Fluids and ElectrolytesINTRODUCTION
To maintain good health, a balance of fluids and electrolytes, acidsand bases must be normally regulated for metabolic processes to bein working state.
A cell, together with its environment in any part of the body, isprimarily composed of FLUID.
Thus fluid and electrolyte balance must be maintained to promotenormal function. Potential and actual problems of fluid andelectrolytes happen in all health care settings, in every disorder andwith a variety of changes that affect homeostasis.
The nurse therefore needs to FULLY understand the physiology andpathophysiology of fluid and electrolyte alterations so as to identify or anticipate and intervene appropriately.
Fluids
a solution of solvent and solute
Solvent
a liquid substance where particles can be dissolved
Solute
a substance, either dissolved or suspended in a solution
Solution
a homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances of dissimilar molecular structure
usually applied to solids in liquids but applies equally to gasses inliquids
Body FluidsA.Function
1.Transporter of nutrients , wastes, hormones, proteins and etc2.Medium or milieu for metabolic processes3.Body temperature regulation4.Lubricant of musculoskeletal joints5.Insulator and shock absorber
B.Body Fluid CompartmentsIntracellularExtracellularTranscellular
Within CellsOutside cellsContained inbody cavities55% or 2/3TBW42.5% or 1/3 TBW2.5%Transport system of our bodyNot readilyutilized by thebodyPotassium*PhosphatesMagnesiumSodium*BicarbonatesChlorideCSF, Pleuralfluid, SynovialFluid andperitoneal fluidSecreted byepithelial cells
InterstitialIntravascularBound
Fluidsurroundingthe cellsWithin theblood vessels20%TBW or 2/3 of ECF1/3 of ECFPlasma 7.5%Higher proteincontentBone andCartilage7.5%DenseConnectivetissues7.5%
C.Body Compartment Volumes
Normal valuesPrematureTerm25 yrs45 yrs65 yrsTBW Male:Female:80%75%60%50%55%47%50%45%ECF45%40%20%ICF35%35%40%Blood Volume90-100 ml/kg85 ml/kg70 ml/kg
neonates reach adult values by 2 yrs and are about half-way by 3months
average values ~ 70 ml/100g of lean body mass
percentage of water varies with tissue type,A.lean tissues ~ 60-80%B.bone ~ 20-25%C.fat ~ 10-15%
D.Tonicity of Body Fluids
Tonicity refers to the concentration of particles in a solution
The normal tonicity or osmolarity of body fluids is 250-300mOsm/L1.Isotonic
Same as plasma2.Hypotonic
have a lesser or lowers solute concentration thanplasma3.Hypertonic
higher or greater concentration of solutesCommon Intravenous Solutions
SolutionNaCl-K+CaGluOsm.pHLactkJ/l
D5W
000027825350840
NaCl 0.9%
1501500003005.700
NaCl 3.0%
5135130008555.700
D4W/NaCL0.18%
3030002222823.5 –5-50672
Hartmans
1291095002746.72837.8
Plasmalyte
1409852945.52784
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16950995 Fluids and Electrolytes
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| Upload Date: | 10/30/2009 |
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