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Transition dipole moment
The
Transition dipole moment
or 
Transition moment
, usually denoted for atransition between an initial state, , and a final state, , is the electric dipole momentassociated with the transition between the two states. In general the transition dipolemoment is a complex vector quantity that includes the phase factors associated with the two states. Its direction gives the polarization of the transition, which determines how thesystem will interact with an electromagnetic wave of a given polarization, while thesquare of the magnitude gives the strength of the interaction due to the distribution of charge within the system. TheSI unitof the transition dipole moment is theCoulomb  meter  (Cm); a more conveniently sized unit is theDebye (D).
Definition
The transition dipole moment for the transition is given by the relevant off-diagonal element of the dipole matrix, which can be calculated from an integral takenover the product of the wavefunctions of the initial and final states of the transition, andthe dipole moment operator,,where the summationsare over the positions of theelectrons in the system. Giving the transition dipole moment:,where the integral is, in principle over all space, but can be restricted to the region inwhich the initial and final state wave functions are non-negligible.
Analogy with a classical dipole
A basic, phenomenological understanding of the transition dipole moment can beobtained by analogy with a classical dipole. While the comparison can be very useful,care must be taken to ensure that one does not fall into the trap of assuming they are thesame.In the case of two classical point charges, and , with adisplacement vector , , pointing from the negative charge to the positive charge, the electric dipole moment isgiven by.In the presence of anelectric field, such as that due to an electromagnetic wave, the twocharges will experience a force in opposite directions, leading to a nettorqueon thedipole. The magnitude of the torque is  proportionalto both the magnitude of the charges
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