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I.TNG QUAN V MNG KHNG DY.............................................................................

1
1.Mng khng dy l g.........................................................................................................1
2.Phn loi mng khng dy..................................................................................................3
3.Cc m hnh mng khng dy............................................................................................6
II.WIFI.......................................................................................................................................8
1.Khi nim wifi....................................................................................................................8
2.Dng chun 802.11.............................................................................................................9
3.Hot ng ca mng wifi.................................................................................................13
4.Bo mt trong mng wifi..................................................................................................19

I. TNG QUAN V MNG KHNG DY


1. Mng khng dy l g
Mng khng dy l mt h thng cc thit b c nhm li vi nhau, c kh
nng giao tip thng qua sng v tuyn thay v cc ng truyn dn bng dy.
Ni mt cch n gin mng khng dy l mng s dng cng ngh m cho php
hai hay nhiu thit b kt ni vi nhau bng cch s dng mt giao thc chun,
nhng khng cn kt ni vt l hay chnh xc l khng cn s dng dy mng
(cable).
V y l mng da trn cng ngh 802.11 nn i khi cn c gi l 802.11
mng Ethernet, nhn mnh rng mng ny c gc t mng Ethernet 802.3
truyn thng. V hin ti cn c gi l mng Wireless Ethernet hoc Wi-Fi
(Wireless Fidelity).
u im:
Tnh d dng kt ni v thun tin trong s dng lm cho mng Wireless
nhanh chng ngy cng ph bin trong cuc sng chng ta, h tr tch cc trong
cng vic ca chng ta.
-

Gi thnh gim nhiu i vi mi thnh phn ngi s dng.

- Cng ngh khng dy c tch hp rng ri trong b vi x l dnh cho


my tnh xch tay ca INTEL v AMD, do tt c ngi dng my tnh xch
tay u c sn tnh nng kt ni mng khng dy.
- Mng Wireless cung cp tt c cc tnh nng ca cng ngh mng LAN nh
Ethernet v Token Ring m khng b gii hn v kt ni vt l (gii hn v
cable).

- Tnh linh ng: to ra s thoi mi trong vic truyn ti d liu gia cc thit
b c h tr m khng c s rng but v khong cch v khng gian nh
mng c dy thng thng. Ngi dng mng Wireless c th kt ni vo
mng trong khi di chuyn bt c ni no trong phm vi ph sng ca thit b
tp trung (Access Point).
- Mng WLAN s dng sng hng ngoi (Infrared Light) v sng Radio (Radio
Frequency) truyn nhn d liu thay v dng Twist-Pair v Fiber Optic
Cable. Thng thng th sng Radio c dung ph bin hn v n truyn xa
hn, lu hn, rng hn, bng thng cao hn.
- Cng ngh Wireless bao gm cc thit b v h thng phc tp nh h thng
WLAN, in thoi di ng (Mobile Phone) cho n cc thit b n gin nh
tay nghe khng dy, microphone khng dy v nhiu thit b khc c kh nng
truyn nhn v lu tr thng tin t mng. Ngoi ra cng bao gm c nhng
thit b h tr hng ngoi nh Remote, in thoi truyn d liu trc din
gia 2 thit b.
Nhc im:
Bn cnh nhng u im ca mng Wireless nh l tnh linh ng, tin li,
thoi mith mng Wireless vn khng th thay th c mng c dy truyn
thng. Thun li chnh ca s linh ng l ngi dng c th di chuyn. Cc
Server v my ch c s d liu phi truy xut d liu, v v tr vt l th khng
ph hp (v my ch khng di chuyn thng xuyn c).
- Tc mng Wireless b ph thuc vo bng thng. Tc ca mng Wireless
thp hn mng c nh, v mng Wireless chun phi xc nhn cn thn nhng
frame nhn trnh tnh trng mt d liu.
- Trong mng c nh truyn thng th tn hiu truyn trong dy dn nn c th
c bo mt an ton hn. Cn trn mng Wireless th vic nh hi rt d
dng bi v mng Wireless s dng sng Radio th c th b bt v x l c
bi bt k thit b nhn no nm trong phm vi cho php, ngoi ra mng
Wireless th c ranh gii khng r rng cho nn rt kh qun l.
- Bo mt trn mng Wireless l mi quan tm hng u hin nay. Mng
Wireless lun l mi bn tm v s giao tip trong mng u cho bt k ai
trong phm vi cho php vi thit b ph hp. Trong mng c nh truyn thng
th tn hiu truyn trong dy dn nn c th c bo mt an ton hn. Cn

trn mng Wireless th vic nh hi rt d dng bi v mng Wireless s


dng sng Radio th c th b bt v x l c bi bt k thit b nhn no
nm trong phm vi cho php, ngoi ra mng Wireless th c ranh gii khng r
rng cho nn rt kh qun l.
Bng so snh h thng Mng Khng dy v Mng C dy
H thng

Mng Khng dy

Mng C dy

Tc

11/54/108Mbps

10/100/1000Mbps

Bo mt

Bo mt khng m bo
bng c dy do pht sng
thng tin ra mi pha

Bo mt m bo ch b l thng
tin nu can thip thng vo v tr
dy dn

Thi cng v
trin khai

Thi cng trin khai nhanh


v d dng

Thi cng phc tp do phi thit k


i dy cho ton b h thng

Kh nng
m rng

Kh nng m rng khong


cch tt vi chi ph hp l

i hi chi ph cao khi mun m


rng h thng mng c bit l m
rng bng cp quang

Tnh mm
do

Cc v tr kt ni mng c
th thay i m khng cn
phi thit k li

Cc v tr thit k khng c ng
phi thit k li nu thay i cc v
tr kt ni mng

2. Phn loi mng khng dy


C nhiu cch phn loi:
A. Da trn vng ph sng, mng khng dy c chia thnh 5 nhm:

Hnh 1: Phn loi mng v tuyn


WPAN: mng v tuyn c nhn. Nhm ny bao gm cc cng ngh v tuyn
c vng ph nh tm vi mt n hng chc mt ti a. Cc cng ngh ny phc
v mc ch ni kt cc thit b ngoi vi nh my in, bn phm, chut, a cng,
kha USB, ng h,...vi in thoi di ng, my tnh. Cc cng ngh trong
nhm ny bao gm: Bluetooth, Wibree, ZigBee, UWB, Wireless USB,
EnOcean,... a phn cc cng ngh ny c chun ha bi IEEE, c th l
nhm lm vic (Working Group) 802.15. Do vy cc chun cn c bit n
vi tn nh IEEE 802.15.4 hay IEEE 802.15.3 ...
WLAN : mng v tuyn cc b. Nhm ny bao gm cc cng ngh c vng
ph tm vi trm mt. Ni bt l cng ngh Wifi vi nhiu chun m rng khc
nhau thuc gia nh 802.11 a/b/g/h/i/... Cng ngh Wifi gt hi c nhng
thnh cng to ln trong nhng nm qua. Bn cnh WiFi th cn mt ci tn t
nghe n l HiperLAN v HiperLAN2, i th cnh tranh ca Wifi c chun
ha bi ETSI.
WMAN: mng v tuyn th. i din tiu biu ca nhm ny chnh l
WiMAX. Ngoi ra cn c cng ngh bng rng BWMA 802.20. Vng ph sng
ca n s tm vi km (tm 4-5km ti a).

WWAN: Mng v tuyn din rng: Nhm ny bao gm cc cng ngh mng
thng tin di ng nh UMTS/GSM/CDMA2000... Vng ph ca n cng tm
vi km n tm chc km.
WRAN: Mng v tuyn khu vc. Nhm ny i din l cng ngh 802.22
ang c nghin cu v pht trin bi IEEE. Vng ph c n s ln tm 40100km. Mc ch l mang cng ngh truyn thng n cc vng xa xi ho
lnh, kh trin khai cc cng ngh khc.
So snh cc nhm mng:
Cng ngh

Mng

Chun

Vng
ph sng

Tc

Bng
tn

UWB
(Ultra
WPAN
wideband)

802.15.3a

110-480
Mbps

Trn 30 feet

7.5 GHz

Bluetooth

WPAN

802.15.1

Trn
Kbps

Trn 30 feet

2.4 GHz

Wi-Fi

WLAN

802.11a

Trn
Mbps

54 Trn
feet

300

Wi- Fi

WLAN

802.11b

Trn
Mbps

11 Trn
feet

300

Edge/GPRS
(TDMA- GMS)

WWAN

2.5 G

Trn
Kbps

384

3G

Trn
Mbps

2.4

3G

Trn
Mbps

CDMA 2000/1x
WWAN
EV-DO
WCDMA/
UMTS

WWAN

720

5 GHz
2.4 GHz

4-5 dm

1900
MHz

1-5 dm

400-2100
MHz

1-5 dm

18002100
MHz

Tt c cc cng ngh ny u ging nhau ch chng nhn v chuyn tin bng


cch s dng sng in t (EM).
B. Da trn cc cng ngh mng, mng khng dy c chia thnh 3 loi:
- Kt ni s dng tia hng ngoi.

- S dng cng ngh Bluetooth.


- Kt ni bng chun Wi-fi.

3. Cc m hnh mng khng dy


A. M hnh mng AD-HOC:
a. Khi nim:
o L mng gm hai hay nhiu my tnh c trang b card khng dy.
o Tng t m hnh peer to peer trong mng c dy.
o Cc my tnh c vai tr ngang nhau.
o Khong cch lin lc 30-100m.
o S dng thut ton Spokesman Election Algorithm(SEA).

b. M hnh vt l:

c. Cch thit lp:

o Thit b: Card khng dy.


o Driver.
o Tin ch.
d. Cu hnh
o Cc Staion phi cng BSSID.
o Cc Staion phi cng knh.
o Cc Station phi cng tc truyn.
B. M hnh mng INFRASTRUCTURE
a. Khi nim:
L mng gm mt hay nhiu AP(Access Point) m rng phm vi hot
ng ca cc Station c th kt ni vi nhau vi mt phm vi gp i.
AP ng vai tr l im truy cp cho cc trm khch trao i d liuvi nhau
v ruy xut ti nguyn ca my ch.
Mi AP c th lm im truy cp cho 10-15 my khch (ty sn phm v
hng sn xut) ng thi ti mt thi im.
b. M hnh vt l:

c. Cch thit lp
o Thit b:

o Card mng khng dy.


o Access Point.
o Driver.
o Tin ch.
d. Cu hnh
o Cc Station phi cng BSSID vi AP.
o Cc Station phi cng knh vi AP.
o Cc Ap phi cng mt ESID nu mun h tr roaming.

II. WIFI
1. Khi nim wifi
Wi-Fi vit tt t Wireless Fidelity hay mng 802.11 l h thng
dng sng v tuyn, ging nh in thoi di ng, truyn hnh v radio.

mng khng dy

H thng ny hot ng mt s sn bay, qun caf, th vin hoc khch sn. H


thng cho php truy cp Internet ti nhng khu vc c sng ca h thng ny, hon
ton khng cn n cp ni. Ngoi cc im kt ni cng cng (hotspots), WiFi c
th c thit lp ngay ti nh ring.
Tn gi 802.11 bt ngun t vin IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers) Vin k thut in v in t M. Vin ny a ra nhiu chun cho
nhiu giao thc k thut khc nhau, v n s dng mt h thng s nhm phn loi
chng; 3 chun thng dng ca WiFi hin nay l 802.11a/b/g.
Trong mt mng Wi-Fi, my tnh v card mng wifi kt ni khng dy n mt
b nh tuyn khng dy (router). Router c kt ni vi Internet bng mt
modem, thng l mt cp hoc modem DSL. Bt k ngi dng trong vng 200
feet hoc hn (khong 61 mt) ca cc im truy cp sau c th kt ni vi
Internet, d cho tc truyn ti tt, khong cch 100 feet (30,5 m), hoc t c
ph bin hn. Cc tn hiu khng dy c th m rng phm vi ca mt mng khng
dy.

Mng wifi c th c "m", nh vy m ai cng c th s dng, hoc "ng"


trong trng hp s dng mt mt khu. Mt khu vc bao ph truy cp khng dy
thng c gi l mt im nng khng dy. C nhng n lc tin hnh
chuyn ton b thnh ph, nh San Francisco, Portland, v Philadelphia, thnh
im nng khng dy ln. Nhiu ngi trong s cc k hoch ny s cung cp
min ph, dch v h tr qung co, dch v qung co min ph cho mt khon ph
nh. San Francisco gn y chn Google cung cp cho n vi mt mng
khng dy.
Wifi s dng cng ngh v tuyn lin lc, thng thng hot ng tn s
2.4GHz. Wifi l cng ngh c thit k phc v cho cc h thng my tnh nh
ca tng lai, l in thoi di ng v thit k tiu th in nng ti thiu.
PDA, my tnh xch tay, v cc ph kin khc nhau c thit k tng thch
vi wifi. Thm ch cn c in thoi c pht trin m c th chuyn i lin
mch t cc mng di ng vo mng wifi m khng cn b mt cuc gi.
Li ch ca wifi
- Wireless Ethernet. Wi-Fi l mt thay th Ethernet. Wi-Fi v Ethernet, c hai
mng IEEE 802 chia s mt s yu t ct li.
- Extended Access. S vng mt ca dy v cp m rng truy cp vo nhng
ni c dy v cp in khng th i hoc ni m n l qu t i vi h i.
- Chi ph gim. Nh cp trn, s vng mt ca dy v cp in mang li
xung gi. iu ny c thc hin bi s kt hp ca cc yu t, chi ph tng
i thp ca cc b nh tuyn khng dy, khng cn o ho, khoan v cc
phng php khc c th l cn thit lm cho cc kt ni vt l.
- Vn ng. C dy buc bn c nh mt a im. Vi khng dy bn c th
t do thay i v tr ca bn m khng b mt kt ni ca bn.
- Tnh linh hot. M rng truy cp, gim chi ph, v tnh di ng to c hi cho
cc ng dng mi cng nh kh nng ca gii php sng to mi cho cc ng dng
di sn.

2. Dng chun 802.11


Mng WLANs hot ng da trn chun 802.11 (802.11 c pht trin t
nm 1997 bi nhm Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), chun ny

c xem l chun dng cho cc thit b di ng c h tr Wireless, phc v


cho cc thit b c phm vi hot ng tm trung bnh.
Cho n hin ti IEEE 802.11 gm c 4 chun trong h 802.11 v 1 chun
ang th nghim:
-

802.11 - l chun IEEE gc ca mng khng dy (hot ng tng s


2.4GHz, tc 1 Mbps 2Mbps).

802.11b - (pht trin vo nm 1999, hot ng tng s 2.4-2.48GHz,


tc t 1Mpbs - 11Mbps).

802.11a - (pht trin vo nm 1999, hot ng tng s 5GHz 6GHz,


tc 54Mbps).

802.11g - (mt chun tng t nh chun b nhng c tc cao hn t


20Mbps - 54Mbps, hin ang ph bin nht).

802.11e - l 1 chun ang th nghim: y ch mi l phin bn th


nghim cung cp c tnh QoS (Quality of Service) v h tr Multimedia
cho gia nh v doanh nghip c mi trng mng khng dy.

Thc t cn mt vi chun khc thuc h 802.11 l: 802.11F, IEEE


802.11h, IEEE 802.11j, IEEE 802.11d, IEEE 802.11s. Mi chun c
b sung nhiu tnh nng khc nhau.

A. Original IEEE 802.11 LAN Standard


Nm 1997, IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers )to ra
chun u tin ca WLAN, gi l 802.11 sau tn ca nhm pht trin (IEEE
802.11). Tuy nhin, 802.11 ch h tr mng bng thng ti a l 2Mbps (hot
ng 2.4GHz vi tc l 1Mpbs hoc 2Mpbs)- qu chm cho hu ht cc ng
dng. Do , cc sn phm 802.11 khng cn c sn xut.
B. IEEE 802.11b
IEEE m rng chun 802.11 ban u vo thng 7 nm 1999, to ra chun
802.11b. 802.11b cung cp bng thng ln ti 11Mbps (hot ng tng s
2.4GHz v tc tng dn 1Mpbs, 2Mpbs, 5,5Mpbs v 11Mpbs.
802.11b s dng tn s sng radio khng cn ng k 2.4GHz nh l chun
802.11. Nh sn xut thng thch s dng tn s ny lm gim gi thnh sn
phm. Bi v s dng tn s khng ng k, cc thit b 802.11b c th xy ra

nhiu t nhng sn phm cng s dng tn s nh l l vi sng, in thoi


m bng con (cordless phones) v rt nhiu sn phm ng dng cng s dng
di tn 2.4. Tuy nhin, ch cn lp t thit b 802.11b xa nhng thit b khc,
nhng vn nhiu d dng c gii quyt.
-

u im: gi thnh r, di tn hiu tt v khng d dng b tc nghn.

Nhc im: Tc thp nht, lp t nh d b nhiu bi cc thit b


cng di tn khng ng k.

C. IEEE 802.11a
Song hnh vi 802.11b, IEEE tip tc a ra chun m rng th hai cng
da vo 802.11 u tin - 802.11a. Chun 802.11a s dng tn s 5GHz, tc
54Mbps trnh c can nhiu t cc thit b dn dng. ng thi, chun
802.11a cng s dng k thut tri ph khc vi chun 802.11b - k thut tri
ph theo phng php a phn chia tn s trc giao (Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing-OFDM). y c coi l k thut tri hn so vi tri ph
trc tip (DSSS). Do chi ph cao hn, 802.11a thng ch c s dng trong
cc mng doanh nghip, ngc li, 802.11b thch hp hn cho nhu cu gia nh.
Tuy nhin, do tn s cao hn tn s ca chun 802.11b nn tn hin ca 802.11a
gp nhiu kh khn hn khi xuyn tng v cc vt cn khc.
Do 802.11a v 802.11b s dng tn s khc nhau, hai cng ngh ny khng
tng thch vi nhau. Mt vi hng sn xut bt u cho ra i sn phm "lai"
802.11a/b, nhng cc sn phm ny ch n thun l cung cp 2 chun sng WiFi cng lc (my trm dng chun no th kt ni theo chun ).
-

u im: tc nhanh, khng b nhiu vi nhng thit b khc.

Nhc: gi thnh cao, bc sng ngn nn d b cn.

D. IEEE 802.11g
Vo nm 2002 - 2003, sn phm WLAN c cung cp mt chun mi c
tn gi l 802.11g. 802.11g l kt hp u im ca hai chun 802.11a v
802.11b: cung cp bng thng ln ti 54mbps v s dng di tn 2.4 cho cc
thit b pht sng. V 802.11g hot ng cng tn s vi 802.11b, ngha l cc
im truy cp (access point AP) 802.11g s lm vic vi card mng Wi-Fi
chun 802.11b...

Thng 7/2003, IEEE ph chun 802.11g. Chun ny cng s dng phng


thc iu ch OFDM tng t 802.11a nhng li dng tn s 2,4GHz ging vi
chun 802.11b. iu th v l chun ny vn t tc 54Mbps v c kh nng
tng thch ngc vi chun 802.11b ang ph bin.
-

u im: Tc nhanh, tn hiu tt v khng d b cn.

Nhc im: gi thnh cao hn 802.11b, nhng c th b nhiu bi di


tn khng cn ng k.

E. IEEE 802.11n
Chun Wi-Fi mi nht trong danh mc Wi-Fi l 802.11n. 802.11n c thit
k ci thin tnh nng ca 802.11g v tng bng thng c h tr bng cch
tn dng nhiu tn hiu khng dy v anten (gi l cng ngh MIMO-multipleinput and multiple-output). Khi chun ny hon thnh, 802.11n s h tr tc
ln n 300Mbps. 802.11n cng cho tm ph sng tt hn cc chun Wi-Fi
trc nh tng cng tn hiu. Cc thit b 802.11n s tng thch ngc
vi 802.11g.
-

u im: l tc nhanh nht, vng ph sng tt nht; tr khng ln


hn chng nhiu t cc tc ng ca mi trng.

Nhc im: gi cao hn 802.11g; s dng nhiu lung tn hiu c th


gy nhiu vi cc thit b 802.11b/g k cn.
Cc c im k thut ca IEEE 802.11

Nm
chun

ph

Tc ti a

iu ch

802.11a

802.11b

802.11g

802.11n

Thng 7/1999

Thng 7/1999

Thng 6/2003

Thng 9/2009

54Mbps

11Mbps

54Mbps

300Mbps hay
cao hn

OFDM

DSSS
CCK

Di tn s
5GHz
trung tn (RF)

2,4GHZ

hay

DSSS
CCK
OFDM
2,4GHZ

hay DSSS
hay CCK
OFDM

hay
hay

2,4GHz
5GHz

hay

Spatial Stream 1

1, 2, 3 hay 4

rng bng
20MHz
thng

20MHz

20MHz

20 MHz hay
40 MHz

3. Hot ng ca mng wifi


Truyn thng qua mng khng dy l truyn thng v tuyn hai chiu. C th:
- Thit b adapter khng dy (hay b chuyn

khng dy) ca my tnh chuyn


i d liu sang tn hiu v tuyn v pht nhng tn hiu ny i bng mt ng-ten.
tn hiu

- Thit b router khng dy nhn nhng tn hiu ny v gii m chng. N gi


thng tin ti Internet thng qua kt ni hu tuyn Ethernet.
Qui trnh ny vn hot ng vi chiu ngc li, router nhn thng tin t
Internet, chuyn chng thnh tn hiu v tuyn v gi n adapter khng dy ca
my tnh.
A. Tn s hot ng
C hai tn hiu tn s hin ang c s dng bi cc mng Wi-Fi:
2.4 GHz - Bao gm 14 knh, mi ln vi mt bng thng ca MHz hot ng
khong 20-22 trong bng ISM. 802.11b / g mng li hot ng trong bng tn 2,4
GHz. N l mt tn s ng ngi v nhiu thit b khc hn 802,11 thit b hot
ng trong . V d, Bluetooth cng nh nhiu sn phm tiu dng nh l vi ba,
in thoi
5 GHz - Bao gm 13 knh, mi ln vi mt bng thng ca cc hot ng
khong 20 MHz trong bng U-NII. mng 802.11a hot ng trong di tn 5.
Hin nay, ban nhc ny t ng c hn 2,4 GHz, nhng iu ny c th thay
i khi th trng khng dy tip tc pht trin.
Cc tn hiu tn s cao c suy gim cao hn qua thng qua nhng tr ngi
hn so vi tn hiu tn s thp hn. y l bi v mt s nng lng ca trng
in t chuyn vo cc ti liu ca chng ngi vt (bc tng xi mng, tn l,)
lm gim sc mnh ca tn hiu.
B. Gii hn v mnh tn hiu

B qua cc ch ca RF can thip cho mt thi im, n c th ni rng


cng tn hiu nhn c l mt chc nng ca sn lng in ca my pht,
tn s s dng, khong cch truyn i bng tn hiu, v xy ra trc khi tn hiu
nhn c. Nhn c tn hiu sc mnh, v do phm vi c th s dng, c th
thay i t nay n thi im ny bi v c im tuyn truyn c nng ng v
khng th on trc. iu ny c ngha rng nhng thay i nh trong mi
trng c th dn n nhng thay i ln cho cng tn hiu Rx.
iu quan trng l nhn c tn hiu ting n. Ting n l mt chc nng
can thip vo ngun sc mnh, khong cch v bng thng. Ngoi ra, cc ngun
vn c ting n gy ra bi qu trnh vt l c bn nh chuyn ng nhit ngu
nhin ca khng kh. Trong thc t, Rx tn hiu-nhiu (SNR) l cn thit cho tc
truyn dn cao hn. SNR l quan trng hn sc mnh tuyt i tn hiu Rx.
C. Tc d liu bng thng
Cc iu khon tc d liu v thng i khi c s dng thay th cho nhau.
T l d liu s lin quan tc d liu, trong khi thng qua s c s dng
m t s thc t ca cc bit d liu truyn / giy thng qua cc phng tin khng
dy. Thng lng l gim bt bng giao thc, cnh tranh khch hng /va chm, v
truyn li.
802,11 i hi phi tch cc v kp thi ghi nhn ca mi khung truyn.
Khng ging nh Ethernet c dy, ni m cc c hi can thip l tng i nh,
802,11 d on mt xc sut can thip, chi ph do nhiu hn l cn thit
i ph vi thch thc ny.
Ngoi ra, khng ging nh Ethernet c dy, 802,11 cho php la chn tc
truyn dn t SNRs thun li c th c khc phc bng cch s dng tc
d liu chm hn (nh chm nht l 1 Mbit / giy). Chn chm hn tc d
liu ph hp c th dn n mt thng lng tng th c ci thin vi tc
d liu cao hn m l b hng v truyn li. IEEE 802.11 ban u c xc nh
c im k thut 802,11 hai tc d liu: 1 v 2 Mbps. Nhng mc gi thp
l khng cho mt s ng dng, trong thc y s pht trin ca tiu chun
vi mc gi 802,11 d liu nhanh hn. Nhng, hy nh rng khng phi lc no
nhanh hn l tt hn. Cc 1 Mbps tc d liu l nhiu hn cn thit cho
nhiu ng dng, n c cho l d liu tc mnh m nht cho cc ng dng
cng nghip ni chung.
Cc chun ca mng khng dy c to v cp bi IEEE.

- 802.11 : y l chun u tin ca h thng mng khng dy. Chun ny

cha tt c cng ngh truyn hin hnh bao gm Direct Sequence Spectrum
(DSSS), Frequence Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) v tia hng ngoi. 802.11
l mt trong hai chun miu t nhng thao tc ca sng truyn (FHSS) trong h
thng mng khng dy. Nu ngi qun tr mng khng dy s dng h thng
sng truyn ny, phi chn ng phn cng thch hp cho cc chun 802.11.
- 802.11b : Hin l la chn ph bin nht cho vic ni mng khng dy; cc
sn phm bt u c xut xng vo cui nm 1999 v khong 40 triu thit
b 802.11b ang c s dng trn ton cu. Cc chun 802.11b hot ng
ph v tuyn 2,4GHz. Ph ny b chia s bi cc thit b khng c cp php,
chng hn nh cc in thoi khng dy v cc l vi sng- l nhng ngun gy
nhiu n mng khng dy dng chun 802.11b. Cc thit b 802.11b c mt
phm vi hot ng t 100 n 150 feet (1 feet = 0,3048m) v hot ng tc
d liu l thuyt ti a l 11 Mbit/s. Nhng trn thc t, chng ch t mt
thng lng ti a t 4 n 6 Mbit/s. (Thng lng cn li thng b chim bi
qu trnh x l thng tin giao thc mng v kim sot tn hiu v tuyn). Trong
khi tc ny vn nhanh hn mt kt ni bng rng DSL hoc cp v cho
m thanh lin tc (streaming audio), 802.11b li khng nhanh truyn
nhng hnh nh c nt cao. Li th chnh ca 802.11b l ch ph phn cng
thp.
- 802.11a : Vo cui nm 2001, cc sn phm da trn mt chun th hai,
802.11a, bt u c xut xng. Khng ging nh 802.11b, 802.11a hot
ng ph v tuyn 5 GHz (tri vi ph 2,4GHz). Thng lng l thuyt ti a
ca n l 54 Mbit/s, vi tc ti a thc t t 21 n 22 Mbit/s. Mc d tc
ti a ny vn cao hn ng k so vi thng lng ca chun 802.11b, phm vi
pht huy hiu lc trong nh t 25 n 75 feet ca n li ngn hn phm vi ca
cc sn phm theo chun 802.11b. Nhng chun 802.11a hot ng tt trong
nhng khu vc ng c: Vi mt s lng cc knh khng gi ln nhau tng
ln trong di 5 GHz, bn c th trin khai nhiu im truy nhp hn cung cp
thm nng lc tng cng trong cng din bao ph. Mt li ch khc m chun
802.11a mang li l bng thng cao hn ca n gip cho vic truyn nhiu lung
hnh nh v truyn nhng tp tin ln tr nn l tng.
- 802.11g : 802.11g l chun ni mng khng dy c IEEE ph duyt gn
y nht (thng 6 nm 2003). Cc sn phm gn lin vi chun ny hot ng
trong cng ph 2,4GHz nh nhng sn phm theo chun 802.11b nhng vi tc
d liu cao hn nhiu - ln ti cng tc ti a l thuyt ca cc sn phm

theo chun 802.11a, 54 Mbit/s, vi mt thng lng thc t t 15 n 20 Mbit/s.


V ging nh cc sn phm theo chun 802.11b, cc thit b theo chun 802.11g
c mt phm vi pht huy hiu lc trong nh t 100 n 150 feet. Tc cao hn
ca chun 802.11g cng gip cho vic truyn hnh nh v m thanh, li Web
tr nn l tng. 802.11g thit k tng thch ngc vi 802.11b v chng
chia s cng ph 2,4GHz. Vic ny lm cho cc sn phm ca 2 chun 802.11b
v 802.11g c th hot ng tng thch vi nhau. Chng hn, mt my tnh s
tay vi mt PC card khng dy 802.11b c th kt ni vi mt im truy nhp
802.11g. Tuy nhin, cc sn phm 802.11g khi c s hin din ca cc sn phm
802.11b s b gim xung tc 802.11b. Trong khi cc mng 802.11a khng
tng thch vi cc mng 802.11b hay 802.11g, cc sn phm bao gm mt s
kt hp ca ph v tuyn 802.11a v 802.11g s cung cp nhng th tt nht.
y l mt tin tt lnh cho chun 802.11a; trong mi trng gia nh, ni m tn
hiu v tuyn cn phi xuyn qua nhiu bc tng v vt cn, ch mt mnh tnh
nng 802.11g c th s t c la chn bi v phm vi hot ng ngn hn ca
n.
D. Knh
Truyn thng trc tip gia cc trm khng dy, cho d l trong mt
mng li qung co c bit hoc mng c s h tng, xy ra trn mt knh:
mt bng tn s quy nh cho vic i li ca cc tn hiu in t. Knh c t
trong cu hnh ca im truy cp hoc router khng dy. Trn trm khng dy,
knh c chn trong qu trnh qut ca cc mng c sn.

E. Cc tham s cu hnh
Mt im truy cp, hoc router khng dy hot ng nh mt im truy cp,
thng c cu hnh vi mt chng trnh tin ch c cung cp bi cc nh
sn xut ca thit b.
Mi trm khng dy, c khch hng v cc im truy cp, phi c cu
hnh theo cc cch sau:
Ch hot ng - c hai ty chn cho ch hot ng: c s v c bit.
Bt k Wi-Fi c kh nng thit b c th to ra hoc tham gia mt mng Wi-Fi
trong ch c bit.
Ch c mt im truy cp hoc router c th to ra mt hot ng mng WiFi
ch c s, cc thit b nhng nh RCM4400W khng to ra mng li nh
vy.
-

Knh iu khin- phn m rng 802,11 s dng (a, b, g, n. ..) v cc thnh


phn qun l xc nh cc knh c sn cho mng. Nhng knh nn c s
dng? i vi cc im truy cp c trong phm vi ca nhau, thit lp n
mt knh khc nhau trnh s can thip khc. Vi chun 802.11b / g
mng, in hnh l cc knh 1, 6, v 11 c chn v khng chng cho,
m bo tch tn s trnh va chm, tuy nhin, cc knh khc c th
c s dng bi cc mng ln cn trong cng phm vi. Mt s im truy
cp cho php t ng thit lp cc knh.

Tn mng - Dch v nh danh (SSID) thc cht l tn ca mt mng Wi-Fi.


Mt s mng qung b SSID vi cc thit b khng dy trong phm vi. V
hiu ha cc mng khc pht sng ca 1 SSID ca mng. Mt v d v mt
s SSID l "WiFiRabbit". Hu ht cc im truy cp v b nh tuyn khng
dy c mt SSID mc nh, chng hn nh l "Linksys" hoc "admin".
SSID c ln n 32 byte, v c th dng bt k k t nh phn, tuy nhin,
bn nn s dng m ASCII.

F. im truy cp khng dy v nh tuyn


Phn ny a ra mt s thng tin v cc im truy cp v b nh tuyn c
s dng trong cc mng Wi-Fi. Cc c t 802,11 xc nh mt im truy cp
(hoc, AP,) nh mt trm khng dy (STA) nhm cung cp truy cp vo cc
dch v phn phi (DS). Mt nh tuyn khng dy l 802,11 ph hp cng cung
cp truy cp vo cc dch v phn phi bi v c chc nng AP.

S khc bit chnh gia mt im truy cp v nh tuyn l b nh tuyn


khng dy cho php khch hng truy cp vo nhiu mng v thc hin ng cc
AP cho php truy cp vo mt mng n. Tuy nhin, ti cc im truy cp nhiu
AP trong nhng ngy ny c kh nng nh tuyn.
nh tuyn khng dy thng c chc nng nhiu hn mt im truy cp
ngoi vic c th nh tuyn trn mng con. Di y l danh sch cc tnh
nng c th c mt nh tuyn khng dy c th thc hin:
o DHCP my ch
o NAT / tng la
o VPN Pass-Through
o RIP1
o H tr DMZ
o Tch hp DSL hoc cp modem

C nhng im truy cp khng dy trn th trng c mt s cc tnh nng


b sung thng kt hp vi cc b nh tuyn, chng hn nh my ch DHCP.
Mng khng dy l trin khai tt nht trong mt vai tr truy cp lp, ngha l
chng s dng nh l mt im i vo mng hu tuyn. Trong qu kh, vic
truy cp thng l bng quay s, ADSL, cp, ethernet, mng hnh sao, b tip
sng khung (frame relay), ATM, v.v.. Mng khng dy l mt phng php n
gin khc truy cp internet. Mng khng dy l d liu trong tng NetWork
ging nh tt c cc phng php trong danh sch. Tt c nhng iu dn ti
s thiu ht tc v s phc hi, mng khng dy khng iu chnh nhng
phng tin trong s phn b hoc vai tr ca li trong mng. Tt nhin, trong
nhng mng nh, s khng c s khc bit gia li, phn phi hoc lp truy
xut ca mng. Lp li ca mng phi rt nhanh v vng chc, c th gi mt
lng ln lu lng vi mt cht kh khn v kinh nghim thi gian khng
gim. S phn phi ca lp trong mng nn nhanh, mm do v ng tin cy.

4. Bo mt trong mng wifi


A. Gii thiu
S pht trin khng ngng ca mng WiFi trong vi nm gn y gn ging
nh s bng n ca Internet trong nhng thp k qua. Tuy nhin mng WiFi vn l
mt mng rt d b tn cng. T nm 1997 n by gi, rt nhiu nghin cu nhm
tng cng tnh bo mt ca mng WiFi c thc hin. Mi trng khng dy
l mt mi trng chia s (shared medium) trong thng tin truyn i c th d
dng b thu li (intercepted). Do , bo v thng tin truyn trn knh khng dy l
mt yu cu cp thit.
Ti thi im hin ti. Wifi ang chim u th rt cao trong h thng mng
khng dy trong phm vi nh. T mt thit b Router c tch hp b pht sng Wifi
hay mt AccessPoint (AP) thu tn hiu v pht ra sng Wifi, chic Laptop hay
chic Iphone ca bn d dng to kt ni truy cp mng Ethernet hay mng
internet.
Cc thit b Router , AccessPoint, c c ch bo mt khc nhau, cc chun bo
mt gm c :
-

Wired Equivalency Privacy (WEP) s dng cng ngh m ha 64 bit


hoc 128 bit. M ha 128 bit an ton hn. Nhng ai mun s dng mng
c kch hot WEP u phi bit kha WEP, kha ny thng l
mt khu dng dy s.

WiFi Protected Access (WPA) l mt bc tin ca WEP v hin gi l


mt phn ca giao thc mng bo mt khng dy 802.11i. N s dng
giao thc m ha ton b bng mt kha tm thi. Ging nh WEP, bo
mt WPA cng phi ng nhp bng mt mt khu. Hu ht cc im
truy cp khng dy cng cng hoc l m hon ton hoc bo mt bng
WPA hay WEP 128 bit.

Media Access Control (MAC) bo mt bng cch lc a ch ca my


tnh. N khng dng mt khu i vi ngi s dng, n cn c vo
phn cng vt l ca my tnh. Mi mt my tnh u c ring mt a
ch MAC c nht. Vic lc a ch MAC ch cho php nhng my
ng k mi c quyn truy cp mng. Cn ng k a ch ca my
tnh khi thit lp trong router.

B. Bo mt bng WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)


WEP l mt thut ton bo nhm bo v s trao i thng tin chng li s nghe
trm, chng li nhng ni kt mng khng c cho php cng nh chng li vic
thay i hoc lm nhiu thng tin truyn. WEP s dng stream cipher RC4 cng
vi mt m 40 bit v mt s ngu nhin 24 bit (initialization vector - IV) m ha
thng tin. Thng tin m ha c to ra bng cch thc hin operation XOR gia
keystream v plain text. Thng tin m ha v IV s c gi n ngi nhn.
Ngi nhn s gii m thng tin da vo IV v kha WEP bit trc. S m
ha c miu t bi hnh4.

Hnh 4: S m ha bng WEP


Nhng im yu v bo mt ca WEP
-

WEP s dng kha c nh c chia s gia mt Access Point (AP) v


nhiu ngi dng (users) cng vi mt IV ngu nhin 24 bit. Do ,
cng mt IV s c s dng li nhiu ln. Bng cch thu thp thng tin
truyn i, k tn cng c th c thng tin cn thit c th b kha
WEP ang dng.

Mt khi kha WEP c bit, k tn cng c th gii m thng tin


truyn i v c th thay i ni dung ca thng tin truyn. Do vy WEP
khng m bo c confidentiality v integrity.

Vic s dng mt kha c nh c chn bi ngi s dng v t khi


c thay i (tc c ngha l kha WEP khng c t ng thay i)
lm cho WEP rt d b tn cng.

WEP cho php ngi dng (supplicant) xc minh (authenticate) AP


trong khi AP khng th xc minh tnh xc thc ca ngi dng. Ni mt
cch khc, WEP khng cung ng mutual authentication.

C. Bo mt bng WPA (Wifi Protected Access )


WPA l mt gii php bo mt c ngh bi WiFi Alliance nhm khc
phc nhng hn ch ca WEP. WPA c nng cp ch bng mt update phn
mm SP2 ca microsoft.
WPA ci tin 3 im yu ni bt ca WEP :
-

WPA cng m ha thng tin bng RC4 nhng chiu di ca kha l 128
bit v IV c chiu di l 48 bit. Mt ci tin ca WPA i vi WEP l
WPA s dng giao thc TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol) nhm
thay i kha dng AP v user mt cch t ng trong qu trnh trao i
thng tin. C th l TKIP dng mt kha nht thi 128 bit kt hp vi
a ch MAC ca user host v IV to ra m kha. M kha ny s
c thay i sau khi 10 000 gi thng tin c trao i.

WPA s dng 802.1x/EAP m bo mutual authentication nhm


chng li man-in-middle attack. Qu trnh authentication ca WPA da
trn mt authentication server, cn c bit n vi tn gi RADIUS/
DIAMETER. Server RADIUS cho php xc thc user trong mng cng
nh nh ngha nhng quyn ni kt ca user. Tuy nhin trong mt mng
WiFi nh (ca cng ty hoc trng hc), i khi khng cn thit phi ci
t mt server m c th dng mt phin bn WPA-PSK (pre-shared
key). tng ca WPA-PSK l s dng mt password (Master Key)
chung cho AP v client devices. Thng tin authentication gia user v
server s c trao i thng qua giao thc EAP (Extensible
Authentication Protocol). EAP session s c to ra gia user v server
r chuyn i thng tin lin quan n identity ca user cng nh ca
mng. Trong qu trnh ny AP ng vai tr l mt EAP proxy, lm
nhim v chuyn giao thng tin gia server v user. Nhng
authentication messages chuyn i c miu t trong hnh 5.

Hnh 5: Messages trao i trong qu trnh authentication.


-

WPA s dng MIC (Michael Message Integrity Check ) tng cng


integrity ca thng tin truyn. MIC l mt message 64 bit c tnh da
trn thut tan Michael. MIC s c gi trong gi TKIP v gip ngi
nhn kim tra xem thng tin nhn c c b li trn ng truyn hoc
b thay i bi k ph hoi hay khng.

Tm li, WPA c xy dng nhm ci thin nhng hn ch ca WEP nn n


cha ng nhng c im vt tri so vi WEP. u tin, n s dng mt kha
ng m c thay i mt cch t ng nh vo giao thc TKIP. Kha s thay
i da trn ngi dng, session trao i nht thi v s lng gi thng tin
truyn. c im th 2 l WPA cho php kim tra xem thng tin c b thay i trn
ng truyn hay khng nh vo MIC message. V c im ni bt th cui l n
cho php multual authentication bng cch s dng giao thc 802.1x.

Nhng im yu ca WPA.
im yu u tin ca WPA l n vn khng gii quyt c denial-of-service
(DoS) attack. K ph hoi c th lm nhiu mng WPA WiFi bng cch gi t nht
2 gi thng tin vi mt kha sai (wrong encryption key) mi giy. Trong trng
hp , AP s cho rng mt k ph hoi ang tn cng mng v AP s ct tt c
cc ni kt trong vng mt pht trch hao tn ti nguyn mng. Do , s tip
din ca thng tin khng c php s lm xo trn hot ng ca mng v ngn
cn s ni kt ca nhng ngi dng c cho php (authorized users).
Ngoi ra WPA vn s dng thut tan RC4 m c th d dng b b v bi
FMS attack ngh bi nhng nh nghin cu trng i hc Berkeley. H
thng m ha RC4 cha ng nhng kha yu (weak keys). Nhng kha yu ny
cho php truy ra kha encryption. c th tm ra kha yu ca RC4, ch cn thu
thp mt s lng thng tin truyn trn knh truyn khng dy.
WPA-PSK l mt bin bn yu ca WPA m n gp vn v qun l
password hoc shared secret gia nhiu ngi dng. Khi mt ngi trong nhm
(trong cng ty) ri nhm, mt password/secret mi cn phi c thit lp.
D. Tng cng bo mt vi chun 802.11i
Chun 802.11i c ph chun vo ngy 24 thng 6 nm 2004 nhm tng
cng tnh mt cho mng WiFi. 802.11i mang y cc c im ca WPA. Tp
hp nhng giao thc ca 802.11i cn c bit n vi tn gi WPA 2. Tuy nhin,
802.11i s dng thut ton m ha AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) thay v
RC4 nh trong WPA. M kha ca AES c kch thc l 128, 192 hoc 256 bit.
Tuy nhin thut ton ny i hi mt kh nng tnh ton cao (high computation
power). Do , 802.11i khng th update n gin bng software m phi c mt
dedicated chip. Tuy nhin iu ny c c tnh trc bi nhiu nh sn xut
nn hu nh cc chip cho card mng Wifi t u nm 2004 u thch ng vi tnh
nng ca 802.11i.
E. Phng php ti u v mt s bin php gi mng Wifi an ton
Mt phng php ti u v gi cho mng Wifi an ton:
Ngy cng c nhiu mng Wifi c cung cp min ph. y va l tin tt va
l tin xu. Tt bi bn c nhiu la chn; xu bi kh nng hacker t nhp t xa
vo my tnh cao hn. Di y l mt phng php ti u v gi cho mng
Wifi ca bn lun c an ton.

Ti u Wifi cho VoIP, video, v game.

Kch hot cc ng dng QoS

u tin gi d liu

Tt Wifi khi khng s dng

Kch hot Wifi trong Windows XP

Kch hot/v hiu ho Wifi trong Windows Vista

Truy tm k t nhp vo mng Wifi

Nhn cnh bo khi thit b mi kt ni

Truy tm "k mi n"

Chia s hotspot

S dng Wifi chia s Wifi

An ton kt ni hotspot

Mng VPN c qung co

V hiu ho mng Wifi ngang hng

Cu hnh Windows XP v hiu ho cc mng Ad-Hoc

Tt mng Ad-Hoc

Nhng bin php bo mt n gin:


Hin nay mng khng dy dn tr nn ph bin vn phng, cc qun c
ph...Tuy nhin, my tnh kt ni Wifi l i tng rt d b hacker li dng. Di
y l nhng bin php bo mt d lm.
1. S dng mng ca cng ty
2. Lun gi mt danh sch kt ni "sch"
3. Kch hot chc nng bo mt trn router
4. t mt khu
5. Kch hot chc nng bo mt web-mail

Thng thng khi ng nhp vo mng Wifi va mi thit lp ch cn nhp


chn SSID v nhp ng mt khu m ha WPA-PSK t v nhn nt Connect.
Kt ni thnh cng c th "v t" lt web, chia s tp tin... vi cc my ngang
hng trong mng LAN. Mt vn c bn trong bo mt mng Wifi cn quan tm
l vic thit lp m ha, chng trng hp truy cp mng Wifi bt hp php.
Tht vy, nu mng Wifi ca hng xm l Open Network (khng ci t mt khu
m ha) th bn c th ng nhp vo mng d dng dng Internet min ph,
thm ch khai thc ti nguyn...
F. Kt lun
Trn con ng i t WEP n 802.11i, rt nhiu concept v bo mt ra i.
C 6 concept c bn v bo mt ca mt mng vin thng, l : Identification,
authentication, authorization, confidentiality, integrity & non-repudiation . WEP
tht bi v mt bo mt v n c xy dng m khng tnh n nhng concept
ny. Tuy nhin phi nhn nhn rng lc WEP ra i ngi ta khng lng c
s pht trin bng n ca mng khng dy nn bo mt ca WEP lc rt n
gin. By gi 802.11i ra i tng cng bo mt cho mng khng dy Wifi.
Tuy nhin 802.11i (WPA2) ch c th software upgrade nu hardware c th p
ng AES. Nu khng th phi cn hardware upgrade c th s dng 802.11i. V
ngoi ra nhng sn phm thch ng vi 802.11i li khng th thch ng vi WEP.

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