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1
1.Mng khng dy l g.........................................................................................................1
2.Phn loi mng khng dy..................................................................................................3
3.Cc m hnh mng khng dy............................................................................................6
II.WIFI.......................................................................................................................................8
1.Khi nim wifi....................................................................................................................8
2.Dng chun 802.11.............................................................................................................9
3.Hot ng ca mng wifi.................................................................................................13
4.Bo mt trong mng wifi..................................................................................................19
- Tnh linh ng: to ra s thoi mi trong vic truyn ti d liu gia cc thit
b c h tr m khng c s rng but v khong cch v khng gian nh
mng c dy thng thng. Ngi dng mng Wireless c th kt ni vo
mng trong khi di chuyn bt c ni no trong phm vi ph sng ca thit b
tp trung (Access Point).
- Mng WLAN s dng sng hng ngoi (Infrared Light) v sng Radio (Radio
Frequency) truyn nhn d liu thay v dng Twist-Pair v Fiber Optic
Cable. Thng thng th sng Radio c dung ph bin hn v n truyn xa
hn, lu hn, rng hn, bng thng cao hn.
- Cng ngh Wireless bao gm cc thit b v h thng phc tp nh h thng
WLAN, in thoi di ng (Mobile Phone) cho n cc thit b n gin nh
tay nghe khng dy, microphone khng dy v nhiu thit b khc c kh nng
truyn nhn v lu tr thng tin t mng. Ngoi ra cng bao gm c nhng
thit b h tr hng ngoi nh Remote, in thoi truyn d liu trc din
gia 2 thit b.
Nhc im:
Bn cnh nhng u im ca mng Wireless nh l tnh linh ng, tin li,
thoi mith mng Wireless vn khng th thay th c mng c dy truyn
thng. Thun li chnh ca s linh ng l ngi dng c th di chuyn. Cc
Server v my ch c s d liu phi truy xut d liu, v v tr vt l th khng
ph hp (v my ch khng di chuyn thng xuyn c).
- Tc mng Wireless b ph thuc vo bng thng. Tc ca mng Wireless
thp hn mng c nh, v mng Wireless chun phi xc nhn cn thn nhng
frame nhn trnh tnh trng mt d liu.
- Trong mng c nh truyn thng th tn hiu truyn trong dy dn nn c th
c bo mt an ton hn. Cn trn mng Wireless th vic nh hi rt d
dng bi v mng Wireless s dng sng Radio th c th b bt v x l c
bi bt k thit b nhn no nm trong phm vi cho php, ngoi ra mng
Wireless th c ranh gii khng r rng cho nn rt kh qun l.
- Bo mt trn mng Wireless l mi quan tm hng u hin nay. Mng
Wireless lun l mi bn tm v s giao tip trong mng u cho bt k ai
trong phm vi cho php vi thit b ph hp. Trong mng c nh truyn thng
th tn hiu truyn trong dy dn nn c th c bo mt an ton hn. Cn
Mng Khng dy
Mng C dy
Tc
11/54/108Mbps
10/100/1000Mbps
Bo mt
Bo mt khng m bo
bng c dy do pht sng
thng tin ra mi pha
Bo mt m bo ch b l thng
tin nu can thip thng vo v tr
dy dn
Thi cng v
trin khai
Kh nng
m rng
Tnh mm
do
Cc v tr kt ni mng c
th thay i m khng cn
phi thit k li
Cc v tr thit k khng c ng
phi thit k li nu thay i cc v
tr kt ni mng
WWAN: Mng v tuyn din rng: Nhm ny bao gm cc cng ngh mng
thng tin di ng nh UMTS/GSM/CDMA2000... Vng ph ca n cng tm
vi km n tm chc km.
WRAN: Mng v tuyn khu vc. Nhm ny i din l cng ngh 802.22
ang c nghin cu v pht trin bi IEEE. Vng ph c n s ln tm 40100km. Mc ch l mang cng ngh truyn thng n cc vng xa xi ho
lnh, kh trin khai cc cng ngh khc.
So snh cc nhm mng:
Cng ngh
Mng
Chun
Vng
ph sng
Tc
Bng
tn
UWB
(Ultra
WPAN
wideband)
802.15.3a
110-480
Mbps
Trn 30 feet
7.5 GHz
Bluetooth
WPAN
802.15.1
Trn
Kbps
Trn 30 feet
2.4 GHz
Wi-Fi
WLAN
802.11a
Trn
Mbps
54 Trn
feet
300
Wi- Fi
WLAN
802.11b
Trn
Mbps
11 Trn
feet
300
Edge/GPRS
(TDMA- GMS)
WWAN
2.5 G
Trn
Kbps
384
3G
Trn
Mbps
2.4
3G
Trn
Mbps
CDMA 2000/1x
WWAN
EV-DO
WCDMA/
UMTS
WWAN
720
5 GHz
2.4 GHz
4-5 dm
1900
MHz
1-5 dm
400-2100
MHz
1-5 dm
18002100
MHz
b. M hnh vt l:
c. Cch thit lp
o Thit b:
II. WIFI
1. Khi nim wifi
Wi-Fi vit tt t Wireless Fidelity hay mng 802.11 l h thng
dng sng v tuyn, ging nh in thoi di ng, truyn hnh v radio.
mng khng dy
C. IEEE 802.11a
Song hnh vi 802.11b, IEEE tip tc a ra chun m rng th hai cng
da vo 802.11 u tin - 802.11a. Chun 802.11a s dng tn s 5GHz, tc
54Mbps trnh c can nhiu t cc thit b dn dng. ng thi, chun
802.11a cng s dng k thut tri ph khc vi chun 802.11b - k thut tri
ph theo phng php a phn chia tn s trc giao (Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing-OFDM). y c coi l k thut tri hn so vi tri ph
trc tip (DSSS). Do chi ph cao hn, 802.11a thng ch c s dng trong
cc mng doanh nghip, ngc li, 802.11b thch hp hn cho nhu cu gia nh.
Tuy nhin, do tn s cao hn tn s ca chun 802.11b nn tn hin ca 802.11a
gp nhiu kh khn hn khi xuyn tng v cc vt cn khc.
Do 802.11a v 802.11b s dng tn s khc nhau, hai cng ngh ny khng
tng thch vi nhau. Mt vi hng sn xut bt u cho ra i sn phm "lai"
802.11a/b, nhng cc sn phm ny ch n thun l cung cp 2 chun sng WiFi cng lc (my trm dng chun no th kt ni theo chun ).
-
D. IEEE 802.11g
Vo nm 2002 - 2003, sn phm WLAN c cung cp mt chun mi c
tn gi l 802.11g. 802.11g l kt hp u im ca hai chun 802.11a v
802.11b: cung cp bng thng ln ti 54mbps v s dng di tn 2.4 cho cc
thit b pht sng. V 802.11g hot ng cng tn s vi 802.11b, ngha l cc
im truy cp (access point AP) 802.11g s lm vic vi card mng Wi-Fi
chun 802.11b...
E. IEEE 802.11n
Chun Wi-Fi mi nht trong danh mc Wi-Fi l 802.11n. 802.11n c thit
k ci thin tnh nng ca 802.11g v tng bng thng c h tr bng cch
tn dng nhiu tn hiu khng dy v anten (gi l cng ngh MIMO-multipleinput and multiple-output). Khi chun ny hon thnh, 802.11n s h tr tc
ln n 300Mbps. 802.11n cng cho tm ph sng tt hn cc chun Wi-Fi
trc nh tng cng tn hiu. Cc thit b 802.11n s tng thch ngc
vi 802.11g.
-
Nm
chun
ph
Tc ti a
iu ch
802.11a
802.11b
802.11g
802.11n
Thng 7/1999
Thng 7/1999
Thng 6/2003
Thng 9/2009
54Mbps
11Mbps
54Mbps
300Mbps hay
cao hn
OFDM
DSSS
CCK
Di tn s
5GHz
trung tn (RF)
2,4GHZ
hay
DSSS
CCK
OFDM
2,4GHZ
hay DSSS
hay CCK
OFDM
hay
hay
2,4GHz
5GHz
hay
Spatial Stream 1
1, 2, 3 hay 4
rng bng
20MHz
thng
20MHz
20MHz
20 MHz hay
40 MHz
cha tt c cng ngh truyn hin hnh bao gm Direct Sequence Spectrum
(DSSS), Frequence Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) v tia hng ngoi. 802.11
l mt trong hai chun miu t nhng thao tc ca sng truyn (FHSS) trong h
thng mng khng dy. Nu ngi qun tr mng khng dy s dng h thng
sng truyn ny, phi chn ng phn cng thch hp cho cc chun 802.11.
- 802.11b : Hin l la chn ph bin nht cho vic ni mng khng dy; cc
sn phm bt u c xut xng vo cui nm 1999 v khong 40 triu thit
b 802.11b ang c s dng trn ton cu. Cc chun 802.11b hot ng
ph v tuyn 2,4GHz. Ph ny b chia s bi cc thit b khng c cp php,
chng hn nh cc in thoi khng dy v cc l vi sng- l nhng ngun gy
nhiu n mng khng dy dng chun 802.11b. Cc thit b 802.11b c mt
phm vi hot ng t 100 n 150 feet (1 feet = 0,3048m) v hot ng tc
d liu l thuyt ti a l 11 Mbit/s. Nhng trn thc t, chng ch t mt
thng lng ti a t 4 n 6 Mbit/s. (Thng lng cn li thng b chim bi
qu trnh x l thng tin giao thc mng v kim sot tn hiu v tuyn). Trong
khi tc ny vn nhanh hn mt kt ni bng rng DSL hoc cp v cho
m thanh lin tc (streaming audio), 802.11b li khng nhanh truyn
nhng hnh nh c nt cao. Li th chnh ca 802.11b l ch ph phn cng
thp.
- 802.11a : Vo cui nm 2001, cc sn phm da trn mt chun th hai,
802.11a, bt u c xut xng. Khng ging nh 802.11b, 802.11a hot
ng ph v tuyn 5 GHz (tri vi ph 2,4GHz). Thng lng l thuyt ti a
ca n l 54 Mbit/s, vi tc ti a thc t t 21 n 22 Mbit/s. Mc d tc
ti a ny vn cao hn ng k so vi thng lng ca chun 802.11b, phm vi
pht huy hiu lc trong nh t 25 n 75 feet ca n li ngn hn phm vi ca
cc sn phm theo chun 802.11b. Nhng chun 802.11a hot ng tt trong
nhng khu vc ng c: Vi mt s lng cc knh khng gi ln nhau tng
ln trong di 5 GHz, bn c th trin khai nhiu im truy nhp hn cung cp
thm nng lc tng cng trong cng din bao ph. Mt li ch khc m chun
802.11a mang li l bng thng cao hn ca n gip cho vic truyn nhiu lung
hnh nh v truyn nhng tp tin ln tr nn l tng.
- 802.11g : 802.11g l chun ni mng khng dy c IEEE ph duyt gn
y nht (thng 6 nm 2003). Cc sn phm gn lin vi chun ny hot ng
trong cng ph 2,4GHz nh nhng sn phm theo chun 802.11b nhng vi tc
d liu cao hn nhiu - ln ti cng tc ti a l thuyt ca cc sn phm
E. Cc tham s cu hnh
Mt im truy cp, hoc router khng dy hot ng nh mt im truy cp,
thng c cu hnh vi mt chng trnh tin ch c cung cp bi cc nh
sn xut ca thit b.
Mi trm khng dy, c khch hng v cc im truy cp, phi c cu
hnh theo cc cch sau:
Ch hot ng - c hai ty chn cho ch hot ng: c s v c bit.
Bt k Wi-Fi c kh nng thit b c th to ra hoc tham gia mt mng Wi-Fi
trong ch c bit.
Ch c mt im truy cp hoc router c th to ra mt hot ng mng WiFi
ch c s, cc thit b nhng nh RCM4400W khng to ra mng li nh
vy.
-
WPA cng m ha thng tin bng RC4 nhng chiu di ca kha l 128
bit v IV c chiu di l 48 bit. Mt ci tin ca WPA i vi WEP l
WPA s dng giao thc TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol) nhm
thay i kha dng AP v user mt cch t ng trong qu trnh trao i
thng tin. C th l TKIP dng mt kha nht thi 128 bit kt hp vi
a ch MAC ca user host v IV to ra m kha. M kha ny s
c thay i sau khi 10 000 gi thng tin c trao i.
Nhng im yu ca WPA.
im yu u tin ca WPA l n vn khng gii quyt c denial-of-service
(DoS) attack. K ph hoi c th lm nhiu mng WPA WiFi bng cch gi t nht
2 gi thng tin vi mt kha sai (wrong encryption key) mi giy. Trong trng
hp , AP s cho rng mt k ph hoi ang tn cng mng v AP s ct tt c
cc ni kt trong vng mt pht trch hao tn ti nguyn mng. Do , s tip
din ca thng tin khng c php s lm xo trn hot ng ca mng v ngn
cn s ni kt ca nhng ngi dng c cho php (authorized users).
Ngoi ra WPA vn s dng thut tan RC4 m c th d dng b b v bi
FMS attack ngh bi nhng nh nghin cu trng i hc Berkeley. H
thng m ha RC4 cha ng nhng kha yu (weak keys). Nhng kha yu ny
cho php truy ra kha encryption. c th tm ra kha yu ca RC4, ch cn thu
thp mt s lng thng tin truyn trn knh truyn khng dy.
WPA-PSK l mt bin bn yu ca WPA m n gp vn v qun l
password hoc shared secret gia nhiu ngi dng. Khi mt ngi trong nhm
(trong cng ty) ri nhm, mt password/secret mi cn phi c thit lp.
D. Tng cng bo mt vi chun 802.11i
Chun 802.11i c ph chun vo ngy 24 thng 6 nm 2004 nhm tng
cng tnh mt cho mng WiFi. 802.11i mang y cc c im ca WPA. Tp
hp nhng giao thc ca 802.11i cn c bit n vi tn gi WPA 2. Tuy nhin,
802.11i s dng thut ton m ha AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) thay v
RC4 nh trong WPA. M kha ca AES c kch thc l 128, 192 hoc 256 bit.
Tuy nhin thut ton ny i hi mt kh nng tnh ton cao (high computation
power). Do , 802.11i khng th update n gin bng software m phi c mt
dedicated chip. Tuy nhin iu ny c c tnh trc bi nhiu nh sn xut
nn hu nh cc chip cho card mng Wifi t u nm 2004 u thch ng vi tnh
nng ca 802.11i.
E. Phng php ti u v mt s bin php gi mng Wifi an ton
Mt phng php ti u v gi cho mng Wifi an ton:
Ngy cng c nhiu mng Wifi c cung cp min ph. y va l tin tt va
l tin xu. Tt bi bn c nhiu la chn; xu bi kh nng hacker t nhp t xa
vo my tnh cao hn. Di y l mt phng php ti u v gi cho mng
Wifi ca bn lun c an ton.
u tin gi d liu
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