+

Energy Transformation


A sensor is a converter that measures
a physical quantity
and converts it into a signal
which can be read by an observer
or by an (today mostly electronic) instrument.
For example, a mercury-in-glass thermometer
converts the measured temperature into
expansion and contraction of a liquid
which can be read on a calibrated glass tube.
A thermocouple converts temperature
to an output voltage which can be read by
a voltmeter.
For accuracy, most sensors
are calibrated against known standards.

+
+

Transducer

Transduction

 ( )

Two concepts for the use of the

Dielectric Constant:
R

and

Time Domain Reflectometry

and
Frequency Domain Reflectometry

Sensor is Affordable

Sensor for Moisture Detection

( )
Concept: Monitoring Soil Moisture to Improve Irrigation Decisions
: >---
Dielectric constant measuring sensor probe - based on FDR

Valve

Relay for Voltage

Comparison and
Data Transmission

or Monitor

Sensor for Detection

5*4 ) (
DC Latching Relay Board
> --- :
Dielectric constant measuring sensor probe - based on FDR

 4 4 ( )
Dielectric Constant Analog FDR Sensor ---> Volt Output

4 4

R Probe is More

Affordable than the

R Probe

Water

is Basis for Both

 ( )

 ( )

R
Frequency Domain Reflectometry

Reflectometry is a noninvasive technique that allows the analysis of properties of a medium.

This technique is based on the reflection of waves at the interface of interest. Waves propagates
into a medium (according to the laws of propagation into the medium studied) and when it
encounters a discontinuity (impedance break), part of its energy is reflected back to injection
point. The analysis of the reflected signal can infer information about the system or the medium
under consideration.


Soil

Limits

 ( )

Soil works as part of the electric oscillators capacitor. The soil

mixture will show high values for the dielectric constant
when moisture content increases (higher dielectric constant
in case of higher moisture content and vice versa)

 ( )
)Oscillation of magnetic energy (in the inductor) and electric energy (in the capacitor

LC & RLC

>---
( )

 ( ) ( )

LC

( ) ( )
)Oscillation of the magnetic energy (in inductor) and the electric energy (in capacitor


= ( / ) - = ( / )

Inductor
ELI

: ( ) ( ).
. .


( ).

 XL
f

XC
f

http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph14e/osccirc.htm

LC

( )
takes place when XL = XC


( )

X = , = , and

When

- - - - - -

- -

 ( )

( )

 ()
2 ( )

=
.

and the Sweeping Concept

( )
()
() ( ) .

 ()
( )

( ).


( )
(

)
.

( ).

( )

 ()

( )

( ) ()

(
).

e
,
& C increases

? ---

? ---

? >---



( )



( )

10

11

()

12

()

Cairo, August 2013

Cairo, January 2014

14

15

That
is
what
we
are!

Really?

Have
fun

with
oscillation!