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,ckvdktcsdefrsdK;rSm uRefrtdyfraysmfwwfonfrSm uRefr\ tm;enf;csufyJjzpfonf/ ,cifuawmY ntdyfraysmfvQif uRefr

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'udk,fUrSm om;oHk;a,muf&Sdw,f Ek&JU'
xdkom;oHk;a,muf\ rdcifonf b,fvdk rdef;rrsdK; jzpfygvdrfU/
'cifAsm; trsdK;orD;u bmvkyfwmvJ'
uRefrodcsifaom ar;cGe;f udk udkEdkifu ar;vdkuf\/
'rdom;pk 0ifaiGtwGufawmU olbmrS rvkyfbl; qdkygawmUAsm? twef;ynmvJ rwwf&Smygbl;? 'gayr,fUolu
odyftHUMozdkU aumif;wJUrdef;rAs? qifawGeJU oleJU ydk&if;ESD;w,f/ uReaf wmf &vmwJU trJudk taumifvdkuf
om;a&rysuf atmif olzsufay;aeusyJ'
uRefrtenf;i,f pdwfoufom&m &oGm;onfudk ol r&dyfrdatmif xrif; yef;uef rsm;udk pkodrf; &ef
jyifqifvdkufrdonf/ awmxJoGm;aerSawmU awmurdef;ryJ&rSmayghav? rxl;qef;ygbl;? 'gayr,fU vSrsm;vSovm;
rod/
'olu vS &JUvm; udkjrifhaqG'
raeEdkif rxdkifEdkif vTwcf eJ ar;rdawmU oljyKH; ygonf/ olUrsufvHk;rsm;xl;jcm;pGm awmufyvsuf &Sdonf/
'awmolqdkawmU i,fi,fu vS cJUzl;&ifawmif tcktcsdefrSm rdef;rwpfa,muf&Sd&r,fU tvS awG
b,fusefEdkifawmUrvJ Ek&JU? 'gayr,fU olUb0 tm;rmefeJU olUuRrf;usifrIudk tvSvdkU ajymEdkifr,f qdk&ifawmU ol
awmfawmfvSygw,f/'

xdkUaemuf olu uRefra,mufsm;bufodkU vSnfUMunfUvdkufonf/

'odyftHUMop&maumif;wJU uRefawmfU rdef;r&JU uRrf;usifrIuawmU opfawmeJU qifyJAs? olUtazu [dkwkef;u
qifOD;pD;aygh? aemufjyD; qifawGudk avUusifhay;wJU tvkyfrSm awmfawmfemrnfMuD;cJUw,f/ uRefawmUfrdef;ru
uRefawmfUudk awm&JU vQdKU0SufcsufawGeJU ywfoufvdkU trsm;MuD; oifay;cJUw,f? olu uRefawmfUxuf 5 ESpf
toufMuD;w,f'
'gqdk udkEdkifeJU &G,fwl yJaygh/ [if;yef;uefrsm;udk odrf;&if;rodrom uRefrjyKH;rd\/ olwdkU b,fvdkrsm; awGUqHk
cJUMuygvdrfU/ uRefrESifh udkEdkifuawmU vdkif;wlaom pD;yGm;zufcsif;qdkawmU qef;Mu,faom awGUqHkrI r[kwf/
n udk;em&DwGif uRefrblwmodkUzkef;qufMunfU rdjyefonf/
' udkjrifhaqGa&....&Sifh&xm;u tckxd ysOf;rem; awmif 0ifrvmao;bl;wJU? aemuf ckepfem&DeJU xnfUaygif;MunfU &if
&efukefudk oltapmqHk;0ifEdkif r,fU tcsdefu reuf av;em&DyJ? 'DawmU &Sif'DrSm tdyf&r,fU oabmyJ'
om;MuD;tcef;rSm {nfUonftwGuf ae&m vkyfay;vkdufygEk
odkUaomf uRefrwdkU oHk;a,mufonf b,folrS udk,fUtdyf&mudk,f roGm;jzpfMubJ {nfUcef;rSm pum;0dkif; zGJU
ajymaecJUMuonf/
''geJU &Sif awmrSm aysmf&JUvm udkjrifhaqG'
uRefr ar;cGef;onf ajzqdk&ef cufcJaom ar;cGef;r[kwfyg/ rnfolrqdk aysmfw,f? raysmfbl; a,bk,s
cHpm;csufudk vQyfwpfjyuf ajymEdkifMuygonf/ odkUaomf oluawmU &dk;pif;aom ar;cGef;uav;udkyif EdSKufeJpGm
pOf;pm; &yHkrsdK;jzifh jidrfoufoGm;avonf/
(4)
'opfawmqdkwm
bPfrSmtyf
xm;wJU
aiG&if;aiGESD; vdkyJqdkwm
cifAsm;wdkUvnf;odom;yJ/
uRefawmfwdkUpm;&rSmu aiGwdk;As/ tjrwftpGef;ESpfwdk;udkpm;&rSm? t&if;udk pm;&rSm r[kwfbl;/ 'gayr,fU
b,favmufpdwfqif; &JzdkU aumif;ovJ/ tck tJ'D aiG&if;awG awmfawmfudk avsmUaejyD/cifAsm;wdkUu jrdKUrSm
vJaew,f/ opfxkwfvkyfief;eJUvJ a0;w,fqdkawmU opfawm b,favmuf &SdcJUw,f? b,favmuf jyKef;ukefw,f?
awm uGuf {&d,m b,favmufusefw,fqdkwm odMurSm r[kwfbl;? uRefawmfu odaew,f? jrifaew,f? 'DawmU
uRefawm aysmfygw,fvdkU b,fvdkvkyfjyD; ajzEdkifyghrvJ/'
'opfawmtm;vHk;vdkvdk uRefawmf a&mufzl;ygw,f? uReaf wmfu opfyifawGudk cspfw,f? uRefawmU rdef;ruvJ
opfyifawGudk cspfw,f? opfrmawG? 0g;awG udk uRefawmfwdkU udk,fwdkif tdrfaqmufzdkU? avS xGif; zdkU ckwfcJUzl;
ygw,f? MudK;0dkif;jyif awmeufawGxJ rSm &ufawmfawmfMumatmifvJ oGm;cJUzl;w,f? 'gayr,fU uRefawmfwdkU u
tyifudk uRefawmfwdkUtwGuf a&G;wm xuf opfawm&JU touf&SnfrI twGuf a&G;cJU wmyg? uRefawmfwdkU
wwfEdkiforQ awmawGudk apmifha&SmufcJUygw,f? tyif&JU toufudk wGuf wwfatmif ? awm&JUtoufudk
wGufwwfatmif ? aemufjyD; opfyifvSJenf;? rsdK;qufenf;awGtm;vHk; uRefawmfU rdef;ru uRefawmfUudk
oifay;cJUwm'
olonf urfbmay:rSm tvGef&mS ;yg; wefzdk;MuD; aom &wemwpfck taMumif; ajymaeovdk rsufvHk;rsm; t&nfvJU
um awmufyae\/ olYrdef;r tay: xm;tyfonfU wefzdk; vm; ? opfawm tay: xm;tyfonfU wefzdk; vm;?
olomvQif odEdkifayvdrfUrnf/

awmwpfawmudk rsdK;qufzdkU ajrMoZm taetxm; udk od&r,f? ajrMoZm taetxm; udk EIdif;,SOfodzdkU opfyif
wpfckcsif;&JU tjrifh? opfawmwpfckvHk;&JU tjrifhudk wGufwwf&r,f? wu,fawmU obm0[m odyfpdwf0ifpm;zdkU
aumif; ygw,f? uRefawmfwdkU vlom; awG jyefzefwD; zdkU rjzpfEdkif avmufatmif vQdKU0Suf eufeJw,f? urfbm&JU
toufay:rSm rlwnfjyD; .....'
uRefrwdkU ESpfa,mufuGJuGm cJUMuonfrSm rSefuefaom tqHk;owfwpfckjzpfaMumif; ,ckawmU uRefr odvdkufygjyD/
uRefronf uRefrESifhxyfwl awG;ac: ,HkMunf aom cifyGef;wpfa,mufudk vufxyf,lcJU rdjyD; ? oluvnf; olESifh
xyfwl awG;ac:,HkMunf aom rdef;r wpfa,mufudk aygif;oif; cJUrdjcif; jzpfonf/ olu tvsif
vufxyfcJUavovm; ? uRefru tvsif vufxyfcJUrdovm; qdkwmu awmU olUxHrS uRefr odcsiforQ tjcm;
t&mwdkU xuf ydkjyD; pdwf0ifpm; zG,f aumif; aom tcsuf jzpfaeonf/ odkU aomf rar; tyfbl;vm; rod? odkU
r[kwf olU pum; tptexJrS aumuf,l Edkifrnfvm; rod/
'uRefawmf aewJU ae&muav; u yifv,fa&jyif txuf ayoHk;axmifhav; &mausmf jrifhw,fAs/ ajrjyefU rSm
r[kwfbl;/awmifapmif; rSm ? awmifuvJ ausmufvTm ajryJ? acsmufurf;yg;,HMuD; &JU tpGef; ? uGufvyf{&d,m
awmfawmf us,fwJUajrae&muav; &Sdw,f? tJ'D ae&muav; udk a&G;jyD; opfvHk;tdrf cdkifcdkifcHUcHU uav; aqmuf
xm;w,f/ 'k| 0wDjrpfudk uRefawmf atmufbufrSm jrif&w,f/ tay:bufawmifapmif; rSmawmU ay&Spfq,f
udk;q,f jrifhwJU opfrm yifMuD; awGaygh? atmufbuf acsmufurf;yg; &JU wpfzuf pGef;u opfawm tedrYfawG ?
ta0;rSm jzLazG; aewJU jrpfaMumif; ? txufwnfUwnfU rSmawmU wdrfawG ayghAsm ? wpfcgwpfcg wdrfawGu uRef
awmfU tdrf xJ txd 0ifvmwwfw,f? obm0 tm;jzifh awmU odyfpdwfcsrf;om &wJU ae&m uav;ygyJ? 'gayr,fU
wpfcg wpfcg uRefawmf raysmfEdkifb;l ? cifAsm; ,Hkrvm; ? avmurSm opfawm&JU ckwfywf qdkwm awmif xnfU
rpOf;pm; wJUvl awG awmfawmf rsm; w,fAs'
olonf xdkvrf;udk oludk,fwdkif a&G;cs,fcJUjcif; jzpf\/udk,fwdkif a&G;cs,f cJUaom vrf;wGif pdwfroufom p&m
&SmazG awGUvmaom tcg vlonf taMumif; rJU a'goMuD; wwf? &dkif;pdkif; wwfonf/ ol,cif uxuf &dkif;pdkif;
cufxef aejcif; rSm olcspfaom awmaMumifh r[kwfbJ abmudk zsufqD; olrsm;aMumifh jzpf[efwlonf/
yxrwef;pm; obm0 t&dkif; ouf&ifh opfyif wpfyif &JU wefzdk; twdkif; vdkcsif &if rsdK;quf wJU opfyifudk
wu,fU obm0 u ay;wJU taetxm; twdkif;ay;xm; &rSm aygh? tckawmU rsdK;quf zdkUawmif rpOf;pm; bJ
awmwpfckvHk; ajymifatmif &Sif; Muwm yJAs? zdvpfyD; (ef) qdk&if b,favmuf opfawm aumif; vdkufovJ ?
cifAsm; wdkU vJ odrSm yg udkausmfEdkif ? zm'Deef rm;udkUpf eJU olU aqGrsdK; aemufvdkuf awG &JU aMumufcref; vdvd
toHk;p&dwf awG twGuf axmif eJU csD aewJU tylydkif; opfawmajcmuf {7d,m awGudk a&mif;pm; jyD;
opfawGxkwfaeMuw,f? b,folu bmwwfEdkifcJU vdkUvJ/ ododMuD; eJU MunfU ae&wJU tjzpfy'J
(5)
uRefr pdwfr0ifpm;aom bmom&yf tay: wHkU jyef avU &SdonfUtwdkif; uRefr rsufawmif tenf;i,f pif;vm\/
xdkUaMumifh ae7mrS cPxGufvmjyD; vdrfarmfoD;rsm; xkwf,l um tcGH ETmaevdkuf&onf/ om;wdkU &xm;rsm;
ysOf;rem; udk 0ifvmjyDvm; / om;ESpfa,muf onf &xm;&yfxm;pOf ajrjyifay:rSm tanmif;ajy vrf;avQmuf &if;
c&D;vGefum &xm;xGufaom tcg usef&pfaecJUavrvm;? &efukefodkU &xm;0ifvmonfU tcg &xm;ay:rSm
om;wdkU ESpfa,muf rS yg vmyghrvm; / udkEdkif tjypfwif rnf qdkvnf; wifcsifp&m / uRefr onf
rjzpfvmao;aom ? jzpfEdkifajc tvGefUtvGef enf;yg; aom? jzpfvQifvnf; rdrd bm rQwwfEdkifrSm r[kwfaom
udpfp rsm;wGif onfvdkyJ pdk;&drf ylyefwwfav onf/
' vGefcJUwJU ajcmufESpf avmuf uawmU uRefawmfUtdrf atmufajc vQdKxJ uae jzwfoGm; wJJU usm;wpfaumif udk
jrifvdkuf&zl;w,f? tckawmU usm;awG usm;opfawG rjrif&ygbl;? uRefawmfwdkU awmxJ rSm a7m &SdrS &Sdao; &JUvm;
rodygbl;'

usm;qdkaom toHaMumifh uRefr rsufpdus,fvmonf/ a,mufsm; ESpfa,muf a&SUodkU vdrfarmfoD; yef;uef

csay;vdkufonf/
' wd& pm ef&HkxJu usm;vdkyJ r[kwfvm;[if'
' tif;.....awmeuf xJu usm;uydkvS jyD; ydkusufoa& &SdwmayghAsm? olU cEm udk,f u yef;yk xkxm; ovdkyJAs?
awmfawmf udkMunfYaumif; w,f? vQdK'Dbufxdyfuae [dk bufxdyfudk vTm;ceJ ckeful;vdkufwmrsm; b,fvdk tvSrsdK;
eJU rS rwlbl;? uRefawmfU rSm "mwfyHkawG qvdkufawG trsm; MuD;yJAs ? cifAsm;wdkU eJU awGU jzpfr,frSef; od&if
uRefawmf ,lvm ygw,f'
olu usm;udk aMumif wpfaumifvkd oabmxm; ajymEdkif aomfvnf; uRefr ausmxJu pdrfY vmonf/
usm;&SdonfqdkvQifawmU &SdorQ pnf;pdrf yHkay;vQifawmif olUae7modkU uRefr rvdkufEdkifyg/ udkEdkifvnf;
rvdkufap&yg/ bmxl; rSmvJ ? wd& pmef &HkrSm vnf; usm;awG &SdaewmyJ/
' b,fx&yfum;rsdK; ? b,fvdk tif*sifrsdK; rS rwwf Edkif wJ U o,f ,lydkU aqmifa&; vkyfief;udk qif awGu
vkyfEdkif w,f As? MudK; jyifawm tpGeftzsm; ckwfuGuf awmfawmfrsm;rsm; u ajrnD r[kwfbl;? awmifapmif; awG ?
wcsdKU awmifapmif; awGqdk awmfawmfrwfapmufw,f? tJ'Du opfvHk;awGudk um;vrf; aygufEdkifwJU ae&mtxd
a7mufatmif vQdKawG csdKifh awG jzwfjyD; o,fay;EdkifwJU ,mOfu qifwrsdK;wnf;yJ ? b,fajrae7mu
rmw,f? b,fvrf; uaeqif;&if ajcukwfjrJr,fqdkwm olwdkU u odw,f? awmif qif;rSm vdrfU qif;usoGm;wJU
opfvHk;awGxJu b,fvdk opfvHk;rsdK;udk a&G;o,f&r,f qdkwmawmif olwdkU odw,f? obm0 ajrjyif taetxm;udk
vlawGxuf qifawGu ydkodw,f? ydka&G;wwf w,f ? ywf0ef;usif &moD Owk udk cefUrSef; wwfw,f? acsmif;xJudk
opfarQm zdkU twGuf vJ qifawGudk tm;udk; &w,f? jrpf0uae apmifhjyD; opfvHk;awG q,fzdkU vJ qifawGudkyJ
tm;udk; &w,f....
ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&;tzGJUtpnf; &JU vufoHk; pum; eJU ajym&&if taumif; pm; opfvHk; wpfck xkwf,lzdkU
twGuf wjcm; opfyif ESpfq,fudk ckwfvSJ zsufqD; &w,fwJU/
'gayr,fU qifu tJ'Davmuf rqdk;0g; atmif xdef;ay;Edkifwm trSefyJ Asm'
' &Sif u qifudk udk,fwdkif armif; ovm;'
uRefr jzwfar;aom tcg pum;toHk;tEIef; a&G;cs,frI twGuf udkEdkifa&m? ola&m oabm us pGm &,farm
vdkufMuonf/ udkjrifhaqG u acgif;,rf;\/
' 'Dudpfp udk,feJU rjzpfygbl; Ek&,f ? tif; ...'gayr,fU om;MuD; uawmU qifudk bmom&yf wpfcktaeeJU
pdwf0ifpm; aew,f'
' om;u b,fESpfwef;vJ'
olUom; ESifh uRefrom; \ touft&G,f udk EIdif; ,SOf MunfUvdkpdwfjzifh ar;rd\/
'udk,fU om;awGudk twef;ausmif; rxm;bl;/ 'DawmU b,fESpfwef;tqifh &SdovJ udk,frajym wwfbl; ? olwdkU udk
udk,fyJ pmoif ay;xm; w,f? opfyiftjrifh udk axmifh 'D*&D awGeJU wGufwwfatmif ? opfawm {&d,m awG ?
awmxGuf awG wGufwwfatmif ocsFm oifay;xm;w,f? obm0 a&eJU avxk xJu "mwfaiGU tcsdK;tq awG ?
umAGef'dkif atmuf qdkuf tE&m,fawG wGuf wwfatmif "mwkaA'oifay;xm;w,f? urfbmU ajrxk eJU
ausmufvTm awG ? ajrqDvTm awG odatmif ? &moDOwk odatmif yx0D vJ oif ay;xm;w,f? opfawm awGrSm
&SdwwfwJU axmif eJU csD aewJU tif;quf rsdK;pdwfawG ? ajrMuD; xJu a&xJu ouf&Sd awG odatmif ZD0aA'

oifay; xm;w,f? jrefrmpm eJU t*Fvdyf pmudk uRr;f uRrf; usifusif a&;wwfzwfwwfw,f? atmifvufrSwf
awGawmU r&Sdbl;aygh? 0efxrf; tvkyfawmU vkyfvdkU r&bl; aygh? 'gayr,fU olwdkU eJU oifhawmfoavmuf ynmudk
awmU olwdkU wwfMuw,f? awmfjyDaygh'
uRefr olUudk yg;pyf ta[mif;om; jzifh ai;MunfU aerdawmUonf/
uRefr \om;MuD ;udk pD;yGm;a&; ynm&Sif wpfa,muf jzpfzdkU uRefrESifh udkEdkif pDrHudef; a&;qGJ cJUMuonf/ touf
16 ESpf om &Sdao;aom om; MuD; onf ,ckqdkvQif pD;yGm;a&; bmom&yf awmfawmfpdwf0ifpm;aejyD/ aps;uGuf
olawoe ? urfbmU bPfvkyfief;? aiGaMu; vnfywfrI ? aiGaMu;azmif; yGrI ponfwdkU tay: touft&G,f
OmPftqifh tvdkuf awmfawmf avUvm jyD;aejyD/ uRefr u om;MuD; twGuf *kPf,l Edkif&ef pdwfa7mudk,f yg
tm;oGef cGefpdkuf MudK;pm; aecsdef wGif oluawmU olUom; awGudk ausmif; yif rxm;cJU ygwJU/ uRefr olUudk b,f
vdk em;vnf &rSef; rodawmUay/
' om;awGu obm0 awmawmif a&ajreJU awmfawmf &if;ESD; Muw,f? cspfcif Muw,f? awmawmif awG &Sm;yg;
wd&pmefawGudk olwdkU xdef;odrf; wwfMur,f? opfawm okawoeudk uRefawmfeJU uRefawmfU rdef;r wwfoavmuf
olwdkU wwfMur,f? olwdkU arG; vmr,fU om;orD; awGudk obm0 taMumif; touf&Sif aexdkifrI taMumif;
oifay;Edkif r,f? obm0 ab;t E&m,f awGuae umuG,f ay;Edkif Mur,f?uRefawmfwdkU arQmfrSef; wJU om; awG&JU
tem*wf uawmU tJ'g avmufygyJ'
uRefr rodrom acgif;,rf; rd\/
' &Sif u &Sifh om; orD; awG&UJ tem*wfudk wm;qD; ydwfyif aewmyJ udkjrifhaqG ? odyfus,fjyefU wJU urfbmMuD; udk
olwdkU od atmif zGifh ray; bl; ? olwdkU twGuf &Sifudk,fwdkif yJ wHcg; awGudk ydwfxm; wmyJ'
uRefr vTwfceJ a0zef vdkufaom tcg olu acgif; rm pGm jyHK; \/
(6)
' tJ'gawmU Ek rSm; aejyD/ udk,fUom; awG twGuf udk,f wHcg; ydwfrxm;ygbl;? tck udk,fU ausmydk; tdwfxJrSm
bm awG ygr,fvdkU xifvJ? om;awG zwfzdkU pmtkyfawG ....'
olu tdwf xJrS pmtkyfrsm;udk pdwfvdkuf rmefyg xkwf jyonf/ National Geographic r*Zif;
pmtkyfrsm; ? Environmental Crisis pmtkyfrsm; ? tdkZkef; enf;yg;jcif; ESifh *&if;
a[mufpftufzuf
pmtkyfrsm; ? avxk npfnrf; rI ? opfawm umuG,fa&; ? uRefr ycHk;wGeUf vdkuf rd\/ vli,f wpfa,muf &JU
tem*wf udk olU pdwfwdkif; us uefU owf r,fU pmtkyf awG [kom uRefr jrifygonf/ uRef r olESifh vufrxyf
jzpfcJU wm tvGef rSefuef onf[k 'kw,
d tMudrf pdwfoufom pGm awG; rd\/
udkEdkif uawmU tppt&m&m vdkufavsm wwfol yDyD pmtkyf rsm;udk pdwf0ifwpm;vSefavSm zwfMunfU um
rsufvHk; rsm; awmufajymif vsuf &Sdonf/
' cifAsm; pmtkyf awGu aumif;om ;yJ? olwdkU 'D t*Fvdyf pm awG zwfEdkif ovm;'
' 0gus awGu &Sif; wmyJ ? olwdkU zwf Edkifygw,f? wcsdKU pum;vHk; awGukd tbd"mef MunfU ? wcsdKU pum;vHk; awG
uRefawmfU udk ar;ayghav'
xdkUaemuf uRefrwdkU oHk;a,muf vHk; tawG;udk,fpDjzifh jidrfouf oGm;Muonf/ twefMum rS olu pum;quf \/

' [dkwavmu trsdK;orD; q&m0efwpfa,muf a&;wJU pmtkyf wpftkyf uRefawmf zwfvdkuf &w,fAs? urfbmj*dK[f
xdef;odrf; a&;pmtkyf eJU wl yg&JU ? awmfawmf zwf vdkU aumif; w,f? opfyif awGqdkwm urfbmMuD; &JU tqkwf
awGyJwJU ? olwifpm; wm awmfawmf aumif;w,f? puL xkwf puf&Hk awG ? yvpfpwpf puf&Hk awGaMumifh avxk?
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uRefrywf0ef;usif avxkxJrSm um;tdwfaZmrS xGufonfh taiGUrsm;? pufHkrD;cdk;rsm;?

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orD;uav;ygvmonf/ tdyfpifvufrw
S fr&ojzifh txufwef;wGJxdkifcHkrSmom xdkif&onfjzpf&m
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c&D;oGm;Mu&onf/ &xm;wGJxJwGif pD;u&ufaomufol rsm;jym;aomaMumifh aq;vdyfaiGUawG
vlaiGUawGudk SLIduf&if; olrsufESmysufaecJhonf/
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olonf 'DZifb mv jzpfonfhwdkif &xm;jywif;aygufudk zGifhum orD;tm; apmifNcHKay;NyD; tat;'Pfu dk
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wu,fawmh vlOD;a&xlxyfIyfaxG;onfh ae&mrSm raetyfawmhygbl;[k uRefrqifj cifro
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awmfawmf avsmhenf;yaysmufoGm;NyD/
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odyfonf;rsm;jym;vmaeqJ/
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rsm;vm;&m&Sdygw,f }}
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,cktcg vlw pfa,mufcsif; \ aq;vdyfaomufEIef; bmjzpfvdkU usqif;roGm;&ao;wmvJ/

ESpfaygif; rsm;pGm aq;vdyt
f ay:rSm rkef;wD; emMunf; cJhol uRefronf ,cktcsdef rSmawmh aq;vdyfudk
vufavsmhtH;I ay;vdkuf&NyDv m;/
kyfjrifoHMum;aMumfjimrSm ([efyef trsdK;rsdK;jzifh ) pD;u&ufaomufjyaeaom Zmwfvdkufrsm;udk
Munfh&if; wpfcgwpfcg uRefr rsuf&nf0Jrdonfh taMumif; uRefrwlu av;rsm;udk ajymjycJhvQif olwdkU
uRefrudk r&,farmavmufbl;[k uRefrxifygonf/
(trSw f 15?1996? okccsrf;om )
pma&;q&mr *sL;\ uRefrESifh aq;vdyf NyD;ygNyD/

uRefrwdkU rdef;rawG
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ajymcsifwm?
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0wKawG?
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ckESpfwkef;u
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uRefr
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rSwfcsufcscJh&onf/
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wJh/
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tajccHvlNydef;tjrifxuf
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pdwf0ifpm;onfh trsKd;orD;aqmif;yg;om ay;jzpfcJhjcif; jzpfonf/
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r*Zif;pmwnf; udkopfqif;ESifh pum;ajymjzpf&if; uRefr\
1

a[majymyGJESifhywfouf pum;pyfrdoGm;ao;\/ udkopfqif;u

tJ'gav;udk aqmif;yg;tjzpfa&;NyD; uRefawmfwdkU r*Zif;udk
ray;csifbl;vm; [k ar;awmh aemufusoGm;NyD [k uRefr
&,farmcJh&awmhonf/
trsKd;orD;ESifhywfouf uRefr ajymcsifwmawGSdvmwdkif; uRefrwdkU
rdef;rawG [laom acgif;pOfu@atmmufrSm aqmif;yg;rsm;
a&;oGm;rnf[k
pdwful;cJhonf/
uRefr
aqmif;yg;a&;NyD;
q&moD[atmifxH ydkU&mwGif uRefr 'kwd,tBudrf rSm;oGm;jyefonf/
aqmif;yg;pmrl [k oD;oefUazmfjy ray;vdkufrdjcif; jzpfonf/ xdktcg
0wKa&;aeus *sL;xHrS&aom pmrlonf tvdktavsmuf 0wKpm&if;xJ
0ifoGm;NyD jzpfaomaMumifh r*Zif;xGufonfhtcg 0wKwdk u@rSm
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awmif;yefonfh pmuav;awmh a&;&OD;rnf[k pdwful;cJhaomfvnf;
vufawGU taumiftxnf razmfcJhrdyg/
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oifhb0atmifjrifa&; r*Zif;ESifh toifhawmfqHk;[k cHpm;&ojzifh
u@wcktaejzifh tvsOf;oifhovdk a&;oGm;&ef pdwful;ygonf/
&wemopfwGif azmfjycJhaom pmrltm; u@\ ed'gef;tjzpf
pwifvdkufygonf/
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tdrfjyefaemufuswwfwJh
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vrf;avQmufvmcJhwm
vrf;axmifwae&ma&mufawmh yvufazmif;ay:rSm vlESpfa,muf
oHk;a,mufxdkifaewmudk cyfarSmifarSmif t&dyftjzpf jzwfceJ
jrifvdkufw,f/ pdwfxJrSmawmh vrf;axmifh yvufazmif;cHkay:rsm
*pfwmwD;aeus vli,fav;awGvdkU xifvdkufygw,f/ uRefraewJh
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2

Mum;&zl;yg&JU/ olwdkU[m olwdkU *pfwm wD;aeMuwmygyJ/

vrf;oGm;wJh olawGudk bmrS taESmuft,Suf ay;wmr[kwfbl;/
'gayr,fh
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uRefr
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vrf;avQmufwmudk cyfavSmifavSmif rdef;uav;tkyfpku paemufw,f
qdkwmurS jzpfEdkifajc Sdao;w,f/ 'gawmif tJ'Dudp[m uRefr
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aemufcsifMuygvdrfh/
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a,musfm;av;tkyfpku
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p
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rjrifzl;ygbl;/ a,musfm;av;awGu rdef;uav;udk p aemufwm?
vdkufaESmifh,Sufwmawmh
jrifvnf;
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BuHKvnf;
BuHK&zl;w,f/ rdef;uav; jzwfavQmufoGm;wmudk bmpum;eJUrS
rajymifraemufbJ rsufESmt&dyftuJeJUawmif rajymifavSmifbJ
udk,fpum;eJU udk,f udk,fh*pfwmeJU udk,f oD;oD;oefUoefU aewwfwJh
a,musfm;av;tkyfpkawGudkvnf; uRefr trsm;BuD; BuHKzl;ygw,f/
aemufajymifjcif;eJU aESmifh,SufwwfwJh a,musfav;awGudkawmif
uRefru tkyfpkESpfpk cGJjcm;owfrSwfxm;wJhwm/ cspfp&maumif;wJh
aysmfwwfwJh a,musfm;av;awG&JU p aemufwJhpum;[m rrdkufdkif;?
3

r,kwfnHhygbl;/ Oyrm rdef;uav;ESpfa,muf vrf;avQmufvmwmudk

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'Davmuf
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tajzudk uRefr &oGm;wmuawmh ]tck p aemufvdkufwm

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8

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9

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11

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f moGm;wuf&if;
tdrfomxJrSm tdyfidkufaecJhwm }}
uRefr ESmacgif;HI rsufapmif;xdk;awmh ol&,f\/
]] awmfawmfBuD;MumrS igxGufvmawmh vlem&Sifu ighudk vmapmifhvdkU ? q&mwJh vlemyg;pyfx Ju
tacsmif;uav;xkwf&rSmvm;wJh? 'geJU igtlaMumifaMumifjzpfo Gm;wmaygh[ m? b,ftacsmif;wHk;vdkU
ar;awmh q&mwyfay;cJhwmav;avwJh? ig uref;uwef; oGm;Munfhawmh vlemyg;pyfrSm

omrdkrDwmav; wyfv sufAsm? yg;pyfu vnf; vIyfpdv IyfpdeJU oGm;&nfawGawmif uscsifaeNyD }}

ol w[m;[m;&,fawmh uRefryg a&m &,frdonf/
]] igwdkUqDu vlemawGu b,favmufdk;NyD; b,favmuf cspfp&maumif;wHk;aemf? omrdkrDw mudk
bmrSef;rodMubl;[ }}
uRefrudk ajym&if; vlemtbdk;BuD;buf vSnfhMunfhonf/
]] tbuawmh 'gudk omrdkrDw mrSef; odygw,faemf? acwfrDw,f r[kwfvm;? udkufvJrypfbl;
r[kwfvm; }}
tbdk;BuD;u olUudk cspfcifpGm Munfh &,fae\/
tbdk;BuD;udk olu aumhaw;vf taMumaq;tpHkxdk;oGif;ay;\/ *sifw mrdkifpifudk wifyg;rSm xdk;ay;\/
wufx&mqdkufuvif; ESifh jzL&mZdkvm'kef; pm;aq;rsm;ay;\/ aq;zdk; b,favmufusygovJq&m[k
ar;awmh olu ray;ygeJUAsm [kjiif; avonf/
olbmaMumifh ydkufqHr,lonfudk uRefr&dyf rdygonf/ tbdk;BuD;onf aygif dk;usdK;onfh 'Pf&mjzifh
tdyf&mxJrSm wpfoufvHk; aexdkif&awmhrnfh vlemjzpfo nf/ aiGo dkUr[kwf qifpG,fwpfckckjzifh
aygif dk;xJodkU xdk;oGif;um cGJpdwfukorI cHEdkif&ef vHkavmufaom ydkufqHr&Sd/ EGrf;yg;vSaom wJomom
tdrfuav;\ tqiftjyifESifh tbdk;BuD; tdyfaeaom (EGrf;zwfaeonfh) tdyf&mcif;? apmifwdkUudk
vnf;aumif;? pm;yGJ0dkif;ykav;ay:u xrif;[if;yef;uefrsm;udkaomfvnf;aumif;? tuJcwf&vQif
aeUpOfx rif; pm;ae&onfrSmyif olwdkU twGuf uHBuD;ayvdUk [k ,lq&awmhrnf jzpfo nf/
aemufvlemwpfa,mufrSm ESpfvrf;ausmf tdrBf uD;wpftdrfrS cyf00trsdK;orD;BuD;wpfa,mufjzpf\/
jzpfaoma&m*grSm tbdk;BuD;ESifh twlwlyJjzpfo nf/
]] tr,fav;a':bkwfqHka& ... Zdrfu svScsnfvm;As? tzsm;uav; wpf&mavmufeJU usKyfudk
ac:&ovm;? usKyfvlemb,fESpfa,muf ypfxm;cJh&w,fxifvJ }} olu omrdkrDwmudk ajrSmufMunfhNyD;
cgypf&if; &,farm tjypfqdkonf/
]] q&m&,f aus;Zl;BuD;vSygw,f? uRefrrl;vGef;vdUk ygq&m? [dkbufonfbufudk rapmif;Edkifbl;
q&m&JU }}
olu aoG;zdtm;wdkif;&if;u NyHK;aeonf/
]] at;ayghAsm? 0ufjzpfrSawmh bmudkrS raMumufoifhblqdkvm; pum;yHk&Sdw,f r[kwfvm;As? usKyfv J
q&m0efjzpfraS wmh b,fjiif;&ufygrvJAsm aemf? tif; .... 'gawGeJUyJ cHae&wJhb0yJAsdKU }}
]] araru wtm;aysmhw myJ q&m&JU? ajc<uc rsm;rsm;,lypfvdkuf }}
vlysdKayguft&G,f om;u olUudk 0ifajymawmh trsdK;orD;BuD;u rsufESmHIUrJU &,faeavonf/
]] tr,fav; ... aus;Zl;&Sif ... w,fawmfygvm;? rathbufu vdkufajymazmfawmh r&bl;awmf }}
]] tif; ... rif;tarcsrf;omvdkUom igajc<uc ,lvdkufr,fqdk&if rif;tar aemufxyfighudk
ac:rSmawmif r[kwfbl;? [kwfw,f r[kwfvm; tefwDbkwf? rvkyfygeJU aZmfaZmf&m? 'Dvdkvm&wmu
ightwGuf tanmif;tnmvJajyw,fuG? aq;cef;rSm waeukef wrwfwwfwwfeJU ? vlemawG
0dki;f cHae&wJhb 0? tckvdk vlemtdrf vdkuf&awmh tajymif; tvJjzpfw maygh }}
olu vlemudk ESpfodrfhpum;rsm;ajymNyD; &,farm&if; aq;ukavonf/ aumhaw;vf
taMumaq;rsdK;pHkESifh *sifw mrdkifpifu dkyJ olxdk;ay;onf/ usoifhonfh aq;zdk;udkawmh wdusjywfom;pGm
,lcJhavonf/ vlemuvnf; olUudk aus;Zl;wif rqHk;awmhay/
tjyefvrf;rSm uRefrolUudk ar;rd\/
]] w&m;olBuD;awG&JU udk,fusifhw&m;eJU yufoufvdkU ausmom;&ifo m;qdkwJh pum;vHk;awG
wDxGifxm;w,faemf? wdkUq&m0efawG&JU ukPmeJU yufoufvdkUa&m tJ'Dausmom&ifom;qdkwm
&Sdovm; rodbl; }}
olu jywfom;pGm ajz\/
]] r&Sdbl;? wdkUq&m0efawG&JU tvkyfu vlemudk oufomatmifu koay;wJh trsdK;tpm;wpfckwnf;
&Sdwmudk;? axmifcswmwdkU vTwfwmwdkU qdkwJh uGJjym;jcm;em;csufrS r&Sdwm }}
tdrfjyefa&mufcgeD;awmhrS ol pum;xyfqufygonf/
]] ig oabmaygufoavmuf ajym&&ifawmh w&m;olBuD;wpfa,mufrS vdktyfwJh t&nftcsif;awGeJU
q&m0efw pfa,mufrSm vdkwJh t&nftcsif;uawmh twlwlyJ[? olwdkUudkifwG,f&wJh vlawG&JU
taetxm;uom uGmoGm;wm? tJ'Dtaetxm;t& wdkU&JU OD;pm;ay;awGrSmom uGmoGm;wmjzpf&r,f?

w&m;olBuD;tvkyfrSmu omwlnDrQqdkwJh wef;nSdrIu yxrqHk;vdktyfcsuf? ukPmu

'kwd,vdktyfcsuf jzpfvdrfhr,f? wdUk tvkyfu ukPmu yxrvdktyfcsufjzpfr,f?
omwlnDrQwef;nSdrIuawmh 'kwd,jzpfv drfhr,f }}
olonf uRefrem;vnfatmif &Sif;jyzdkU tMumBuD; BudK;pm;aeNyD;aemuf &,fp&majymum
vufavQmhvdkuf\/
]] oGm;NyD? igb,fvdk&Sif; jy&rvJ rodawmhbl;? w&m;olBuD;rsufpdeJU q&m0efrsufpdeJUawmh wlzdkU
rvdkbl;xifw,f[ }}
xdkUaemuf olacgif;wpfcsuf ukwfvdkufonf/
]] 'geJU eifhaq;cef; udk bkef;BuD;awG aq;vmukwJhtcg eifb,fvdkvkyfvJ }} oluar;\/
]] ig bkef;BuD;awGeJU oDv&SifawGudk aq;zdk;r,lyJ vSLw,fav? t"d|mefvJ jyKxm;w,f }}
]] at; ... [kwfNyD? 'gjzifh tJ'g bmjyKvdkUvJ? ukodkvf&atmifvdkU vdkUrajzeJU aemf? wifw if0if; ...
ukodkvfqdkwJh pum;&JU twdrfteufudk eifu ighxufydkodygw,f }}
olu uRefrudk r,HkouFmjzifh apmifhMunfh&if; ar;awmh uRefr&,farm&if; trSeftwdkif; ajz&ef
qHk;jzwfvdkufonf/
]] at;yg[m .. ukodkvfwdkU MunfhndKrIwdkU qdkwJh pum;awGu ajym&wm vG,foavmuf
vIdufvIdufvSJvSJ cHpm;zdkU awmfawmfrjzpfEdkifwm [? 'Dvdkxifw,f ... bke;f BuD;awG r,foDv&SifawGu
pD;yGm;&SmwJh vlom;awG r[kwfbl;? vmvSLorQudkyJ a&mifh&JzdkU BudK;pm;aewJh vltrsdK;tpm;av?
aemufNyD; bkef;BuD; 0denf;awGxJrSm aiGudkifwm[m tjypfw pfckyJq dkwmvJ igodxm;w,f? 'Dawmh tJ ...
'gawGaMumifhaygh[m? a&mifh&zJ dkUBudK;pm;aewJh vltrsdK;tpm;udk 'gxufydkNyD;a&mifh&pJ dwf&SdapcsifvdkU?
bmtwGufrS aomuawG avmbawG rwG,fNidapcsifv dkU .. tJ'gaMumifhyJaygh? olwdkUqDu aiGudk
r,loifhbl;vdkU igxifw ,fav }}
ol &,farmrnf[kx ifaomfvnf; r&,fyg/ olUtdrfa&SUodkU a&mufaomtcg tdrfxJrS
aemufxyfvlemESpfa,muf apmifaeonfudk jrif&\/ olu uRefrudk Munfh&mrS rsufESmvTJ
cyfwdk;wdk;ar;onf/
]] tJ'DqHk;jzwfcsufudk eif&ifeJU qHk;jzwfwmvm;? OD; aESmufOmPfeJU qHk;jzwfwmvm; }}
rxifrSwfaom ar;cGef; aMumifh uRefr Za0Z0gjzpfo Gm;\/
]] rodbl;? tJ ... OD;aESmuf qifjcifOmPfeJUaygh[Jh }]
olu avwpfcsufcRef acgif;qwfonf/
]] at; ... tJ'g vdk&if;yJ? eifraeUu ar;wJh ajc<uc qdkwmudk tJ'D qifjcifOmPfeJUyJ
ajz&Sif; vdkufayghuGm }}
olu tdrfxJ r0ifrD pum;wpfcGef;ajymao;\/
]] wefzdk;qdkwmvJ trsdK;rsdK;[? tcsdef&UJ wefzdk;? vl&UJ wefzdk;? aq;0g;&JUwefzdk;? ynm&JUwefzdk;?
tJ'gawGaygh? wcsdKUt&mawGusawmh wefzdk;owfrSwfvdUk cufw,fuG? OD;aESmufeJU qifjcifOmPfvdkw,f?
tJ'DvdkyJ wefzdk;&SdNyD; tJ'w
D efzkd;udk rodem;rvnfwJhvlawGudkvJ qifjcifOmPfeJU cGJjcm;odwwfvmatmif
vdrfvdrfrmrmav; oifay;zdkUvdw
k ,f? igpum;ajym awmfawmfnHw,faemf? igqdk vdkcsifwmudk
eifoabm raygufbl; r[kwfvm; }}
uRefr pdw fvufayghyg;pGm &,farm&if; acgif;cg,rf;vdkufygonf/ uRefr ajz&Sif; &ef cufcJaeaom
jymemwpf&yfu dk tvG,fwul olajz&Sif; jycJhNyD;NyD[ k oludk,fwdkifvnf; &dyfrdygvdrfhrnf/
(twGJ2? trSw f4? 1996 Zefe0g&D? ESif;qD r*Zif;)
*sL; \ q&m0efESpfa,muf 0wKwdk wGif NyD;ygNyD

*sL;
ql;ESifhzuf
vlemudk ESmacgif;ydkufxnfhonfhtcsdefrSp q&m0ef q&mrawGtHhMowkefvIyfMu&ygonf/
ESmacgif;rS wpfqifh tpmtdrfxJ&Sd tpmESifh tnpftaMu;rsm;udk ydkufjzifhpkyf,lonfhtcg &vmonfh
t&mrsm;udk MunfhNyD; uRefrwdkU vefUoGm;onfyJ qdkMuygpdkU/
]] bk&m;a& ... tJ'g bmawGvJ}}
ESmacgif;ydkufxJu &vmonfh t&nfyspfyspfrsm;onf ndKnpfnpfta&mif&Sdum qdk;qdk;0g;0g;
eHapmfvSonf/ xdkteHYonf ykyf a[mif onfhteHYESifh rpifeHUa&mxm;onfhteHUjzpfonf/
bmaMumifhvJ ?vlem\ tpmtdrfrSm onfrpifeHU&Sdonfh tnpftaMu;&nfawG bmaMumifh
&Sdae&wmvJ/ ESmacgif;ydkuf[lonf tpmtdrfrSwpfyg; tjcm; rnfonfhudk,ft*Fg tpdwftydkif;qDrS
a&mufEdkifajc r&Sdwm txift&Sm;yJ/ odkUygvsuf &vmonfhtnpftaMu;u tpmtdrfxJu
tnpftaMu;eHU jzpfaeonf/
qdkawmh ..... vlem\ 0rf;AdkufudkzGifhvQif b,fvdktajctaersKd;udk awGU&rSmvJ? jzpfEdkifajcrSm
odyfrsm;rsm; pm;pm; pOf;pm;p&mrvdk/
vlemudk tjrefqkH;cGJpdwfuko&ef tajy;tvTm; jyifqifMu&onf/
tJonftcsdefu pNyD; vlemESifh ywfoufonfh taMumif;t&monfjyemwpf&yftjzpf
uRefrtmkHxJodkU pwif 0ifa&mufvmcJhjcif; jzpfEdkifygonf/
q&m0efb0wGif vlem\a&m*gudk oufomatmif ukoay;onfh tjzpf?
toufu,fwifvdkuf&onfh tjzpfwdkUonf vlemESifh ywfoufNyD; tNyD;owf tcef;u@rsm;
jzpfwwfonf/
NyD;NyD ? olUudk ukoay;NyD;NyD/ ol toufraoawmhbl;/ xdku@onf
awmfawmfyDwdjzpfp&maumif;vS\/ tJonfaemufrSm vlemESifhywfoufonfhtawG;qdkwm
rusefcJhawmhay/trsm;pkaom vlemukorItawGUtBuHKonf onftwdkif;yJjzpfonf/
odkUaomf wcsdKU udpr sm;rSmawmh tJonfvdk r[kwfay/
vlemudk ukoNyD;aemufrS vlemESifh ywfoufonfh tawG;wdkUu acgif;xJ
0ifvmaewwfwmrsKd;vnf; &Sdonf/xdktcgrsKd; wGifuRefronfoD;oefUrSwfpkpmtkyfwpfck vlemESifh
ywfoufonfh tawG; odkUr[kwf jyemudk a&;rSwf&wwfonf/
tJonf rSwfpkpmtkyfudk wpfrsufESmuae ESpfrsufESm ryGg;vm apcsif/ wpftkyfrS ESpftkyf
ryGg;vmapcsif/ uRefr\ OD;aESmufESifh todpdwfu@udkvnf; aemifw w&m;awG?
rcsifhr&JcHpm;csufawG? ol&Jaumif;vkyfNyD; u,fwifvdkpdwfawG ..... tJonfrEdkifreif;
0efxkyf0efydk;awGjzifh wG,fNidav;vHraecsif/
odkUaomf xkH;pHtwkdif;ygyJ/ uRefrb0rSm ]qkawmif;} qdkonf u jynfhwwfvSonfr[kwf/
,ckvlemrSm udk,f0efzsufcs&mrS aoG;qdyfoifhtzsm;(Septicemta) a&m*gcHpm;aeonfh
trsKd;orD; vlemwpfa,mufjzpfonf/
udk,f0efzsufcsjcif;onf w&m;Oya'udk csKd;azmufjcif;yifjzpf onf/&mZowfBuD;yk'fr 312 jzifh
Nidonf/ xdkUaMumifhvnf; udk,f0efzsufcsol vlemwdkUonf jynfolUaq;kHESifh rywfoufvdkMuay/
touftE&m,fpdk;&drf&avmufatmif aemufqufwGJ emrusef;rI 'kuawGudk BuHKawGUvm&rS
aq;kHodkU a&mufvmwwfMuonf/

'gawmifrS t&SufESifh touf... [lonfh b,fwkef;u pNyD; ay:aygufcJhrSef;rodonfh

a&G;cs,frIBuD;wpfckudk wpfcsKdUu vufudkifxm;aewwfao;\/ ]toufom taocHr,f? t&SufuGJ
rcHEdkifbl;} qdkwmrsKd;jzifh acgif;rmonfh udpawG &Sdwwfao;\/
] t&Suf } qdkaom t&mwGif rdrdu b,favmuftusKH; 0ifaeovJ?
tJonf ] t&Suf } \ tav;taygh? twdrfteufESifh rdrdESifh oufqdkifaeonfh
wm0efb,favmuf&SdaevdkUvJ ? tJonft&Suf\ t"du w&m;cHrSm rdrdwpfa,mufwnf; jzpfaevdkU
rdrdu vlrod olrod taocH&rSmvm; ... ponf ponftawG;rsm;udk jrefrmtdrfaxmifpkrsm;
awG;avhr&SdMuay/
t&SufuGJrcH&J touftaocHoGm;&onfh rdef;rawG b,f avmuf &SdaeNyDvJ/udpwGif
vlem&Sif odkUr[kwf? aqGrsKd;om; csif;wdkU\ wwfodvdrmpGm udkifwG,fajz&Sif;wwfrI trsm;BuD;
vdktyfygonf/
,ck vlemuawmh tJonf ]toufESifh t&Suf} udptjyif qif;&JEGrf;yg;onfh udpyg
wGJpyfvdkufjcif;aMumifh toufiif aeonfh tajctaeodkUyif a&mufaeNyD/
tJonf tajctaea&mufrS uRefrwdkU tzGJUESifh awGU&jcif;jzpf ygonf/
uRefrwdkUonf e,fvSnfhaq;ukoonfh tpDtpOfwpfckudk tvsOf;oifhovdk
rMumcPjyKvkyfaqmif&Gufavh&SdMuonf/ uRefrwdkU tzGJUrSm aq;kHu uav;txl;uk
q&m0efygonf/ orm;awmf ygonf/rD;,yfom;zGg; txl;uk q&m0ef ygonf/aq;kH
tcgtm;avsmfpGm vkyftm;ay;q&m0eftjzpf wm0ef,lavh&Sdonfh jyifyaq;uk q&m0ef uRefr
ygonf/ NrdKUe,fpktwGifh &Gmodrf&GmrTm;av;awGtxd c&D;pOfcs oGm;a&mufukoay;vsuf&Sd&m
&Gmao;ao;av;wpfckrS touftE&,ftajctaexd a&mufaeNyDjzpfaom ,ckvlemudk r&nf&G,fbJ
oGm;MunfhcGifh&cJhjcif;jzpfonf/
vlem&Sifu vmyifhac:jcif; r[kwfyg/ vlem\ todrdwfaqG wpfOD;u uRefrwdkU
aq;uk&mpcef;odkU a&mufvmNyD; owif;ay;jcif; jzpfonf/
]] q&mrBuD;wdkU&,f ....&Gmawmifzsm;rSm ief;zrf;NyD; ua,mif uwrf;jzpfaewJh
uav;rav;wpfa,muf &Sdygw,fawmf ? [dkbuf onfbufawmif rapmif;Edkifawmhygbl;? BuKH&if
vdkufMunfhay;yg?
uav;rav;u toufti,fav;&Sdao;wm }}
]] 'Dac:vmvdkU rjzpfbl;vm; }} [k uRefrwdkUu ar;Munfhonf/
]] vSnf;aqmifhvdkuf&if wpfcsufwnf; toufxGufrSmyJ}} [k
olu xifjrifcsufay;\/ qdkvdkonfu aq;cef;odkU vma&mufzdkU tajctaer&Sdbl;aygh/
uRefrwdkUtwGufu vlemwpfa,mufudk oGm;MunfhNyD; ukoay;zdkU bmtcuftcJ jyemrS
rjzpfyg/ olwdkUudk ukoav;vdk yJ NrdkUay:aq;kHBuD;rS a0;vHaom &Gmuav;xd a&mufcJhNyD;NyD
r[kwfvm;/ oGm;BunfhMuwmaygh/
tJonfenf;jzifh ,ckvlemudk uRefrwdkU awGUcJh&jcif; jzpfonf/
tdrfonf &GmtdrfawGxJrSmrS ydkEGrf;yg;aomtdrf jzpfonf/
0g;x&HtayguftNyJudk puLrsm;? tifzufrsm; a&maESmNyD; umuG,fxm; &onfh tdrf/
vlem&Sd&m tdrftwGif;cef;onf xdktdrf\ wpfckwnf;aom tcef; jzpf\/ vlemonf
zsmMurf;ay:rSm cif;xm;onfh ig;pyfapmif zsifMurf;apmifEGrf;EGrf;ay:rSm vJavsmif;vsuf&Sdonf/
b0ul;aumif; ap&ef [laom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh teD;rSm trsKd;orD;BuD;ESpfa,mufu
xkdifNyD; bk&m;pmrsm; &GwfzwfaeMuonf/
]] q&m0efawG vmw,f}} [k wpfpkHwpfa,mufu cyfwdk;wdk; today;aomtcg vlem\
acgif;&if;rSm xdkif vlemudk ikHUMunfh &Gwfzwfaeaom ta':BuD;u armhMunfh\/ ta':BuD;\
rsuf0ef;rSm wGJcdkaeaom rsuf&nfrsm;ESifha&mNyD; ylyifaomuESifh emusifaMuuGJ rIwdkUudk
uRefrjrifvdkufvQif jrifvdkufcsif; tJ'g vlem\ rdcif[kuRefrodvdkufygonf/ rdrd\
&ifaoG;udk qkH;IH;&awmhrnfhrdcifwpfa,muf\ rsuf0ef;rsKd;onf rsufvkH;rsm;pGmxJrSm oD;oefU
vSrf;jrifEdkifavmufatmif xl;jcm;pGm uGJjym;ygonf/ rsuf0ef;rSm vufceJjzpfoGm;onfh
tm;udk;rIESifh arQmfvifhcsuf &dyf&dyfuav; udkyg uRefr jrifawGUvdkuf&avovm;/

xdkarQmfvifhcsufuav;udk tmrcHray;Edkifonfh tajctaeyJ &Sdao;onfrdkU uRefr zswfceJ

rsufESmvTJum vlemudkyJ owdxm; Munfhvdkuf&onf/
uRefrwdkU 0ifomatmif olwdkUtm;vkH; ab;z,fay;Muygonf/
vlemonf touf 18
ESpfESifh 25 ESpftwGif;t&G,f jzpf onf/ tom;ta&jzLazsmhum t0ga&mifoef;aeonf/
toufSLEIef;rrSefbJ owdvpfaeNyD/ ezl;ESifh em;xifwpf0dkufrSm acR;pdk&TJaeonf/aoG;ckefEIef;
azsmhawmhum jrefqefaeonf/ aoG;xkxnfonf xdrSef; odkHuav; jzpfae\/
uRefruyJ &mxl;ti,fqkH;jzpfonfrdkU uRefruyJ vlemudk prf;oyfygonf/
tzsm; 'D*&D 104 / EIwfcrf;rsm; ajcmufaoGUum a&"gwfenf;yg; aeonf/ owd&wpfcsuf
r&wpfcsuf jzpfaewm neufydkif;rS pNyD; ,ck wpfreufvkH;[k vlem\ rdcifu today;ygonf/
vlem\ 0rf;Adkufudk Munfhrdawmh AdkufrSm azmif;NyD; wif;aeonf/ 0rf;Adkufatmufydkif;udk
uRefrvufjzifh prf;oyfawmh vlemwpfcsuf vGefUuceJawmh jzpfoGm;onf/ xbDudk
atmiftxdqGJcsvkdufaomtcg vlemxHrS &onfh aoG;eHUa&maeonfh teHUtoufwpfckudk
ododomom &vdkufonf/
vlem\ tzsm;'D*&D? teHUtouf?0rf;Adkufwif;rm;rI ponfwdkU udk wGufqNyD;
ppfaq;vdkufaomtcg jzpfEdkifqkH;a&m*g okH;av;ck yJ &Sdonf/
vlem\ rdcifudk uRefr rsufESm&dyf rsufESmuJjzifh ac:,lum udk,f0efzsufcscJhovm;[k
cyfwdk;wdk;wdkufkduf ar;vdkufonf/
kd;kd;tt ynmrJhonfh awm&Gmol ta':BuD;onf csufcsif;yif csKH;yGJcs idka<u;vdkufavonf/
uJ... uRefrwdkU bmvkyfMurvJ/
vlemudk aq;kHxdo,fNyD; ukozdkU vrf;c&D;'PfESifh tcsdef umv'Pfudk vlemcHEdkifyghrvm;/
vrf;c&D;rSm wpfckck jzpfoGm;vQif uRefrwdkU tay:&Gmu b,fvdkoabmxm;rvJ/
aq;kHtxdta&muf vlem touf&SifaeOD;rnf [k uRefrwdkUudk b,folwefcdk;&Sifu
tmrcHay;EdkifyghrvJ/ xdkar;cGef;rsm;udk orm;awmfESifh rD;,yfom;zGg; txl;uk
q&m0efrrwdkU acgif;csif;qdkif wdkifyifMuonf/
wu,fawmhvnf; vlUavmuBuD;xJodkU a&mufvmonfhtcsdefu pNyD; uRefrwdkUrSm
aocsmrItppfqdkwm r&SdcJh/ aocsmrItwkawGESifhom touf&SifaeMu&onf/ bmudkrS aocsmpGm
arQmfvifhvdkU r&onfh vlUb0BuD;xJrSm a&;a&;jrif&wmav;udkyJ zrf;qkyftm;xm;aeMu&onfh
tjzpfawG/ b,folurS b,folUudkrS b,fudpudkrS tmrcHay;vdkUr& / avmuBuD;rSm
tmrcHvdkU&onfht&m bmrS r&Sd/ bmjzpfvmrSef; rod&aom ? bmaMumifh jzpfvmrnfrSef;vnf;
rodaom tarSmifxkxJ rSm prf;w0g;0g;ae&if; aysmfp&mawGudk &wwforQ &SmBuHcHpm;ae&onfh
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odkUaomf taumif;qkH;jzpfatmif BudK;pm;rnf[lonfh pdwfqEjzifh ] vkyfvQifvkyf ?
rvkyfvQifao} tajctaetwGuf qkH;jzwfcsuf csufcsif;csvdkufMuonf/
vlemudk aq;kHodkU o,foGm;rnf/ vdktyfonfh aq;0g;wdkUoGif;ay;vsuf vlemudk
aq;kHodkU o,faqmifcJhMuygonf/ aq;kHodkU a&mufa&mufcsif;yJ cGJpdwfrIudk cHEdkif&ef tqifoifh
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rD;,yfom;zGg;txl;uk q&m0efu olESifhoufqdkifonfh vlem atmufydkif;udk prf;oyfonfhtcg
trsm;pkaom udk,f0efzsufvlemrsm;twdkif;yJ wpfpkHwpfck cRefxufaom t&mjzifh xdk;qGNyD;
udk,f0efudk zsufxm;aMumif;awGU&onf/
cGJpdwfukoonfh'Pfudk vlemcHEdkifNyD[k xif&vQif xif&csif; vlemudk 0rf;AdkufzGifh
cGJpdwfukoMuygonf/
'Dwpfcg bk&m;w olu rrtkd*sD jzpf\/ rrtdk*sD bmaMumifh bk&m;w &onfqdkwmudk
'kwd,cGJpdwftulq&m0eftjzpf wm0ef,laeaom uRefr csufcsif;odvdkufonf/
0rf;AdkufwpfckvkH;rSm aMu; tnpftaMu;awG zkH;vTrf;um eHapmfvsuf &Sdonf/aMu;eHUonf
ESmacgif;pnf;t0wfudk tvG,fwulyif jzwfausmfvsuf 0ifa&mufavonf/
tlrsm;u tnpftaMu;jzifh &daeum wpfcsKdUae&mawGrSm xdvdkufvQif &d&GJa<uusvmonf/

0rf;acgif;udk aq;&rnf/aemfr,fvfaqvkdif;(Normal Saline) [kac:aom oefUpifpGm

aygif;cH,lxm;onfh "gwfqm;&nfjzifh aq;&rnf/ vlem&Sifujzifh "gwfqm;&nf wpfykvif;rQyif
0,fay;Edkifrnfh tajctae r[kwf/aq;kHrSmuvnf; q&m0ef? 0efxrf;ESifh cGJpdwfuk
ud&d,mypnf;wdkU &Sdaeao;onfrSm BuD; rm;onfh uHaumif;rIwpfck jzpfae&onfh
tajctaer[kwfvm;/
onfawmh uRefrwdkUtm;vkH; tvdktavsmufyif wnDwnGwfwnf;
qkH;jzwfvdkufMu\/ uRefrwdkU q&m0ef tcsif;csif; ydkufqHpkxnfhNyD; aemfr,faqvkdif; ykvif;awG
0,fMu rnf/ tm;jznfhaygif;cH&nf ykvif;aygif;rsm;pGm okH;vsuf cyfzGzG
aq;,l&ygonf/cyfzGzG[kqdk&onfu y,fy,fe,fe,f udkifwG,fvQif &daeaom tlwpfcsKdU
xyfjywfa<uvmrSm pdk;&drf jzpfonf/
xdyfykdif;om;tdrfrSm xdk;ESufrI'PfaMumifh taygufESpfaygufjzpfoGm;onfudk ,ckrS
awGUMu&onf/ om;tdrfygrubJ tpma[mif;tdrf(Rectum) udk
wpfcsufxdk;rdxm;onf/tpma[mif;tdrf aygufNyJoGm;onf/xdkUjyif 0rf;acgif;ajrS;yg
aygufoGm;onf/udk,f0efzsufay;ol\ cEmaA' todynmESifh uRrf;usifrItqifhrSm oknatmuf
tEkwfvuPmyJ[k uRefrwdkU odEdkifygonf/
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onf[k arQmfvifh&aom tpdwftydkif;wdkUudk cyfzGzG &G&Gav; jyefcsKyfquf? wpfcsKdU[mudk
onftwdkif;xm;? vufjzifhoGm;rxdeJU/
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b,fESpfBudrfvJ ra&wGufEdkifawmhyg/
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csvkdufwm uRefrMum;&onf/
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uRefrwdkU q&m0eftm;vkH;\ arwmapwem xda&mufonf[k ajym&rnfvm;/bmaMumifhyJjzpfjzpf
vlemrdef;uav; touf&SifcGifh&aeqJ jzpfonf/
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pum;jzpfaeojzifh uRefr\ cHpm;csufudk xda&mufwduspGm razmfEdkifbJ jzpfaeOD;rnf/
b,fvdkpum;jzifh uRefr\ pdwfoufom&m&rI yDwdudk azmfjyEdkifyghrvJ/ uRefr rod/
uRefr odonfu okH;av;&ufMumonftxd wvSyfvSyfarmwkefaeonfh 0rf;om yDwdudk
r0Hhr&J cHpm;ae&jcif;yif jzpfonf/ r0Hhr&J[k ajym&onfu xdktoufBudK;rQifuav; tcsdefra&G;
jywfawmufoGm;Edkifao;onf[k odaeaomaMumifh jzpfavonf/
aemufqkH;rSmawmh uRefrwddkU rdef;uav;\ toufudk u,fvdkufEdkifcJhNyD/
uRefrwdkUav;a,muf aiGawmfawmfrsm;rsm;pD tukeftuscHNyD; ukovdkuf&usKd; eyfNyD/
vlem\ rdcifrSm uRefrwdkUtm; aus;Zl;wifvGef;ojzifh vuftkyfcsD uefawmh&if;
0rf;omrsuf&nfrsm;jzifh idkjyefavonf/
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pdwfydkif;jzwfvdkufykH&onf/ rdef;uav;\ jzpfpOfudk uRefrwdkUtm; &SufaMumufvsufu zGifh
ajymjycJhavonf/
bmrS rxl;qef;yg/

Zmwfvrf;rsKd; t&ifuvnf; uRefrwdkU Mum;cJhzl; vSNyD/aemifvnf; uRefrwdkU

Mum;aeMu&ygOD;rnf/
a,musfm;ESifh rdef;r[lonfh vdifawG &SdaeorQ? vdifrIudpqdkif&m ynmay;A[kokw todawG
enf;aeorQ? usef;rma&;A[kokw todawG enf;aeorQ awma&mNrdKUrSmyg
BuHKawGUMum;odae&OD;rnf/t&SufESifh touf qdkonfh a&G;cs,frIBuD; &SdaeorQ Mum;ae&OD; rnf/
rdef;uav;rSm &nf;pm;&Sdonf/vli,fbm0[lonfh xkH;wrf;pOfvm tjypfwpfckjzifh
vGefusL;rdMuonf/a,musfm;uav;u udk,f0efrSm olUudk,f0efjzpfonf[k r,kHwmvm; ?
wm0efr,lcsifwmvm;? tjypfudk 0efrcH&Jwmvm; oludk,fwdkifrS odrnfh taMumif;wpfckck jzifh &GmrS
xGuf rdef;uav;udk a&SmifoGm;onf/a,musfm;uav;\ wm0efodpdwfESifh nSmwmoem;rIudk
apmifh&if; apmifh&if; udk,f0ef taumiftxnfBuD;BuD;vmonf/ vifaumifray:bJ
udk,f0ef&avNyD[k ywf0ef;usif\ ar;aighuJh&JUrnfh? a&m*gqdk;wpfckvdk a0;a0;a&SmifNyD;
pum;wif;rsm;jzifhom xdk;ESufpD&ifrnfh pD&ifcsufudk aMumufojzifh rdef;uav;onf udk,f0efudk
zsufcs&ef tm;xkwf&avonf/
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[k uRefr awG;Munfhrdonf/
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a&Smifajy;oGm;onfyJ xm;yg? kyf&SifawGxJuvdk rdef;uav; vufxyfxdrf;jrm;,l vdkonfh
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&nf&G,fcsufjzifh rdbu rdef;uav;udk tdrfaxmifjyKay;vdkU r&Ekdifbl;vm;/ (rQwwm rrQwmwm
qdkonfu vkH;vkH;t&SufuGJ&onfh udpESifh ,SOfaomf xnfhwGufp&m rvdkatmif ao;zGJygonf[k
udk,fhudk,fudk cGifhvTwfpdwf arG;Muvdrfhrnf/) xm;ygawmh ? tJonfvdkwjcm;a,musfm;wpfa,muf
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rsm;jym;vSonfh vlcsrf;omawG\ tajctaersm; jzpfonf/
vdifqdkif&m ynmay;A[kokw &Sdonfh vlcsrf;om om;orD;qdkvQifjzifh udk,f0ef[l onfh
trIudpyif ay:aygufvmp&m taMumif;r&Sday/
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rdrdpdwftvdkudk vdkufrdwmvm;? &nf;pm;\ pdwftvdkudk vdkufrdwmvm; wpfckckukd tvdkvdkuf
rd ojzifh vGefusL;cJhMuNyD/
udk,f0ef&cJhNyD/
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toufudk ykHtyfay;vdkuf&onf/
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rjzpfMuatmif uRefrwdkU b,fvdkajz&Sif;ay;Edkifrnfenf;/b,fvdk umuG,fay;Edkif rnfenf;/
t&G,fa&mufvmonfh rdef;uav;awGudk &nf;pm;vkH;0rxm;&[k vlBuD;rsm;u tmPmokH;NyD;
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&nf;pm;xm;vdku xm;yg?ESpfa,mufwnf; b,fawmhrQ tawGUrcHESifh[k qkH;rjcif; onf
jyemudk umuG,fenf;jzpfrvm;/
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nTefMum;NyD; todynmay;jcif;onf oifhawmfaom umuG,fenf;? ajz&Sif;enf; jzpfEdkifyghrvm;/
uRefruawmh uRefraq;cef;odkU a&mufvmonfh tvm;wljyemawGudk pum; wpfcGef;jzifh
tNrJa&Smifavh&Sdygonf/

]] udk,f0efzsufw,fqdkwm vlowfrI awmfa&U? usKyfawmh udk,f0efzsufray;Edkifbl;?

udk,f0efr&atmif b,fvdkwm;&rvJvdkU todynmyJ ay;Edkifw,f? tJ'DtwGufawmh tcsdef
ra&G;vmcJhyg}}
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vkyfay;EdkifrSmvJ/
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a,musfm;uav;uvnf; wm0efr,l? vufrxyfvdkbl; qdkygpdkU/(EdkifiHrSm udk,f0ef twGuf
taumif;qkH;ajz&Sif;enf;u wpfckyJ &Sdonf/ xdk&nf;pm;ESifh tcsdefrwefrD
vufxyfypfvdkufjcif;jzpfonf/
uRefrwdkU b,fvdkajz&Sif;ay;rvJ/
eifhxdkufeJU eifhuH cHayawmh [k ajym&rvm;/eifvkyfwJh tjypf&JU 'Pfudk eifcH&rSm yJ?'g
w&m;w,f cHaygh[k ajym&rvm;/
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tjypfBuD;aom wm0ef&Sdaom OD;aqmifol a,musfm;udkawmh b,fvdkoabmxm;&rvJ/
olu a,musfm;yJav? olUrSmu jypfrItwGuf ajc&mvuf&mbmrS rusefEdkifonfh
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tMunfhrcH&onftxd trIrS uif;&Sif;ap[k vTwfay;xm;&wm .... tJ'g obm0wJhvm;/
a,musfm;eJU rdef;r obm0rS rwlbJ[k tJonfobm0 qdkwmcsnf;udk vTJcsNyD; tjzpfrSefudk
rskkdKodyfae&wm cGifhvTwfenf;tppf [kwf&JUvm;/
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toufoGif;ae&qJvm;/ tJonf pum;ykH[m ,ckcsdeftxd tokH;wnfhaewkef;yJvm;/
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ajz&Sif;ay;&rSmvm;/
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&vmrnfh xdcdkufemusifrIudkyJ ESpfoufovm; a&G;cs,fcGifh&SdcJh&if uav;u bmudk a&G;cs,fcsifrvJ/
uRefrwdkU b,fvdkrS rodEdkif/rdcif\ vifr&SdbJ arG;&Jonfh owdudk BuD;jyif;vmrnfh uav;u
&J&ifhrI[k r,lqbJ rdrdtm; t&SufcGJrI ? ESdyfpufrI[k ,lqvmp&m taMumif; a&m r&Sdbl;vm;/
bk&m;a&...
awG;&if;awG;&if;jyemonf b,fawmhrS ajz&Sif;vdkU&awmhrSm r[kwf[k
tm;avsmhcsifovdkvdk jzpfvmonf/
avmu&Sd rdef;uav;tm;vkH;twGuf taumif;qkH;ajz&Sif;enf;wpfckawmh &Sd&rSmaygh/
bmenf;jzpfrvJ? uRefrwdkUu bmulnDay;EdkifrvJ? wpfckckawmh &Sd&rnf/
tJonfvdkESifh uRefr\ rSwfpkawG wpfrsufESmNyD; wpfrsufESm yGg;vmcJhawmh\/

emrnfESifh touf
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xdkar;cGef;onf vlwa,mufESifh wa,muf tMum; tNrJ oabm
uGJvGJ apcJhom ar;cGef; jzpfonf/ wcsKdUu ]b0rSm ta&; tBuD;qHk;
wefzdk;u vlYtouf? touf&Sif aeorQ vlonf rdrd\ odumudk
tzwfqnfzdkY BudK;pm; Edkifonf] [k ,lq\/ wcsKdUuawmh ]b0rSm
ta&; tBuD;qHk; wefzdk;u ajzmifhrwf aumif;jrwfaom jzpfwnfrI?
touf&Sif aeNyD; emrnf usIH;jcif;rSm aMumufrufzG,f aumif;aom
rSm;,Gif;rI] [k ,lq Muonf/ vGwfvyfpGm oabmuGJvGJ Edkifygonf/
vlwa,muf raorD olUb0rSm jzpfysufaqmif&GufoGm;aom
jzpfwnfrI qdkonfrSm xdkol\toufESifh t"dym,f rwlnDEdkifyg/
jzpfwnfrIonf toufr[kwf/ wu,fh usOf;xJusyfxJrSm
aumif;jrwfaom jzpfwnfrIESifh rdrd\ touf ESpfrsKd;rS wrsKd;udk
a&G;&awmhrnf qdkonfhtcg a&G;cs,fzdkY awmfawmf cufcJ ygvdrfhrnf/
uRefr qdkvQif bmudk a&G;cs,f rdrmS vJ/ vGefcJhaom ESpfESpf
oHk;ESpfcefYu uRefr ar;cGef;ESifh cyfqifqifwlaom jyem
wcktaMumif; Sommersby [laom kyf&Sif Zmwfum; awGYvdkuf
&zl;ygonf/ &pfcswf*D,mESifh *sKd'Dazmfpwm yg0ifonfh av;eufpGm
vSyaom kyf&Sifwum; jzpfonf/
,cktcg tjzpfrsKd;? jyemrsKd;udk ]Crucibe] [laom kyf&Sif
Zmwfum;rSm jyefawGY& jyefNyD/ Sommersby rSmu vlyk*dKvf wOD;
wa,mufwnf;ESihf qdkifonfh trIudp twGuf a&G;cs,fp&m ESpfck
(jzpfwnfrIESifh touf) udk ajymjyxm;cJh\/ ,ckZmwfum; Crucibe
rSmawmh vlom; tm;vHk;ESifh oufqdkifonfh trSefw&m; wcktwGuf
1

a&G;cs,fp&m ESpfcktaMumif; (jzpfwnfrIESifh touf) udk ajymjy

xm;jcif; jzpfygonf/
kyf&Sif Zmwfum; trSefw&m;ESihf aumif;jrwfaom
jzpfwnfrI wefzdk;u wzuf? touf&Sifa&; twGuf rdrd\
,HkMunfrIESifh
*kPfodumudk
a&mif;pm;&aom
odrfi,fpGm
touf&Sif&onfh wefzkd;u wzuf xdkEpS fzufudk awGYjrif
cHpm;Edkifygonf/ b0rSm wcgyJ ao&wm? ESpfcg rao&ygbl;
[laom pum;udk tmZmenf ol&Jaumif;rsm; xHrS Mum;zl; &ovdk
omref vlawG xHrSvnf; Mum;zl; &ygonf/ tJonf ]wcgwnf;om
aoqHk; &jcif;] twGuf vlwa,muf[m b,favmuf cHpm; emusif
&rvJ/ tcsdef rwdkifrDrSm NyD;qHk; &yfwefY oGm;awmhrnfh rdrd
touftwGuf b,favmuf ESajrm wopGm wkefvIyf&rvJ/ ao&JzdkY
qdkwmuvJ wu,f awG;MunfhvQif awmfawmf rvG,fonfh udp
jzpfonf/ ]rSm;rdygw,f] [laom pum;av; wcGef;udk 0efcH
vdkufHkrQjzifh rdrd touf&SifcGifh &awmhrnfudk odaeaom
vlwa,mufonf acgif;rmpGm wif;cHvsuf aojcif; w&m;udk
a&G;cs,f oifhygovm;/ a&G;cs,f EdkifpGrf;a&m &Sdyghrvm;/
onfbufrSmu
pum;av;
wcGef;wnf;?
[dkbufrSmu
aojcif;w&m;? b,fol[m aojcif; w&m;udk a&G;rvJ/ trsm;pkaom
vlawG[m rdrd udk,fwdkif r,HkMunfonfh ]rSm;rdygw,f] [laom
0efcHcsuf pum;av; udkom a&G;cs,f MurSmyJ/ uRefr qdkvQifaum
awG;Munfh vdkufHkESifh &ifxJrmS usyfcJpGm emusif wkefvIyf oGm;rd
ygonf/
Crucible

onf uRefr twGuf awmfawmf pdwf0if pm;p&m

aumif;onfh ar;cGef; jyem wck jzpf\/ kyf&Sif Zmwfodrf;rSm
uRefrwdkY a&G;cs,f&rnfh tajzudk twdtus ay;xm; ygonf/
'gdkufwm Nicholas Hytner dkuful;aom Crucible Zmwfum;rSm
pma&; q&mBuD; Arther Mailler \ jyZmwfudk tajccH xm;jcif;
jzpfonf/ t"du okyfaqmifrsm;rSmDanielDay Lewis ESifh Winona
Crucible

wdkY jzpfonf/ olwdkYESif htwl Joan Allen, Paul Scofield

Bruce Davison ESifh Rob Campbell wdkYu yg0if okyfaqmif
xm;Muonf/ (17) &mpk odkYr[kwf (18) &mpk tpydkif; jzpfEdkifaom
umv avmufu tar&duef jynfaxmifpk\ awme,f wckudk
tajccH Zmwfvrf; zGJYxm;onf/ yifv,f urf;ajcuav; jzpfNyD;?
Boston ESifhBeverly wdkYESihf odyfra0;aom a'o jzpfEdkif ygonf/
Ryder

a&S;acwfu tar&duef jynfaxmifpk? t*FvefESifh Oa&my

a'owdkYwGif c&pf,mef *dkPf;csKyfBuD;ESifh tzGJY0if bkef;BuD;?
w&m;olBuD;rsm;u
c&pf,mef
omoemawmfudk
qefYusif
uefYuGufol[k ,lq& olrsm;? pkef;? raumif;qdk;0g; tjzpf ,lq&
olrsm;udk vlyHk tv,fwGif BudK;qGJcs owfap[k ao'Pf ay;aom
xHk;pH &SdcJhonf/ xdkumv awGxJrS wckaom umvwGif jzpfysuf
cJhaom tar&duef jynfe,f awme,f NrdKUuav;&Sd vltkyfpk ESpfck
taMumif;[k qdkEdkif ygonf/
onf todmPf &Sdaom v,form; *Refya&mh
(uf) wm tjzpf okyfaqmifonf/ *RefrSm ZeD; t,fvpfZbwf
ya&mh(uf)wmESifh om;ESpfa,muf &Sdonf/ c&pf,mef bmomudk
,HkMunf ouf0ifol jzpfaomfvnf;? rdrdwdkY NrdKUrS bkef;BuD;
w&m;olBuD; yg;&pf(pf) udk t,HktMunf r&Sd? xdkYaMumifh bk&m;
&Sdcdk;ausmif;odkY odyfroGm;? w&m;pm &GwfzwfyGJ ryg0if wwfay/
Winona Ryder onf todmPf &Sd&Sd yg;eyfaom? vTrf;rdk; EdkifpGrf;
&Sdaom rdbrJh rdef;uav;vJ jzpf w&m; pD&ifa&; tzGJY0if bkef;BuD;
yg;&pf(pf) ESifh aqGeD; rsKd;pyf ruif;aom tapcH rav;vJ jzpfaom
tufbDa*;vf 0Dvsrf (pf) tjzpf okyf aqmifonf/
Dainel Day Lewis

eHeuf a0vDa0vif; tcsdefrSm tapcHrav;awG pkaygif; csdef;qdkvsuf

opfawmxJ
wae&m&modkY
taysmfoabmrsdK;jzifh
0dnmOf
raumif;qdk;0g; ac:&ef oGm;a&muf&mrS aMumufrufzG,f aumif;aom
3

Murm qdk;BuD;wck olwdkY NrdKYuav;odkY usa&muf vm&jcif; jzpfonf/

rdef;uav; tzGJYudk OD;aqmifolrSm todnmOf &Sdaom tufbD yif
jzpfonf/Muufwaumif ,lvmcJhNyD;? awmxJrSm rD;zdk zdkum
Mum;zl;em;0 a'ooHk; *gxmwcsKdUudk &Gwfzwfonf/ udprsKd;rSm
olxuf ydkESHYpyfyHk&aom wDusLbm trnf&Sd vlrnf; tdraf p rav;u
tufbD ESifhtwl OD;aqmifonf/ rdef;uav; wdkYonf rdrw
d dkY pGJvrf;
ESpfoufol? cspfcifol emrnfudk &Gwfqdkvsuf eD;pyfcGifh &&ef
qkawmif; Muonf/ Muufudk dkufowfNyD; vnfacsmif; aoG;udk
jrnf;prf; aomufoHk;olrSm tufbDyif jzpfonf/ rD;yHk ywfvnfrSm
atmf[pf qlnH&if; uckef Muonf/ wa,mufu t0wftpm;
cRwfum Avmudk,fjzifh u \/ bkef;BuD; yg;&pf (pf) xdkae&modkY
a&mufvmojzifh tkyfpkuGJum xGufajy; Mu\/ yg;&pf (pf) \
orD;av; 'ufbDESifh tapcHrav; tufbDom usef&pfNyD;
rdoGm;onf/
xdktjzpf twGuf vlrrnf; rdef;uav; 'ufbDonf zcifudk
aMumuf&GHUrI? tjzpftysufudk aMumuf&GHUrI aygif;um wreufvHk;
rEdk;awmhbJ owdvufvGwf tdyaf ysmfae[ef aqmifaevdkufonf/
'ufbD [efaqmif aeonf[k tufbDu ,HkMunf\/ odkYaomf
bkef;BuD;u orD; aeraumif; jzpfoGm;onf[k ,lqonf/ xdkYaemuf
q&m0ef ac:cdkif;onf/ q&m0efonf xdktcsdefu aemufxyf
uav;vlem wa,muftm; oGm;Munfh aecJhojzifh aemufrS
a&mufvmonf/ oloGm;Munfh uko ay;ae&aom vlemuav;rSm
'ufbDwdkY tzGJU0if rdef;uav;yJ jzpfonf/ xdkuav;r k (of)
onfvnf; aMumufvefY wkefvIyfum aarharsm tdyfaysmfae[ef
&Sdonf/
k (of) \ zcif awmrwfpf yGwfwferfonf *kPfoa&&Sd vlBuD; tjzpf
owfrSwf cH&ol jzpfonf/ bk&m;ausmif;rSm w&m;pm &Gwfqdk
aeMupOftcdkuf tdyf&m ay:rSm vJaeaom 'ufbDu aMumufvefYpGm
4

atmf[pf ajy;xGuf&if; tdrfay:xyf jywif;aygufrS ckefcsawmhrnfh[ef

tjyKtrlonf wNrdKYvHk;u vlxktm; acsmufcsm; wkefvIyf oGm;ap\/
'ufbD\ tjzpfrSm zcifudk aMumuf&GHUaomaMumifh [efaqmifaejcif;
jzpfaMumif; tufbDu yg;&pftm; ajymjy\/ awmxJrSm
bmraumif;qdk;0g;rS r&Sdbl;? uRefrwdkY uMuw,f? 'gygyJ [k
ajz&Sif;onf/ trSefudk vlxktm; xkwfazmfajym&ef tufbDu yg;&pf
(pf) tm; wdkufwGef;onf/ olwdkY bmoma&;u rdef;uav;rsm;
vGwfvyfpGm uckefjcif;udk wm;jrpf\/ xdkuJhodkY dkif;pdkif;pGm uckefonfh
txJwGif orD;ESifh wlr yg0ifaeaMumif; vlxkudk today; 0efcH
vdkufzdkY yg;&pf(pf) owd r&Sday/ tufbD uawmh xdkdkif;pdkif; rIaMumifh
rdrdtm; usmyGwfjzifh dkufESuf 'Pfay;rnf qdkvQif rdrd cHrnf/
trSefudkom 0efcH vdkufyg/ udpwGif pkef;ua0 vHk;0 yg0if
ywfoufjcif; r&SdaMumif; qdkif&m vlBuD;rsm;udk ajymjyyg[k
wdkufwGef;onf/
wu,fawmh yg;&pf (pf) onf udp pkef;ua0 yg0if ywfouf
aeonf[k udk,fwdkif ,HkMunfcsifol jzpfonf/ odkYrSom rdrd
orD;vnf; tjypfuif;rnf? rdrdvnf; tuJh&JY cH&jcif;rS vGwfrnf/
wu,fvnf; tufbDwdkY ucke&f if; arSmftwwf pD&ifvsuf
0dnmOfac:wrf; upm; aecJhMuonfudk wpGef;wp oljrifcJh&onf
r[kwfvm;/ wzufrSm olYtwGuf &mxl; jyKwfusrnfh ta&;?
qHk;IH;&rnfh ta&;udkvnf; jrifae&NyD/ raumif;qdk;0g; yl;0if[ef
&Sdonf[kvnf; ,Hkaeonf/ xdktcg olonf pkef;wa p aumufdk;p
udkom aoG;l; aoG;wef; qGJrd avonf/
tufbDwGif vGefcJhonfh ckepfv? &Spfv avmufu NrdKYay:rSm
trnf;pufwck
jzpfcJhzl;onf/
*Refya&mh(uf)wf\
ZeD;
t,fvDZbufu tvkyfjzKwf ypfvdkufNyD; armif;xkwf vdkufjcif;udk
cHcJh&\/ taMumif;rSm olYa,mufsm; *RefESihf azmufjyef rdaomaMumifh
5

jzpfonf/ *Refonf cPwjzKwf tufbD\ qGJaqmifrI aemufodkY

ygcJhzl;onf rSef\/ odkYaomf olonf olY ZeD;ESifh om;
ESpfa,muftay: *kpdkuf cspfjrwfEdk;ol jzpfonf/ ,cktcg tufbD\
qGJaqmifrIrS kef;xGuf EdkifcJhNyD/ tufbD uawmh *RefYtay:rSm pGJvrf;
aeqJ? arQmfvifh aeqJ jzpfonf/
yg;&pf (pf) onf bDAmvDNrdKUrS w&m;a&; 0efxrf; bkef;BuD;
*Refa[;vftm; NrdKUodkY vma&mufNyD; orD;udk Munfhay;&ef
qifhac:xm;onf/
odkYaomf usifemwwfaom tzGm;tdk &Dbufumemh (pf) u 'tfbDtm;
ppfaq;&if; MuifempGm ESpfodrfh acsmhjrL&if;u tjzpfonf
pkef;ua0ESifh rywfoufaMumif; odoGm;\/ rdef;uav;onf
aMumuf&GHU wkefvIyf aejcif;om jzpfonf/ yg;&pftm; &Dbufum
uyif azsmif;zs\/ udp twGuf pdk;&drfp&m r&SdaMumif;? udprsKd;
twGuf rdrd udk,fudkom tjypfw if oifhNyD; bmrqdkifonfh
raumif;qdk;0g; pkef;wa p udk vTJrcs apvdkaMumif; &Sif;jy\/
*Refonf tjyefwGif tufbDESifh qHkawGY\/ tufbD taMumif;
odaeaom *Refu NyHK; EIwfqufum 'g rif;peuf r[kwfvm; [k
ar;onf/ tufbDu 0efcHonf/ pkef; wa p ESifh rqdkif? tazhudk
aMumufvdkY jzpfoGm;wm? bmpkef;rS ryl;ygbl;[k ajym\/ xdkYaemuf
*Reftm; wrf;rufpGm jrLqG,f\/ *Refonf tufbDh xHrS a&SmifxGuf
oGm;onf/
bDAmvD NrdKUrS *Refa[;vf a&mufvmonf/ vli,f wa,mufyJ
jzpf\ / rsufpduef; ,HkMunfwwfaom c&pf,mef bkef;BuD; w&m;a&;
tzGJU0ifawmh r[kwf/ todmPf &SdyHk pOf;pm; qifjcif vdkyHk &onf/
'ufbD udka&m? k (of) udka&m ppfaq; MunfhIonf/ tufbDwdkY
6

awmxJrSm uMu? 0dnmOf ac:Muonfudk odoGm;onf/ xdktcsufudk

ay:vGifatmif ppfar;\/
uHk yJvm;? rD;zdk zdkao;vm;[k ar;onf/ yg;&pf (p) u rD;zdkudk ol
awGYcJh&aMumif; 0ifajzonf/
xdkYaemuf a[;vfu awmxJ oGm;cJhonfh rdef;uav; tm;vHk;udk
qifhac:\/ b,fol acgif;aqmifvJ? rD;zdkay:u jyKwftkd;xJu
t&nfawG b,fol aomufovJ? b,folu arSmftwwfudk
pD&ifovJ ar;cGef;awG ar;\/ rdef;uav; wcsKdUu tufbDtm;
vSrf;Munfhonf/ tufbDu rdrd r[kwfaMumif; aMumuf&GHUpGm
jiif;qdk&if; wDusLbm [k pGyfpGJ vdkufonf/
tef;yGwfwferfu igxifom;yJ [k 0if rSwfcsufcs\/
tjypftm;vHk; wDusLbmhxH a&mufoGm;onf/ wDusLbmonf
yxrawmh jiif;y,f\/ rdrdonf b,f raumif;qdk;0g; udkrS
rjrifbl;yg? ac:vnf; rac:yg? bufwDudk jyKpm;onf r[kwfyg?
rdrdonf bufwDudk cspfygonf/
yg;&pf (p) u wDusLbmudk usmyGwfjzifh dkufESuf ppfaq;um 0efcH
cdkif;\/ wDusLbmu arSmftwwf pD&ifjcif;rSm rdrd oabmt&
r[kwfbJ tufbDu vkyfcdkif; aomaMumifh[k ajymvdkufonf/
tufbDu wkefvIyfpGm ol nmaewm [k atmf[pf avonf/
wu,fvnf; tufbDu *Refya&mh (uf) wm qDrS tcspf rdrdqD
jyefa&mufvmatmif &nf&G,fcsuf yg0ifaeonf/ pkef;udk ,Hkwm
7

r,Hkwmu wjcm;? qEu wjcm; jzpfonf/ odkYaomf tufbDu

rdrdxH OD;wnf vmaeaom jrm;OD;udk wDusLbmxH uRrf;usifpGm
jyefydkYvdkuf\/ wDusLbmtm; r[kwf rrSefaom pGyfpGJcsuf rsm;jzifh
atmf[pf aeaomtcg wDusLbmu wtHhwMo aMuuGJoGm;\/ rif;
bmjzpfvdkY r[kwfwmawG pGyfpGJ &wmvJ [k ar;onf/
a[;vfu wDusLbmtm; rif; bmjzpfvdkY raumif;qdk;0g;eJY yl;aygif;
&wmvJ [k ar;onf/ rdef;uav;u jiif;qdk onfhtcg yg;&pf (p)
u usmyGwfjzifh &ufpufpGm dkufjyef\/ vdrfae&if aowJhtxd
dkufrSm[k ajymao;\/ emusifatmif dkufESuf ESdyfpufNyD;rS rcsdwifuJ
cHpm;&ol\ EIwfzsm;rS xGufvmaom 0efcH pum;udk rsufpdrSwf
,HkMunfolrsm; xJwGif yg;&pf (pf) yg0if aeonf/
xdkenf;jzifh trSefw&m; wckudk &&Sd vdrfhrnf[k ol b,fvdkrsm;
xif&ufygvdrfh/ uRefr pOf;pm; r&ay/
vlwdkif; vlwdkif;onf emusifrIudk aMumuf&GHY Muonf/ emusifrIudk
b,folrS &ifrqdkif &JMuay/ emusifrIaMumifh 0efcH vdkuf&aom
ajzmifhcsufrsm;wGif b,fESpf &mcdkifEIef;u trSm;awG jzpfaervJ? ol
awG;zl;&JYvm; rod/
wDusLbmonf
vljzLudk
rkef;wD;pdwf?
rdrd\
uRefb0
vGwfajrmufvdkpdwf? tonf;cdkufpGm emusif cHpm;rIudk oufom
vdkpdwfwdkY yl;aygif;vsuf rkom; wckudk yHkjyif ozG,f Zmwfvrf;qif
ajymjy vdkufonf/
raumif; qdk;0g;udk rdrd awGY&aMumif; olonf rdrdudk b,fvdk
qGJaqmifaMumif;yif jzpfonf/ olu &Sifhudk owfzdkY uRefrudk
8

wdkufwGef; aecJhwm/ 'gayrJh uRefru &Sifhudk rrkef; ygbl;vdkY

ajymvdkufw,f/ olYtwGuf tvkyf vkyfay; &r,f/ 'gqdk&if uRefr
uRefb0u vGwfajrmufatmif ol vkyfay;r,f wJh/ uRefr NrdKU&Sd&m
uRefr jyefoGm; Edkifatmif vkyfay; rSmwJh/ aemufNyD; ajymao;w,f/
wDusLbm 'DrSm Munfhprf;? igESihf twl vljzLawG ygvmw,fwJh/
vlpk xJrS tef;onf rdrdxifaom emrnf wck ESpfckjzifh ar;\/
qm&m atmhpfbGef; ygovm;/
ygw,f[k wDusLbmu ajzonf/
xdktcsdefrSm rxl;awmhNyD jzpf tufbD uvnf; 0efcHonf/ olYxH
raumif;qdk;0g; a&mufvmaMumif;? raumif;qdk;0g; ESifhtwl qm&m
atmpfbGef;udk jrifaMumif; atmf[pf a&&Gwf\/ rdef;uav;awG
wa,mufwayguf atmf[pfum emrnfawGudk zGifhajym Muonf/
tajctaeonf kwfw&uf ajymif;vJ oGm;\/ om,m at;csrf;aom
NrdKUuav;onf raumif;qdk;0g; pkef;ua0 wdkY\ vufwGif;odkY
a&mufaeNyD[k xif&aom tajctae jzpfvmonf/ pkef;yl; cH&onf[k
,lq &aom rdef;uav; wdkY\ EIwfzsm;rS emrnf a&&Gwf cH&aom
olonf pke;f jzpfoGm;&\/ rdef;uav; wdkY\ aoG;l; aoG;wef;
a&&GwfrIonf um,uH&Sif twGuf BudK;rdefY ao'Pfyif jzpfonf/
ae&mwGif vlawG\ odk;pdwf [k ac:Edkifaom pdwfwrsKd; taMumif;
uRefr owd& oGm;onf/ ysOf;rem; NrdKUrS uRefr av;pm; cspfcifaom
uAsmq&m wOD;u uRefrtm; odk;pdwf taMumif; ol aqmif;yg;
9

a&;OD;rnf[k ajymcJhzl; ygonf/ odk; qdkonfrSm tjypf uif;pifjcif;\

edrdwfyHk ow0g wOD; jzpfovdk tjcm; wzufrSm xHkxdkif; EHktrI\
edrdwfyHkvnf; jzpfonf/ odk;tkyf wckwGif a&SYrS odk;waumif uom
ajcvSrf; pwif vSrf;vdkufzdkY? vrf;wckudk pvdkufzdkY vdkonf/
olYaemufu wjcm; odk;awG vdkufvmrSmyJ/ rdrd oGm;aeonfh vrf;[m
rSefovm; rSm;ovm;? oGm;oifh ovm; roGm; oifhbl;vm;
b,faumifrS pOf;om; raecJh? b,faumif urSvnf; odk;tkyf\
tjyifodkY kef;xGuf azmufxGuf ajcvSrf; vSrf;zdkY pdwful; r&SdcJh/
tE&m,f &Sdonfh vrf;vm;? ab;uif;onfh vrf;vm; pOf;pm;
csifhcsdefrIvnf; r&cJh/ ajcvSrf; awGudk wa&GUa&GUESifh vSrf;oGm;rSmyJ?
b,fa&mufa&muf b,faygufayguf/ odk;tkyf\ ajcvSrf; twGuf
a&SYqHk; odk;\ ajcvSrf; wckyJ vdkonf .. wJh/
xHkxdkif; terIaMumifhvnf; jzpfEdkifonf/ 4if;rSmvnf; vTrf;rdk;
cH&rIaMumifh jzpfvdrfhrnf/ ab;tE&m,f wpHkw&mudk aMumufvefYjcif;
r&SdbJESifhyif odk;pdwfonf vlawGudk awGa0pdwf? xifa&mif xifrSm;
pdwfrsm; 0ifatmif wGef;ydkY Edkifonf jzpf&m tE&m,f wpHkwck
usa&mufrnf qdkvQifawmh tJonfvdk vlrsKd;onf ESpfcg jyefawmif
pOf;pm; rdrSm r[kwf/ a&SYqHk;vl vSrf;onfh ajcvSrf; twdkif; rSm;rSm;
rSefrSef vdkufawmhrSmyJ/
tck kyf&Sif Zmwfum;rS tapcH rdef;uav; onfvnf; tufbD\
vTrf;rdk;rIaMumifh wnD wnGwfwnf; vdkufyg aqmif&Guf avonf/
olwdkY tm;vHk; raumif; qdk;0g;udk rdrd wu,f jrifcJhMu av[efjzifh
rl;arh vJusMu\/ olwdkYonf todpdwfjzifh [efaqmifaejcif;
r[kwfEkdif/ tJonfavmuf txd olwdkY\ todmPf r&ifhusufay/
jzpfEdkifonfrSm olrsm; a,mifvdkY vdkufa,mifonfh awmifrSef;
ajrmufrSef; rodonfh tEHk ttr av;awGom jzpfvdrfhrnf/ touf
tE&m,fESifh emusifrI tE&m,fudk aMumuf&GHYaom tcg olwdkYonf
tufbD vIyf&Sm; ovdkyif vdkufvIyf&Sm; avonf/
10

onfvdk ESifhyif NrdKUrS w&m;olBuD; *dkPf;csKyfBuD;rsm;udk ac:,l w&m;

ppfaq;&onf/ qm&m*G'f [laom tbGm;BuD;u jyKpm;rdaMumif;
tjypf 0efcHNyD; rdrdudk,fudk bk&m;ocif a&SYarSmuf tyfonf/ olYudk
BudK;'PfrS vGwfNidrf;cGifh ay;\/ qm&m atmpfbGef; [laom
olawmif;pm; rBuD; uawmh rdrdonf pkef; r[kwfaMumif;? b0rSm
raumif; qdk;0g;udk wcgrS rjrifbl;aMumif; jiif;qdkonf/ wpwp
pkef;[k pGyfpGJ cH&olawG rsm;rsm; vm\/ vlwdkYonf wkefvIyf
aMumufvefYrIrS txifvGJrIawG? pGyfpGJrIawG jzpfvm\/ &Dbuf
umemhpfvdk Muifemonfh tbGm;BuD; yifvQif pkef;[k pGyfpGJ cH&onf/
*Refya&mh (uf) wm\ tdrfeD;csif; cifrifol rdwfaqG trsKd;orD;
rmomudk pkef;[k pGyfpGJ cH&onf/ aemufqHk; *Ref\ ZeD; t,fvD
Zbufudk pkef;[k pGyfpGJ vmonf/
bDAmvD NrdKUrS *Refa[;vfu *Refya&mh (uf) wm udkawmh av;pm;\/
*RefwdkY rdom;pktm; c&pf,mef bmomudk qefYusif olrsm;[k pGyfpGJ
cJh&rI twGuf oludk,fwdkif tdrf vdkufvmNyD; ppfaq; ar;jref;onf/
*Refonf c&pf,mef bmomudk rsufuG,f jyKonf r[kwfbJ bkef;BuD;
yg;&pf (p) udkom rMunfndk vdkol jzpfaMumif; a[;vf odoGm;onf/
*Ref\ ajymjycsuf t& yg;&pf (p) onf avmb &rufBuD;NyD;
rajzmifhrSefol wOD; jzpfonf/ rdrd\ om;ESpfa,muf ESpfjcif;
c&pf,mef bmom r0if apjcif;rSm xdk bkef;BuD;\ vufjzifh rdrd om;
ESpfa,mufudk rxd rudkif apvdk aomaMumifh jzpfonf/
*Refya&mh (uf) wm wdkY rdom;pk twGuf uHqdk; rdk;arSmif usapaom
tcsufrSm olwdkY\ tapcHrav; ar&D udp xJwGif yg0if ywfouf
aejcif; jzpfNyD;? ar&Donf tufbDudk rvGefqef Edkifjcif;yif jzpfonf/
ar&Donf rdrd t&Sif ocifr t,fvDZbuf twGuf wwfEdkif orQ
tumtuG,f ay;cJhygonf/ odkYaomf yg;eyf aumufuspfaom
tufbDu t,fvD Zbufudk pkef;[k tpGyftpGJ cH&atmif?
oufaovnf; cdkifvHkatmif aqmif&Guf vdkuf\/ ar&Du olYocifr
11

t,fvDZbuf twGuf udk,fwdkif csKyfvkyf vufaqmif ay;aom

t0wfkyf uav;rS tp jyKonf/ xdk tkyf uav;udk csKyfNyD;aemuf
vufpowf vdkufaom tcsdefwGif tufbDu ar&D\ ab;
&Sdaeonf/ ar&Du tyfudk wa,mufa,muftm; rpl; rdap&ef tkyf
uav;\ atmufydkif; wae&m xdk;pdkuf odrf;xm; vdkufonf/
xdktkyfrS tyfpdkuf&m ae&mtwdkif; rdrd\ 0rf;Adkufudk rdrd pl;jzifh
cyfwdrfwdrf azmufum rdrdtm; tdyfaysmf aepOf t,fvD Zbufu
vmvkyf oGm;aMumif; w&m;olBuD; awGtm; wdkifonf/
t,fvD ZbufwdkY tdrfodkY wm0ef&Sd yk*dKvfrsm; vma&muf &SmazG
ppfaq;aom tcg t0wfkyfudk awGYoGm;\/ t,fvD Zbuf pkef;r
tjzpf tzrf; cH&onf/
t,fvD Zbufonf tvGef pdwfaumif; &Sdonfh ZeD;onf wOD;? rdcif
wOD;? trsKd;orD; wOD; jzpfonf/ &GmxJwGif pkef;ua0 yl;0ifrI
taMumif; ajymae uwnf;u tufbDu *Reftm; ajymjy xm;onfh
awmxJrS uckefrI? pkef; ua0ESifh bmrS rywfoufaom [efaqmifrI
taMumif; w&m;Hk;rSm xGufqdkzdkY wdkufwGef; cJh\/ vlawG\
toufudk taMumif;rJh rqHk;IH; apvdkaom apwem jzpfonf/
odkYaomf *Refu usawmh tufbD xdkpum;udk rdrdtm; ajymcJhonfrSm
rSef\? odkYaomf ESpfa,mufcsif; ajympum;om jzpf oufao
vdkufrnfhol r&Sd/ xdkYjyif rdrdESifh tufbD wBudrfwcg azmufjyef
cJhzl;aomaMumifh tufbDEiS fh ywfoufvQif wwfEdkif orQ
a&Smifvdkonf/
rdrd ZeD;yg ao'Pf usrnfh ta&; jzpfvmaom tcg *Ref a&SmifvTJ
raeEdkif awmhay/ tufbDrSm rdrd\ ZeD;tm; aoap vdkonfh qE
&SdaMumif; oufao jyzdkY vdkvmonf/ tapcH rav; ar&Dtm;
trSefudk xkwfazmf tppfcH&ef tm;ay; wdkufwGef;NyD; w&m;Hk;odkY
ac:vmonf/ oludk,fwdkifvnf; tufbDESifh rSm;,Gif; cJhzl;aMumif;?
12

t,fvD Zbufu tufbDtm; tvkyfrS xkwfypf cJhzl;aMumif;

tppfcHonf/ rdrd *kPf odumudk umuG,f raebJ trSeftwdkif;
zGifhcsjcif;jzifh ZeD;\ toufudk u,fwifjcif; jzpfonf/
w&m;olBuD;u t,fvD Zbuftm; *Ref\ azmufjyefrIESifh ywfouf
ppfaq; ar;jref;onf/ t,fvD Zbufu rdrd cifyGef;\ *kPf
odumudk xdef;ay; vdkojzifh rdrd pdwf taESmifht,Suf jzpf& onfrSm
rSefygonf/ odkYaomf wu,f azmufjyefcJhwm r[kwfyg[k
xGufqdkonf/ vifr,m; ESpfa,muf wa,mufudk wa,muf
oufnmrIonf trIudk ydk av;oGm; ap\/
odkYaomf tapcH rav; ar&Dtm; w&m;olBuD; tzGJYu Mum;em
ygonf/ ar&Donf tufbDwdkY [efaqmif aejcif; jzpfonf[k tppf
cHonf/ wa,mufu 'gjzifh [efaqmif rl;vJvdkY &w,faygh? rif;
rl;arh vJjyprf;[k cdkif;onf/ ar&Donf rl;vJzdkY b,fvdkrS rwwfEkdifbJ
&Sdaeonf/
aemufqHk; ar&Donf tufbD bufodkY jyefyg oGm;NyD; *Refya&mh (uf)
wmudk raumif; qdk;0g; tjzpf pGyfpGJ\/ *Reftm; c&pfawmfudk
qefYusifol tjzpf bkef;BuD; tkyfpku pGyfpGJ vdkufonf/ tjypf 0efcH
cdkif;onf/ *Refu 0ef rcHay/
cifAsm; wdkY[m aumif;uifbHk&JU jrifhjrwfrIudk tqifhedrfh oGm;atmif
qGJcs aewm? jynfhwefqmr wa,muf udkawmh csD;jrifh ay;aew,f?
usKyf ajymvdkufr,f? bk&m; ocif[m aooGm;NyD/ xdk pum;jzifh
*Refonf raumif; qdk;0g; tjzpf aocsmayguf ,HkMunf vufcH
vdkuf& awmhonf/ *Ref tzrf; cH&jcif;udk tufbD rMunfh &ufay/
tufbDonf *Ref udkawmh pGJvrf;pGm cspfrdonf/
13

aemufwaeY BudK;ay; cH&awmhrnfh *Reftm; ao'PfrS vGwfatmif

tufbDu wdwfwqdwf BuHpnf\/ yg;&pf (pf) tdrfrS aiGrsm;udk
cdk;0Suf ,lum *Ref &Sd&m axmifxJodkY vmawGYonf/ axmif tapmifhudk
vmbf xdk;&ef rdrdrSm aiGawG ygvmaMumif;? ,ck nwGif abmhpfwGefrS
xGufcGmrnfh oabFm wpif; &SdaMumif;? tJonf oabFm &Sd&m olr
vdkufvm cJhrnf? twl xGufajy; Murnf[k ajymonf/ odkYaomf *Refu
emMunf; pdwfukefpmG rwkefrvIyf &Sdaeonf/ ol rvdkufay/
rif;eJU ig jyefawGU &r,fh ae&mu oabFm wpif;ay:rSm
r[kwfygbl;? i&J rSmyJ jyefawGU Mu&rSmaygh[k ajzvdkufonf/
*Ref rvdkufaom tcg tufbDu xdkaiGjzifh xGufajy; ajymufuG,f
oGm;onf/
w&m;olBuD; tzGJYxJrS wcsKdUu *Ref? rmomESifh &DbufumwdkY
oHk;OD;tm; ,aeYeHeuf BudK;ay;rnfh tpDtpOfudk oHk;&ufavmuf
qdkif;xm;zdkY tBuH ay;\/ olwdkY oHk;a,mufonf NrdKUvlxku cspfcif
av;pm; cH&olrsm; jzpfonf/ vlxk tay: MoZm oufa&mufrI
&Sdonf/ olwdkYtm; BudK;ay;jcif;onf rdrdwdkY twGuf odyfraumif; [k
axmufjyonf/ xdktcg tm;vHk; wdkifyifvsuf *Reftm; tjypfrS 0efcH
cdkif;rnf[k qHk;jzwf Muonf/
w&m;olBuD; wdkY\ vkyf&yfudk wpxuf wp rausvnf vmaom
*Refa[;vfonf tzGJYrS EkwfxGuf vdkuf\/ odkYaomf *Reftm;
ao'PfrS vGwfajrmufa&; twGuf ulnD csifaomaMumifh t,fvD
Zbuftm; *RefYudk azsmif;zs cdkif;onf/ tjypf 0efcH vdkufNyD;
bk&m;ocif\ tvif;a&mif atmufodkY cdkvHIvQif ao'PfrS
vGwfNidrf;cGifh jyKrnf jzpfaMumif; ajymjy\ rkom; pum;av;
14

enf;enf; ajymvdkufHkeJY toufu vGwfrSm? t,fvDZbuf .. rif;

azsmif;zs jyyg a[;vf udk,fwdkifu pkef;[k tjypf 0efcs
awmif;yefjcif;onf trSefw&m; r[kwf? rkom; ajzmifhcsuf rsm;om
jzpfonf [k vufcH xm;avonf/
t,fvD Zbufu bm uwdrS ray;bJ cifyGef;ESifh ESpfa,mufcsif;
awGYcGifhom awmif;\/ ESpfa,mufcsif; awGU&aom tcg *Refu tjypf
0efcH&ef ol pOf;pm; cJhzl;aMumif; zGifhajymonf/ olawmfpif
wa,mufvdk ig b,fvdk vkyfNyD; [efaqmif ZmwfuGuf qifEdkifrvJ?
ig udk,fwdkifu tjypfu if;wJh aumifrS r[kwfwm? igh dk;om;rI[m
usKd;ysuf cJhNyD;NyDav? olwdkYudk tJ'D rkom;eJY 0efcs awmif;yef
vdkufwm[m bm xl;jcm; EdkifrSm rdkYvJ/
'gayrJh tckxdawmh &Sif 0efrcs ao;ygbl;aemf/
tJ'gu igh&JY emMunf; pdwfaMumifhyguGm/
xdkYaemuf olwdkY ESpfa,muf emusifpGm &,fvdkuf Muavonf/
t,fvD Zbufu rdrd rSmvnf; tjypf ruif;aMumif;? cifyGef;\
wPSm &ruf azmufjyefrIonf ZeD;onf\ at;puf rIrsm;aMumifh
jzpfay: wwfjcif; jzpfojzifh rdrd tjypf ygyJ[k jyefvnf
awmif;yef\/ ESpfa,mufom; wOD;udk wOD; wif;usyfpGm zufayGY
EIwfquf Muonf/ *Refonf rdrd toufudk ydk ydk cspfvm\/
rdrd\ rkom; ajzmifhcsufav; wcGef;jzifh rdrdwdkY ZeD; armifESH
ESpfa,muf vGwfNidrf; csrf;ompGm tdrfjyef Mu& awmhrnfh ta&;udk ol
b,fvdkrS acgif;rmpGm rjiif;y,f EdkifbJ &Sdae\/ olonf
kwfw&ufyif qHk;jzwfcsuf wck csvdkufonf/

15

usKyf..touf&Sif aecsifw,f [k today; vdkufonf/

w&m;olBuD;ESifh a[;vfwdkY oufom&m &oGm;onf/ ol 0efcHcsuf
vufrSwfxdk;&ef uavmifwH? riftdk; o,fvm\/ tjypf 0efrcHaom
rmomESifh &Dbufum wdkYtm; BudK;pif &Sd&modkY o,faqmif oGm;rnfh
jrif;vSnf;udk teD;rSm &yfae aponf/
awGYvm;? cifAsm;wdkY tjypf 0efcH rvm; w&m;olBuD; tzGJYrS
wa,mufu vSrf;ar;onf/ tbG;BuD; ESpaf ,mufonf enf;enf;rS
raMumuf&GYHay/ odkYaomf *Ref\ tjzpftwGuf olwdkY ,drf;,dkif
oGm;Muonf/
*Ref rif; tJ'Dvdk r[kwf&bl; [k rcsd wifuJ a&&Gwf nnf;nL Mu\/
*Refonf wGefYqkwf awGa0pGm rsuf&nf awGawG us&if; *Refya&mh
(uf) wm[k vufrSwf a&;xdk; vdkuf\/ t,fvD Zbufonf
awGa0pGm ai;arm aeonf/ *Ref\ touf twGuf olronf
tenf;i,frQ wdkufwGef;jcif;? qHk;jzwfjcif; rjyK vkyfcJhay/
*Refonf vufrSwf xdk;NyD; oGm;aom pm&Gufudk w&m;olBuD;tm;
ay;zdkY wGefYqkwf ae\/ pm&Gufudk pkqGJ xm;vdkufonf/
usKyf 0efcH NyD;NyD? usKyf tjypfawG b,favmuf BuD;rm;w,f qdkwm
bk&m;ocif todyg? 'Dpm&Gufudk bk&m;ausmif;rSm ruyfygeJY/
ol idkaMuG; avonf/
usKyf[m oli,fcsif; rdwfaqG awGudk a&mif;pm; cJhw,f qdk&if usKyf&JY
om;awGudk avmu xJrSm ajcvSrf; vSrf;wwf? touf&Sif
16

wwfatmif b,fvdk enf;eYJ oifay; EdkifyghrvJ? 'Dpm&Gufudk

bk&m;ausmif;rSm oHdkuf uyfvdkuf&if usKyf[m tJ'D rdwfaqG awGudk
t&Suf &ap awmhr,f? olwdkYu wdwfwdwf aecJhvdkY BudK;ay; cH&wJh
olawG/
pm&Gufonf tjypf 0efcHrI twGuf oufao jzpfonf[k
w&m;olBuD;u ajymonf/ pm&Gufudk awmif;onf/ *Refu ray;/
cifAsm;u Hk;awmf&JU *dkPf;csKyfyJ? cifAsm;&JU pum;[m oufao ygyJ/
olwdkYudk cifAsm; ajymjy Edkifom;yJ? ajymjy vdkufyg? *Ref ya&mh (uf)
wm wa,muf 'l;axmuf tnHhcHNyD; rdef;r wa,mufvdk idkcJhw,f
qdkwm ajymjy vdkufaygh? usKyf emrnf udkawmh tJ'DrSm r&Sd apcsifbl;/
bmaMumifhvJ? rif;vGwf oGm;NyD;wJh tcg 'D 0efcHru
I dk jiif;csif
vdkYvm;/
usKyf bmudkrS rjiif; csifygbl;/
'gjzifh rif; emrnfudk tJ'DrSm ruyf apcsifwJh taMumif; &Sif;jyprf;/
bmjzpf vdkYvJ qdkawmh tJ'g usKyf emrnf jzpfae vdkYyJ? bmjzpf vdkYvJ
qdkawmh usKyf nmNyD; vufrSwf xdk;cJhvdkYyJ? bmjzpf vdkYvJ qdkawmh
cifAsm;wdkY BudK;ay; owfvdkufwJh olawG&JY ajczsm;u zkefrIefY
avmufawmifrS usKyf[m wefzdk; r&Sd vdkYyJ? cifAsm;udk usKyf&JY 0dnmOf
wckvHk; ay;NyD;NyDyJ? 'D emrnf av;awmh xm;cJhyg/

17

w&m;olBuD; pdwf r&Snf awmhay/

'Dpm&Gufudk ighudk ay;&if ay;? ray;&if rif;udk BudK;pif uae ig
ru,fEdkifbl;? rif; b,fvrf;udk vdkufcsifvJ? BudKufwJh vrf;udk a&G;/
aemufqHk;awmh *Refonf rdrd vufrSwf xdk;xm;aom 0efcs
awmif;yefonfh pm&Guftm; qkwfNzJ ypfvdkuf avonf/
t,fvD Zbufonf rsufESmudk vuf0g;jzifh tkyfvsuf rcsdwifuJ
idkaMuG; vdkuf\/ *Refonf rmomESifh &Dbufum wdkY\ vSnf;ay:odkY
ygoGm;onf/
olwdkY oHk;a,mufonf trSefw&m; twGuf acgif;rmpGm taocH
oGm;Muonf/
vlaygif; (19) a,mufudk BudK;ay; owfNyD;aom tcgusrS xdk
pkef;ua0 &SmazGrIBuD; &yfwefY oGm;cJhonf/ tpGyfpGJ cH&ol wdkYonf
raMumuf r&GHYyif trSefw&m;udk qkyfudkif vmMuonf/ rdrd touf
vGwfNidrf; csrf;omcGifh twGuf ajzmifhcsuf vdrfrsm; ray;bJ
jiif;qdk&if; wpxuf wp? wzGJYxuf wzGJY rsm;jym; vmaom tcg
aemufqHk; w&m; pD&ifrIBuD; tqHk;owf oGm;&awmhonf/
The Last of The Mohican Zmwfum;wGif

Murf;wrf;aom? &J&ifhaom
rkqdk;BuD; tjzpf okyf aqmifcJhaom 'ifeD,,fvf a'vl;0pf (pf)
onf? ]The Age of Innocent] wGif txufwef;vTm a&SYae uav;
tjzpf? ]In My Fathers Name] wGif t*FvdyfwdkY\ aumufuspf
&ufpufrIaMumifh tdkif,mvef ajymufMum; b0odkY tvdktavsmuf
18

ajymif;oGm;aom tjypfrJh tdkif,mvef vli,f tjzpf okyfaqmif

yDjyifcJh\/
Zmwfum;wGif rdrd toufESifh rdrd\ aumif;jrwfaom jzpfwnfrI
ESpfck tMum; bmudk a&G;cs,f &rSef; rodatmif emusifrIESifh a'go
trsuf zdpD;rI 'Pfudk cHcJh&onfh awm&Gm v,form; wa,muf
tjzpf yDjyifpGm okyfaqmif xm;ygonf/
0DEdkem dkuf'gonf cgwdkif; awGYaeus cspfp&m oli,fr wOD; toGifrS
yg;eyf aumufuspfaom rdef;rv,f uav;? tcspf twGuf
l;rdkufaom rdef;ri,fav; tjzpf okyf aqmifcJhonf/
JoanAllen uvnf;

wnfMunfNyD; trSm; uif;aom trsKd;orD; wOD;

tjzpf? opm&Sdaom ajzmifhrSefaom ZeD; t,fvD Zbuf tjzpf
okyfaqmif EdkifcJhonf/
Zmwfum; NyD;oGm;aom tcg tajz wck ay;oGm; aomfvnf; xdk
tajzonf tm;vHk; twGuf oabmwlp&m [kwfcsifrS [kwfrnf/
'gu vlwa,muf csif;\ udk,fusifh odum? aMumuf&GHYpdwf?
toufudk jrwfEdk;pdwfESifh trSefw&m; tay: tjrif uGmjcm;rI wdkYESifh
oufqdkif onf[k uRefr xifygonf/ bmyJ jzpfjzpf uRefrwdkY
acgif;xJodkY jyemudk xnfhay; Edkifaom tmom ar;vm;ESifh
jyefvnf azmfxkwf ay;Edkifaom eDudkvwfpf [pf (wf) emudk csD;usL;
&ayvdrfhrnf/
(trSwf 83? [efopf r*Zif; 1997 Edk0ifbm)

19

jywif;ayguf
ol tdrfjyefa&mufaomtcg olYZeD;udk awGYawGYcsif; wpfckcak wmY rSm;aeNyD[k olov
d kduf\/
olYZeD;\rsufESmtrlt&mrSm yHkrSef r[kwfyg/ olu vluJcwf aumif;onfYtjyif olYZeD;u
[efaqmifrInHYzsif;vSaomaMumifY olrpdwfwiG f; cHpm;csuf awmfawmfrsm;udk ol tjrJ &dyfrdavY&Syd gonf/
,aeYn olUudk MudKqdkaom ZeD;\tjyHK;rSm avsmY&davsmY&J jzpfaeonf/
]qmNyDvm; . . . at; . . . aqm&D;uGm? udk,f um;wpfpD; oGm;MunfYaevdkY }
olr olYudk bmrS jyefrajymyg/ olvSrf;ay;vdkufaom vufqGJtdwftjym;uav;udk Hk;pm;yGJ&S&d modkY oGm;xm;&if;
tvkyfIycf sif[efaqmifae\/ ol pdwfxifYceJ jzpfoGm;onf/ olYudk aemufausmcdkif;xm;aom ZeD;\ rsufESmudk
jrif&onftxd ol rwfwwf&yf apmifYMunfYaevdkufonf/ cPMumawmY ol&yfMunfYaerSef; rodaom
ZeD;onfu onfbuf vSnYf vmonf/ xdkrsufESmudk ol trdt& jrifvdkuf&\/
olr olYudk pdwfaumufaejcif;r[kwyf g/ olronf wpfpHw
k pf&mudk ESajrmwoaeolwpfOD;\ ,lusHK;r&
rsufESmrsdK; jzpfaeNyD; xdkrsufESmudk ol&dyfrrd Sm pdk;&drfaeonf/ ol vSrf;MunfYaerSef; odoGm;aomtcg
uysmu,mrsufESmvTJvdkufaom rsufvHk;rsm;wGif cdk;aMumifcdk;0Suf [efwpfrsdK;yg0ifaeonf/ xdkrsufvkH;rsm;wGif
pdwfnpfnL;rIudkvnf; ol owdxm;rdjyefonf/ ol bmrS r&dyfrdovdv
k SnYf xGufvmcJY\/
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8

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9

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10

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11

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12

Credit: pretty princess [Native Myanmar]

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rdef;rESpfa,muf

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El;nhHae\/
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pmrsufESm (1)

*sL;

rdef;rESpfa,muf

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pmrsufESm (2)

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pmrsufESm (3)

*sL;

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pmrsufESm (4)

*sL;

rdef;rESpfa,muf

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pmrsufESm (5)

*sL;

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pmrsufESm (6)

*sL;

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pmrsufESm (7)

*sL;

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cspfjcif;\tEkynmESifh0wKwdkrsm;

pmrsufESm (8)

*sL;

rdef;rESpfa,muf

wpfa,mufwnf;vmrS ol owdxm;rdavmufatmif uRefrwdkY ESpfa,mufu

rsufvHk;csif; qHkypfvdkufMuawmhonf/ xdktcg olu uRefrwdkY ESpfa,mufudk
jyHK;jyawmhrvdkvdk? pum;ajymawmhrvdkvdk Za0Z0g rsufvHk;rsm; cyfpdkufpdkufMunhfum
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rsufvHk;rsm;\

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uRefrwdkYESifh olu tjrJwrf; tzJGUcGJ rwlaomaMumifh vufcsmcsdefrS wpfyg; tjcm;
vufawGUtcsdefrsm;wGif b,fawmhrQ wpfcef;wnf; r&SdMuay/ eD;eD;uyfuyfvnf;
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wpfaeYrSmawmh uRefrwdkY xkdifaeus a&SUqHk;atmufbufcHkrsm;wGif rxdkifawmhbl;[k
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pmrsufESm (9)

*sL;

rdef;rESpfa,muf

pmoifonfudkom

tm&Hkpl;pdkufwwfaom

olu

r&dyfrday/

aemufawmh

wdk;wdk;usdwfusdwf ajymaom rdef;uav;oHrsm; Mum;&vdkYvm; rod? oljAKef;ceJ

vSnfhMunhfonf/

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ESpfa,muf

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rsufvHk;rsm;ESifh tvsif&ifqdkifrdNyD;aemuf olYrsufvHk;rsm; uRefrxH a&mufvmonf/
uRefr

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avonf/
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ajymawmh atmifu uRefrudk 0rf;yef;wenf; Munhfonf/ olr\ vufcsmpmtkyf
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jy\/
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cspfjcif;\tEkynmESifh0wKwdkrsm;

pmrsufESm (10)

*sL;

rdef;rESpfa,muf

]] aemufudk eif wpfa,mufwnf; uGufNyD; rjyHK;eJYaemf? jyHK;jyzdkY tpDtpOf

&Sd&if ighudk BudKajymxm;yg? igvJ jyHK;r,f }} wJh/
xdktcsdefrSp uRefrwdkYESifhqHkvQif jyHK;jy EIwfqufaom tavhwpfck ol &&Sd
vmcJhonf/ xdkYjyif uRefrwdkY ESpfa,muf&Sd&m vufawGUcef; odkYr[kwf vlemaqmif
odkY taMumif;r&Sd taMumif;&Sm vmwwfNyD; uRefrwdkYudk jyHK;jyavh&Sdonf/
xdkYaemuf olYrsuf0ef;rsm;wGif t"dym,f azmf&cufaom NidwG,frIwpfckudk aysmf&TifpGm
uRefrwdkY

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wpfa,mufudkwpfa,mufvnf;

tvpfray;bJ apmifhMunfhcJhMu avonf/

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qHkyif rMunfhwmvnf; rSefyg&JY? b,folYudk vdkufaewm[laom owif;
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olonf uRefrwdkYESpfa,muf wGJvmvQif jyHK;jy&if; atmifhudk yxrqHk;
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cspfjcif;\tEkynmESifh0wKwdkrsm;

pmrsufESm (11)

*sL;

rdef;rESpfa,muf

csufcsif;yif atmifhxHrS rsuf0ef;u uRefrxH a&mufvmNyD; uRefrudk pl;&SpGm

dKU,laom rsuf0ef;rsm; jzpfoGm;jyefonf/ atmifhudkMunhfaom rsuf0ef;xJrSm
jrwfEdk;rI

yg0ifvsif

uRefrudkMunhfaom

rsuf0ef;xJrSm

rufarmwrf;wrI

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ol ighudk a[m'D wpfESpftwGif; &nf;pm;pum; ajymvmap&r,f odvm; }} [k
olrudk rMumcP twnfayguf qGay;avh&Sdygonf/
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rsm;vmaomtcg uRefrwdkYESpfa,muf tjrTmnDtpfrvdk tjrJwGJae rjzpfawmhbl;[k
ESpfa,mufvHk; em;vnfvmcJhonf/ olonf uRefr a&SUwGif atmifhudk wrf;wjyzdkY
cJ,Of;vdrfhrnf

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(ESpfOD;oabmwl) cGJxGufum vufawGUprf;oyfcJhMuonf/ wpfaeYMuKHawGUorSsudk
t&if;twdkif;

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cspfjcif;\tEkynmESifh0wKwdkrsm;

pmrsufESm (12)

*sL;

NyKH;Nyvdkufaom

rdef;rESpfa,muf

olYrsuf0ef;rsm;

atmufrSm

uRefr

TwfacGoGm;awmhrwwf

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atmifhudkNrifoGm;vQif olYa&SUrSm uRefr eD;uyfpGm &dSaeygvsuf atmifwpfa,mufom
avmuwGif&Sdaeovdk ol NyKH;Ny EIwfquf oGm;Nyefavonf/ uRefrwdkY\
enf;y&d,m,fonf olYpdwfukd cGJNcm;odzkdY rpGrf;omcJhay/
onfvdkESifhyif olonf uRefrwdkYESpfa,mufudk aq;wuokdvf
oufwrf;wpfavQmufvkH; b,fa,musfm;xHrS pdwfrupm;Nzpfatmif xdef;csKyf
dKU,lpGrf;&dSaom aumifuav; NzpfcJhygonf/

cspfjcif;\tEkynmESifh0wKwdkrsm;

pmrsufESm (13)

*sL;

rdef;rESpfa,muf

- (3) uRefrwdkYcspf&aom xdkaumifuav;\ acsmrGwfvif;vufaom rsufESmESifh

awmufyaomtNyKH;udk

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tcsdKUnrsm;wGif

uRefrwkdYonf

wpfckwifwnf; ab;csif;,SOftdyfvsuf wpfa,mufvufudk wpfa,mufqkyfudkifum

rQa0cHpm;cJhzl;onf/
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acgif;cyfoGufoGuf ndwfNyrd\/
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eifxifovm;[if ... td
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uRefr

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atmifu

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atmifhtoH wkd;wdk;av;u ckdifrmNywfom;aeonf/

cspfjcif;\tEkynmESifh0wKwdkrsm;

pmrsufESm (14)

*sL;

rdef;rESpfa,muf

ig,kHygw,f atmif&m ..../ 'gayr,fh bmrSrqdkifbl; atmif&JU/

oli,fcsif;qdkwm wpfoufvkH; vufwGJoGm;vdkYrS r&bJ/ cspfolqdkwmu cifyGef;
tNzpf ,kHMunfudk;pm;xkdufolqdk&if wpfoufvkH; udk,fhab;rSm aumif;wlqkd;zuf
Muifemr,fhol atmif&JU? pdwful;r,OfcsifeYJ atmif? rwlwm ESpfckudk ,SOfMunfhNyD;
tom;vGwf tepfemcHwJh ol&Jaumif;pdwfrsdK; rarG;prf;eJY? ol eifhudkrS cspfvmNyD
qdk&if eif 'Davmufcspf&wJhvludk b,folYtwGufaMumifhrS qkH;&IH;rcHeJY odvm;/
uRefr wdk;wdwfpGm ESpfodrfhrdaomtcg atmifu tdyf&mrS xxkdifum
uRefrudk ikHYpdkufMunfhNyD; awGa0ae\/ xdkYaemuf ar;oifhrar;oifh csdefqaeykH
rsufESmxm;Nzifh uRefrudk ar;cGef;wpfck ar;ygonf/
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olYudk vufcHr,faygh ... [if/
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pdwful;,Ofwwfol r[kwfay/ wu,fwrf;awmh olYudk &,lydkifqkdifzkdYtwGuf
b,folYrsuf&nfESifh vJ&vJ&? uRefr vJ&ufygonf/ okdYaomf tNzpfrSefudk atmifhudk
zGifhraNym&ef uRefr xdef;csKyfcJh&\/ atmifhudk NyKH;Munfhum ydyd&d&d vdrf&onf/

cspfjcif;\tEkynmESifh0wKwdkrsm;

pmrsufESm (15)

*sL;

rdef;rESpfa,muf

b,fvufcHrvJ atmif&m/ apmapmuaNymwJh pum;u ighudk eif

nmp&mrvdkbl;vdkY eifodapcsifvkdY aNymvdkufwmyg? 'Dr,f Munfhprf;? olYudkig
b,favmufyJ cspfcspf b,fawmhrS r,lbl;odvm; atmif
uRefr\ vdrfvnfrI b,favmuf yDNyifovJqdkvSsif atmifhrsuf0ef;rsm;
vufueJ

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tm;&yg;&

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atmif

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rsuf&nfus &,farmrdawmhonf/
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cJhMuaom

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vTrf;rdk;xm;cJhonf/ atmif olYudk vufcHvdkufvSsifawmh uRefr emusifpGm 0rf;enf;
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r[kwf/ 'guawmh aocsmonf/ uRefrwdkY okH;a,muf\ wdwfwcdk; Nyemonf
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cspfjcif;\tEkynmESifh0wKwdkrsm;

pmrsufESm (16)

*sL;

rdef;rESpfa,muf

wm0efusNyD;?

uRefrwkdYESpfa,mufu

rEav;aq;&kHMuD;wGif

wm0efuscdsefwGif

vGrf;qGwfwozG,f&m NzpfoGm;cJhao;\/ aemuf odyfrMumrDrSmyif qkH;cef;wdkif

tNzpfokdY a&mufcJhygonf/ b,fvdkrQ arQmfvifhrxm;aom Zmwfodrf;av;Nzpfonf/
NyifOD;vGifwGif awGU&aom ausmif;q&mrav;wpfa,mufESifh ol vufxyfoGm;Ncif;
yif Nzpfygonf/
olYzdwfpmudk tNcm;oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifhtwl uRefrwdkY vufcH&&dScJhygonf/
taqmifae
aecGifh&vQif

ausmif;olb0vdk

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rSm tcef;oD;oefY r&dSaom cef;rus,fBuD;xJwGif ckwifrsm; pDwef;xm;Ncif;
NzpfaomaMumifh uRefrwdkY

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apmapmtdyf&m0if MuzkdYvnf; &Suf&GHUaeMuaomaMumifh uRefrESifh atmifonf

aq;&kH0if;xJwGif wpfa,mufvuf wpfa,mufwGJum Nznf;if;pGm vrf;avQmuf
aecJhMuonf/

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raNymrdatmif [efaqmifrsdKodyf&if; vlemESifh a&m*grsm;taMumif; [efvkyfaqG;aEG;

aecJhMuao;\/ vrf;avQmuf&if; 'l;rsm; TwfacGcsum idkcsifpdwf ay:vmvQifawmh
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cJhMuavonf/

cspfjcif;\tEkynmESifh0wKwdkrsm;

pmrsufESm (17)

*sL;

rdef;rESpfa,muf

nonf wNznf;Nznf; wdwfqdwfpGm euf&Idif;vmonf/ aemufqkH;awmh

xdef;csKyfxm;rIu NydKuGJoGm;avonf/
ol wdkYudk rcspfbl;vm;[if ... td
tufuGJaom atmifhpum;oHuav; &Suf&GHUrIrsm;pGm yg0ifaeaomaMumifh
uRefr

oem;oGm;ygonf/

atmifh

rsufESmwpfNcrf;udk

tkyfrdk;aeaom

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tcspfqdkwm

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ol wkdYudk owd&aer,fvdkY xifvm;[if
ol

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cspfjcif;\tEkynmESifh0wKwdkrsm;

pmrsufESm (18)

*sL;

rdef;rESpfa,muf

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pmrsufESm (19)

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pmrsufESm (20)

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pmrsufESm (21)

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pmrsufESm (22)

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pmrsufESm (23)

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pmrsufESm (24)

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pmrsufESm (25)

*sL;

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pmrsufESm (26)

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uRefrnDrwa,mufu oGufoGuf0ifar;onf/ ukdatmifausmfu uRefrwkdU
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rodbl;av? nusGmrvm; rodbl;
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oGm;onf/
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ckepfwef; atmifNyD
uRefr ajzvkdufonf/
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bmaMumifh GmvJ
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tJ'gvm;
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rkd;GmcswmuG
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arwmokwfukd r,kHwJhaumifu vGefqGJwJhudpukd b,fvkdrS r,kHEkdifbl;

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rkd;acgifausmfpGmu rkd;ukd ac:ay;vkdUaygh
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wkdUtxufaumif;uifukd wGef;wifay;r,f xifw,f
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rif; roa&mfeJU
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ulnDrSmaygh
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jcif;taMumif;ukd ajymjywwfygonf/
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ukdatmifausmfuawmh opmeJU ,kHMunfrItay: wefzkd;xm;ol jzpfonf/

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aysmhtdvm? ydkydkNyD; yg;vSyfvmjcif;jzpfonf/ [dkacwfu 0dkif? y'krmwdkU
rSefEdkifvGew
f dkUvnf; yg;wmygyJ/ tuFsDtjzpf abmfvDtxufrSm
yg;yg;vSyfvSyf jrif&jcif;u wrsKd; t&om ayghav/ ,ckacwfrSm
uwnf;u uRefrwdkU jrefrmrdef;uav;awG 0wfaecJhonfu
vdifqGJaqmifrISdonfh jyefUxrDawG/ oHk;awmif0wf rdef;rom;[k
qdkdk;pum; jzpf&atmifyif wu,fudk oHk;awmifrQomSdaom
t0wfjzifh
uRefrwdkU
xrD0wfcJhMuonf/
jyefUxrDonf
tuefUtowfESifhom toHk;us c&D;a&muf\/ pOf;pm;Munfhawmh
tr,fav; jyefUxrD0wf&wm awmfawmf usyfwnf;wmyJ/ aemufNyD;
ajcvSrf;vSrf;vdkU vG,fatmif 'l;qpfqDrSm csdwfjzifh wG,fcsdwfxm;vQif
vrf;avQmufonfhtcg ajcovHk;om; azG;azG;[m rjrifcsiftqHk;
jzpfvdrfhrnf/
ajcovHk;zHk;&ef
csdwfudk
ajcovHk;xdqif;NyD;
wG,fcsdwfxm;jyefawmh
vrf;avQmufonfhtcg
wHkUaES;wHkUaES;
jzpfrnf/ ajcwvSrf;udk uka#woef;wefatmif aES;auG;pGm
pdyfpdyfvSrf;ae&rnf/ jyefUxrD raumif;aom jypfcsuf aemufwckrSm
trsKd;orD;\ cg;atmufydkif; aSUydkif; jrifuGif;udk t0wfp
ESpfxyfjzifhom umuG,fay;Edkifjcif; jzpfonf/ b,frS nmodkU
ywfaom tay:vTmwxyf? 'gyJ/ [dkwkef;u ydk;xnfawGuvnf;
tyg;om; r[kwfvm;/ rjytyfonfh t&m\ ta&;taMumif;wdkUudk
odyfzHk;uG,fay;Edkifrnf rxifyg/
aemufydkif;rSm
uGif;xrDawG
0wfvmMuonf/
uGif;xrD\
aumif;usKd;awGaMumifh jzpfonf/ ajcvSrf;&wm vG,fulonf/
ajcvSrf;awmfawmf usJvdkvQif xrDtxufqifpudk pkvHk;NyD;
ajcovHk;ay:atmif
wkdwkd
0wfEdkifao;\/
SnfcsifvQif
4

txufqifydkif;udk jzefUNyD; ajcrsufpdzHk;atmif 0wfEdkifao;\/

uGif;xrD\
uRefrtBudKufqHk;
tcsufrSm
cg;atmufydkif;
aSUjrifuGif;udk awmfawmfvHkNcHKatmif zHk;ay;Edkifjcif;yifjzpfonf/
puwfrSmu t0wfp wvTmwnf;om zHk;xm;onf/ puwfxrDrSm
aS;acwfu jyefUxrDrSm atmufvTmESifh tay:vTm[k ESpfxyfjzifhom
zHk;xm;onf/ uGif;rSmu oHk;xyf U U U b,frS nmodkU ywf,laom
atmuftvTmwxyf? nmrS b,fodkU ,l csdwfaom tay:vTmu
ESpfxyf
r[kwfvm;/
tm;vHk;oHk;xyfaygh/
b,favmuf
vHkNcHKvdkufygovJ/
,ckwavm
rdef;uav;awG
yg;yg;vSyfvSyf
aysmhaysmhtdtd
t0wfprsm;udk *g0efajzmifhajzmifh tSnfuav;awG puyfuav;awG
csKyf0wfaewm jrif&onf/ t0wftqif uav;awG vSyg&JU
qef;yg&JU/ wcgwcg t0wfu yg;vdkUvm;/ csKyfwJholu
tcsKd;rusvdkUvm;/ udk,fcEmudku xifSm;aevdkUvm; rod?
aSUjrifuGif;u odyfrvSywmawG uRefr BuHK&jrif&onf/ vdif
qGJaqmifrIwmh jzpfp&mr[kwf? [m;p&myJ jzpfrnfxifonf/
uRefrudku
rdef;uav;awGESifh
ywfoufNyD;
enf;enf;rQ
ajymp&mtuGuf
rjzpfapcsifvdkUvm;
rod/
jrifvdkUawmh
odyfraumif;wm trSefygyJ/ tay:u wDSyfyGyG SnfSnfBuD;awG zHk;NyD;
0wfxm;wmjrif&vQif uRefr pdwfcsrf;om&avonf/
uRefrwdkUqDrSm
olwdkU
EdkifiHawGrSmvdk
vkyfief;cGifrSm
vdiftjrwfxkwfcH&jcif; odyfrSdbl;xifonf/ odyfrMum;&bl;qdkawmh
odyfrSdvdkU
jzpfrmS ayghaemf/
olwdkUqDrSmawmh
tvkyfSifu
tvkyforudk tom;,lwm? tjrwfxkwfwm? qwfaqmhwm?
jrLqG,fzsm;a,mif;wm cPcP Mum&zl;onf/ w&m;Hk;awGrSm
tJonfvdktrlawG trsm;BuD;yJ[k ajymjyygonf/ uRefrwdkUqDu
tpdk;&Hk;awG yk*vduHk;awGrSm tJonfh rawmfwa&mftjzpfawG
odyftoHrxGufvmay/
uRefrwdkU
rdef;rawGu
olwdkUqDu
rdef;rawGxufydkNyD; taetxdkif xdef;csKyfvdkUvm;/ uRefrwdkUqDu
a,musfm;awGu
olwdkUxufydkNyD;
udk,fusifhodumudk
wefzdk;xm;MuvdkUvm;/ odkUr[kwf trIudk &Jwdkifavmufatmif
5

owdrSdMuvdkUvm;/
SdrSmayghav/

(zsufcHxm;&)

taMumif;awmh

trsKd;rsKd;

txnfcsKyfpufHku
tvkyforav;awGqDu
rauseyf
toHrsKd;awGawmh uRefr wcgwcg Mum;&zl;yg&JU/ 'gu &mcdkifEIef;ESifh
,SOfMunfhawmh odyfrSdyg/ 'guvnf; wcsKdUu vkyfief;cGifrSm
tqifrajyrSmpdk;vdkU tvkyfvufrJh jzpfrSmpdk;vdkU? tSufuGJrSmpdk;vdkU
onf;nnf;cH NrdKodyfaecJhonfh trIawG b,favmufrsm;rSef; rod/
bwfpfum;ay:rSm rawmfwa&mf xdawGUrIawGjzifh trsKd;orD;awG
tjrwfxkwf cHaeMu&wmvnf; t&nftwGufawmh renf;vSyg?
olwdkU wkdifwmawGvnf; wcgrS uRefr rBuHKbl; rMum;bl;yg/
onfawmh
&Jpcef;rSm
wkdifcsufzGifhcH&onfh
vdifqdkif&m
tjrwfxkwfcH&rIrsm; b,favmufrsm;jym;aecJhovJ? pm&if;Z,m;
rSef;acs uRefrwdkU rodEdkifyg/ rwdkifMubl;qdkawmh odyfepfempGm
tjrwfxkwfcJhjcif;rsKd; r[kwfvdkUyJ[k pdwfajzp&m Sdygonf/
bmyJjzpfjzpf
vrf;ay:rSm
tiSm;um;ay:rSm
awGU&rnfh
a,musfm;awGonf jypfrIusL;vGef&ef tvm;tvmSdaom (potential)
pdwf"mwfydkifSifrsm; jzpfMuonfrSm trSefyJjzpfonf/ tajctaeESifh
tcsdeftcg
tcGifhta&;
oifhwifhrQwvQif
,drf;,dkifEdkifpGrf;
Sdolrsm;csnf; jzpfonfr[kwfvm;/ a,musfm;jzpfap? rdef;rjzpfap
pdwf,drf;,dkifrI
tvm;tvm
odyfruGmayr,fh
cEmaA'ESifh
ZD0kyfwnfaqmufyHk
ZD0uroabmw&m;t&
a,musfm;\
pdwf,drf;,dkifrIu
ydk
vQifjrefonfqdkwm
rdefuav;awG
oabmaygufxm;oifhonf/ uRefrwdkU rodaom a,musfm;awG\
jrifhjrwfrItay: rdrd\ vHkNcHKrIudk yHktyf ,HkMunfypfvdkufrnfhtpm;
rdrdukd,fwdkif
xdef;csKyfaSmifMuOf
jcif;jzifh
vHkNcHKrIudk
rSmazGoifhbl;vm;/ uRefrwdkUbufu wwfEdkiforQ vHkNcHKrI&xm;zdkU
rvdktyfbl;vm;/
rdrd\ pdwfqE oabmwlnDrI om,mrIrygbJ rdrd\ vdifty:rSm
tjrwfxkwf
tom;,lcH&onfhtjzpfrSm
uRefrwdkU
rdef;uav;awGtwGuf qdk;0g;wJh epfemrIyJ/ 'gxuf qdk;wmu
6

uRefrwdkUuvnf; epfemao;&JU tJ'D epfemrI[m uRefrwdkU

0wfpm;qif,ifyHk
vQyfay:avmfvDvdkU
jzpf&wmaygh[k
apmfum;olawGbufu qifajcjyEdkif avmufatmifvnf; uRefrwdkUrSm
[muGufawG Sdaer,fqdkvQif uRefrwkdUbufrS ESpfcgrem&aybl;vm;/
wcgwcg
EdkifijH cm;
kyfSifrif;orD;rsm;\
0wfpm;qif,ifyHkudkMunfhNyD; uRefrwdkU pdwftcefUroifhjzpf&onf/
olwdkUu uRefrwdkUESifh ajymif;jyef udk,ftxufydkif;udk azmfEdkiforQ
azmfzkdU BudK;pm;wDxGif jyMu\/ wcsdKU0wfxm;onfh t0wfpm;awGu
&ifom;udk enf;enf;uav; zHk;onfqdkHkuav; zHk;[efjyxm;onfh
yHkpHrsKd;/ jzpfrSjzpf&av 'gqdkvJ 0wfraeygeJUawmh wcgwnf;
cRwfyJxm;vdkufyg awmhvm; U U U [k uRefr a&Gwfrdonftxd
pdwftaESmuft,Suf jzpfcJhMu&onf/
(zsufcHxm;&)
bmaMumifhrsm;
rdrdESifh
roufqdkifonfh
a,musfm;tm;vHk;udk jycsif&wmvJ/ rdef;rawG&JU tJ'Dpdwf[m
awmfawmfxl;qef;wmyJ U U U [k uRefr em;rvnfEdkifatmif
jzpfrdonf/ tJonfvdk rdef;rawG[m a,musfm;ESifh rdef;r
wef;wltcGifhta&;a&m vdkcsif&JUvm;? a,musfm;\ OmPf&nfudk
&ifabmifwef; trDSvdkufEdkifonfh OmPf&nfrsKd;awGa&m vdkcsif&JUvm;/
rdrd\ rdef;rqefqef vSyEGJUaESmif;rI cEm\ vdifcGeftm;udkom t"du
wefzdk;xm;olrsm; jzpfavovm;/ udk,fhudkudk,f cspfonfh Narassus
trsKd;tpm;tjzpf owfrSwf&rvm;/
kyfjrifoHMum;rSm kyfSifrSm tJonfvdk rdef;rrsKd;awGu tvStyudk
rawmfwa&mf jya&m? olwdkU udk,fwdkifuawmh vrf;ay:rSm
vkyfief;cGifrSm avQmufoGm;ae&wm r[kwf? vHkNcHKa&;tapmifhawGESifh
tvHkydwf tzdk;wefum;awGESifh vHkNcHKa&;pepf aumif;aumif;jzifh
apmifhaSmufumuG,fxm;aom
tdrfBuD;awGESifh
vHkNcHKvdkU/
olwdkUudkMunfNyD; rawmfwa&mfpw
d fawG xukefr,fh a,musfm;wcsKdUudk
olwdkU BuHKBudKuf&ifqdkif&rSm r[kwf? tJonf potential
a,musfm;awGudk vQyfppful;atmif olwdkUudku zefwD;ay;vdkufrdNyD
7

qdkwmvnf; tod0ifp&m rvdkay/ tJonf a,musfm;awGudk

BuHKBudKuf&ifqdkif&onfu omreftrsKd;orD;uav;awG U U U /
tvkyfcGifrSm U U U ? bpfpum;ay:rSm U U U ? ajratmuf
&xm;blwmHkrSm
aeUpOfESifhtrQ
kef;uefvIyfSm;aeMuonfh
rdef;uav;awG U U U / olwdkUav;awGuom xkda,musfm;
trsKd;tpm;twGuf om;aumifawG jzpf&onf/ olwdkUav;awGrSm
abmf'D*wf rdSyg/ vufeufudkif vHkNcHKa&;tapmifh rSdyg/
tzdk;wefum;BuD;awG rSdyg/ olwdkUav;awG vHkNcHKrIudk b,folursm;
umuG,fay;EdkifrdkUvJ/
tvkyfcGifrSmvnf;
a,musfm;awG?
vrf;ay:rSmvnf; a,musfm;awG U U U ajratmuf &xm;blwmHkrSm
&xm;wGJxJrSmvnf; a,musfm;awG U U U rdrdwdkufcef;t0if pBuFef
[dkbuf onfbuf awGrSmvnf; a,musfm;awG U U U / onfhxuf
vHkNcHKonfh wdkufcef;odkUvnf; aiGaMu; tajctae& rajymif;Edkif/
olwdkUtwGuf bmudk tumtuG,f ,l&rSmvJ/ tJonf tcgrsKd;rSm
rdrdab;twGuf
a,musfm;awG\
jrifhjrwfrIudk
tm;udk;,HkMunfxm;&HkyJvm;/ wjcm; bmenf;awGrsm; Sdao;vdkvJ/
uRefrwdkU
rdef;rawGrSm
El;nHaysmhajymif;rIt&?
udk,fcEm\
wnfaqmufyHk obm0t& a,musfm;awG\ om;aumifb0odkU
a&mufaeMuNyD;om;yg/ uRefrwdkU[m olwdkU&JU om;aumifygvm; U U U
[lonfhtjrifrsKd; olwdkUrSm aysmufuG,foGm;atmif 'gr[kwf
wwfEdkiforQ olwdkU arhxm;vdkU&atmif uRefrwdkUu enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh
a&Smifwdrf;umuG,f aerSjzpfrnf/ olwdkUESifh OmPf&nfwlatmif
t&nftcsif;wlatmif udk,fhudk av;pm;vmatmif uRefrwdkU
vkyfEdkifwmyJ/ udk,fcEmtvSty? tom;t&nf El;nHhrI ponfwdkUjzifh
qGJaqmifp&m tjzpfrsKd;awG wcg ESpfcg wa,muf ESpfa,mufESifhawmh
BuHK&rSmaygh/ awmfNyDaygh/ bmjzpfvdkU 'DvufeufawGudkcsnf;
ta&;w,l xkwfoHk; ae&ovJ/ wjcm;vufeufawG rSdvdkUrsm;vm;/
tJ'D "mwfyHkq&m aMumfjim'gdkufawGu a,musfm;awGcsnf;yJrdkU
a,musfm;awG&JU tBudKufudk odwwfpGm jznfhqnf; ay;aeMuwmvm;/

uRefr tltlaMumifaMumif
ajcmufjcm;oGm;onf/

pOf;pm;Munfhvdkufwdkif; OD;aESmufawG

aocsmwmwckuawmh uRefrwa,mufxJ tawG;awG acgifaejcif;

jzpf&rnf/ urmavmuBuD;uawmh om,mvdkU? vSy U U U vdkU?
a,musfm;awGESifh rdef;rawGvnf; tay;t,lawGrQvdkU? tEkynm
zefwD;olESifh
cHpm;ol
ajyvnfvdkU?
(zsufcHxm;&)
tm;vHk;acsmharGUvsuf dSonf/
(oifhb0atmifjrifa&; trSwf (10)? 1999 ckESpfxkwf r*Zif;rS *sL;&JU
rawmfwa&mf aqmif;yg; jzpfygw,f/)

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1

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avmuESifh vlwa,muf tMum; qufoG,f csnfaESmifzdkY cdkifNrJonfh
2

BudK; jzpfcsifrS jzpfwwfonf/ onfxufru cdkifrm NrJjrHzdkY vdkcsif

vdkvdrfhrnf/ odkYr[kwf rxifrSwfonfh rdwfaqG wa,mufu
rxifrSwfonfh t&mwcku olYtwGuf BudK;jzpfcsif jzpfoGm; Edkifonf/
,ckawmh uRefr t&m&mudk oHo, jzpfp jyKvmygNyD/
a[m'D avmuBuD;rSm olwa,mufawmh &Sdao;w,f? igaovdkY
rjzpfao;bl; [lonfh aemufqHwif; tawG;rsKd;jzifh wkwfaESmif
&pfiifrnfh BudK;? odkYr[kwf ..
a[m'D avmuBuD;rSm ighudk rQa0cHpm; tm;ay;aer,fh "ol &SdaeorQ
ig aoqHk; p&mrvdkbl; [lonfh auseyf tm;wufrI tawG;rsKd;jzifh
wkwfaESmif &pfiifrnfh BudK;/ rsm;rsm; rvdkyg/ MudK;uav;
wacsmif;om vdkonf/ xdkBudK; wacsmif;u vlESifh avmuudk cdkifrm
wif;usyfpGm &pfaESmif ay;Edkifygonf/
tckawmh tvGefawmfonfh oDcsif;a&; q&mwOD; rnfolrQ
rxifrSwfaom Zmwfodrf;jzifh tqHk;owf oGm;cJh&NyD/ rEav;
wNrdKUvHk;rSm q&m NrdKUrNidrf; zufwG,f qkyfudkifp&m bmBudK;rS
awGYroGm; vdkYom jzpfonf/ tcsufrSm rEav;NrdKUBuD;
tjiif;yGm;vdkY r&atmif aocsm vSygonf/
'gjzifh uRefrrSma&m avmuESifh wG,fNidp&m bmBudK;awG &Sdae
ygovJ/ xdkYxuf ydk pdwf0if pm;p&mu uRefronf rnfolYtwGuf
BudK;wacsmif; jzpfEdkif avrvJ/ rnfolEiS fh avmuudk cdkifNrJatmif
uRefraMumifh &pfywf zGJYaESmif xm;rd aeNyDvJ/ uRefr rMumcP
awG;NyD; b,fawmhrS tajz raocsm ao;yg/

vlESifh BudK;rsm; taMumif; w0J vnfvnf pOf;pm; aepOfrSm vlESifh

BudK;\ qufoG,f aESmifzGJYrIESifh ywfoufonfh kyf&Sif Zmwfum;wck
uRefr MunfhcJh &ygonf/
JimHarrison \ 0wKudk tajccHSusanShilliday ESifh Bill
Wittliff wdkY ZmwfnTef; a&;NyD; 'gdkufwm EdwardZwick
dkuful;aom LegendsoftheFall Zmwfum; jzpfygonf/

okyfaqmifrSm AnthonyHopkins,Bradpitt,AidanQuinn, JuliaOrmond

ESifhHenryThomaswdkY jzpfygonf/
Zmwfum; rSmawmh avmuESifh vlwa,muf tMum;
qufoG,faom BudK;rSm dk;pif;pGmyif olYom;awG jzpfaeonf/
AnthonyHopkins taMumif;

udkawmhSilenceoftheLambs
Zmwfum;rSm atmfpumqk &cJhaom obm0 rif;om;BuD; tjzpf
tm;vHk; odMuygonf/ ,ck Zmwfum;wGif olu om;oHk;a,muf
tay: arwm? apwemjzifh MoZm anmif;vdkvsuf pdwfa&m vlyg
usoGm;&aom zcif wOD;tjzpf okyfaqmif cJhonf/ ol okyfaqmif
ajymifajrmufwm odyfawmh tHhMop&m r[kwfyg/ tHhMop&m
aumif;aeonfu uRefrwdkY odyfrod Muao;onfh vli,f
okyfaqmif BradPitt yif jzpfonf/
acgif;aqmif rif;om; ae&mudk &zdkY jzwfa&Smuf b0jzifh
vli,fuav; b,fESpfum; okyfaqmif cJh&ovJ? Zmwf&ef
rxifr&Sm; ae&mrSm b,fESpfum; okyfaqmif cJh&ovJ/ uRefr olYudk
pwif owdxm; rdvmwm wESpfcGJ avmufyJ &Sdao;onf/

TrueRomance Zmwfum;wGif ChristisnSlater udk

Munfh&if; olYudk
uRefr odcJhonf/ olYt&nftcsif; bmwckrS jyocGifh r&/ Zmwfum;
wckvHk;wGif jyuGuf ESpfuGufom olYudk Munfhvdkuf&onf/ Susan
Saradonatmfpumqk &aomThelmaandLouis Zmwfum;wGifawmh
olYudk MumMumuav; Munfhvdkuf&\/ yxrwGif olY kyfuav;udk
owd xm;rdonf/ a&mbwf&uf'fzdkY ('f) ti,fpm; av;yJ[k rSwfcsuf
csrdonf/ olu rif;orD; *sDema';Apfudk jzm;a,mif; jrLqG,f
aiGawG vpfajy;onfh ,kwfnHhonfh vli,fav; wa,muf ae&mwGif
okyf aqmif&\/ rif;orD;\ a,mufsm; tay: yufpuf
dkif;pdkif;onfh trlt&m vkyfjyNyD; rcdk;rcefY tEdkif,l vdkufonfh
okyfaqmif jyuGufudk MunfhNyD; uRefr awmfawmf zsm;oGm;
cJhzl;onf/ kyfuav;eJY rvdkuf awmfawmf tusifhwef vSygvm;[k
pufqkyf rdonf txd vli,fuav; awmfcJh\/ CuttingClass
[laom Zmwfum; rSmawmh ol t"du okyfaqmif ae&mudk &NyD/
odkYaomf Zmwfum;u cyfcsmcsm? olYpdkufuvnf; trsm;ESifh uGJjym;pGm
xl;cRef vm&rnfh pdkufae&m r[kwfcJh/ (paemuf) aysmf&Tif
wwfaom a'goBuD;aom omref vli,f pdkufom jzpfonf/
InterviewwiththeVampire Zmwfum;wGif TomCruiseudk t"du
Munfh&if;TomCruiseuG,faysmuf oGm;um BardPitt udkom uRefr
owdxm; rdawmhonf/ xdkZmwfum;wGif BradPitt onf

rdrdudk,fxJrS vlom; ESvHk;om;ESifh ukPmudk azsmufzsuf

rypfEdkifaom aoG;pkyf zkwfaumif wOD; tjzpf okyf aqmifcJh&onf/
LegendsoftheFalls Zmwfum; rSmawmh olonf okyfaqmif
rif;om;wa,muf jzpfcJhNyD/ AnthonyHopkins ESifh tNydKif
okyfaqmif oGm;onfh BradPitt onf wufopfp vli,f
rif;om;av; jzpfaMumif; uRefrwdkY tm;vHk; arhavsmh oGm;&ygonf/
AdkvfrSL;BuD;a[mif;WilliamLudlow(AnthonyHopkins) wGif om;
oHk;a,muf&Sdonf/ tBuD;qHk;aom om;u Alfred? tvwfu
Tristan ? ti,fuSamuel jzpf\/ AdkvfrSL;BuD;onf tar&duef
5

tpdk;&tay: rauseyfpGm a0zef&if; tvkyfrS xGufum teD;qHk; blwm

tao;av;ESifh rdkiftawmf a0;aom rpfql&Djrpf teD; awme,f
a'owckwGif aexdkif\/ om;oHk;a,mufudk tar&duef tpdk;&\
0efxrf; rjzpfapcsifbJ Nidrf;csrf;pGm toufarG; aexdkif apvdkonf/
om;tvwf x&pfpwef onf nDtpfudkawG xJwGif wbmom
jzpfonf/ olYudk arG;pOfu rdcifrSm aovkarsmyg; a0'em cHpm;
cJh&aomaMumifh x&pfpwefonf zcif\ vl,Hkawmf tif'D;,ef; vlrsKd;
rdom;pk xJwGif BuD;jyif; &onf/ wdkif;&if;om; bmom pum;udk
olwwfonf/ wdki;f &if;om; trltusifhrsKd;udk ol oabmusonf/
trJvdkuf&onfh t&omudk ol ESpfoufonf/ trJaumifudk
owfNyD;vQif ESvHk;udk xkwf,lypfrS xdk trJaumif\ 0dnmOf
vGwfajrmuf Edkifrnf [laom wdkif;&if;om; xHk;wrf; pum;udk
,HkMunf vdkufemonf/ i,fpOf uav; b0u wnf;uyif 0uf0H
waumifESifh &ifqdkifum 'Pf&m&NyD; 0uf0H\ vufonf;
wacsmif;udkvnf; jzwfEdkifcJh\/ olwdkY wdkif;&if;om; ,HkMunfrI t&
vlwa,mufESifh om;aumifonf wa,mufudk wa,muf
aoG;pGef;atmif vkyfNyD;NyD qdkvQif vlESifh om;aumifonf wom;wnf;
wpdwfwnf; jzpfoGm; wwfonf qdk\/
olwdkY rdcifonf NrdKUjy ,Ofaus;rI udkom ESpfoufol? awmrSm
raysmfol jzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh wckaom aqmif;&moDwGif aqmif;cdk&ef
&moDOwk odyfrjyif;aom NrdKUodkY oGm;&if; jyefrvm awmhbJ NrdKUrSmom
aexdkifonf/ om;ti,fonf abmhpwGefrSm oGm;a&muf
ynmoif&if; qlqef;em [laom rdef;uav; wa,mufESifh
cspfBudKufonf/ rdef;uav;u qifjrL&,f &Sd&modkY cP tvnftywf
vdkufvmonf/ AdkvfrSL;BuD;onf qlqefemudk jrifjrifcsif;
acR;ravmif; tjzpf oabmus\/ om;tBuD; tJz&uf uvnf;
qlqefemudk jrifjrifcsif; cspfrdoGm;onf/ odkYaomf nDi,fav;\
cspfoltjzpf dk;om;pGm? aEG;axG;pGm BudKqdkcJhonf/ nDtpfudkxJwGif
NrdKUjy ,Ofaus;rIESifh a0;aom tdkif;oufouf x&pfpwef uawmh
NrdKUjy rdef;uav;\ El;nHh odrfarGYrIudk wtHhwMo vufcHNyD;
c,fravmif; tjzpf cifrifpGm BudKqdkcJh\/
6

xdktcsdefrSm yxr urmppf pwif jzpfymG ;p jyKNyD/ qifjrL&,fESifh

tJz&ufu t*FvdyfbufrS ppf0ifwdkufzdkY qHk;jzwf vdkufonf/ zcifu
oabm rwl? x&pfpwef uawmh qifjrL&,favmuf ppftay:
pdwfr0if pm;ay/ qlqefemu olYcspfol ppfxJ0ifrnf od&awmh
xdwfvefY 0rf;enf; oGm;\/ pmMunfhcef;xJrSm x&pfpwef &SdaepOf
qlqefem 0ifvmNyD; tm;udk; wdkifwnfonf/ qlqefemu
x&pfpwefudk zuf idkaMuG;aom tcg x&pfpwefu rdrdnDi,fudk
rdrdvdkufyg apmifha&Smufrnfh taMumif; qlqefemtm; uwd
ay;vdkuf\ / xdktjzpfudk tpfudkBuD;jzpfol tJz&uf jrifoGm;NyD;
x&pfpwef tay: txifvGJoGm;\/ x&pfpwefu rsufESmi,fpGmjzifh
vSnfhxGuf oGm;onf/ tpfudku bmpum;rS rajymovdk nDuvnf;
bmpum;rS rjz&Sif; vdkufay/ nDtpfudk oHk;a,muf ppfxGuf
oGm;Muaom tcg qlqefemonf a,muravmif;ESifh twl
usef&pfcJh\/
x&pfpwefonf qifjrL&,fudk apmifha&SmufzdkY oufouf ppfxJ
vdkufcJhonf[k uRefr ,lqonf/ wyfxJwGif wyfpkcsif; rwlayr,fh
x&pfpwefu rdrd ,lepfrSm rdrd raebJ qifjrL&,f &Sd&mrSm aecJhonf/
tJz&ufa&m x&pfwefa&m nDi,fuav; qifjrL&,fudk tzdk;wef
&wem uav;uJhodkY apmifha&SmufMu\/ odkYaomf tJz&uf
ajcaxmufrSm 'Pf&m &oGm;onf/ rdrdtm; apmifha&Smuf ae&ojzifh
x&pfpwefonf oloGm;oifhonfh ae&m roGm;&bJ &Sdaeonf[k
,lqaom qifjrL&,fonf tpfudkBuD;\ ae&mwGif rdrdyg0if
wdkufcdkuf oGm;zdkY rdrd pdwfqEjzifh tpfudkawG rodatmif pm&if;
ay;vdkuf\/ x&pfpwef ododcsif; qifjrL&,f aemufodkY vdkufonf/
qifjrL&,f usnfqefxd usqHk; oGm;onf/ x&pfpwefonf nD\
&ifudk cGJum ESvHk;udk xkwf,lNyD; owKbl;xJrSm xnfhvdkuf\/ 'Pf&m
oufomonfh tcg tdrfjyefrnfh tpfudkESifhtwl nDi,f\ ESvHk;udk
xnfhay; vdkuf\/ nDi,f twGuf vufpm; acsvdkpdwfjzifh
x&pfpwefonf noef;acgif ausmfwGif rdrd txuft&m&Sd
7

rodatmif &GufzsifwJrS xGufoGm;NyD; &efolY pcef;odkY wdwfwdwf

0ifa&mufoGm;onf/ &efol av;ig; q,fa,mufudk owfypfNyD;
olwdkY\ OD;a&cGH enf;enf;pD cGmxkwf ,lum vnfyif;rSm BudK;jzifh
oDvsuf qGJ&if; eHeuf vif;tm;BuD; tcsdefrSm jyefa&muf vmaom
x&pfpwefudk tm;vHk; wkefvIyf tHhMopGm 0dkif;Munfh Muonf/ xdkjypfrI
twGuf x&pfpwefudk ppfwyfrS xkwfypf vdkuf\/
x&pfpwef tdrfjyef rvmbJ emusifpGm avvGifh aecJhonf/
qlqefemonf NrdKYudkjyefzdkY pDpOfaomfvnf; vrf;ydwfqdkY cufcJrIaMumifh
awmrSm cP aeae&onf/ xdktcsdefrSmyif tJz&ufu qlqefemudk
vufxyfcGihf awmif;\/ qlqefemonf tJz&ufudk rcspfaomaMumifh
jiif;qdkvdkufonf/ tJz&uftm; rdrd cspfolonf qifjrL&,fyg[k
ajym&if; udk,fhudk,fudkvnf; vdrfnm cJhaomfvnf; aemufqHk;rSmawmh
x&pfpwef tay: wG,fNid aerdNyD jzpfaMumif; olrudk,f olr
odoGm;onf/
x&pfpwefESifh qlqefem cspfoGm;onfh udpaMumifh tJz&uf\
[dkwkef;u txifvGJrIudk ,cktcg ydk twnfjyK ay;vdkufovdk
jzpfoGm;onf/ tJz&,fu qlqefemonf x&pfpwefESifh
rxdkufwef[k xifonf/ olYnD taMumif; olodonf/ olYnDonf
,Ofaus;zG,f&monfh vlr[kwf? vlwdkY apmifhxdef; tyfonfh
udk,fusifh odumudk xdef;wwfrnf r[kwf/ tdkif;tpdkif; omom
jzpfonf/ x&pfpwefonf qlqefemudk aysmf&Tifatmif xm;Edkifrnf
r[kwf[k ,lqonf/ x&pfpweftm; qlqefemudk vufxyf&ef
wdkufwGef;&if; nDtpfudk pum; rsm;Muonf/ tJz&uf NrdKYodkY
jyefoGm;\/ zcifonf om; ti,fqHk;udk aorif; xHwGif qHk;IH;&NyD;
om; tBuD;qHk;udk tar&duef uGefu&ufxHwGif qHk;IH; &onf/
tJz&ufonf zcif oabmrwlonfh Mum;rS uGefu &uf tzGJY0if
wa,muf b0odkY ,HkMunfpGm a&G;cs,f ,lvdkuf\/

x&pfpwef\ tdkif;pdwfu wcgwcg xdef;rEdkifvk eD;yg; ay:ayguf

vmonfhtcg x&pfpwefonf olYudk,fol aysmufqHk; oGm;wwf\/
aooGm;onfh nDi,fav; tay: rvHkrvJ pdwf wcg wcgay:NyD;
cufxef dkif;pdkif;aom rdrdudk,frS xGufajy;vdkpdwf wcgwcg
ay:vmonf[k uRefr xifonf/ w&ufrSmawmh olonf
qlqefemESifh zcifudk cP xm;cJhNyD; pdwfdkif;ESif&m xGufcGm
oGm;avonf/ olonf trJvdkuf orm;tjzpf vnf;aumif;? *sufypD
tjzpf vnf;aumif;? oabFmom; tjzpf vnf;aumif; cufcJ
Murf;wrf;onfh jrpfrsm;? awmifrsm;udk jzwf tE&m,f rsm;udk
&ifqdkif vsuf&Sdonf/ w&ufrSmawmh rdrdudk,f rdrd t"dym,frJhpGm
touf&Sifvsuf aoae &onfudk todtrSwf jyKvsuf qlqefemxH
pma&; vdkufonf/ wjcm; wa,mufudk vufxyfygawmh [lonfh
EIwfqufpm jzpfonf/
xdkpmudk qlqefem &csdefwGif tJz&uf uvnf; zcifxHodkY uGefu&uf
a&G;aumufyGJ twGuf a'oESifh qdkifaom tultnD awmif;&ef
a&mufvmonf zcifonf tar&duef tpdk;& vufatmuf&Sd rnfhonfh
tzGJYtpnf; udkrQ raxmufcH vdkonf jzpf&m tJz&ufESifh
rdwfaqGrsm;udk jywfom;pGm jiif;qdk vdkuf\/ tdrfxJrS tJz&uf
jyeftxGufwGif idkaMuG;aeaom qlqefemtm; awGYNyD; azsmif;zs
ESpfodrfhonfudk zcifu jrifoGm;\/ 'g[m rif;nDr&JY rdef;r [k
a'gowBuD; Budrf;armif; ESifxkwfvdkuf\/ tJz&uf\
emusifpdwfawG tm;vHk; aygufuGJ oGm;onf/ x&pfpwefonf
qlqefem udka&m zcifudkyg ypfpvufcwf pGefYcGm oGm;aMumif;?
x&pfpwef wm0ef rJhaMumif;? qifjrL&,f rqHk;rD uwnf;u
x&pfpwefu qlqefemudk azmufjyefzdkY BudK;pm;cJhaMumif;? ,ckvnf;
rdrdtm; tEdkif,lvdkpdwf oufoufjzifh x&pfpwefu qlqefemudk
ausm&Hk MuHoGm;aMumif;? rdrduawmh qlqefemudk ,cifuvnf;
cspfjrwf Edk;cJhNyD; ,ckvnf; cspfjrwfEdk;qJ jzpfaMumif; emusifrIESifh
a'go aygif;pnf;vsuf zciftm; qufwdkuf ajymypfvdkuf\/

a[m'Dpmudk zwfMunfh? azazh&JU tcspfqHk; om;av; a&;vdkufwJh pm

[k qlqefem rdrdtm; ay;zwfaom x&pfpwef\ jywfawmufonfh
pmudk zciftm; jyvdkufonf/ zcifonf xdkpmudk zwf&NyD;aemuf
wkefvIyfpGm ,lusHK;r& jzpfoGm;\/ olonf w&ufwnf;ESifh tvGef
tdkrif;aom tzdk;BuD; b0odkY a&mufoGm;onf/ olcspf&aom
om;i,f\ BudK;u jywfawmufNyD;NyD/ om;BuD;\ BudK;rSmvnf;
jywfawmuf NyD;NyD[k ol ,lqonf/ ,ck om;vwfonfvnf;
olarQmfvifhonfh vlom; wa,muf tjzpfrS a0;uGm cJhNyDjzpf
BudK;jywfvkvk jzpfcJhonf[k uRefr xifonf/ olonf ,ckcsufcsif;
aornf qdkvQif aozdkY tqifoifh jzpfaeaom vlwa,muf
jzpfonf/ xdkn olonf avjzwfum vHk;0 pum; rajymEdkif
rvIyfEdkifaom 'kudw tzdk;BuD; b0odkY a&muf&onf/
ESpftawmf Mumonftxd olonf &SifvsufESifh aoaeaom b0jzifh
om;vwf\ vlyDorI? MuifemrI iJhnmrI wdkYudk arQmfvifhcJhonf/
qlqefemonf tJz&ufESifh vufxyf oGm;\/ x&pfpwefonf
ESpftawmfMumrS jyefa&muf vmonf/ x&pfpwefudk jyef&vdkufaom
zcifonftvGef0rf;om aysmf&TiNf yD; aozdkY tqifoifh jzpfaeaom
pdwfrsm; wjznf;jznf; aysmufuG,f oGm;\/ om;vwfonf
olwdkYtwGuf t&mtm;vHk; o,faqmif vmcJhonf/ kyf0wK qdkif&m
jznfhqnf;rIrsm;? vufaqmifrsm;? xdkYtjyif ukPmESifh cGeftm;rsm;udk
o,faqmif vmcJhonf/ om;udk ayGYzufvsuf MunfEl;
ESpfodrfhaeaom 'kudw a0'emonf tzdk;BuD;\ rsufESmrSm
topfjyefvnf arG;zGm;jcif; pGrf;tifrsm;udk uRefrwdkY awGYEdkifygonf/
x&pfpwefonf zcif u,f,la pmifha&Smuf xm;aom rdom;pk0if
uav;ruav; tpfZb,fvfESifh vufxyfvdkufonf/ (xdkuav;
rav;udk zcifonf rdrd ZeD;\ emrnftwdkif; rSnfhac: xm;NyD;
orD;&if;uav; ozG,f apmifha&Smuf xm;cJhonf/) x&pfpwefESifh
tpfZb,fvfrSm om;wa,muf orD;wa,muf xGef;um;\/
tJz&ufESifh qlqefem rSmawmh uav; r&cJhay/ tJz&ufonf
,pfrsKd;qdkif&m Oya'udk axmufcHrJay;onfh uGefu&uf
ygwD0ifjzpfNyD; x&pfpwefonf wdwfwqdwf t&ufykef;
10

a&mif;olwa,muf jzpfonf/ tJz&uf\ tzGJY0ifwdkYu

x&pfpweftm; tvkyfudk &yfvdkufzdkY trdefYay; Ncdrf;ajcmufxm;\/
x&pfpwefu wdwfwdwf qufvkyfudkifonf/ w&ufrSmawmh
x&pfpwef t&ufykvif; bl;rsm; a&mif;aeonfudk olwdkY awGYoGm;
NyD;aemuf vrf;rSm apmifhwm;NyD; aoewfjzifh ab;odkY ypfcwf
Ncdrf;ajcmufum &efponf/ uHqdk;&Gm;pGm usnfqef wawmifhu
(ausmuf aqmifESifh xdNyD; jyefvmwm jzpfEdkifygonf) x&pfpwefY
ZeD; tpfZb,fvftm; xdrSefum tpfZb,fvf aoqHk;oGm;onf/
x&pfpwefu wkefvIyf acsmufcsm;pGm aygufuGJvsuf aoewf
udkifxm;aom t&m&Sdtm; aoG;l; aoG;wef; 0ifvHk; aoewf vkum
a'gowBuD; xdk;Budwf xkESufonf/ tzGJ0ifrsm;u x&pfpweftm;
zrf;csKyf xdk;Budwfonf/
tjzpf twGuf x&pfpwefonf &ufaygif; (30) tcsKyfus
oGm;\/ pdwfudk avQmh tjypf'Pfudk cH,lzdkY tJz&uf udk,fwdkif nDudk
MuifempGm awmif;yef azsmif;zscJhonf/ x&pfpwef tcsKyfusaepOf
qlqefem vmawGY\/ x&pfpweftm; tjcm; pum;awG [efaqmif
vDS;vTJ ajymzdkY BudK;pm;&if; qlqefem idkavonf/
x&pfpwef&,f . . . uRefrav wcgwcg tdyfruf rufMunfhw,f?
&Sif&JY uav;awG rdcifae&mrSm uRefr jzpfcsifw,f? uRefr
tpfZb,fvfudk aoapcsifcJh ovm; rodbl;aemf? qifjrL&,f udka&m
uRefr aoap csifcJhovm; uRefr rajymwwf ygbl;/
x&pfpwefu roufrom jyHK;zdkY BudK;pm;vsuf qlqefemtm; ESpfodrfh
jiif;qdkum tm;ay;cJh\/
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r&Sdygbl;uG,f? odkYaomf tJz&uf\ tzGJ0ifrsm; vufcsufjzifh
11

tpfZb,fvf qHk;& onfudkawmh qlqefem emusifpGm owd&

aeawmhrnf xifonf/
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xdef;csKyfvsuf 0rf;enf; aMuuGJpmG cGJcGmzdkY BudK;pm;
atmifjrifcJhMuonf/ x&pfpwefonf ZeD;twGuf vufpm;
acscsifpdwfjzifh emMunf;pGm &ufrsm;udk ukefqHk; apcsdefwGif
qlqefemonf rdrd b0\ tjzpfqdk;rsm;udk MuHhMuHhcHEdkifzdkY qkyfudkif
wG,fwmp&m BudK;wckrS &SmrawGY awmhbJ jzpfoGm;onf/ tJz&ufudk
rdrd rcspfEdkif? aocsmonf/ tJz&uf pdwfcsrf;om zdkYvnf; rdrd
rwwfEdkif/ xdkYtwl x&pfpwef pdwfcsrf;om zdkYvnf; rdrd rwwfEdkif/
xdkxuf ydk qdk;onfu rdrd pdwfcsrf; omzdkYvnf; rnfolurQ
ru,fwifEdik f/ qlqefem twGuf vrf;onf wckwnf;om
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tpdk;& vufatmufrSm wHqdyfwyfvsuf rdrdxuf qdk;&Gm;onfh
w&m;r0if t&uf jzefYa0rIudk aumufusufpGm vkyfudkifaeonfh
tzGJYudk vufpm;acs owfjzwf ypfvdkuf\/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSm
qlqefemonf rdrdudk,f rdrd aoewfjzifh ypfum tqHk;pD&if
oGm;onf/ qlqefem\ tavmif;udk tJz&ufu rdrdwdkY awme,ftdrf
(zcifESifh x&pfpwef&Sd&m) odkY &xm;jzifh o,faqmifvm\/
qlqefemudk qifjrL&,fESifh tpfZb,fvfwdkY tkwf*l teD;rSm *loGif;
oN*FKd[f vdkufonf/
x&pfpwef vufcsufjzifh toufxGuf oGm;aom nDtwGuf vufpm;
acs&ef x&pfpwefY &efolawmf (tJz&uf\ tzGJY0if) u &Jt&m&Sdudkyg
ac:NyD; x&pfpwef&Sd&m vdkufvm\/ rif;udk igwdkY zrf;zdkYvmwm
r[kwfbl; [k olwdkYu ajymonf/ t"dym,fudk x&pfpwefu
em;vnfvdkuf\/ om;uav; qifjrL&,fudk tdrfxJ ac:oGm;cdkif;NyD;
12

opfawmxJodkY rdrdtm; ac:oGm;NyD; &Sif;&ef awmif;qdk vdkufonf/

rdrdtm; olwdkY owfonfudk om;uav; rjrif awGYapcsif
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(x&pfpwefu vufaqmif ay;xm;onfh) aoewfjzifh
x&pfpweftm; owfrnfh vlESpfa,mufudk qufwdkuf
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0if&yfvdkuf\/ odkYaomf tdrf\ wzufqDrS tJz&ufu x&pfpwefY
toufudk u,fvdkufonf/ rdrd\ tpdk;& tzGJY0ifjzpfaom t&m&Sdtm;
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zcifonf tJz&uf tay: xm;cJhrdorQ em;rvnfrIESihf tmCmw
tm;vHk; ajyaysmuf vGifhpifoGm;\/ tJz&uftm; aus;Zl;wifpGm
pwif pum; ajymavonf/ zcif\ txifvGJr?I rkef;wD;rIudk
emusifpGm cHpm; aecJh&aom tJz&ufonf zciftm; zufayGYum
0rf;enf;&if; 0rf;ompGm &,farmcJhonf/
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wacsmif; wnf;r[kwf? ESpfacsmif; jzpfcJhNyD[k uRefr xifygonf/
xdk Zmwfum;udk MunfhNyD;aemuf uRefr &ifxJrSm MunfEl;rI?
0rf;enf;rIESifh twl jyif;jypGm 0ifa&muf vmcJhaom qE wck &Sd\/
[dkwkef;u &SdcJhaom vdktifqEu ,cktcg ydkrdk yDjyif vmjcif;vnf;
jzpfEdkifonf/ bmyJjzpfjzpf b0rSm uRefr arQmfvifh wrf;wrdonfh
tao;zGJqHk; qEav; wckyg/ tJ'guawmh uRefr udk,fwdkifonf
avmuESifh wpHkwa,muf tMum; cdkifNrJpGm qufoG,f
csnfaESmifay;rnfh BudK;uav; waacsmif; jzpfyg&ap .. qdkonfh qE
uav;yJ jzpfygonf/
(trSwf 63 ? [efopfr*Zif; 1995 atmufwkdbm)
13

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(2)

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(3)

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(4)

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(5)

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