach of Contract, 109 L. Q. Rev.
518 (1993); Hanoch Dagan, Restitutionary Damages for Breach of Contract: An
).Exercise in Private Law Theory, 1 Theoretical Inq. L. 115 (2000

145    , 
.

800
PM 1:34 1/17/2008 z:\books\fridman\20071223\friedman09.doc


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149
150
151

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801
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802
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153.

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  Blake .   
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803
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 156,
  .
 11  ) (,

157.  
158.

.
 .Blake
   ,George Blake ,
 1961   42 . 1966
Blake ,  )?( .
1989 Blake   ,
  150 " . 
 Blake   ,
.    ,
   159.

156
157

158

159

, ,
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' )84( )  ( ,") 1971 ' )76(
)  ( ," (1999 ' 11 
.  , ' " .99
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,"" )" :(1982) 226 ,225 (4 
.  ,  "( .
  " .165
,Dagan" ,32' ) 277272 , ,
,  
 (.
   )) Snepp v. U.S., 444 U.S. 507 (1980 :
(Snepp )  
(  .

804
PM 1:34 1/17/2008 z:\books\fridman\20071223\friedman09.doc


  .Blake , 
, 160,   
.
 ,  
 
 161. ,Woolf  , 
  " : " ) (Skimped Performance
. 
 , , 162.
Woolf .
If the court is unable to award restitutionary damages for breach of contract, :
then the law of contract is seriously defective. It means that in many situations the
plaintiff is deprived of any effective remedy for breach of contract, because of a failure to
.attach a value to the plaintiff's legitimate interest in having the contract duly performed

  ,     
.
  Blake .
 163. 
 .
,  ,

160

161
162
163


) ( . 
   Blake
...
compensatory damages are an inadequate remedy if :
;regard is paid to the objects which the plaintiff sought to achieve by the contract
,Blake 1998" ,8' .846
 ,Osullivan" .109
  Blake  ) ,(20001991
Blake   . 26
2006 .    ,
' 6  .
  5,000 Blake" . App. No. 68890/01, Blake
).v. United Kingdom [2006] All E.R. (D) 126 (Sep) (Approved judgment

805
PM 1:34 1/17/2008 z:\books\fridman\20071223\friedman09.doc

,Blake . ,
.
 Blake  
1944  
.  , 
  Blake . ,Nicholls
  ,  ,
   .
. ,
    , 
:    
,   , ,
. 
. Nicholls The law :
recognises that a party to a contract may have an interest in performance which is not
readily measurable in terms of money. On breach the innocent party suffers a loss. He
fails to obtain the benefit promised by the other party to the contract. To him the loss
may be as important as financially measurable loss, or more so The primary response
of the law to this type of case is to ensure, if possible, that the contract is performed in
164.accordance with its terms

  , ,
 , ,   
 . 
   ;165

164 ,Blake 2001" ,114' .282


165 ,    ,
 , . 
  
) ex-ante   ( . 

, , . 
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806
PM 1:34 1/17/2008 z:\books\fridman\20071223\friedman09.doc

   
 , .  
. ,  
.
166.
 ,   Blake
. 
Hobhouse  167,
, Blake 
,  . 
 ,  
   168.
, ,  
  Blake   , ,

,    , ) 
 ( .  " 154.
166  , ,
,Blake 
 ) 
 ,Wrotham park" .(142  
,    
. ,  
) ,  Wrotham park , (;
,  ) (  
.  , 
.  ,WWF" ,142
).Experience Hendrix LLC v. PPX Enterprises Inc. [2003] 1 All E.R. (Comm) 830 (C.A.
167  
 ,   ,
.
168   .Snepp 
 If the agent publishes unreviewed material in violation of his :
fiduciary and contractual obligation, the trust remedy simply requires him to disgorge
the benefits of his faithlessness. Since the remedy is swift and sure, it is tailored to deter
;those who would place sensitive information at risk ,Snepp" ,159'

.515

807
PM 1:34 1/17/2008 z:\books\fridman\20071223\friedman09.doc

169. , 
 " " ,  ,
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170.


: ,
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//(; ,   
  . ,  :
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'   
 

169   Nicholls .Blake 2001 


Blake   I am
reinforced in this view by noting that most of the profits from the book derive indirectly
from the extremely serious and damaging breaches of the same undertaking committed
by Blake in the 1950s. As already mentioned, but for his notoriety as an infamous spy
his autobiography would not have commanded royalties of the magnitude Jonathan Cape
;agreed to pay ,Blake 2001" ,114' .287 ,
,Hobhouse 
  ,  .The just :
response visualised in the present case is, however it is formulated, that Blake should be
punished and deprived of any fruits of conduct connected with his former criminal and
reprehensible conduct. The Crown have made no secret of this. It is not a commercial
claim in support of any commercial interest. It is a claim relating to past criminal
, ;conduct' .295

170  ," ,1' .601594

808
PM 1:34 1/17/2008 z:\books\fridman\20071223\friedman09.doc

. 
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809
PM 1:34 1/17/2008 z:\books\fridman\20071223\friedman09.doc

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