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UNIT IV
PILE GROUPS
Some Examples
Some Examples
Some Examples
spacing of piles shall not be less than 2.5d For end bearing piles passing through compressible strata and resting in stiff clay - 3.5d
For compaction piles - 2d.
Qgu
FELD'S RULE
Reduces the capacity of each pile by 1/16 for
CONVERSE-LABARRE FORMULA
g 1
n 1m m 1n
90mn
Qgu g Qu
m = number of columns of piles in a group, n = number of rows, = tan-1( d/s) in degrees, d = diameter of pile, s = spacing of piles center to center.
Block Failure
c = cohesive strength of clay beneath the pile group, L = length of pile, Pg = perimeter of pile group, A g= sectional area of group, Nc = bearing capacity factor which may be assumed as 9 for deep foundations.
Total Settlement
Elastic Settlement
Consolidation Settlement
Settlement of a group is affected by the shape and size of the group length of piles method of installation of piles and possibly many other factors.
S = total settlement, Sp = settlement of the pile tip, Sf = settlement due to the deformation of the pile shaft.
base, q pu - ultimate point resistance per unit area, Dr = relative density of the sand, Cw = settlement coefficient, = 0.04 for driven piles = 0.05 for jacked piles = 0.18 for bored piles,
the pile, E = modulus of deformation of the pile shaft, = coefficient which depends on the distribution of skin friction along the shaft and can be taken equal to 0.6.
t-z Method
t-z Method
1. Divide the pile into any convenient
segments
2. Assume a point pressure qp less than the
maximum qb.
3. Read the corresponding displacement sp
segment n by
t-z Method
7. Use the ( - s) curves to read the friction in on
and displacement at the top of the pile provide one point on the load-settlement curve. 10. Repeat 1 through 9 for the other assumed values of the point pressure, qp .
effective stress causing consolidation of the soil with resultant settlement and friction forces being developed on the pile
Ln = length of piles in the compressible material s = shear strength of cohesive soils in the fill P = perimeter of pile K = earth pressure coefficient normally lies between the active and the
n = number of piles in the group, = unit weight of soil within the pile group to a depth Ln, Pg = perimeter of pile group, A - sectional area of pile group within the perimeter Pg s = shear strength of soil along the perimeter of the group.
L1 = depth of fill, L2 = depth of compressible natural soil, s1, s2 = shear strengths of the fill and compressible soils respectively, 1, 2= unit weights of fill and compressible soils respectively, Fnl = negative friction of a single pile in the fill, Fn2 = negative friction of a single pile in the
Uplift Capacity
Uplift Capacity
Pul = uplift capacity of pile,
W p= weight of pile,
fr = unit resisting force As = effective area of the
Cohesive Soil
embedded length of pile. cu = average undrained shear strength of clay along the pile shaft = adhesion factor ca = average adhesion
L = depth of the pile block L & B = overall length and width of the pile group cu = average undrained shear strength of soil around the sides of the group W = combined weight of the block of soil enclosed by the pile group plus the weight of the piles and the pile cap.
Recap
Capacity of single pile