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Unit 6 Fluids and Pressure
•
What is a fluid?
•
How is pressure defined?
•
Pressure due to liquid and atmosphere
•
What is gauge pressure
計示壓力
and absolute pressure
絕對壓力
?
•
How is pressure measured?
•
What is blood pressure, systole
心臟收縮
and diastole
心臟舒張
?
•
How is the blood pressure measured?
•
Bernoulli’s principle
伯努利原理
and its applications
1.Fluids and pressure in fluids
Fluids include all liquids and gases. Both the human respiratory and circulatory system contain fluids.Atmospheric pressure, hydraulic pressure, and blood pressure are all examples of fluid pressure.
2. Definition of pressure
Pressure is the force applied perpendicularly to a surface of area A, and is calculated by the followingequation.
AFareaforce pressure
==
Pressure is measured in pascals. 1 Pascal is equal to 1 newton per square meter (N/m
2
).One Pascal is a small pressure. An apple exerts about 1000 Pascals (Pa) on your hand.The greater the area a force is applied to, the smaller the pressure.
 
3. Liquid pressure
1. Pressure in a liquid increases with depth because of the greater amount of liquid pushingdown.2. Pressure at a given depth acts equally in alldirections.3. The pressure at a given depth does not dependon the shape of the vessel containing the liquid.It only depends on the depth.4. Pressure depends on the density of the liquid.The denser the liquid, the greater the pressure at any given depth..Pressure due to the weight of a fluidh is the height of the liquid
ρ
is the density of the liquidg is the gravitational force (9.8 N/kg)The bottom of this container supports all of the weight of the liquid. The sides of the container do not exert any upwardforce because it is not possible for shear force to be applied on it.
4. Atmospheric pressure
The atmosphere also exerts fluid pressure on the Earth.
 P 
atm
is the static pressure exerted on Earth by theatmosphere at sea level.On a windless day, the column of air on 1.00 m
2
of Earth at sea level weighs about 1.013x 10
5
N.
P
atm
= 1 atmospheric pressure (1
 
atm) = 1.013x 10
5
N/m
2
= 1.013 x 10
5
Pa
Example: At what depth does water exert the same amount of pressure as the entire atmosphere?Calculate the depth at which water exerts pressure equal to 1 atmospheric pressure.
 g h P 
ρ 
=
, so h x 1000 kg/m
3
x 9.8 N/kg =1.013 x 105 N/m
2
 h= 10.1 m
5. Gauge Pressure, absolute pressure
 
 g h P 
ρ 
=
 
The pressure in the blood vessels include the pressure exerted by the blood,
and 
the pressure exerted bythe atmosphere. However, only the pressure exerted by the blood matters, since the atmospheric pressureis exerted on the blood going into the heart as well as the blood coming out of the heart.The pressure exerted only on the blood is the
gauge pressure
 
(
 Pg 
)
. This pressure is measured relative tothe atmospheric pressure (1 atm). This is the pressure that is measured when taking your blood pressureor car tire pressure.The total pressure (pressure of the blood plus the pressure of the atmosphere) is the
absolute pressure(
 P 
abs
)
. This pressure is measured relative to a vacuum (0 atm).The total or absolute pressure is equal to the gauge pressure plus the atmospheric pressure.The comparison of two gauge pressures is called
relative pressure
or 
differential pressure
.Measurements of the pulmonary system
呼吸系統
includes both gauge and relative pressures.The atmospheric pressure is exerted on everything except for things in a rigid air-tight container. This is because of Pascal’s principle.Absolute pressure is equal to gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure.
P
abs
= P
g
+ P
atm
•
absolute pressure in fluids cannot be negative.
•
the smallest absolute pressure is zero.
•
the smallest possible gauge pressure is
 P 
 g 
 
=
-P 
atm
 
(i. e.
 P 
abs
is
zero)When the absolute pressure of a fluid is less than the value of 
P
atm
, its gauge pressure is negative.
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